SSUSH9 C, D, & E

The Civil War

The Civil War

John Brown’s Raid

• John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry was a turning point for the South.

Southerners were angered that a Northerner

would promote an armed slave rebellion.

John Brown’s Prophecy

“That the crimes of this guilty land, will never be purged away, but with Blood.”

“That I now think vainly . . . that without very much Bloodshed; it might be

done.”

The Civil War

The 1860 Presidential Election

• The Democratic Party Split

over Popular Sovereignty and

the Dred Scott Decision

• The New “Constitutional Union

Party” nominated Tennessee

Senator John Bell

Northerners supporting

Popular Sovereignty

nominated Stephen Douglas

Southerners supporting the

Dred Scott Decision nominated

Vice-Pres. John C. Breckinridge

• The Republican Party

(Promoting Anti-Slavery)

nominated Abraham Lincoln

The Civil War

The Union Disolves

• For Southerners, the election of a Republican President

(who supported Abolition of Slavery) meant only one thing:

• 20 Dec 1860: South Carolina Secedes

• 9 Jan 1861: Mississippi Secedes

• 10 Jan 1861: Florida Secedes

• 11 Jan 1861: Alabama Secedes

• 19 Jan 1861: Georgia Secedes

• 26 Jan 1861: Louisiana Secedes

• 28 Jan 1861: Texas Secedes

• 17 Apr 1861: Virginia Secedes

• 6 May 1861: Arkansas Secedes

“SECESSION !”

• 20 May 1861: North Carolina Secedes.

• 8 Jun 1861: Tennessee Secedes.

The Civil War

The Union Disolves

8 Feb 1861:

Six Southern Slave States

established the

Confederate States of America.

• 18 Feb 1861: Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis became President of

the Confederacy.

• 12 Apr 1861: Attack on Fort Sumter, SC

Southerners concerned with a Union

Fort in their most important harbor

Lincoln’s intent to Resupply the Fort

33 Hours of shelling before Surrender

The Civil War

The Opposing Sides

• Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee

served as the Southern

Commander throughout the War.

Winfield Scott (1860-1861)

George B, McClellan (1861-1862)

Henry W. Halleck (1862-1864)

Ulysses S. Grant (1864-1865)

• The Union Commanders Changed:

• Union Soldiers were better

supplied and trained.

• Confederate Soldiers had more

experienced field commanders.

The Civil War

The Opposing Sides

• Industrialized North had an better

advantage in weapons production.

• Agricultural South had a greater

advantage in food production.

The Northern Union The Southern Confederacy

• Built Gunpowder Mills in Georgia • Produced most of the Gunpowder

• Controlled 93% of all Pig Iron • Built Foundries across the South

• Could still depend on Tariffs

• High Debt and Low Cash Reserves

• Controlled more miles of Railroad • Had to depend more on Roads.

• Created Paper Money (Greenbacks)

• Had to establish Direct Taxation

• Only 80% Inflation during War • 9,000% Inflation during the War

The Civil War

The Opposing Strategies

“The Anaconda Plan”

• Proposed by Gen. Winfield Scott

• Naval Blockade of Southern Ports

• Use Mississippi to split the South

The Union The Confederacy

“Defensive War of Attrition”

• Pres. Davis considered best idea

• Force Union to Expend Resources

• Tired Union would Negotiate Peace

Most Northerners considered

the plan to be too slow

Most Southerners considered

defensive fighting distasteful

The Civil War

• Both sides composed of inexperienced troops.

• Initial retreat by Confederates was halted.

• Col. Thomas J. Jackson nicknamed “Stonewall”

• Confederate forces were later re-enforced.

• Union withdraw turned into a total rout (Panic).

• Conflict during Union advance toward Mississippi.

• Confederate attack to push back Union Army.

• Confused Confederate troops were stalled.

• Union Re-enforcements arrived in the evening.

• Confederates were forced to retreat battlefield.

• Bloodiest Battle of the Civil War to that point.

21 July 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (VA)

6-7 April 1862: Battle of Shiloh (TN)

The Civil War

• First Large Scale Union Offensive against the Confederacy in the East.

• Union Gen. George B. McClellan –vs- Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston

• Union Objective was to capture the Confederate Capital in Richmond, Vir.

• Gen. Robert E. Lee defeated Union forces during the Seven Days Battles.

• Union Forces Retreated back down Peninsula to the James River.

• Major Battle of Gen. Lee’s Maryland Campaign.

• Confederate Effort to Invade the North and

Gain the acceptance of Southern Independence.

• Bloodiest One-Day Battle in American History.

• Union Victory convinced Lincoln to End Slavery.

Mar – Jul 1862: The Peninsula Campaign (VA)

17 Sep 1862: Battle of Antietam (MD)

The Civil War

Addressing the Issue of Slavery

• 13 Mar 1862: Congress passed a

law forbidding Union Officers from

returning slaves to their owners.

• 19 Jun 1862: Congress passed a

bill prohibiting slavery in all future

territories.

• Declared Freedom of any Slaves in

the 10 states still in Rebellion.

• Changed the War’s Purpose from

Preserving the Union to Liberation.

• Led to the Recruitment of many

African-Americans into the Army.

22 Sep 1862: The Emancipation Proclamation

The Civil War

Impact of the War at Home

• Experienced an Economic Boom.

• Growing Industries kept Soldiers

well supplied.

• New Farm Innovations increased

agricultural output.

• Women filled Labor Shortages.

• Union Troops occupied many areas.

• Transportation System Collapsed.

• Food Shortages effect everyone.

• Shortages of Blankets and Shoes.

• Soldiers Deserted to help Families.

• Riots occurred in many key cities.

The Union The Confederacy

18 May – 4 July 1863: Siege of Vicksburg (MS)

• Key Effort to cut the Confederacy in Half.

• Cut City off from food and supplies (48 Days).

• Continually Bombarded City and its Defenses.

• Starving Confederates finally Surrendered.

The Civil War

Confederate Invasion of the North

• General Robert E. Lee launched

a new Invasion of the North by

entering Pennsylvania.

• President Lincoln appointed General George Meade as the new Union

Commander to intercept the invading confederates under General Lee.

1 – 3 July 1863: Battle of Gettysburg (PA)

• Day 1: Confederates pushed Union back

• Day 2: Famous defense of Little Round Top

• Day 3: Famous attack of Pickett’s Charge

• Largest Casualties of any battle in the war

• Considered the Turning Point of the War

The Civil War

• 19 Nov 1863: President Lincoln

presented the Gettysburg Address to

dedicate a National Cemetery at the

famous battlefield in Pennsylvania.

• This Speech became one of the best-known orations in American History.

In the Aftermath of Gettysburg

• Advance on All Fronts

• Maximize the use of Union Forces

• Focus on Enemy Forces (Not Strategic Points)

• Combine Destruction of Armies and Resources

• Exhaust, Reduce, and Annihilate the Enemy

General Grant’s Grand Strategy for 1864

The Civil War

Union Invasion of the South

• General William T. Sherman

launched a new Invasion of the

South by entering Georgia.

• President Davis appointed General Joseph E. Johnston to Command the

Confederate Army of Tennessee and oppose Gen. Sherman’s advance.

7 May – 2 Sep 1864: The Atlanta Campaign (GA)

• Union Forces outnumber Confederates 2 to 1

• Union Forces controlled Railroads to the North

• Succession of Major Battles toward Atlanta

• Flanking Movements threatened Confederates

• Confederates forced to Constantly Retreat

The Civil War

Closing Operations of the War

• Series of Battles near Petersburg

• Nine Months of Trench Warfare

• Attempt to cut off Supply Lines

• Largest use of African-American

Troops during the Civil War

• Led to the Surrender of Richmond

• Multi-pronged Union Advance

• Utilized a Scorched Earth Policy

• Strategic, Economic, Psychological

• Turning Movement on Lee’s Rear

• Punish S.C. for leading Secession

• While General Ulysses S. Grant

battled General Lee in Virginia,

William T. Sherman marched his

forces across Georgia & Carolina

9 Jun 1864 – 25 Mar 1865

Siege of Petersburg (VA)

15 Nov 1864 – 21 Mar 1865

Marching thru Georgia & Carolina

The Civil War

1864 Presidential Election

• General George B. McClellan

promised to End the War and

Restore the Union.

• Sherman’s capture of Atlanta

sealed Lincoln’s Re-Election.

• Re-election Mandate

to end Slavery

• Narrowly Passed in

Congress

• Banned Slavery in U.S.

13 Jan 1865 Thirteenth Amendment

14 Apr 1865 Lincoln’s Assassination

• Warned by advisors

not to appear in Public

• Attend a Play at Ford’s

Theater with his wife

• John Wilkes Booth

The Civil War

The War Ends

Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Surrendered

to General William T. Sherman at

Bennett Place in North Carolina

General Robert E. Lee Surrendered

to General Ulysses S. Grant at

Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

9 Apr 1865 Surrender at Appomattox

UNION VICTORY !

18 Apr 1865 Surrender at Bennett Place