spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers
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Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug -
the biggest challenges to berry growers
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Dept. of Entomology
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys (Stål)
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Native to China, Japan, Korea
Introduced around Allentown PA in 1996
Found in Virginia 2004
Now found in 39 states
One gen PA, NJ, 2 generations for us (4-6 in
subtropical parts of China)
In fall, seek shelter in houses
Why the big stink?
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BMSB Host Range Highly polyphagous, >300 hosts
Fruit crops
Orchard – apple, pear, peach, hazelnut
Small fruits – caneberries, blueberries
Wine grapes
Field crops
Soybean
Cotton
Vegetable crops
Tomatoes
Peppers
Ornamental crops
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
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BMSB US Distribution
Dec 2012
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Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Halyomorpha halys (Stål)
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Stink Bug Eggs
Podisus Halyomorpha
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Brown marmorated stink bug,
Halyomorpha halys
• Impact in caneberries?
• 50% loss of berries reported by a Virginia
grower
• Prospects for early season populations in
2013?
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Insertion of stylets -
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Stink Bug Injury
Injury to berries
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Small Fruits
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Drosophila suzukii Most Drosophila spp. attack rotting fruit
Drosophila suzukii (spotted wing drosophila)
differs in attacking ripe and ripening fruit
E. Beers E. Beers
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Male
Female
Overwinters
as Adults
Pupa
3-15 days
3-13 days as larva
12-72 hours
SWD Life Cycle
E. Beers & L. Nilson
20-30+ days
Optimal Temp 68-80 F
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SWD Identification: Male
G. Dill
E. Beers
Dark spot
on leading
edge of wing
2 dark
stripes on
tarsi of
front legs
M. Hauser
M. Hauser
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SWD
D. suzukii
SWD Identification: Female
Saw-like, serrated
ovipositor with two
even rows of teeth
Other Drosophila
Blunt ovipositor cannot
pierce skin of healthy
fruit
Female:
No spot
on wing
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Vineyards
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Dispersal history
Introduced into California 2008
Strawberries, caneberries
In 2009:
California (strawberries, caneberries)
Oregon (blueberries)
Washington (strawberries)
British Columbia (berries, grapes, cherries)
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Dispersal in Southeast
Found in Florida, Late 2009
In 2010 and 2011, trapping program in
South Carolina, North Carolina and
Virginia (Burrack, Pfeiffer and Smith
(SRSFC)
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National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS). Purdue University. "Survey Status of Spotted Wing Drosophila
- Drosophila suzukii (2009 to present)." Published: 01/24/2012.
Jan. 2013: SWD Distribution in U. S.
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SWD in Virginia – 2011
First detected in
Hanover Co.
June 27, 2011
Montgomery Co. Aug. 5
Frederick Co. Aug. 3
Sussex Co. July 27 Va Beach Sept.
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Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura),
in Virginia – October 2012
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Vineyards
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•Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries
blueberries
•Cherries, grapes
•Nectarines, peaches, plums
•Apple, pear
•Tomatoes?
SWD Host List – Risk?
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SWD-infested raspberry
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Drosophila suzukii
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•Wild blackberries
•Pokeweed
•Dogwood
•Persimmon
•Rose hips
•Porcelain berry
SWD Host List – Non-crop
hosts
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SWD Eggs in Fruit
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E. Beers
Note chewing holes
SWD Larvae in Fruit
Strawberry Cherry
Damage is difficult to see until
larvae are almost mature
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Drosophila suzukii
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Drosophila suzukii
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Drosophila suzukii
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Vineyards
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Trapping for SWD Apple cider vinegar
sugar/yeast
Burrack: SWD monitoring network
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Novel Attractant
• Montgomery Co. berry farm
• Blackberry, raspberry and blueberry
• Alpha Scents; plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry
• Standard ACV
• Control of Low-tox antifreeze
• Three reps in each berry plot
• Randomized each week
• Monitored weekly
• 1 August – 15 Sept (Blackberry)
• 15 Sept – 15 Oct (Raspberry)
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Preliminary Results
A
AB
B B
Alpha Scent
SW
D a
nd
oth
er
dro
so
ph
ila a
du
lts
*SWD adults in
blue
*Other
drosophila
adults in red
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Trapping Summary
• SWD was found at every site where traps were placed
• ACV probably not best monitoring, trap counts low
• Little to no SWD trapping numbers in vineyards, yet fruit infested
• Fruit scent of plum likely more attractive to SWD than sweet and sour cherry
• Numerically very different from ACV
• Fruit scents need to be more potent and/or longer lived
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Vineyards
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Albemarle County
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Albemarle County
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Drosophila suzukii
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Drosophila suzukii
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Drosophila suzukii
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Zaprionus indianus Gupta, African fig fly
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Zaprionus indianus Gupta, African fig fly
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AFF World Distribution
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AFF US Distribution
2006 2005 2007 2008 2009 2012
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African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta,
in Virginia – November 2012
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Drosophila suzukii
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Incidence in wine grapes
Weak ovipositor
Sometimes high incidence in grape berries
In some Virginia clusters, 90% of emerging
drosphilids were AFF
Sweep net samples in Pennsylvania vineyards
How do they get into grapes?
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Incidence in wine grapes
Perhaps follow SWD injury?
Biological control example in giant reed
Arundo donax takes over wetlands
Lasioptera donacis can kill reeds by mining in
stalk
Oviposits in hole made by another insect
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Competition stuey of Gilpin et al. (1986)
Paired rearing comparisons of 28
drosophilid species, at two temps, two media
1 Zaprionus, 27 Drosophila spp.
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Gilpin et al. (1986)
In thick food, carried out at 19°C, it was
ranked 12 out of 28 in competitiveness
In thick medium at 25°C, it was ranked 8
But in thin food, it was ranked 5 at 25°C,
and ranked 3 at 19°C.
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Gilpin et al. (1986)
Crowd out other larvae
Liquify substrate, drowning other larvae
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•Background and identification of SWD
•Movement and establishment
•Hosts
•Suitability of grapes
•Trapping
•New kid on the block
•Management
Invasive drosophilids in
Virginia Vineyards
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•Harvest fruit promptly to eliminate breeding sites
•Destroy nearby overripe or rotten fruit
http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/SWD.html
SWD Management
Cultural Control
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•Need materials with short PHI
•Need materials of various MOA
•Need to rotate in a spray program!
•In high risk crops, need to spray weekly or more
often
•Need local research on efficacy
SWD Management
Chemical Control
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Organophosphates:
Malathion effective in West; regional
differences?
Imidan effective but long REI (14 d)
in grape (watch for developments here
with new formulation)
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Crop: Imidan Malathion 8E Malathion 8F
Caneberry -- -- 1-4 pts
Strawberry -- 1.5–2 pts 1.5-2 pts
Sw Cherry -- -- --
Grape 1.33-2.12 1–1.8 pts 2-2.5 pts
Blueberry 1-1.33 lb -- 1.5-2.5 pts
Peach 2.12-4.25 -- 5-9 pts
Nectarine 2.12-4.25 -- 2.5-9 pts
Apple 2.12-5 lb -- --
Pear 2.12-5.75 lb -- --
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Crop: Imidan Malathion 8E Malathion 8F
Caneberry -- -- 1-4 pts
Strawberry -- 1.5–2 pts 1.5-2 pts
Sw Cherry -- -- --
Grape 1.33-2.12 1–1.8 pts 2-2.5 pts
Blueberry 1-1.33 lb -- 1.5-2.5 pts
Peach 2.12-4.25 -- 5-9 pts
Nectarine 2.12-4.25 -- 2.5-9 pts
Apple 2.12-5 lb -- --
Pear 2.12-5.75 lb -- --
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Crop: Imidan Malathion 8E Malathion 8F
Caneberry -- -- 1-4 pts
Strawberry -- 1.5–2 pts 1.5-2 pts
Sw Cherry -- -- --
Grape 1.33-2.12 1–1.8 pts 2-2.5 pts
Blueberry 1-1.33 lb -- 1.5-2.5 pts
Peach 2.12-4.25 -- 5-9 pts
Nectarine 2.12-4.25 -- 2.5-9 pts
Apple 2.12-5 lb -- --
Pear 2.12-5.75 lb -- --
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Spinosyns:
Entrust (spinosad) effective but
relatively short lived
Delegate (spinetoram) very effective
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SWD Management
Chemical Control
Crop: Bifenthrin Danitol Mustang Baythroid
Caneberry 3 d 3 d
Strawberry 0 d 2 d
Sw Cherry 3 d 14 d 7 d
Grape 30 d 21 d 1 d 3 d
Blueberry 1 d 3 d
Peach 3 d 14 d 7 d
Nectarine 3 d 14 d 7 d
Apple 14 d 14 d 7 d
Pear 14 d 14 d 14 d 7 d
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Critical to use insecticides that have short PHI
PHI's of 0-3 days are generally acceptable
From 2013 Pest Management Guide to
Horticultural and Forest Crops:
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html
Fourth Cover: mid-August or 10 days after third cover spray
Entrust spinosad 1.25-2.5 oz 7 d PHI
Delegate spinetoram 3-5 oz 7 d PHI
Malathion malathion 2.5 pt 3 d PHI
Mustang Max zeta-cypermethrin 2-4 fl oz 1 d PHI
Pyganic pyrethrins 64 fl oz 0 d PHI
Azera pyrethrins/azadirachtin 1–2 pt 0 d PHI
SWD Management
Chemical Control – Commercial Vineyards
![Page 68: Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051817/5489085cb47959050d8b5895/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Critical to use insecticides that have short PHI
PHI's of 0-3 days are generally acceptable
From 2013 Pest Management Guide to
Horticultural and Forest Crops:
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html
Fourth Cover: mid-August or 10 days after third cover spray
Entrust spinosad 1.25-2.5 oz 7 d PHI
Delegate spinetoram 3-5 oz 7 d PHI
Malathion malathion 2.5 pt 3 d PHI
Mustang Max zeta-cypermethrin 2-4 fl oz 1 d PHI
Pyganic pyrethrins 64 fl oz 0 d PHI
Azera pyrethrins/azadirachtin 1–2 pt 0 d PHI
SWD Management
Chemical Control – Commercial Vineyards
![Page 69: Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051817/5489085cb47959050d8b5895/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Critical to use insecticides that have short PHI
PHI's of 0-3 days are generally acceptable
From 2013 Pest Management Guide to
Horticultural and Forest Crops:
http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-017/456-017.html
Fourth Cover: mid-August or 10 days after third cover spray
Entrust spinosad 1.25-2.5 oz 7 d PHI
Delegate spinetoram 3-5 oz 7 d PHI
Malathion malathion 2.5 pt 3 d PHI
Mustang Max zeta-cypermethrin 2-4 fl oz 1 d PHI
Pyganic pyrethrins 64 fl oz 0 d PHI
Azera pyrethrins/azadirachtin 1–2 pt 0 d PHI
SWD Management
Chemical Control – Commercial Vineyards
![Page 70: Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051817/5489085cb47959050d8b5895/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Future Work • Chemical control including new chemistry
– Need for rotating MOA
– Need for less disruptive materials
• Improved trapping
• Varietal differences
• Landscape effects
• Biological control
• Ecological interactions between SWD and AFF
![Page 71: Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051817/5489085cb47959050d8b5895/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A Request …
To aid in proposal development,
please send grower
experiences on SWD to:
Also for access to Berry Scholar site!
![Page 72: Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challenges to berry growers](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051817/5489085cb47959050d8b5895/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Questions?