sport books publisher1 out of harm’s way: sports injuries chapter 3
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Sport Books Publisher3TRANSCRIPT
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Out of Harm’s Way: Sports Injuries
Chapter 3
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Outline: Biomechanical principles of injury Injury treatment and rehabilitation Pain: Nature’s warning system Soft tissue injuries Dislocations Fractures Concussions Overuse injuries Injury prevention
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Biomechanical Principles of Biomechanical Principles of InjuryInjury
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Tissue Types
Each type of tissue possesses unique Each type of tissue possesses unique mechanical characteristicsmechanical characteristics
Epithelial Muscle Connective Nervous
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Loading
To best understand the biomechanical characteristics of tissue, we examine its behavior under physical load
Under load a tissue experiences deformation
Deformation can be visualized through the deformation curve
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Elasticity: capacity of a tissue
to return to its original shape after removal of load
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Plastic region begins
Tissue no longer possesses elastic properties
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Permanent tissue deformation(does not return to original shape)
Results in micro-failureor injury (e.g., sprains)
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Macro- or complete failure(e.g., torn ligament)
Tissue becomes completelyunresponsive to loads
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Area = strength of the material
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A
C
B
Elastic Region
Plastic Region
Ultimate Failure
Elastic Limit
Deformation LargeSmall
Loa
dHigh
Low
Slope = stiffness (or resistance to deformation) of the material
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Tissues Response to Training Loads
Training load = elastic limit– Micro-failure building new tissue– Positive training effect
Training load = > elastic limit– Permanent failure– Injury
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TENSIONTENSION TORSIONTORSIONBENDINGBENDINGCOMPRESSIONCOMPRESSION SHEARSHEAR
Forces Acting on Tissue
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Injury treatment and Injury treatment and rehabilitationrehabilitation
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Treatment– Received by patient from a
health care professional– Promotes healing– Improves quality of injured tissue– Allows quicker return to activity
Rehabilitation– Therapist’s restoration of injured
tissue + patient's participation– Individualized for each person