spring test
TRANSCRIPT
Aim: To find out spring constant and verify Hooks law for a simple
extension spring and 2 identical springs mounted in parallel.
Apparatus: spring, load, scale, mounting frame.
Theory:
Derivation of the Formula:
In order to derive a necessary formula which governs the behavior of springs, consider a closed coiled spring subjected to an axial load W.
Type equation here.
Fig: springs
W = axial load
D = mean coil diameter
d = diameter of spring wire
n = number of active coils
C = spring index = D / d For circular wires
l = length of spring wire
G = modulus of rigidity
x = deflection of spring
q = Angle of twist
When the spring is being subjected to an axial load to the wire of the spring gets be twisted like a shaft.
If q is the total angle of twist along the wire and x is the deflection of spring under the action of load W along the axis of the coil, so that
x = D / 2 q
Again l = p D n [ consider ,one half turn of a close coiled helical spring ]
Fig: springs
Assumptions:
(1) The Bending & shear effects may be neglected (2) (2) For the purpose of derivation of formula, the helix angle is
considered to be so small that it may be neglected.
Any one coil of a such a spring will be assumed to lie in a plane which is nearly perpendicular to the axis of the spring. This requires that adjoining coils be close together. With this limitation, a section taken
perpendicular to the axis the spring rod becomes nearly vertical. Hence to maintain equilibrium of a segment of the spring, only a shearing force V = F and Torque T = F. r are required at any X โ section. In the analysis of springs it is customary to assume that the shearing stresses caused by the direct shear force is uniformly distributed and is negligible
So applying the torsion formula.
Using the torsion formula i.e.
๐ป
๐ฑ =
๐
๐ =
๐ฎ๐ฝ
๐
As, we know that
T = W*d/2 ,
ฮธ=๐โ๐
๐ซ
W โ d/2
โd4
32
=G2๐ฅ/D
โD. n
๐ฅ =8๐๐ท3n
๐บ๐4
As, ๐ = ๐
๐ฅ
๐ค =๐๐๐
๐๐ง๐๐
Procedure:
Simple extension of springs
For simple extension spring, measure the thickness ,pull to pull length
values of spring by using Vernier caliper.
Mount the spring onto mounting frame and add weight in steps of 100
grams.
Tabulate the extension obtained from the scales and corresponding
weight.
Plot Force(N) versus extension(mm).
From graph, Slope would give value of K.
Verify experimental stiffness with the value of stiffness obtained from
theoretical expression of stiffness.
Spring in parallel
For identical springs in parallel, measure the thickness, full length
values of spring by using vernier caliper.
Mount the parallel springโs setup and tabulates the extension obtained
from scales for corresponding weight which are added in set of 100
grams.
Repeat the same experiment with individual springs.
Plot Force(N) versus extension(mm) for parallel setup of spring.
Calculation:
Theoretical calculation:
As we know theoretically K (stiffness) can be calculated by
๐ = ๐4๐บ
8๐๐ท3
For single extension spring
n (no. of turns) = 79
๐ = ๐4๐บ
8๐๐ท3 = (1.08โ10โ3)4โ(77โ109)
8โ79โ(12.74โ10โ3)3 = 8.02*10โ2 N/mm
For n = 57
๐ = ๐4๐บ
8๐๐ท3 = (1.12โ10โ3)4โ(77โ109)
8โ57โ(12.68โ10โ3)3 = 13.03*10โ2 N/mm
For n = 52
๐ = ๐4๐บ
8๐๐ท3 = (1.12โ10โ3)4โ(77โ109)
8โ52โ(12.68โ10โ3)3 = 14.3*10โ2 N/mm
For parallel combination
๐พ๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐พ1 + ๐พ2
๐พ๐๐๐๐๐ = 14.3 โ 10โ2 + 13.03 โ 10โ2
= 27 โ 10โ2๐/๐๐
Graphical calculation:
For simple extension spring for n = 79
K =โณ๐น
โณ๐ฅ=
7.16โ6.16
44.5โ32.5= 8.33 โ 10โ2๐/๐๐
For simple extension spring for n = 52
K =โณ๐น
โณ๐ฅ=
6.16โ5.16
20โ12= 12.5 โ 10โ2๐/๐๐
For simple extension spring for n = 57
K =โณ๐น
โณ๐ฅ=
7.16โ6.16
58โ45= 7.6 โ 10โ2๐/๐๐
For parallel combination
K =โณ๐น
โณ๐ฅ=
10.16โ9.16
19โ14.5= 22.22 โ 10โ2๐/๐๐
Observation table:
For simple extension spring
D= 12.74mm, d = 1.08mm, n = 79, G = 77GPa
serial no
mass (kg)
force (N)
scale reading(mm) extension(mm)
1 0.016 0.16 179 0 2 0.116 1.16 180 1 3 0.216 2.16 180 1
4 0.316 3.16 180.5 1.5 5 0.416 4.16 189 10
6 0.516 5.16 200 21 7 0.616 6.16 211.5 32.5
8 0.716 7.16 223.5 44.5 9 0.816 8.16 235 56
For a individual spring which where mounted in parallel
D=12.68mm, d = 1.12mm, n1 = 52, n2 = 57, G = 77GPa
serial no
mass (kg)
force (N)
scale reading(mm) extension(mm)
n= 52 n = 57 n=52 n=57
1 0.016 0.16 152 153.5 0 0 2 0.116 1.16 152.5 153.5 0.5 0
3 0.216 2.16 153 153.5 1 0 4 0.316 3.16 153.5 159.5 1.5 6
5 0.416 4.16 156 172.5 4 19 6 0.516 5.16 164 185.5 12 32
7 0.616 6.16 172 198.5 20 45 8 0.716 7.16 179.5 211.5 27.5 58 9 0.816 8.16 187 225 35 71.5
For a spring which where mounted in parallel
serial no
mass (kg)
force (N)
scale reading(mm) extension(mm)
1 0.016 0.16 199 0
2 0.116 1.16 199 0 3 0.216 2.16 199 0
4 0.316 3.16 199.5 0.5 5 0.416 4.16 199.5 0.5 6 0.516 5.16 199.5 0.5
7 0.616 6.16 201 2 8 0.716 7.16 203.5 4.5
9 0.816 8.16 209 10 10 0.916 9.16 213.5 14.5
11 1.016 10.16 218 19
Graph:
For simple extension spring n = 79
For simple extension spring n = 57
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
forc
e i
n n
ew
ton
extension in mm
force vs extension for a spring
force (N)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
forc
e (
N)
extension (mm)
force vs extension for n = 57
For simple extension spring n = 52
For parallel combination:
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
forc
e (
N)
extension (mm)
force vs extension for n = 52
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
-5 0 5 10 15 20
forc
e (
N)
extension (mm)
force vs parallel springs
force (N)