spring semester midterm review. what did upton sinclair’s the jungle (1906) expose? upton...
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Spring Semester Midterm Review
What did Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906) expose? Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
(1906) revealed the unsanitary conditions of
slaughterhouses and led to government regulation of
food industries
The Progressive Era led to demands for equal rights
by African Americans
Quick Class Discussion:In what ways were blacks
discriminated against?80% of lived in rural areas
in the South, most as sharecroppers
Literacy tests and poll taxes limited black voting Jim Crow laws segregated blacks in schools, hotels, restaurants, trains, and other public facilities
Plessy v Ferguson (1896) declared that segregation
did not violate the 14th amendment
Lynching and violence were common
Progressive Movement
• Four goals:– Protect Social Welfare– Foster economic efficiency– Moral Improvement– Economic Reform
Initiatives allow citizens to bypass the state
legislature by putting an issue on a state ballot and
voting to make it a law
Recalls allow citizens
to vote to remove an
elected official
States began using direct primary
elections to allow voters to choose party
candidates
U.S. Imperialism: DOMINICAN REPUBLICWhen Theodore Roosevelt became president, he used “Big Stick Diplomacy”:
Develop an active U.S. foreign policy with a strong navy to accomplish goals
TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States “police powers” to protect Latin America
from European imperialism
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism
■Americans were motivated by a variety of factors to imperialize:–In 1890, the U.S. census declared
that the frontier was closed & there were no new lands in the “west” for Americans to expand into
–During the Gilded Age, American industry grew so large that new overseas markets & new sources of raw materials were needed
European powers had acquired colonies & many Americans believed that the USA
had to imperialize in order to keep up
Reasons for U.S. Imperialism■At the urging of Admiral Alfred Mahan,
the USA developed a modern navy, allowing the U.S. to compete with other powerful nations
■Many believed that Social Darwinism gave Americans a duty to “civilize” the “inferior races” of the world by introducing medicine, technology, Christianity, & democracy
U.S. Imperialism: CUBAIn 1895, Cubans declared their independence from Spain; To put down the revolution, Spain used brutal tactics (like starvation)
U.S. newspapers sensationalized the events in Cuba (known as “yellow journalism”)
In 1898, the U.S. sent the USS Maine to Cuba to protect American interests there;
After the ship mysteriously exploded, Americans declared war on Spain
Muckraking Journalism■New “muckraking” journalism
drew attention to social problems, such as urban poverty, corruption, & big business practices:–Popular monthly magazines,
like McClure’s & Collier’s, used investigative journalism & photos
–Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) was the 1st exposé of urban poverty & slums
U.S. Imperialism: PANAMATR used “Big Stick Diplomacy” to build the Panama Canal by encouraging a
Panamanians to rebel from Colombia
TR decided to run for president in 1912 but the Republican Party picked Taft as their candidate…
…so Roosevelt formed a new political party called
the Progressive Party (“Bull Moose Party”)
“I’m feeling as fit as a bull moose”
Republican voters were divided between
Taft and Roosevelt…
…and Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912
Republicans divided by a Bull moose equals a Democratic victory!
The USA remained neutral in World War I from 1914 to 1917…
Due to German violations of free trade, the USA
declared war in April 1917
Personal liberties were restricted during World War I
Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition
Acts which made it illegal to interfere with the war
or saying anything disloyal about the war effort
In Schenk v US (1919), the Supreme Court
ruled that in wartime, speech that presents a “clear and present
danger” is not protected
Charles Schenck, a socialist and anti-war
critic, was arrested and sued arguing that the
laws violated free speech
During the war, over 2,000 citizens were prosecuted
including newspaper editors, Socialists,
anarchists, union leaders, and critics of the draft Anti-German sentiment
was high across the nation
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themesPoints 1-5 focused
on creating new international rules
that would eliminate future wars
No more secret treaties or alliances
International control over colonies to end
imperialism
Reduction of militariesFreedom of the seas
and free trade
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themesPoints 6-13 focused on dividing weak empires like Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
into new nations based on self-determination
Wilson believed that new nations should
have borders drawn with consideration to ethnic and national identities
He wanted new nations to be free to choose
their own governments
Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main themesPoint 14 focused on creating a League of Nations to settle all future international
problems by diplomacy rather than by war
In 1920, the states ratified the 19th Amendment giving women to
right to vote
During the Red Scare, immigrants were under attackIn 1920, Nicola Sacco and
Bartolomeo Vanzetti were arrested and charged with robbery and murder
Sacco and Vanzetti were Italian immigrants
and anarchistsWith only circumstantial
evidence, they were found guilty and executed
Henry Ford’s mass production techniques made automobiles affordable for many Americans
The 1920s produced some of America’s most important literature
The “Lost Generation” authors including T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and F. Scott Fitzgerald rejected
war and criticized 1920 consumerism and conformity
The 1920s saw a burst of personal prosperity and consumer spending
Mass production led to a huge number of new products: Cars, electric
appliances, new fashions
Companies offered ways for consumers to buy on credit through monthly
installment plans Advertising boomed to convince people to
spend their money
The dominance of urban America divided society
Urban society was characterized by
diversity, consumerism, freedom, entertainment
Rural society was characterized by religious
fundamentalism, nativism, and tradition
The values of these 2 societies clashed in the 1920s
Over-production and under-consumption By the end of the 1920s, factories produced too many durable goods
(known as over-production) People did not need as many
appliances and cars by the end of the decade (under-consumption)
Too much inventory…Not enough buyers
Problems for farmers and industry The end of WWI led to a decline in demand for agricultural products and a 40% decline in crop prices
Farmers could not pay back loans and many had their farms foreclosed
End of WWI
Railroads, textiles, coal were losing money and faced competition from cars, synthetic fabrics, natural gas
Increasing American debtsMany Americans used credit to live beyond their means, generate large
debts, and had to cut back on spending by the end of the decade
The effects of the depression were made worse by the Dust Bowl
Decades of over-farming and droughts in the Plains led to
windstorms that swept away soil and made farming impossible
When the Great Depression began, Republican President Herbert Hoover tried
to solve America’s economic problems President Hoover
believed that America could overcome the depression through
“rugged individualism” (using hard work and
perseverance)
Hoover private charities to help (“volunteerism”)He encouraged business growth, wanted to keep taxes low, and avoided
direct gov’t intervention
When FDR became president be promised decisive gov’t action
to fight the depression
FDR believed the gov’t should use deficit spending (spending that causes debt) to stimulate the economy
In his first 100 days in office, FDR and Congress passed a
broad platform of legislation to attack the depression called the “New Deal”
The New Deal created long-term reforms to address weaknesses in the American economy and address the causes of the Great Depression
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created
to bring electricity to the South and create jobs
The TVA built hydroelectric power
plants in seven Southern states providing issued
cheap power
One of the most important reforms on the New Deal was the Wagner Act
The law protected workers’ right to strike
and collectively bargain It created a Fair Labor
Practices Commission to regulate unfair practices
used by companies to discourage union
membership
Due to the Wagner Act, union membership in
the USA increased
To combat poverty among the elderly
and disabled, Congress created the
Social Security ActSocial Security
provided old-age pensions for
Americans at age 65Social Security was also America’s first welfare program
because it provided payments for blind, handicapped, and
needy children
In addition, two New Deal recovery programs (AAA and NRA) were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
FDR feared that the Supreme Court would weaken the New Deal
FDR threatened to “pack the Supreme Court” and increase
the number of justices from 9 to 15
People were outraged as FDR appeared to be overstepping his
Constitutional powers
The New Deal created long-term reforms to address weaknesses in the American economy and address the causes of the Great Depression
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created to regulate the stock market
and prevent another crash
The New Deal focused on the three “Rs”N
ew D
eal P
rogr
ams
ReliefRelief checks and job programs
to lower unemployment
RecoveryPrograms to stimulate agriculture, industry, and the economy to end
the depression
ReformPrograms to correct problems in the economy and prevent future
depressions
African Americans ■During WWII, African Americans
fought in the military & at home:–The war led to factory jobs &
increased the Great Migration of blacks in the North & west coast
–African Americans faced racial discrimination; civil rights leader A Philip Randolph forced FDR to offer equal pay for black workers by creating the Fair Employment Practices Commission
The Japanese dominated Asia, crippled the U.S. navy after the Pearl Harbor attack,
& seized most Western colonies in the Pacific
However, U.S. entrance into the war in 1941 helped the Allies turn the tide and defeat the Axis by 1945
FDR & Churchill agreed that defeating Hitler was the top priority, but American troops would be
deployed to fight Japan at the same time
By 1944, the Allies decided to open a
Western Front by invading
Nazi-occupied FranceOperation Overlord (called D-Day) in June
1944 was the largest land & sea attack in history
The Normandy invasion was deadly, but the
Allied victory created a Western Front…
America: Story of Us: D-Day
…and allowed the Allies to push towards
Germany from the West
At the same time, the Soviet army pushed from the East
By March 1945, the Allies were fighting in Germany & pushing
towards Berlin
Forced to fight a two-front war,
Hitler ordered a massive counter-attack at the
Battle of the Bulge...but lost
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the
USA sent troops to the Pacific theater
The turning point in the war in the
Pacific came at the Battle of Midway
After Midway, the Allies began to regain islands
controlled by Japan
The Pacific war revealed a new kind of fighting by using
aircraft carriers
By May 1945, the war in Europe was over &
U.S. began preparing for a land invasion of Japan
Despite losing control of the Pacific & withstanding
firebomb attacks, Japan refused to surrender
…But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary…
In July 1945, the Big Three met at the
Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of WWII
Truman learned the atomic bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Declaration to Japan: “surrender or face destruction”
When Japan refused to surrender, Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima
on August 6, 1945
After 3 days, Japan did not surrender so a
2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki
After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender
Women ■World War II led to opportunities for
women in the workforce & military:–6 million women entered the
workforce, many did clerical work but others did “men’s work”
–200,000 women joined special, noncombat military units
–Led to an increase in daycare centers & child delinquency
–After the war, women were forced out of high-paying factory jobs
African Americans ■During WWII, African Americans
fought in the military & at home:–More than 1 million black soldiers
served in segregated units under the command of white officers
–Unlike WWI, black soldiers were allowed to fight; the “Tuskegee airmen” in the U.S. military were recognized for heroism & bravery
Japanese-Americans■Due to Pearl Harbor, people feared
that Japanese-Americans were spying or helping prepare for a Japanese invasion of the USA–In 1942, FDR issued Executive
Order 9066 which ordered 112,000 Japanese-Americans to move to internment camps
–The Japanese in camps faced bad living conditions & a lack of rights
–Faced racial stereotypes (“Japs”)
Korematsu v. United States (1944)
n120,000 Japanese living on U.S. Pacific coast were relocated to internment camps inland following 12/7/41. Isei and Nisei interned.
Korematsu sued to terminate policy. Supreme court upheld the evacuation
as a reasonable wartime emergency measure
This was despite the fact that the Court ruled the same day that once the loyalty of any citizen had been established, internment had to end for that citizen (Ex parte Endo)
In 1988, Congress offered an official apology and $20,000 to each internee still alive.
Meanwhile, the Soviet army stopped the German attack at Moscow & Leningrad in 1942
The Soviets defeated the German army at
the Battle of Stalingrad
The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II because the Russians began pushing
towards Germany from the East by 1943