sql server 2008 databases

7/28/2019 SQL Server 2008 Databases

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_QC _grvgr


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Orgatmdn Hatalasgs Hatalasgs arg usuaccy orgatgh gmtbgr ly wrmtmdn adh gxgoutmdn X_QC okhg# kr tbrkunb tbg

nrapbmoac mdtgriaog$

O\GAXG HAXALA_G _a`pcgHL

Gxgoutmdn tbms Xradsaot_QC wmcc oausg _QC _grvgr tk orgatg a smdncg hatalasg hata imcg adh kdg

tradsaotmkd ckn imcg$

O:SVrknra` ImcgsS@morkskit _QC_grvgrS@__QC$1S@__QCSHataS_a`pcgHL$`hi

O:SVrknra` ImcgsS@morkskit _QC _grvgrS@__QC$1S@__QCSHataS_a`pcgHL[ckn$chi
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Md tbg Hatalasg da`g imgch# gdtgr tbg da`g ki tbg dgw hatalasg$

A hatalasg da`g oad lg a `axm`u` ki 1


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Md tbg Kwdgr imgch yku sbkuch typmoaccy spgomiy _A# wbmob ms tbg lumctmd _QC _grvgr

_ystg` Ah`mdmstratkr aookudt$

Xbg hgiauct kwdgr ms tbg cknmd aookudt tbat pgrikr`s tbg hatalasg orgatmkd$

Xbg kwdgr ki tbg hatalasg namds ok`pcgtg okdtrkc ki tbg hatalasg$

Hatalasg kwdgrsbmp oad lg `khmimgh ly gxgoutmdn tbg sp[obadnghlkwdgrstkrgh prkoghurg

adh spgomiymdn ady vacmh cknmd$

W_G 3hatalasg[da`g4

NK

sp[obadnghlkwdgr _A

Xk rgtrmgvg mdikr`atmkd alkut hatalasgs# tbg sp[bgcphl stkrgh prkoghurg oad lg usgh$

W_G @astgr

NK

GRGO sp[bgcphl 3hatalasg[da`g4


8/61

Xbg rgsucts ki tbg stkrgh prkoghurg wbgd gxgoutgh wmtb tbg hatalasg da`g arg sbkwd:

Xk rgtrmgvg lasmo mdikr`atmkd alkut acc hatalasgs tbg sp[bgcphl stkrgh prkoghurg oad lg

gxgoutgh ackdg$

W_G @astgr

NKGRGO sp[bgcphl


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Cgavg tbg Wsg iucc-tgxt mdhgxmdn lkx udobgoegh$ Iucctgxt mdhgxmdn oad lg gdalcgh at ady

tm`g# dkt just at hatalasg orgatmkd$

Iucctgxt mdhgxmdn acckws ikr tbg usg ki `krg icgxmlcg strmdn`atobmdn qugrmgs tbad Xradsaot

_QC strmotcy acckws# adh ms `adangh tbrkunb tbg @morkskit IuccXgxt Gdnmdg ikr _QC

_grvgr "@_IXG_QC- sgrvmog$

Xbkunb iucctgxt mdhgxmdn kiigrs sk`g vgry icgxmlcg adh usgiuc tkkcs# mt ms dkt acways

dgogssary# adh sbkuch kdcy lg turdgh kd wbgd dgghgh$


11/61

Hatalasg Imcgs:

Md tbg Hatalasgimcgs sgotmkd ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn# tbg Cknmoac Da`g ki tbg imrst

hata imcg# as wgcc as tbg Cknmoac Da`g ikr tbg imrst ckn imcg# bavg lggd nmvgd da`gs

autkàtmoaccy$

Xbg imrst hata imcg ms da`gh tbg sa`g as tbg hatalasg adh tbg ckn imcg ms nmvgd tbg da`g ki tbg

hatalasg wmtb [ckn appgdhgh tk tbg gdh$

Xbg cknmoac da`gs arg tbg da`gs tbg imcgs oad lg rgigrrgh tk prknra`àtmoaccy$

@uctmpcg imcgs oad lg spgomimgh md tbg orgatmkd prkogss$ Gvgry imcg okdtamds mts kwd

okdimnuratmkd sgttmdns "suob as ikr mdmtmac smzg adh nrkwtb lgbavmkr-$

Xbg imcg typg ms autkàtmoaccy pkpucatgh adh oaddkt lg obadngh kdog tbg imcg bas lggd ahhgh

tk tbg hatalasg$

Ocmoe tbg Ahh luttkd at tbg lkttk` ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn$ A dgw rkw ikr ad

ahhmtmkdac imcg ms ahhgh tk tbg Hatalasgimcgs sgotmkd$ Xbg dgw rkw hgiaucts tk a hata typg

imcg# lut mt oad lg obadngh$
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Xypg md a Cknmoac Da`g ikr tbg dgw hata imcg adh tbgd md tbg Imcgnrkup okcu`d# ocmoe tbg hrkp

hkwd cmst adh obkksg 3dgw imcgnrkup4$ Xbg Dgw Imcgnrkup hmackn hmspcays$


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Imcg Nrkups:

Hatalasgs arg orgatgh kd imcgs tbat arg krnadmzgh mdimcgnrkups$

Xbg kdcy rgqumrgh imcgnrkup ms tbg kdgoaccghVrmàry$

Imcgnrkups arg a cknmoac nrkupmdn ki hata imcgs tbat wmcc bkch tbg hatalasg kljgots hgimdgh ikr

tbg hatalasg$

XbgVrmàry imcgnrkup okdtamds acc tbg systg` rgigrgdogs ikr tbg hatalasg$ Xbms ms wbgrg tbg

kljgots hgimdgh md tbg \gskurog hatalasg arg prgsgdtgh ikr usgr hatalasgs# as wgcc as ady

systg` orgatgh kljgots$

Xbg Vrmàry imcgnrkup acsk okdtamds acc tbg kljgot hgimdmtmkds ikr usgrhgimdgh kljgots$

Md ahhmtmkd tk tbg Vrmàry imcgnrkup# `krg usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups oad lg orgatgh as dgghgh$

kdg ki tbg lmnngst ahvadtangs ki usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups : okdtrkc$

^mtb usgr-hgimdgh imcgnrkups# tbg hatalasg ah`mdmstratkr bas ok`pcgtg okdtrkc kvgr wbat

hata ms md wbat ckoatmkd$


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^mtbkut usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkups# acc hata ms stkrgh md tbg Vrmàry imcgnrkup# sk tbg icgxmlmcmty adh

soacalmcmty ki tbg hatalasg ms rghuogh$

Xbms ày lg pgrigotcy aoogptalcg ikr sàccgr hatalasgs# kdog tbg hatalasg nrkws tk a carng smzg# mt

wmcc lgok`g mdorgasmdncy udaoogptalcg tk bavg acc tbg usgr adh systg` hata nrkupgh mdtk tbg sa`g

imcgnrkup$

Xypg md a da`g ikr tbg dgw imcgnrkup# sgcgot tbg Hgiauct obgoelkx# adh ocmoe KE$ Xbms sgts tbg dgw

usgrhgimdgh imcgnrkup as tbg hgiauct$

Acc usgr kljgots orgatgh wmcc lg orgatgh ly hgiauct md tbg dgw imcgnrkup$

Xbms sgnrgnatgs systg` hata irk` usgr hata# adh acckws ikr `krg okdtrkc ki tbg hatalasg struoturg$

Xbg \gahkdcy obgoelkx sgts tbg imcgnrkup as rgahkdcy$ Xbms oad lg vgry ahvadtangkus wbgd

krnadmzmdn tbg hmiigrgdt kljgots md a hatalasg$

Xbg kljgots tbat obadng oad lg pcaogh md ad uphatalcg imcgnrkup# wbgrgas tbksg tbat dgvgr "kr

sgchk`- obadng oad lg pcaogh md a rgahkdcy imcgnrkup$


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@amdtgdadog kr Vgrikràdog:

Imcg nrkups prkvmhg tbg almcmty tk m`prkvg lktb tbg pgrikràdog adh tbg àmdtamdalmcmty ki a

hatalasg ly sgparatmdn hata aorkss ùctmpcg pbysmoac imcgs md nrkups ki talcgs$

Xbg àmdtgdadog ahvadtang ok`gs irk` tbg almcmty tk laoe up adh rgstkrg mdhmvmhuac imcgs adh

imcgnrkups$

Vgrikràdog ahvadtangs:

paraccgc rgah adh wrmtg kpgratmkds tbat arg àhg pkssmlcg ly sgparatmdn tbg hata imcgs aorkss ùctmpcg

pbysmoac hgvmogs$

imcgnrkups gdalcg ms tbg almcmty tk pbysmoaccy partmtmkd carng talcgs aorkss uctmpcg imcgnrkups$


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Imcg _mzg:

Md tbg Mdmtmac _mzg "@L- okcu`d# a vacug sbkuch lg assmndgh lasgh kd bkw lmn tbg imcg ms gxpgotgh

tk lg wmtbmd tbg imrst igw tm`g ki kpgratmkd$

Autk Nrkwtb:

Ocmoe tbg gccmpsms luttkd kd tbg rmnbt ki tbg Autknrkwtb okcu`d ikr tbg prmàry hata imcg$

Xbg Obadng Autknrkwtb hmackn hmspcays$

Xbg Obadng Autknrkwtb hmackn gdalcgs tbg okdimnuratmkd ki tbg àxmù` smzg adh imcg nrkwtb

sgttmdn ikr gaob mdhmvmhuac imcg$

Gdsurg tbg Gdalcg Autknrkwtb obgoelkx ms obgoegh$

Ocgarmdn tbms obgoelkx sgts tbg imcgnrkwtb prkpgrty tk zgrk$


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Imcg nrkwtb oad lg sgt at a imxgh acckoatmkd smzg kr a pgrogdtang ki tbg gxmstmdn imcg smzg$

As a lgst praotmog tbg Autknrkwtb kptmkd sbkuch lg sgt tk a suiimomgdtcy carng gdkunb mdorg`gdt tk

`mdm`mzg tbg du`lgr ki imcgnrkwtbs rgqumrgh tk aook``khatg hata nrkwtb$

\gstrmot tbg smzg ki tbg imcg ly sgcgotmdn tbg \gstrmotgh Imcg Nrkwtb "@L- kptmkd luttkd adhspgomiymdn a àxmù` smzg$ Xbms smzg oaddkt lg gxogghgh ly autkàtmo kr àduac imcgnrkwtb

kpgratmkds$


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Vatb:

Gmtbgr ocmoe tbg gccmpsgs luttkd kd tbg rmnbt ki tbg Vatb okcu`d ki tbg

Dgw Hatalasg hmackn ikr gaob hata imcg adh sgcgot a hgstmdatmkd ikchgrikr gaob mdhmvmhuac imcg# kr sm`pcy typg md tbg okrrgot patb md tbg Vatb

okcu`d$


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Hatalasg Kptmkds:

Ocmoe Kptmkds md tbg _gcgot a pang sgotmkd md tbg uppgrcgit ki tbg Dgw

Hatalasg hmackn

Xbg Kptmkds wmdhkw hmspcays# gdalcmdn tbg sgttmdn ki sgvgrac hatalasg kptmkds$

Okccatmkd:

Ocmoe tbg Okccatmkd hrkphkwd cmst adh rgvmgw tbg hmiigrgdt okccatmkd sgttmdns tbat arg avamcalcg#

lut cgavg tbg sgttmdn sgt tk 3sgrvgr hgiauct4$

ad mdstadog ki _QC _grvgr ms assmndgh a hgiauct sgrvgr okccatmkd tbat hgtgr`mdgs wbat obaraotgrs

arg suppkrtgh kd tbg sgrvgr ly hgiauct# adh bkw tbksg obaraotgrs arg sgarobgh adh skrtgh$

Okccatmkd sgttmdns oad acsk lg assmndgh tk tbg hatalasg as wgcc$

\gokvgry @khgcs:

Ocmoe tbg \gokvgry `khgc hrkphkwd cmst adh rgvmgw tbg avamcalcg obkmogs$

Xbg avamcalcg `khgcs tbat oad lg sgt arg Iucc# LuceCknngh# adh _m`pcg$
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W tb m c h c mi tb i cc m cc t


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Wsg tbg sm`pcg rgokvgry `khgcmi tbg ikcckwmdn arg acc trug:

Mi tbg hatalasg ms ckst kr haàngh# yku arg wmccmdn tk cksg acc tbg uphatgs

]ku arg wmccmdn tk rmse cksmdn sk`g hata md tbg ckn$

]ku hk dkt wadt tk laoe up adh rgstkrg tbg tradsaotmkd ckn#

Xbg tradsaotmkd ckn ms kdcy usgh ikr tradsaotmkdac okdsmstgdoy# lut dk ckdntgr` stkrang ki

tradsaotmkdac bmstkry ms ok`pcgtgh$

Wsg tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgcmi ady kdg ki tbg ikcckwmdn ms trug:

]ku ùst lg alcg tk rgokvgr acc tbg hata$

Mi tbg hatalasg okdtamds ùctmpcg imcgnrkups# yku wadt pmgog`gac rgstkrg$

]ku ùst lg alcg tk rgokvgr tk tbg pkmdt ki iamcurg$

]ku wadt tk lg alcg tk rgstkrg mdhmvmhuac pangs$

]ku arg wmccmdn tk mdour tbg ah`mdmstratmvg oksts ki tradsaotmkd ckn laoeups$

Ikr acc mdtgdts adh purpksgs# tbgrg arg rgaccy kdcy twk rgokvgry `khgcs# Iucc adh _m`pcg$

Xbg LuceCknngh `khgc ms `gadt kdcy as ad aoogsskry tk tbg Iucc rgokvgry `khgc ikr usg

hurmdn luce kpgratmkds$


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Luce cknngh rgokvgry sbkuch lg usgh kdcy hurmdn pgrmkhs md wbmob yku arg ruddmdn carng soacg


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Lucecknngh rgokvgry sbkuch lg usgh kdcy hurmdn pgrmkhs md wbmob yku arg ruddmdn carngsoacg

luce kpgratmkds#

Mi yku usg tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgc# yku oad swmtob tg`pkrarmcy tk tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry

`khgc lgikrg yku pgrikr` luce kpgratmkds$

tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry `khgc rgsg`lcgs tbg iucc rgokvgry `khgc# gxogpt tbat mt `mdm`accy

ckns `kst luce kpgratmkds$

tbg lucecknngh rgokvgry `khgc ms mdtgdhgh kdcy ikr usg hurmdn luce kpgratmkds tbat acckw ikr

`mdm`ac cknnmdn$

Ok`patmlmcmty Cgvgc:

Wdcgss yku bavg spgomimo rgaskds tk obadng tbg ok`patmlmcmty cgvgc# mt sbkuch lg sgt tk _QC

_grvgr


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ACXG\ HAXALA_G alo

_GX OK@VAXMLMCMX][CGYGC 0 265

NK

K b m


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Ktbgr kptmkds:

Autk Ocksg:

^bgd a hatalasg ms imrst aoogssgh# mt ms kpgdgh$ ^bgd Autk Ocksg ms Xrug# tbg hatalasg wmcc lg ocksgh wbgd

tbg cast usgr okddgotgh tk mt ocksgs tbg okddgotmkd$ Xbms sgttmdn ms kii ly hgiauct lgoausg tbg aot ki kpgdmdn

adh ocksmdn tbg hatalasg kd a sgrvgr pcatikr` ms uddgogssary# adh prkhuogs uddgghgh kvgrbgah$ Xbg

gxogptmkd tk tbms rucg ms _QC _grvgr Gxprgss Ghmtmkd# lgoausg _QC Gxprgss ms hgsmndgh tk rud kd a hgsetkp

systg` wbgrg rgskurogs arg `krg rgstrmotgh adh ad kpgd hatalasg okdsu`gs rgskurogs$ Mi dk usgr ms

okddgotgh# tbksg rgskurogs oad lg rgturdgh tk tbg systg`$

Autk _brmde:

^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc pgrmkhmoaccy gxa`mdg tbg tktac smzg ki acc hatalasg imcgs adh

ok`parg mt tk tbg a`kudt ki hata lgmdn stkrgh$ tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc pgrikr` imcgsbrmde kpgratmkds kd

hatalasg imcgs$

ACXG\ HAXALA_G alo

_GX autk[sbrmde kii5

NK


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AD_M DWCC Hgiauct

spgomimgs wbgtbgr kr dkt tbg hgiauct ikr okcu`ds ahhgh tk a talcg hurmdn a O\GAXG

XALCG kr ACXG\ XALCG kpgratmkd ms tk acckw duccs$

Hatalasg Kptmkds

ACXG\ HAXALA_G Ahvgdturg^kres _GX AD_M[DWCC[HGIAWCX KII

ACXG\ HAXALA_G Ahvgdturg^kres _GX AD_M[DWCC[HGIAWCX KD

AD_M ^ardmdns Gdalcgh

^bgd sgt tk Xrug# wardmdns wmcc lg ramsgh ly tbg hatalasg gdnmdg wbgdgvgr ad annrgnatg

iudotmkd gdokudtgrs a ducc$ ^bgd sgt tk Iacsg# dk wardmdns arg ramsgh$

Autk Orgatg _tatmstmos


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Autk Orgatg _tatmstmos

^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc ngdgratg statmstmos ikr okcu`ds$

Autk Wphatg _tatmstmos

^bgd sgt tk Xrug# tbg Hatalasg Gdnmdg wmcc autkàtmoaccy uphatg statmstmoac

mdikràtmkd kd okcu`ds tk àmdtamd tbg `kst giimomgdt qugry pcads pkssmlcg$

Hatalasg \gah Kdcy

Xbms kptmkd spgomimgs tbat dk `khmimoatmkds arg acckwgh tk tbg hatalasg wbgd sgt

tk Xrug$


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Ngdgrat mdn Hatalasg Orgatmkd _ormp ts :

Dkw tbat yku bavg nkdg tbrkunb acc tbg stgps adh kptmkds

ki orgatmdn a hatalasg# taeg a ckke at bkw yku oad sormpttbms prkogss sk tbat yku hkdt bavg tk nk tbrkunb tbg

prkogss anamd$

At tbg tkp ki tbg Dgw Hatalasg hmackn ms a luttkd oaccgh

_ormpt#


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ocmoemdn ady ki tbg _ormpt Aotmkd kptmkds wmcc ngdgratg a

sormpt tbat wmcc hupcmoatg acc tbg sgttmdns yku spgomimgh md

tbg nrapbmoac mdtgriaog$ Xbms sormpt oad tbgd lg usgh tk orgatg dgw hatalasgs

wmtb tbg sa`g kptmkds sm`pcy ly obadnmdn tbg cknmoac

adh pbysmoac da`gs ki tbg hatalasg adh asskomatgh

imcgs$

_obg`as


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_obgàs

A hatalasg sobgà ms a way tk cknmoaccy nrkup kljgots suob as talcgs# vmgws#

stkrgh prkoghurgs gto$ Xbmde ki a sobgà as a okdtamdgr ki kljgots$

Gvgry kljgot md _QC _grvgr


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Orgatmdn a Hatalasg _obg`a

Xk orgatg a hatalasg sobg`a md _QC _grvgr


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Hatalasg kljgots iacc wmtbmd tbg sokpg ki sobg`a ) arg gssgdtmaccy kwdgh ly tbg sobg`a$


43/61

j p y y

Md _QC _grvgr


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_obgà Orgatmkd:

Xk orgatg a sobgà# tbg kdcy rgqumrgh mdikràtmkd ms tbg da`g ki tbg sobgà$

Xbg kwdgrsbmp ki tbg sobgà hgiaucts tk tbg usgr tbat ruds tbg orgatmkd sormpt# lut ady

vacmh hatalasg usgr oad lg spgomimgh as tbg kwdgr$

Xbg sm`pcgst apprkaob ms tk hgsmndatg hlk as tbg kwdgr ki tbg sobgà#

Xbg sydtax adh ad gxa`pcg ki tbg O\GAXG _OBG@A statg`gdt arg:

O\GAXG _OBG@A _obgà[Da`g U AWXBK\MZAXMKD kwdgr P

W_G Ahvgdturg^kres

NK

O\GAXG _OBG@A Kpgratmkds AWXBK\MZAXMKD hlk

W_G Ahvgdturg^kres


45/61

_obg`a @amdtgdadog:

Mi a sobg`a okdtamds kljgots mt oaddkt lg hrkppgh:

H\KV _OBG@A Kpgratmkds

@sn ?>


46/61

Xbms gxa`pcg actgrs tbg sobgà Vrkhuotmkd ly `kvmdn tbg talcg

LrkdtkHrmvgr irk` tbg Kpgratmkds sobgà tk tbg Vrkhuotmkd sobgà$

Lgoausg tbat was tbg cast kljgot md tbg sobgà# mt oad dkw lg hrkppgh$

ACXG\ AWXBK\MZAXMKD KD _OBG@A::Kpgratmkds XK Irgh


47/61

Xalcgs

Xalcg A rob m tgotu rg: Xalcgs arg a okccgotmkd ki rkws adh arg stkrgh md

gmtbgr a bgap kr a ocustgrgh mdhgx$

Ly hgiauct# talcgs arg stkrgh md udkrnadmzgh

bgaps$

As tbg hata ms mdsgrtgh# mt ms ahhgh tk tbg dgxt

avamcalcg rkw kd a hata pang$

Xbgrg ms dk attg`pt tk eggp tbg hata krnadmzgh krskrtgh$

Actbkunb tbms arradng`gdt wkres nrgat ikr ahhmdn

hata tk a talcg# mt ms cgss tbad ad kptm`u` skcutmkd

wbgd trymdn tk imdh a partmoucar rkw kr sgt ki rkws

Xalcg Mdhgxgs
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48/61

As dktgh prgvmkuscy# _QC _grvgr talcgs arg stkrgh as

bgaps ly hgiauct$ A bgap ms a talcg tbat hkgs dkt

bavg a ocustgrgh mdhgx$ A talcg stkrgh as a bgap bas dkgdikrogh pbysmoac krhgr# lut a ocustgrgh mdhgx

hkgs$ As hata ms ahhgh tk a talcg stkrgh as a bgap# mt wmcc

lg md mdsgrtgh krhgr at imrst as hgsormlgh md tbg cmlrary

gxa`pcg$ Bgaps wkre vgry wgcc ikr stkrmdn hata# adh arg vgry

giimomgdt md badhcmdn dgw rgokrhs# lut tbgy arg dkt

sk nrgat wbgd mt ok`gs tk imdhmdn spgomimo hata md a talcg$

Xbms ms wbgrg mdhgxgs ok`g md$ _QC _grvgr suppkrts

twk lasmo typgs ki mdhgxgs: ocustgrgh adh dkd-ocustgrgh$ Mt

acsk suppkrts R@C mdhgxgs# wbmob arg hmsoussgh

catgr md tbms obaptgr# lut tbgy arg qumtg hmiigrgdt irk` tbgrg ucar rgcatmkdac mdhgxgs tbat wmcc lg

ACXG\DAXG EG]


49/61

ACXG\DAXG EG]

\GNHD

K

DA@G _GOXMK

D

_OBKK

C

161 Ajay B1261 B

16< \aj L1>61 L

16? \abuc O1


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^by Wsg ad Mdhgx; Wsg ki_QCsgrvgrmdhgxgs prkvmhg àdy

iaomcmtmgs suob as:

\apmh aoogss ki mdikràtmkd

Giimomgdt aoogss ki mdikràtmkd

Gdikrog`gdt ki udmqugdgss okdstramdts


52/61

Xypgs ki Mdhgxgs_QC_grvgrbas twk `ajkr typgs ki mdhgxgs:

Ocustgrgh

DkdOcustgrgh


53/61

Ocustgrgh Ocustgrgh mdhgxgs skrt adh stkrg tbg hata rkws md

tbg talcg kr vmgw lasgh kd tbgmr egy vacugs$

Xbgsg arg tbg okcu`ds mdocuhgh md tbg mdhgx

hgimdmtmkd$ Xbgrg oad lg kdcy kdg ocustgrgh mdhgxpgr talcg# lgoausg tbg hata rkws tbg`sgcvgs oad

lg skrtgh md kdcy kdg krhgr$

Xbg kdcy tm`g tbg hata rkws md a talcg arg stkrgh

md skrtgh krhgr ms wbgd tbg talcg okdtamds aocustgrgh mdhgx$ ^bgd a talcg bas a ocustgrgh

mdhgx# tbg talcg ms oaccgh a ocustgrgh talcg$ Mi a

talcg bas dk ocustgrgh mdhgx# mts hata rkws arg

stkrgh md ad udkrhgrgh struoturg oaccgh a bgap$
http://www.blog.oureducation.in/http://www.blog.oureducation.in/http://www.blog.oureducation.in/http://www.blog.oureducation.in/


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DkdOcustgrgh mdhgxgs bavg a struoturg sgparatgirk` tbg hata rkws$ A dkdocustgrgh mdhgx

okdtamds tbg dkdocustgrgh mdhgx egy vacugs adh

gaob egy vacug gdtry bas a pkmdtgr tk tbg hata

rkw tbat okdtamds tbg egy vacug$ Xbg pkmdtgr irk` ad mdhgx rkw md a dkdocustgrgh

mdhgx tk a hata rkw ms oaccgh a rkw ckoatkr$ Xbg

struoturg ki tbg rkw ckoatkr hgpgdhs kd wbgtbgr

tbg hata pangs arg stkrgh md a bgap kr aocustgrgh talcg$ Ikr a bgap# a rkw ckoatkr ms a

pkmdtgr tk tbg rkw$ Ikr a ocustgrgh talcg# tbg rkw

ckoatkr ms tbg ocustgrgh mdhgx egy$


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O\GAXG MDHGR 3mdhgx[typg4 3mdhgx[da`g4KD 3talcg[da`g4 " 3okcu`d[da`g14

3mdhgx[krhgr4# 3okcu`d[da`g


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sydkdy`s

tk rgigr tk kljgots wmtb ikurpart mhgdtmimgrs:UUUsgrvgr$PUhatalasgP$PUsobg`a[da`gP$Pkljgot[da

`g

As tbg squarg lraoegts sbkw# hmiigrgdt parts ki

tbms sydtax oad lg k`mttgh# as ckdn as yku suppcygdkunb tk uda`lmnukuscy mhgdtmiy wbat yku.rg

tacemdn alkut$ Ikr gxa`pcg# acc ki tbgsg `mnbt

rgigr tk tbg sa`g kljgot:

_grvgr1$Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatg

nkry

Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatgnkry

Ahvgdturg^kres$$VrkhuotOatgnkry

_ydkdy`s arg a vgry nkkh tkkc usgh tk nmvg da`gs tk _QC


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_ydkdy`s arg a vgry nkkh tkkc usgh tk nmvg da`gs tk _QC

_grvgr hatalasg kljgots tbat oad lg usgh ly hatalasg

appcmoatmkds mdstgah ki tbgmr hgimdgh twkpart# tbrggpart# kr

ikurpart sobg`a sokpgh da`gs$ Ikr gxa`pcg# a hatalasg appcmoatmkd tbat rgigrgdogs a

talcg kd kdg sgrvgr adh a talcg kd adktbgr sgrvgr wkuch

typmoaccy dggh tk lg okdimnurgh tk aoogss tbg talcgs usmdn a

ikurpart da`g$ Hgimdmdn a sydkdy` gssgdtmaccy prgsgdts ad acmas tbat `aps

hmrgotcy tk tbg talcg wmtbkut bavmdn tk iuccy quacmiy tbg talcg$

W_G Ahvgdturg^kres

NK

_GCGOX VrkhuotEgy# GdncmsbVrkhuotDa`g# _tadharhOkst

I\K@ hlk$Vrkhuots

_ydkdy`s oad lg orgatgh tbat rgigrgdog vmgws# talcgs#


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O\GAXG _]DKD]@ U b P


59/61

O\GAXG _]DKD]@ Usobg`a[da`g$Psydkdy`[da`g

IK\ kljgot[da`g

g$n$

O\GAXG _]DKD]@ VrkhOat IK\

Ahvgdturg^kres$Vrkhuotmkd$VrkhuotOatgnkry

_GCGOX * I\K@ VrkhOat

H\KV _]DKD]@ Usobg`a[da`g$Psydkdy`[da`g


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M`pkrtadt tk dktmog

Mi yku hkd.t spgomiy a sobg`a ikr tbg sydkdy`#tbgd _QC _grvgr usgs tbg ourrgdt usgr.s hgiauct

sobg`a$

Xbg kljgot hkgsd.t dggh tk gxmst wbgd yku orgatg

tbg sydkdy`# lgoausg sydkdy`s arg catg lkudh:_QC _grvgr kdcy obgoes tbg lasg kljgot wbgd

yku aotuaccy usg tbg sydkdy`$

Cm`mts kd hatalasg kljgots kd wbmob sydkdy`s oad lg


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Cm`mts kd hatalasg kljgots kd wbmob sydkdy`s oad lg

orgatgh: Xalcgs

Ymgws _tkrgh prkoghurgs

Iudotmkds

Xbgrg arg acsk cm`mts kd wbgrg yku oad usg sydkdy`s$

yku oad usg a sydkdy` md tbgsg X_QC statg`gdts: _GCGOX

WVHAXG

MD_G\X

HGCGXG

GRGOWXG

yku oaddktrgigrgdog a sydkdy` md a HHC statg`gdt$ Mi

yku wadt tk usg ACXG\ XALCG tk obadng sk`gtbmdn

alkut tbg VrkhuotOatgnkry talcg# ikrgxa`pcg# yku dggh

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