spss workshop slides
TRANSCRIPT
Base of Quantitative Research
VariableHypothesisDifference
RelationshipBY M.SULEMAN TARIQ
Variable A variable is defined as a characteristic of
the participants or situation for a given study that has different values in that study
Morgan et. al (2004)
Base of Research => Variable Gender: Study 1: Variable Study 2: Constant
Hypothesis
Types of Hypothesis◦ Differential Hypothesis◦ Associational Hypothesis
Recommended Statistics for Different Types of Hypothesis
Types of Variable Dependant Variable Independent Variable
Mediating Variable
Moderating Variable
A B
A B
C
A B
C
Operationalization Operationalization is the process of defining
a concept so that it becomes measurable variable
Steps of Operationalization
8
Reliability Does the instrument measure things
consistently? Ways to establish reliability
◦ Test-retest◦ Internal consistency for multiple measures for the
same construct Cronbach’s alpha (Overall .70)
Reliability
.7 = Good .8 = Very good, strong .9 = or greater -> Excellent
Validity
Validity = does the test measure what its meant to measure?
Construct validity
Reliability vs. validity
Types of Variable - Scale in SPSS
Categorical Variable ◦ Nominal Variable ◦ Ordinal Variable
Scale Variable
Nominal Variable Gender
Ordinal Variable Conveys order
Scale Directly Measureable
◦ GPA, Age, Height, Weight, Temperature, Salary, Job Experience
Steps for Data Handling in SPSS
Instrument Development Complete Data Collection Coding Check and Correct Errors Define Variable Name Labeling Define Different Values Set Missing Value (if any) Data Entry Apply Test-Estimate the Model/Variables
Important ConceptsStatistics
Mean and Standard Deviation
The heights (at the shoulders) are: 600mm, 470mm, 170mm, 430mm and 300mm.
Standard Deviation
Normal Distribution of the data
Skewed Data
Correlation Correlation is Positive when the values increase together,
and Correlation is Negative when one value decreases as the
other increases