square kilometre array: strategic overview · ska concept • a large radio telescope for...
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Square Kilometre Array: Strategic Overview
Philip Diamond SKA Director-General 20th March 2013
Great Observatories for the coming decades
ALMA mm/sub-‐mm
JWST infra-‐red
E-‐ELT op9cal
SKA radio
SKA Concept • A large radio telescope for transformational science:
– up to 1 million m2 antenna collecting area distributed over a distance of 3000+ km;
– operating at frequencies from 70 MHz (wavelength = 3+m) to 10GHz (~3 cm) with two or more detector technologies;
– connected to a signal processor and high performance computing system by a massive optical fibre network.
• Providing – 50 x sensitivity of current world’s best radio interferometers, and – up to 1 million x survey speed
• Construction will proceed in two phases (SKA1 & SKA2) • SKA1 cost ~400 M€ (2013) • SKA1+2 cost ~1.7 B€ (2013) • Operations costs being studied.
under review
SKA2 Key Science Drivers
• ORIGINS – Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe from the
Epoch of Re-ionisation to now • When did the first stars and galaxies form? • How did galaxies evolve? • Dark Energy, Dark Matter
– Astro-biology
• FUNDAMENTAL FORCES – Pulsars, General Relativity and gravitational
waves – Origin and evolution of cosmic magnetism
• TRANSIENTS (new phenomenon)
Science with the Square Kilometre Array (2004, eds. C. Carilli & S. Rawlings, New Astron. Rev., 48)
SKA1 Key Science Drivers
• ORIGINS – Neutral Hydrogen in the Universe from the
Epoch of Re-ionisation to now • When did the first stars and galaxies form? • How did galaxies evolve? • Dark Energy, Dark Matter
• FUNDAMENTAL FORCES – Pulsars, General Relativity and gravitational
waves Science with the Square Kilometre Array (2004, eds. C. Carilli & S. Rawlings, New Astron. Rev., 48)
SKA across the world
SKA Members and Governance
Australia (DIISRTE) Canada (NRC-Herzberg) China (MOST) Germany (BMBF) Italy (INAF) Netherlands (NWO) New Zealand (MED) South Africa (DST) Sweden (Chalmers) UK (STFC) India (DAE) • UK Company Limited by Guarantee • (Expedient solution to enable SKA project to proceed;
long-term governance structure under review)
SKA Members and Governance
Science Working Group
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ • Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on
sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors • Appointment of Director-General • Confirmation of pre-construction funding (>120M€) • Release of Request for Proposals for participation in
design process. • Approval of principles for SKA Hosting Agreements • Recruitment underway
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ • Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on
sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ • Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on
sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors
Southern Africa Australia
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ • Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on
sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors • Appointment of Director-General • Confirmation of pre-construction funding (>120M€) • Release of Request for Proposals for participation in
design process. • Approval of principles for SKA Hosting Agreements • Recruitment underway
Milestones and momentum
• Formation of SKA Organisation • Selection of Jodrell Bank as SKA HQ • Site Selection (May 2012): SKA to be constructed on
sites of ASKAP and MeerKAT precursors • Appointment of Director-General • Confirmation of pre-construction funding (>120M€) • Release of Request for Proposals for participation in
design process. • Approval of principles for SKA Hosting Agreements • Recruitment underway
ASKAP
MeerKAT
SKA Phase 1 (SKA1)
Australia Southern Africa
SKA1_MID 254 Dishes including: 64 x MeerKAT dishes 190 x SKA dishes
SKA1_LOW 50 x Low Frequency Aperture
Array Sta9ons
SKA1_SURVEY 96 Dishes including:
36 x ASKAP 60 x SKA dishes
SKA Phase 2 (SKA2)
Australia Southern Africa
SKA2_MID 2500 Dishes
SKA2_AA 250 x Mid Frequency
Aperture Array Sta9ons
SKA2_LOW 250 x Low Frequency
Aperture Array Sta9ons
What are we going to build?
SKA is driving development of new science & technical soluFons
• Dishes, feeds, receivers (N=2500) • Low and mid aperture arrays (N=250, n>1,000,000) • Signal transport (10 petabit/s) • Signal processing (exa-‐MACs) • SoTware engineering and algorithm development • High performance compuFng (exa-‐flop capability) • Data storage (exa-‐byte capacity) • (Distributed) power requirements (50 -‐100 MW)
INDUSTRY ENGAGEMENT IS CENTRAL TO THE SKA
Design process
• Design of SKA to be undertaken in global consortia, which act as contractors to the central office.
• A necessary process to ensure ‘juste retour’ in the design process.
• SKA Office will run system engineering, receive and review designs from consortia, monitor progress, analyse Earned Value.
• Request for Proposals was issued 12th March to identify consortia. SKA Board will approve consortia following recommendation from the office.
• SKA Office has issued a baseline conceptual design as part of Request for Proposals to serve as starting point for design, based on previous work and CoDRs.
Work Packages • Led by SKA Office
• Management • Science • System Design and system engineering • Maintenance & Support and OperaFons
• Carried out by Work Package ConsorFa • Dish Array • Aperture Arrays • Signal and Data Transport (including synchronisaFon and Fming) • Central Signal Processor • Science Data Processor • Telescope Manager • Infrastructure, including power • Assembly, IntegraFon and VerificaFon
• Advanced InstrumentaFon Programmes (to be integrated with Dish & AA WPs) • Mid Frequency Aperture Array • Wide Band Single Pixel Feeds
RfP
Baseline design: summary
Parameter SKA1-‐low SKA1-‐survey SKA1-‐mid
Science focus HI for EoR Deep line & conFnuum surveys
Pulsars Local HI
Receptors ~250,000 log-‐periodics
60 15m SKA1 dishes + 36 ASKAP dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 1/ 3 PAFs
190 15m SKA1 dishes + 64 MeerKAT dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 3/5 bands
ConfiguraFon Majority < 1km 3 spiral arms 45km max baseline
Core < 2km 3 spiral arms 50km max baseline
Core ~1km Random to ~3km 3 spiral arms to 200km max baseline
Frequency range 50MHz – 350 MHz 650MHz – 1670MHz 350MHz – 3050MHz in 3 bands
Instantaneous bw 250 MHz 500 MHz Up to 1000 MHz
Field of view 20deg2 18deg2 N/A
Baseline design: summary
Parameter SKA1-‐low SKA1-‐survey SKA1-‐mid
Science focus HI for EoR Deep line & conFnuum surveys
Pulsars Local HI
Receptors ~250,000 log-‐periodics
60 15m SKA1 dishes + 36 ASKAP dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 1/ 3 PAFs
190 15m SKA1 dishes + 64 MeerKAT dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 3/5 bands
ConfiguraFon Majority < 1km 3 spiral arms 45km max baseline
Core < 2km 3 spiral arms 50km max baseline
Core ~1km Random to ~3km 3 spiral arms to 200km max baseline
Frequency range 50MHz – 350 MHz 650MHz – 1670MHz 350MHz – 3050MHz in 3 bands
Instantaneous bw 250 MHz 500 MHz Up to 1000 MHz
Field of view 20deg2 18deg2 N/A
Baseline design: summary
Parameter SKA1-‐low SKA1-‐survey SKA1-‐mid
Science focus HI for EoR Deep line & conFnuum surveys
Pulsars Local HI
Receptors ~250,000 log-‐periodics
60 15m SKA1 dishes + 36 ASKAP dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 1/ 3 PAFs
190 15m SKA1 dishes + 64 MeerKAT dishes. SKA1: capable 20GHz Equipped for 3/5 bands
ConfiguraFon Majority < 1km 3 spiral arms 45km max baseline
Core < 2km 3 spiral arms 50km max baseline
Core ~1km Random to ~3km 3 spiral arms to 200km max baseline
Frequency range 50MHz – 350 MHz 650MHz – 1670MHz 350MHz – 3050MHz in 3 bands
Instantaneous bw 250 MHz 500 MHz Up to 1000 MHz
Field of view 20deg2 18deg2 N/A
Comparisons
JVLA GMRT LOFAR MeerKAT ASKAP SKA1_low SKA1_surv SKA1_mid
Ae/Tsys 265 250 61 321 65 1000 235 1630
FoV 0.25 0.13 14 0.86 39 27 25 0.7
Survey Speed
1.8 x 104 8.3 x 103 5.2 x 104 8.9 x 104 1.6 x 105 2.7 x 107 3.5 x 106 1.8 x 106
Cont. sensiFvity
3.9 6.1 266.6 3.2 28.9 2.1 6.2 0.72
SEFD 10.4 11.0 45.2 8.6 42.5 2.8 11.7 1.7
Comparisons
JVLA GMRT LOFAR MeerKAT ASKAP SKA1_low SKA1_surv SKA1_mid
Ae/Tsys 265 250 61 321 65 1000 235 1630
FoV 0.25 0.13 14 0.86 39 27 25 0.7
Survey Speed
1.8 x 104 8.3 x 103 5.2 x 104 8.9 x 104 1.6 x 105 2.7 x 107 3.5 x 106 1.8 x 106
Cont. sensiFvity
3.9 6.1 266.6 3.2 28.9 2.1 6.2 0.72
SEFD 10.4 11.0 45.2 8.6 42.5 2.8 11.7 1.7
Comparisons
JVLA GMRT LOFAR MeerKAT ASKAP SKA1_low SKA1_surv SKA1_mid
Ae/Tsys 265 250 61 321 65 1000 235 1630
FoV 0.25 0.13 14 0.86 39 27 25 0.7
Survey Speed
1.8 x 104 8.3 x 103 5.2 x 104 8.9 x 104 1.6 x 105 2.7 x 107 3.5 x 106 1.8 x 106
Cont. sensiFvity
3.9 6.1 266.6 3.2 28.9 2.1 6.2 0.72
SEFD 10.4 11.0 45.2 8.6 42.5 2.8 11.7 1.7
Comparisons
JVLA GMRT LOFAR MeerKAT ASKAP SKA1_low SKA1_surv SKA1_mid
Ae/Tsys 265 250 61 321 65 1000 235 1630
FoV 0.25 0.13 14 0.86 39 27 25 0.7
Survey Speed
1.8 x 104 8.3 x 103 5.2 x 104 8.9 x 104 1.6 x 105 2.7 x 107 3.5 x 106 1.8 x 106
Cont. sensiFvity
3.9 6.1 266.6 3.2 28.9 2.1 6.2 0.72
SEFD 10.4 11.0 45.2 8.6 42.5 2.8 11.7 1.7
Timeline (under review)
• 2013 – 2016: pre-construction, detailed design
– March 2013: Request for Proposals – June 2013: Responses – July 2013: Evaluation – July – Nov 2013: Consortia begin work – June – Sept 2014: SRR/PDR – June 2016: CDR
• 2014 – 2015/16: partners seek SKA1 funding • 2017: tender for and procure construction • 2018 – 2021: construction of SKA1 • 2019/20: early science begins • 2022 – 2025: construction of SKA2
• SKA operational for 50 years.
Key risks
• Pre-construction: – Recruitment of qualified staff (timescales, visas) – Complexity of in-kind resourcing, international consortia – Development of Hosting Agreements – Evolution of the legal entity – Timescale for delivery of design – Ability to deliver a viable design
• SKA1 construction – Science capability vs cost – Funding commitments – Complexity of procurement – Integration of precursor instruments.