spring, 2012 session 4 – general chemistry pt 2. inorganic chemistry applications to process...
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Spring, 2012Session 4 – General Chemistry Pt 2
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Inorganic chemistry applications to process technology
Analytical methods
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Pulp and paper mills Refineries Energy Generation Food processing Water and wastewater treatment
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Cooking (digestion) Oxygen delignification Chlorine bleaching Chemical recovery
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Cooking or digestion – depolymerization by means of sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide
NaOH + Na2S + H2CO3 = NaHS + Na2CO3 + H2O
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1.Na2SO4 + 2 C → Na2S + 2 CO2
2.Na2S + Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 ←→ Na2S + 2NaOH + CaCO3
3.CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
4.CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN1Ml8M7U8A
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Hydrodesulfurization Hydrogen sulfide reaction with amines Sulfur plant
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C2H5SH + H2 → C2H6 + H2S MoS catalytic hydrodesulfurization
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H2S + RNH2 (amine) = RNH3HS Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
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2H2S + 3 O2 → 2 SO2 + 2 H2O (step 1) 2H2S + SO2 → 3S + 2H2O (step 2) 2H2S + SO2 → 3S + 2H2O (overall reaction) Other reactions on surface of catalyst
◦ COS + H20 → H2S + CO2
◦ CS2 + 2H20 → 2H2S + CO2
◦ COS and CS2 are formed in the furnace
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Combustion Hydrogen generation Fuel cells
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CnH2n+2 + (3n/2 + ½)O2 = nCO2 + (n+1)H2O (complete combustion)
CnH2n+2 + (n + ½)O2 = n CO + (n+1)H2O (incomplete combustion)
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Steam reforming: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 or CH4 + 2H2O = CO2 + 4H2
Water gas shift reaction: CO(g) + H2O(v) → CO2(g) + H2(g)
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H2 + ½ O2 = H2O
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Based upon combination of oxygen and hydrogen to make water and produce electricity
Different types of fuel cells (phosphoric acid, alkali, proton exchange membrane, etc.)
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm
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2H2O = 2H2 + O2
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Hydrogen gas reservoir
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Hydrogen loses electrons, is oxidized, at the anode Oxygen gains electrons, is reduced, at the cathode To electrolyze 0.001 gram mole of water to produce
0.0005 gram mole of oxygen gas (O2) and 0.001 gram moles of hydrogen gas (H2) requires the transfer of one faraday of electricity (96.485 coulombs)
0.001 gram mole of hydrogen is equivalent to 22.4 ml of gas at standard conditions
For a cell resistance of 20 ohms and a 3 volt battery, the current flow through the cell would be 3 V / 20 ohms = 0.15 A (0.15 coulombs/second). At this current flow, assuming 100% efficiency, it would take about 11 minutes to generate 22.4 ml of gas
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Sugar refining Beer brewing Sterilization
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Primary treatment (physical separation) Secondary treatment (biological oxidation) Disinfection Tertiary treatment (chemical treatment)
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KAl(SO4)2 ·12H2O + 2Ca(OH)2 = Al(OH)3 + 2CaSO4 + KOH
Cl2 + H2O = HClO + HCl
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Lab glassware Water analysis
◦ Physical◦ Chemical
Oil analysis◦ Physical◦ Chemical
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Beakers – used to contain liquids for mixing together and can be used for rough volume measurements
Pipette – used to deliver measured amounts of liquids into beakers and flasks
Burette – used to deliver measured amounts of liquids for titration
Crucible – used to dry or ash solids
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Color (comparison to color standards) Turbidity (obscuration of light)
◦ Measured in turbidity units (JTU, NTU) Settleable solids (Imhoff cone) in ml solids/l
liquid Suspended solids (filter, dry solids at 103 deg C)
measured as mg of solids per liter of liquid, mg/l Dissolved solids (filter, dry filtrate at 103 deg C)
mg/l Volatile suspended solids (fire dry solids at 600
deg C) mg/l
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Turbidity and turbidimeters
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Settleable solids by Imhoff cone
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Suspended, volatile and dissolved solids
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Standard solutions used for analysis pH measurement by electrodes Alkalinity (carbonate and hydroxide content) Hardness (calcium and magnesium
concentrations)◦ < 50 mg/l is soft water◦ > 150 mg/l is hard water
Iron and manganese (cause color and stains) Trace metals (zinc, arsenic, etc.)
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pH meter
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Hardness (total and calcium)
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Organic material◦ Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) for amount of
oxygen necessary to oxidize organic material mg oxygen required/l – determined by a chemical oxidation
◦ Total Organic Carbon (TOC) for amount of carbon (oxidation of organics to carbon dioxide and measurement of carbon dioxide) mg carbon/l – determined by an instrument
◦ Organic acids (absorption and chemical neutralization ) mg/l
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Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
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Water pH testing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkbcKrcE9xY
Water hardness http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npMq8b0d3a8
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Jar tests are used to determine the effectiveness of chemicals added to coagulate and flocculate wastewaters, and to precipitate species. In these tests, different chemicals are added in different doses to see what dose causes the best coagulation and settling.
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Jar test apparatus and results
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Physical testing◦ Density◦ Distillation fractions◦ Gas chromatograph
Chemical testing◦ Elemental testing by ignition◦ Boiler feed water analysis
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Ca(HCO3)2 + NaOH = CaCO3 + NaHCO3 + H2O (hardness)
NaHCO3 + HCl = NaCl + CO2 + H2O (bicarbonate alkalinity)
Others (silica, iron, etc.)