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Stage 5 History CourseStage 5 History CourseYear 9Year 10Living in Australia1900-1914Australia and WW I1914-1918Australia and WW II1939-1945The Cold War & The Vietnam War era1950s & 1960sWomens Changing Rights and Freedoms c. 1945-2000Australia between World Wars 1920s & 1930sPeople power and Politics:post-war periodAustraliasSocial & Cultural History:post-war

Living in Australia:1900-1914

Inquiry questions What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century? How and why did Federation occur? What were the voting rights of various groups in Australia at Federation? How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?

Key TermsComplete the Glossary exercise

1.1Turn of the Century Ordinary Australian livesWood paved or dirt, crowded with horses.High dependence on horses.Dusty, noisy, dirty, smelly streets.What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Wexford St. Sydney, 1900Wexford St. Sydney, 1900

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Pedestrians on George St. 1900

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Housework very labour intensive, no electrical appliances e.g. clothes washed by hand.Women spent most of the day preparing and cooking dinner.No refrigeration, instead a Coolgardie safe or ice chest used.What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Children attend Primary school where they learn the 3 Rs.Most leave school at 12 and go to work cost prohibitive.Only the rich went to Secondary school.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Unemployment a constant threat as there was no social security laissez-faire system.Overcrowded slums.Large families, poor.Prided themselves on cleanliness and good manners.What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

1000s died from diseases that are curable today.Life expectancy in 1900 = 54 (Today: M=79, F=84)Doctors expensive so people tried curing themselves.Hospitals dangerous (infection), 1 in 4 died.What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Cleaning and demolishing houses in slum areas to address the plague

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Newton Garbage Tip c. 1900, the time of the plague

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Toilets were open cesspits even in rich areas.Also had pans which were collected once per week by nightmen.Prospect Reservoir led to better hygiene (for the rich).What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

No TV, aeroplanes, computers.Gas lighting and heating.Wood or gas stoves/ovens.Electricity only for the rich.Telephones not common. Calls connected manually by the operator.Wireless, or radio, becoming a main form of communication and entertainmentWhat was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Stables in Paddington 1900

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

Circular QuayWhat was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Circular Quay, 1900

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?The Rocks, 1900

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:1 8

USING SOURCES3 & 5

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Activity1.2The lighter side of lifefor the rich and the poor3 basic social classes: Upper Class (Richest), Middle Class, Working Class (poorest).Sunday specialSabbath daytime for relaxation/entertainment: picnics or ChurchBut Working-class women still had to workHome entertainment: reading, music (sing-alongs /piano), cards.

22Outside entertainment : theatre, vaudeville, circus, dancing, mens clubs.Socialising over alcohol popular.What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Gambling popular (horse racing). Larrikins - Drunk young men from the working class roamed poor suburbs in pushes or gangs harassing any and all.

Going to the beach: Fully dressed on the sandNo swimming during daylightNeck to knee bathersMen separate from womenWhat was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

'ave a go, ya mug!!!CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING:1 6

USING SOURCES3, 5, 7

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Using sources #5: Bias *Write these notes up please*Bias means having an unfair or unbalanced opinion. History is a subject where people express their opinions so it means that we have to be very careful to watch out for bias.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Bias is not necessarily a bad thing. In fact it can be very useful as it lets us find out about what people believed or thought about a particular subject. What historians need to do is to try and find evidence from lots of different sources so that they can form a balanced opinion themselves.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-business/xstrata-stops-production-at-tahmoor-mine-20100208-nn31.html

http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/mine-managers-threatened-over-wage-deal-20100719-10gtg.html

1.3Conditions for workers(Introduction: Clickview Australian History Part 1, relevant chapter)For most Australian workers, conditions were poor at the turn of the century. Most people had to work long hours for little pay. If they complained, they were sacked.There was little government protection of working people and workers signed individual contracts that usually favoured the employer.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?The usual working hours were from 8 am to 6 pm, with an hour for dinner. Work sometimes continued until 10 pm without extra pay.Child Labour: Even though school was compulsory, it was common for children as young as eight to work, often in dangerous conditions for little pay (2 cents / hour).

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?In 1896, New South Wales passed its first Factories and Shops Act in an attempt to reduce hours and improve conditions, but the new laws were often ignored. Inspectors found that workers would not give evidence against their bosses for fear of being sacked.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?The Eight hour day movement: This was an attempt, which began in the 1850s, to force employers to limit workers' hours to 48 hours a week, based on the principle of 8 hours' work, 8 hours' sleep and 8 hours' rest. Large rallies, demonstrations and strikes forced some employers to give in to the workers' demands. However, most people continued to work more than 60 hours a week.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Australian Labor Party: Its members believed in strength through unity. Their main objectives were the vote for all adult white people in Australia and improved wages and working conditions. Many members also believed in socialism.

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?Why does the writer of source 1.3.8 believe bush workers are attracted to the trade union movement?

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?

According to the drawing in source 1.3.9, what doesLabor believe in?

Why is Labor shown as a woman ona raft floating towards the sun?1.4Ups and downs, towards Federation (Introduction: Clickview Australian History Part 1, relevant chapter)How and why did Federation occur?

How and why did Federation occur?1885The Federal Council proposed by Sir Henry Parkes is set upObjective: raise public awareness of federal ideas & discuss common issuesIneffective1889Parkes makes stirring speech is Tenterfield NSWCalls for a Parliamentary Convention of Australia to write a Federal Constitution (rules on how the country would work)1891Parliamentary Convention of Australia heldDraft Federal Constitution writtenEconomic depression stopped further progress1893Various groups supportive of Federation meet in Corowa NSWThey propose a 2nd Parliamentary Convention18982nd Parliamentary Convention heldIn a referendum of the people, Vic, SA & TAS accept the Constitution, but the NSW Parliament blocks it1899They agree to make changes to the Constitution In a 2nd referendum all colonies accept the revised Constitution9 July 1900British Parliament agrees to the Australian Constitution Queen Victoria signs the Australian Constitution Act1 January 1901The six British colonies of Australia officially declared a federation at a ceremony at Sydneys Centennial Park. First Prime Minister Edmund Barton.How and why did Federation occur?Colony: Settlement in one country that is controlled by another country from which the settlers originally came.Federation: Union of Australian colonies to form one nation under a federal government.State: Organised community under one government, and together with other states forming a federal union

How and why did Federation occur?How and why did Federation occur?

Migrated to Australia from England when 13Migrated to Australia from Europe when 27Compare the paintings in sources 1.4.3 and 1.4.4.(a) Which one most closely resembles the Australian landscape as you see it? Give reasons.(b) Why do you think the painters saw the Australian landscape in different ways?1.5Features of the Constitution and Government

What was life like in Australia at the turn of the century?1.6Voting rights: Australian Aborigines and WomenThe following are key terms which we need to understand. They help us understand the history around voting rights for Australian Aborigines and Women: Suffrage: the right to vote in political electionsSuffragette: a woman who, in the early 20th century, agitated for women to have the suffrageFranchise: the rights of a citizen, especially the right to vote

What were the voting rights of various groups in Australia at Federation?The right to vote is the foundation of any democracy.Where universal suffrage exists, the right to vote is not restricted by race, gender, belief, wealth or social status.Where groups within a society are not allowed to vote, it is unequal and discriminatory.[Video: Life at the beginning of the 20th century & A continent for a nationthe path to federation]

1800s Aboriginal people dispossessed of their land and increasingly marginalised by government policies. Despite this, most Aborigines had the right to vote (suffrage) as British subjects. Women not permitted to vote.1885 Qld colony removes Aboriginal suffrage.1893 WA colony removes Aboriginal suffrage.1894 SA women granted suffrage (one of the first instances in the world).1899 WA grants women suffrage.1901 The Constitution :Section 51 empowered the Federal Government to make laws for the people of any race, other than the Aboriginal race. Implication: The Federal Government could not franchise Aboriginal voting rights, this was a State issue.Aboriginal people not included in the census. Implication: Persona non grata, an unwelcome person. Unequal.All those who had voting rights in state elections also had voting rights in the Federal election. Implication: women in SA and WA and Aborigines in states like NSW and Vic had the right to vote.1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act:Many of the Aboriginal voting rights taken awayWomen given suffrage in Federal elections.1908 Vic the last state to give women suffrage in state elections. Implication: all women now have the right to vote in Federal and state elections1922 Further restrictions placed on Aborigines' right to vote when Commonwealth and state electoral rolls were standardised.What were the voting rights of various groups in Australia at Federation?What were the voting rights of various groups in Australia at Federation?

1.7Australias population and racial issues around 1900In 1900 Australia was considered Anglo-Celtic.DEFINE ANGLO-CELTIC17% British born and 75% had British parents, so 92% had a close British association.There were various non-British nationalities within Australia.German 1%Chinese 0.8%: Cheap labour, Used to replace striking white workers, flooded in when gold discovered, not tolerated by whites in fact they were attacked.

Kanakas: A Derogatory name for Pacific Islanders that had been kidnapped (blackbirding) and taken to Queensland to work in sugar cane fields, approx 8 000 in 1890, use of Kanakas rejected by other States.Japanese: skilled pearl divers who switched to cheap labour in the 1890s recession.Circa 1900, politicians in Federal and State governments expressed an overwhelming desire for racial unity i.e. a White Australia

How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?

How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?USING SOURCES #71.8Immigration and a White AustraliaComplete worksheethttp://www.citizenship.gov.au/learn/cit_test/practice/

How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?1.9Social Legislation: A helping handThe Commonwealth Government introduced some of the most progressive industrial and social legislation during 1901-14. It created the notion that Australia was the workers paradise.The Eight Hour Day Although they still worked 6 days/week with maybe Saturday afternoon off if they were lucky.

How and why was the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901 introduced?The Conciliation and Arbitration Court 1904

Established in 1904, under the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904. Its aim was to settle disagreements between employers and trade unions by acting as a referee and coming up with an agreement on work issues and conditions that would be fair to both sides.

Because only unions could deal with the interests of workers in the Arbitration Court, this resulted in a strong increase in union membership.

1.9Social Legislation: A helping hand3) 1907 Harvester Case: a basic wage for workersThe President of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court, Henry Bourne Higgins, used actual household budgets to work out how much was needed for a man to support a wife and three children. He determined that this would be the basic wage It prioritised the need of the worker above that of the ability of the employer to pay.

1.9Social Legislation: A helping hand

Source 1.51 shows a cartoonist's interpretation of some work practices at a building site in Sydney in 1905. Like many illustrated sources, it can be important in other ways, for example in finding out about life in Sydney at the time. Look carefully at the cartoon and answer the questions below.

SOURCE QUESTIONS1. How does the cartoonist illustrate what happens at knocking off time at this building site?2. Describe what each of the people numbered 110 are doing.3. Summarise the dangerous work practices taking place.4. Identify unusual features of clothing of the workers and the man walking past.5. What safety clothing and equipment would workers have to wear on such a site today?6. If you were to draw a cartoon to show dangerous work practices at building sites today, what would you include?Workers Compensation Act 1912

Workers compensation was paid to Commonwealth employees who suffered a work-related accident or disease. Although it did not apply to most workers under state awards, it did provide a model that was eventually introduced by states.

1.9Social Legislation: A helping hand5) Aged and Invalid Pensions 1909

Before Federation, some states had old age pensions but it was not until 1908 that a Federal Invalid and Old Age Pension Act was passed. A pension of ten shillings a week was to be paid to those over 65 or who were too disabled to work.

A person had to have lived in Australia for 20 years to get the pension and some people were specifically excluded from receiving the pension. These were Indigenous Australians, indigenous people from Africa and the Pacific Islands and Asian people.

Questions1. What amount was paid and to whom?2. What did people with disabilities get?3. Who was excluded?1.9Social Legislation: A helping handBaby Bonus 1912

Under theMaternity Allowances Actof 1912, a baby bonus was introduced that gave every mother 5 (more than two weeks pay at that time) on the birth of a child.

Australians were worried about the decline in birth rates during after the depression in the 1890s. To encourage white Australians to increase the white population they were provided with this incentive.

Indigenous and Asian women were excluded from this bonus.1.9Social Legislation: A helping hand

The 1912 Baby Bonus