standard 4 industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics...
TRANSCRIPT
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Standard 4
Industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics
during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries.
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Day 1Wednesday
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4.1 6 slides
• Impact of government policy and the transcontinental railroad– Development of a national market– Culture of Native Americans
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Growth of the Nation• During and after the Civil
War, government policies fostered the rapid economic growth and expansion west– Created a national market
for trade – Threatened the culture of
Native Americans living in the west
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Growth of the Nation• The Civil War was a turning
point in national transportation– Prior- railroad construction
impacted the growing tension between the regions• Northerners and Southerners wanted
the route in their respective territory
– During- the absence of Southern Democrats in Congress allowed the Northern Republicans to pass laws to their benefit• The Pacific Railway Act provided land
grants to promote the building of the transcontinental railroad
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Growth of the Nation• The Homestead Act granted
western farm land to settlers for free as long as they created a home there
• The transcontinental railroad fostered the development of a national market by linking all parts of the country– The railroad provided access
for farmers and ranchers to markets in the east as well as access for emerging industries to the natural resources in the west
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Impact on Native Americans • Due to roaming buffalo posing a
threat to the railroad tracks on the plains, the railroad company encouraged the killing of the bison– Plains Indians who were dependent
on the buffalo could no longer sustain themselves
• White settlers were attracted to the west due to the availability of free land– Native Americans were forced to
agree to treaties that moved them onto smaller reservations
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Impact on Native Americans• Some Native Americans resisted but
were relentlessly pursued in a series of Indian Wars by the US cavalry
• Others complied only to be driven from the reservation land due to the discovery of minerals
• Criticism of the US government led to policy changes– The Dawes Severalty Act attempted to
foster Native American assimilation into American society
– Tribal lands were divided into farming parcels and given to families
– This did not match the cultural habits of the Native Americans so many lost their land to whites
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Impact on Native Americans• Native Americans’
attempts to revive their traditions were viewed as a threat by the US army– Resulted in the massacre at
Wounded Knee, South Dakota
• Native Americans were left in poverty and cultural decline without a voice in America’s democracy
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Day 2Thursday
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4.2 5 slides
• The economic growth of the United States and its emergence as an industrial power– Abundance of natural resources– Government support and protection• Railroad subsidies• Tariffs• Labor policies
– Expansion of international markets
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Economic Growth• During the Civil War, the
US entered a period of rapid economic growth
• Factors of production– Land (natural resources)– Labor– Capital– Technology– Entrepreneurship
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Government Support• The government helped entrepreneurs become
successful– The national bank provided needed capital and regulated
lending– Westward expansion opened up a vast region rich in natural
resources (coal and iron ore) – Native Americans who threatened to impede access to these
resources were controlled– Businesses were supported by court decisions that upheld
contracts (Dartmouth v. Woodward)– Patent laws were passed that protected the rights of the
inventor – Interstate commerce was regulated (Gibbons v. Ogden)– Protective tariffs protected infant industries– The invention of the steam engine was applied to the
steamboat, oil drilling, and the railroad
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Government Support• The Republican Party promoted
economic growth• Congress passed laws which
stimulated westward expansion• War contracts stimulated the
economy• Post war, the US government
provided protection for settlers against Native Americans
• Tariffs were raised to protect industry from foreign competition
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Government Support• Labor policies promoted the
interests of business• Open immigration supplied a
ready force of workers– The Chinese Exclusion Act was
passed after the completion of the transcontinental railroad
• The government supported Big Business instead of the increasing number of immigrant laborers
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International Trade• Industrial growth led to a
surplus of products• Surpluses promoted the US
government to support the expansion of international markets– Foreign policy initiatives
expanded US territorial influence, protected American investments abroad, and promoted trade
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Day 3Friday
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4.3 9 slides
• Capitalism and its impact on democracy– New industries– Availability of consumer goods– Rising standard of living– Role of entrepreneurs– Monopolies
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Role of Capitalism• Capitalism- an economic system
characterized by private ownership of property and the use of that property to make a profit for an individual or corporation
• Corporations grew larger and more powerful – Had a greater influence on the economy
and government
• Critics questioned the compatibility of large unregulated corporations and the rights of workers and consumers in democracy
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Rise of Big Business• Railroads led to the
growth of the steel, lumber, meat packing, and coal industries
• New towns grew along the routes and older ones were able to specialize in particular products
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Rise of Big Business• The Bessemer process helped
Andrew Carnegie control the steel industry through vertical integration– Bessemer process- cheap and efficient
process for making steel– Vertical Integration- a company’s taking
over its suppliers, distributers, and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product
• Carnegie controlled the steel industry from the mining of iron ore and coal to the steel mill
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Rise of Big Business• John D. Rockefeller used a variety of tactics to
gain control of the oil industry– Controlled retail outlets which could only sell his
products– Undersold the market price until he drove his
competition out then increased prices– Initiated trusts to gain control of the oil refining
industry through horizontal integration• Trust- an unincorporated business organization that is
used in place of a corporation or partnership for the transaction of various kinds of business with limited liability
• Horizontal Integration- the merging of companies that make similar products
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Business Monopolies• Vertical and Horizontal Integration
created business monopolies– Monopoly- complete control over an
industry’s production, wages, and prices
• The Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries– Had very little impact
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Business Monopolies
• Critics of these entrepreneurs and unregulated capitalism believed the interests of the “Robber Barons” were protected too much by the government
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Day 4Monday
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Supporting Industry• “Captains of Industry” justified
their use of cut-throat practices with the ideologies of Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) and laissez faire capitalism (government hands off)
• Wanted the government to side with management during disputes
• Called for high tariffs to protect their monopolies
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Social Obligations• Carnegie improved his public
image with his advocacy of the Gospel of Wealth and gave away millions to libraries and universities– Gospel of Wealth- describes the
responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich
• Rockefeller also became a philanthropist after his business practices came under public scrutiny
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Improving Society• A rise in the standard of living and new
products improved many Americans’ lives• Electricity, the typewriter, and the
telephone provided new opportunities for women in the workplace
• Mass production lowered the price of goods
• Farmers and laborers did not gain a higher standard of living– Low prices of crops and – Low wages for labor
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4.4 14 slides
• Impact of industrial growth and business cycles– Farmers – Workers– Immigrants– Labor unions– Populist movement
• Government response to economic problems
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Challenging Big Business• As the influence of Big
Business grew in the late 19th century, farmers and workers formed political organizations– Influence the government– Claim greater political
leverage– Economic well-being
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Supply and Demand• Supply and demand influenced the
economic problems and the political actions of farmers in the 19th century– Supply- goods being sold
• How much to sell? • What price?
– Demand- people buying goods• What to buy?• What price?
• As price decreases, demand increases and supply decreases
• As price increases, demand decreases, and supply increases
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Day 5Tuesday
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Problems for Farmers• American farmers produced an
abundance of cash crops– Steel plow– Mechanization of the reaper– Available land
• When supply exceeded demand, the price of crops fell– Farmers were unable to make payments
on the loans
• Farmers responded by planting more crops so they could make more profit– The more farmers planted, the greater
the supply and the more prices fell
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Problems for Farmers• Farmers tried to solve their
economic problems by organizing politically
• Farmers blamed their economic distress on the railroad due to the high prices they charged for transporting and storing goods– State legislatures passed the
Granger Laws which tried to regulate how much the railroad could charge
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Problems for Farmers• The Supreme Court ruled
that state law could not regulate railroad rates because they crossed state lines (Munn v. Illinois)
• The US passed the Interstate Commerce Act to control railroad rates and practices
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The Populist Party• Farmers attempted to influence the
national government through the Populist movement
• The Populist Party was formed in the 1890s and supported vast regulations– Railroads, Banking, Currency
• Populists believed increasing the amount of silver mined and coined would help them get higher prices for their goods (Bimetallism)
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The Populist Party• The Populists advocated
government reforms to protect democracy from the influence of Big Business– Popular election of Senators– Secret ballot– Graduated income tax
• Farmers attempted to ally with the workers by advocating an 8-hour day and immigrant restrictions
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Day 6Wednesday
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Problems for Workers• Workers joined unions to protect
against the abuses of the market place and Robber Barons
• To increase profit, management treated workers as replaceable cogs in the wheel of production– Long hours and unsafe conditions – As more laborers became available,
each individual laborer was viewed as less valuable
• During the 1890s, only 45% of unskilled workers earned more than $500 a year
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Labor Unions• Early unions advocated arbitration and
opposed strikes• Striking was typically ineffective because so
many other laborers were looking for work– ‘Scabs’ were hired to break the strikes
• Management used private security, applied economic pressure through company ownership of homes, ‘yellow dog’ contracts, and black listing to control workers– ‘Yellow dog’ Contract- in order to be hired, an
employee agrees to not be a member of a labor union
– Black List-preventing workers from obtaining jobs in certain industries due to prior disagreements with management
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Government Involvement• Local and national government also
took the side of management– Protected business property, stopped
strikes, and arrested strikers
• Railroad Strike of 1877– Railroad workers were protesting two
wage cuts– Workers could not earn enough to pay
the rent on company owned housing
• Haymarket Incident– Chicago citizens were protesting police
brutality
• Pullman Strike– Railroad workers were protesting wage
cuts– The leader was arrested and imprisoned
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Government Involvement• Union members were
categorized as dangerous foreign radicals, socialists, communists, and anarchists
• Nativist prejudices created hostility towards labor organizations
• The arrest and imprisonment of the leader of the Pullman strike led to the Supreme Court’s application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to unions
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Challenges for Unions• Craft unions of skilled workers led to
some success– Used collective bargaining on the “bread
and butter” issues of wages, hours and conditions
– Skilled workers were more difficult to replace so the threat of strike was more effective
• Although wages rose and hours fell by the end of the 20th century, they were not the amount advocated by unions
• Unions remained largely ineffective because only about 4% of workers joined
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1896 Election• The election of 1896 was
pivotal for farmers and workers
• Two issues divided the nation– “soft” money v. “hard” money;
bimetallism v. gold• Bimetallism- mining and coining
silver and gold to increase the amount of currency in circulation
– Which groups should the government protect: bankers and businessmen or farmers and laborers
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1896 Election• William Jennings Bryan was the Populist candidate
(laborers and farmers)– “Cross of Gold” speech- the gold standard was referred
to as a “crown of thorns” and a “cross of gold” meant to hurt the common person
• William McKinley was the Republican candidate– Front porch campaign- most of his campaign was spent
near his home; gave speeches only to those who he knew would support him
• Big Business influenced the campaign through intimidation at the polls– Workers voted for the Republican party because they
feared for their jobs and did not support bimetallism due to it increasing the price of food
• President William McKinley won the election– Problems for farmers and workers continued into the 20th
century
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Day 7Thursday
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4.5 7 slides
• Causes and effects of urbanization– Movement from farm to city– Changing immigration– Ethnic neighborhoods– Political machines– Great Migration
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From Farm to City• 19th c. immigration and growing
cities impacted democracy in the US
• Geography impacted growing cities– First as centers of trade– Then as transportation hubs– Finally, due to electricity, as centers
of industrial production
• Technological innovations such as the elevator, suspension bridges, electric trolley cars, elevated tracks, and subways allowed cities to grow both skyward and outward
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From Farm to City• City populations grew due to
immigration and migration from farms– Farm technology caused a
surplus in crops leaving the only option for employment in cities
• Others were attracted to the city because of its rich cultural life and excitement
• Despite the growth of cities, the majority of Americans lived in rural areas before 1920
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Changing Immigration• In the late 19th c., immigration
patterns changed as more and more immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe
• Prior to the Civil War, Irish and Germans were the predominate immigrants
• Nativism increased as Italians, Poles, Jews, and Russians came to dominate immigration
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Ethnic Neighborhoods• Many immigrants were too poor to
move beyond the port – Ethnic neighborhoods grew as more
immigrants came to each city– Churches, schools, businesses, and
newspapers reflected the ethnicity of Little Italy, Greektown or Polonia
• Ethnic towns impacted city politics– Immigrants voted for those who
found them jobs – Votes were given to neighborhood
and ward bosses in gratitude
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Political Machines• Urban political machines were able to solve
important problems despite corrupt bosses like New York’s William “Boss” Tweed– Political Machine- organized group that
controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support
– Boss Tweed- head of NYC Democratic political machine. Led a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city
• Increasingly crowded city conditions led to problems with housing, sanitation, transportation, water, crime, and fire
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Great Migration• Most freedmen stayed in the
South immediately after the Civil War
• In the 1890s, the migration of African Americans from the South was the result of poor cotton yields– As farm prices fell, African Americans
joined other farmers in the move to the cities for job opportunities
– Jobs in mill towns of the South were not available to them
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Great Migration• African Americans headed to the
West in search of land and to the cities of the North and Midwest
• African Americans faced discrimination in the cities– They were the last hired and the first
fired– Often used as strikebreakers, they
suffered resentment of striking workers
– They were relegated to the least desirable parts of the city in segregated neighborhoods
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Day 8Friday
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4.6 12 slides
• Accomplishments and limitations of the women’s suffrage movement and the Progressive Movement– Social and political reforms– Roles of media– Reformers:
• Carrie Chapman Catt• Alice Paul• Jane Addams
– Presidents:• Theodore Roosevelt• Woodrow Wilson
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Progressive Reform• The Progressive
Movement developed in response to the problems of the city and workplace– A movement of the middle
class– Objected to paying taxes to
corrupt city governments– Desired better city services
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Progressive Reform• “Muckrakers” investigated the
corporations and conditions of the late 19th c.– Corruption of political machines– Power of monopolists– Plight of Native Americans, workers,
and immigrants
• Writings were printed in inexpensive newspapers and books
• Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle which exposed the meat packing industry
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Progressive Reform• Young educated women promoted
social reform– The women’s rights movement,
initiated at the Seneca Falls Convention, focused on suffrage
• Women had the opportunity for higher education at women’s colleges and work in factories and offices
• As women moved west, more states granted them the right to vote
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Women’s Suffrage• Due to their appreciation for the role
women played as pioneers, western states generally allowed women to vote before eastern states
• Middle class women were frustrated by their inability to have political influence in solving the problems of city life and the workplace
• African American women formed an association to secure their civil rights
• Carrie Chapman Catt helped found a women’s group to promote suffrage
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Women’s Suffrage• Women campaigned on the idea
that they would clean up society and government– Opposed to liquor and political
bosses
• Alice Paul supported a national amendment to the Constitution
• Suffragettes were attacked by angry men, arrested and held in prison– Jailers had to force feed them
during hunger strikes
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Women’s Suffrage• The 19th Amendment was
passed in 1920 as a result to activism and the contribution women made to the war effort
• Democracy was extended as women gained the right to vote– Few women ran for political
office or were treated equally in the work place
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Women’s Suffrage• Jane Addams was an educated
woman who created the Hull House in Chicago– Immigrants were able to take vocational
classes and receive childcare
• Addams and other progressives advocated protection for child laborers– State laws limited hours and conditions
and a federal child labor act was passed– The Supreme Court ruled the child labor
legislation unconstitutional, limiting progress
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Day 9Monday
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Presidential Support• The progressive movement started
at the city and state level with progressive mayors and governors– It gained national support with the
presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
• Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to give any support to the rights of workers
• He used his office as a ‘bully pulpit’ to promote progressive reforms– Bully Pulpit- a political office or
platform used to advocate an agenda
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Presidential Support• Theodore Roosevelt supported:
– Legislation enhancing the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission over the railroads was passed
– Government regulation of the corporation through the application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
– Consumer protection with the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act
– Conservation of natural resources by creating national parks
– Founding of the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party in 1912
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Presidential Support• Woodrow Wilson used his
presidency to promote progressive reforms– Clayton Anti-Trust Act exempted
labor unions from anti-trust laws– 16th Amendment- graduated
income tax– 17th Amendment- direct election
of Senators– Federal Reserve Act- promoted a
more elastic supply of money– More credit available to farmers– Protected 8-hour work day– Workman’s comp. for injury
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Limits on Progress• World War I limited the
continuation and effectiveness of progressive reforms
• Wartime grain shortages and anti-German propaganda prompted the 18th Amendment (prohibition of alcohol)– Was impossible to enforce
• Women’s support of the war effort prompted the 19th Amendment (women’s suffrage)– Didn’t result in any significant
changes
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Similarities in the Movements• Progressive Movement and
Women’s Suffrage• Both were essentially middle class
movements• Both used the talents of educated
supporters, particularly women• Both experienced significant
opposition• While presidents supported
progressive reform, they did not advocate women’s suffrage
• Women eventually took more aggressive actions and marched and picketed to achieve their goal.