Stage 4 Notes

● So far we have seen Latin sentences with verbs that look like this:

● ancilla laborat. The slave girl is working.

● mercator ambulat. The merchant walks.

● coquus dormit. The cook is sleeping.

● In all of these sentences, the verb ends in -t. This is known as the third person.

● For example, if I talked in the third person I would say something like- “magistra Luczki typed these notes.”

● Third person verbs have nominative subjects.

● Without a nominative subject, he, she, or it is the subject. This type of subject is “IN” THE PERSON INDICATOR

● In this stage we will see verbs with different endings. For example:

● laboro I work ambulo I walk dormio I sleep

● laboras you work ambulas you walk dormis you sleep

● The form of the verb that ends in –o is known is first person and is translated as I __blank, I am blank (ing), I do blank.

● Likewise, verbs that end in –s are second person verbs and are translated as: you

blank, you are blank (ing), or you do blank.

● Stage 4 introduces the pronouns tu (you) and ego (I) before the verb.

● The Romans only used these pronouns for emphasis of the subject and it is important to realize the person indicators (o/m,s,t, mus,tis, nt) tell you the subject of the verb all on their own.

● As in English, the verb to be is also irregular in Latin. We have seen the form est before.

● sum laetus. es laetus. Grumio est laetus.

● I am happy. You are happy. Grumio is happy.

Please identify the person (1st, 2nd or 3rd) of the following verbs and what the subject would be:

1. quaero 6. coquo 2. vendis 7. est 3. habeo 8. reddis 4. agit 9. es 5. sum 10. inquit

Practice

1. quaero1st: I

2. vendis 2nd: You

3. habeo1st: I

4. agit3rd: Nominative

5. sum 1st: I

Answers

6. coquo1st: I

7. est3rd: Nominative

8. reddis2nd: You

9. es2nd: You

10. inquit3rd: Nominative

● When you look up a verb in the dictionary or vocab list it will look like this:

● laborat (from laboro, laborare, laboravi)- to work

● 3rd person 1st pres, infinitive, Cut off -re to get stem

to attach to 2nd, and 3rd person

Endings (to work)

1st person form of verb (I work)

3rd person form of verbends in –t (he

works)

(Dictionary entry of verb)

● The present tense is translated as (blank) s, is/are (blank) ing, or __ does blank.

● To form the present tense, look at the first two principle parts of your dictionary entry:

● laboro, laborare, laboravi

● First plug laboro into the first person sing.

● Then figure out the stem of the verb by cutting off the -re from the infinitive form.

● laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratus

● What is the stem?

● labora is what you will attach the rest of the present tense endings to.

labora-

● To form the present tense, plug laboro into the 1st person singular and then use the stem labora and attach a -s and -t.

● 1st person - laborO

● 2nd person - laborAs

● 3rd person - laborAt

I work, I am working

You work, You are working

He/she/it works, is working

● Conjugate and translate doceo, docere, docui: to teach into the present tense-

● 1st person -

● 2nd person -

● 3rd person -

● 1st person - doceo

● 2nd person - doces

● 3rd person - docet

doceo, docere, docui present tense-

I teach, I am teaching, I do teach

You teach, You are teaching, You do teach

He/she/it teaches, he/she/it is teaching, He/ she/ it does teach