Spring M Dahl, MS, PhDPrepared by: Jeanette Andrade

MS,RD,LDN,CDE

Kaplan University

What are we going to be learning about tonight? Electrolytes: Sodium, Potassium Bone Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus,

Magnesium Antioxidants: Iron, Zinc, Selenium

Electrolytes: substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity

Cation: positive charged ion Anion: negative charged ion Hydroxyapatite: calcium phosphate salt Antioxidant: Reduces oxidative damage such

caused by free radicals Reactive Oxygen Species: molecules and ions of

oxygen that have an unpaired electron Zinc Finger Motif: sequence of approximately 30

amino acids, forming a helix-turn-helix, believed to form a structure that includes tetrahedrally coordinated zinc (II) ions

Major positive cation in fluid outside of the cells

Regulates total amount of water in the body Transmission of sodium in and out of cells

regulates brain, nervous system and muscles functions

Normal blood sodium level is 135-145 mEq/L What can happen if there is too much sodium

in the cells or too little?

Major cation found inside cells The proper amount of potassium is

essential for regulation of heart rate and muscle function

Normal lab values are 3.5-5.0 mEq/L What happens if there is too little

potassium or too much potassium in cells?

Not really a cycle, this diagram is depicting active transport of molecules across a membrane. Active transport is coupled to ATP hydrolysis to obtain enoughenergy to transport ions against their concentration gradient.

outside

inside

Plasma membrane

NEED ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO PUMP AGAINST A GRADIENT

Accounts for 1-2% of adult human body weight

Body stores 99% of calcium in bones and teeth

It is needed to contract and expand muscles and blood vessels

RDA: 19-70 year old males need 1000-1200 mg of calcium per day

RDA: 19-70 year old non-pregnant/lactating females need 1000-1200 mg of calcium per day

What foods tend to have calcium in them?

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Not from high intake of calcium from foods, but from supplements-

Kidney stones occur from an increased calcium excretion from kidneys

Abnormal parathyroid function and rarely due to low dietary intake since calcium is a large reservoir in bones

Chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, low magnesium in blood

Chronically low dietary calcium intake may prevent peak bone mass

Majority of phosphorous is found as phosphate within the body

85% of phosphorous is found within the bone Major structural component of bone in the

form of hydroxyapatite What else is phosphorus important for within

our bodies? RDA for males and females 19-70 year old

700 mg/day What foods contain phosphorous?

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Calcification of non-skeletal tissues- most commonly the kidneys

Loss of appetite, anemia, muscle weakness, bone pain, rickets, osteomalacia, and can possibly lead to death

60% is within the skeletal structure, 27% within the muscles, 6-7% within the cells and 1% outside of cells

Magnesium is required for ATP synthesizing protein in the mitochrondrion

What other important processes is Magnesium important for?

What foods contain Magnesium? RDA for males 31-70 years old: 420 mg/day RDA for females 31-70 years old: 320

mg/day

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Not with foods, but with salts- magnesium salt Main problem diarrhea

Rare due to kidneys are able to reduce urinary excretion when intake is low

Occur with gastrointestinal disturbances, renal disorders, chronic alcoholism, age

Oxygen transport and storage Electron transport and energy

metabolism Antioxidant: why?

Catalase and peroxidase are heme containing enzymes that protect cells against an accumulation of harmful hydrogen peroxide (ROS)

White blood cells engulf bacteria and expose them to ROS in order to kill them

We produce or own disinfectant (clorox)

What foods contain Iron? RDA for males 19-70 years old: 8 mg/day RDA for females:

19-49 years old: 18 mg/day 50-70 years old: 8 mg/day

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Accidental overdose with iron containing products

Genetic disorders usually are the cause Hereditary

Hemochromotosis Hereditary

anemias

Most common deficiency in the world, 3 levels of iron deficiency Storage iron

depletion Early functional

iron deficiency Iron deficiency

anemia

Zinc functions in the cell can be divided into 3 categories: Catalytic: enzymes depend on Zinc for reactions Structural: for proteins and cell membranes; Zinc

finger motif Regulatory: Zinc finger motif regulates gene

expression by acting as transcription factors Antioxidant: Why?

Some studies suggest that Zinc is a protective factor against atherosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidation of LDL by cells or transition metals (copper, iron)

– Protect cells against Tumor Necrosis Factor induced cell injury

What foods contain Zinc? RDA for males 19-70 years old: 11

mg/day RDA for females 19-70 years old: 8

mg/day

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Occurs from consumption of food or beverages that have been contaminated with zinc released from galvanized containers

Severe: generally from a genetic disorder

Mild: generally children from developing countries, however occurs in pregnant, anorexics, aging individuals, celiac disease and irritable bowel disease

Selenoproteins: Glutathione peroxidases Thioredoxin reductase Iodothyronine deiodinases

Antioxidant: Why? Glutathione peroxidase- antioxidant enzymes that

reduce ROS by coupling their reduction to the oxidation of glutathione

– Thioredoxin- Thioredoxin reductase participates in the regeneration of several antioxidants

What foods contain Selenium? RDA for males and females 19-70 years

old: 55 uG/day

TOXICITY DEFICIENCY

Accidental or suicidal ingestion of grams of selenium

Decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and thyroid deiodinases

Chronically ill patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Treating metabolic disorders such as phenylketonuria (PKU)

Vit E

Vit E

CoQ10 CoQ10

LOOH

Cyt-b5reductase or NQO1

NAD(P)H+H+

NAD(P)+

LOOH

LOH

Vit C Vit C

Detoxification

Extracellular Space

Cytosol

Plasma Membrane

2 GSH

GSSG

GSH reductase

NADPH NADP+

Glucose-6-P

6-P-gluconate

G-6-PDH

GSH- Se Px

PLA2

Exogenous radical-X

O2

O

O

Endogenous radical-X

NADH ASCR reductase

Minerals/metals Fe Se Vitamins Niacin Vitamin E Vitamin C Other Coenzyme Q Lipoic acid

Burgess, J. R. and J. E. Andrade (2006). Antioxidant Effects of Citrus Flavonoid Consumption. Potential Health Benefits of Citrus. B. S. Patil, E. G. Miller, N. D. Turner and J. S. Brodbelt. Washington, DC, An American Chemical Society Publication.

Example of antioxidant control systems of oxidative stress in cells

How do minerals play into the “big” biochemistry picture?

Are supplements needed by the average consumer?

Your “take-away” message?

How do you feel about this course now that we are at the end?

Do you see application of this material as you advance your education and consider your professional goals?

Overall thoughts on the course?