spread of islam and islamic scholarship
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Spread of Islam and Islamic Scholarship. The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661). 632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt , & Syria Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Spread of IslamandIslamic Scholarship
The Rightly Guided Caliphs (632 – 661)
632 CE Muhammad died Caliph (spiritual leader) Capital was Mecca Muslims conquered the entire Arabian
Peninsula, the Persian Empire, Egypt, & Syria
Protected Christian sites in Jerusalem Definitive version of the Qu’ran
The Umayyads (661 – 761) Moved capital to Damascus Copied Byzantine bureaucratic and
economic practices Empire spanned from China’s border to
Southern Europe & North Africa Battle of Tours in 732 stopped Muslim
advance into Northern Europe
Early Islamic Period, c. 750 - 1037 (includes the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Spanish Umayyad Periods)
Presence of Islamic religion in 900 AD
The Abbasids (761 – 1258) Moved capital to Baghdad Empire was too big so they granted
power to local princes and sultans Weakened cultural and religious unity Regional/ethnic identities took over
The Crusades Muslim lands were invaded by Christians
sent by Pope Urban Salah al-Din recaptured Jerusalem in
1187 Crusades weakened Muslim forces Mongols captured Baghdad and
destroyed it in 1258 Forces of Islam would remain
decentralized after this
Late Islamic Period, c. 1037 - 1918
Presence of Islamic religion in 1700
Spread of Islam Religious, political, and military goals
were unified Arabia was a crossroads of trade Religious tolerance Taxation
All taxes lower than before (Byzantines) Muslims didn’t pay
Spread of Islam Simple – Doctrine & Myth are
straightforward Accessible – Easy conversion Noble Virtues
Courage Charity Hospitality
Promise of afterlife in battle was attractive
Islamic Scholarship
Medicine Caesarian operations Used sedatives in
operations Cauterization Removal of stone from
the bladder Surgery of eye, ear and
throat Amputation Artificial teeth Circulatory system Treating mental illness
Science Optics Astronomy
Astrolabe Map of the night sky Made telling time
highly accurate Solar Year
(365 d 5 h 46 m 24 s)
Alchemy Sulfuric acid
Math Arabic numerals Trigonometry Algebra Zero Decimals Integral calculus Real numbers
ScholarshipCopied the works of: Aristotle Plato Archimedes Hippocrates Ptolemy
Knowledge from: Greece India China