1

The Structure of the Nucleon

3.5 decades of investigation

Arie Bodek - U. of Rochester

Miami March 30, 2007Standard Model of Particle Physics

Marriage of Particle Physics and Cosmology/ Astrophysics

2

The Structure of the Nucleon

=1 Fermi

10-15 m =1 fm = 1 Fermi

3

Standard Model

proton mass = 0.938 GeV/c2

4

Particle Collisions of Fast moving High Energy Protons - Quantum

Chromodynbamics

low momentum transfer Q2

- slow moving

large momentum transfer Q2 - fast moving - evolution in Q2

5

•1960-1968 • ELASTIC Electron Scattering - Hofstadter Nobel Prize Proton and neutron have a finite size (about 1 Fermi).

Electron or muonEnergy E

Electron or muon out (lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer

ProtonTarget mass M

INELASTIC- final state isProton plus pions (Mass W>>M)

ELASTIC- final state is one Proton with mass W=M

Feynman diagram

Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer

Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer

pf, E’pi,E

P

6

1960-1968 ELASTIC Electron Scattering Proton and neutron have a finite size

(about 1 Fermi)- Form Factors(like optical scattering from a cloudy

sphere -inteference)

F (q) =Form Factor = Fourier transform of charge distributionForm factor=1 -->point like particle

7

Interpretation of Form Factors

In non-relativistic limit, form factors are Fourier transforms of distributions:

( ) ( ) ( ) 3expE ch rG q iq r d rρ= ⋅∫r r r

Spin 1/2 particles have two elastic electromagnetic form factors:

GE : electric form factor

GM : magnetic form factor

8

Calcium Nucleus Form Factor

Lead Nucleus Form Factor

Calcium 40

497 MeV

Lead 208

Falls more steeply

502 MeV

9

Lead Nucleus 6 Fermi

Calcium Nucleus 4 Fermi

10

Scattering from Protons and Neutrons - Experiment snows a

Dipole Form Factor

Mn n DG Gμ≅

GEp, GMp and GMn roughly follow the Dipole Form Factor.

The 0.71 GeV is determined from a fit to the world’s data.

An Exponential distribution has dipole form factor:

( ) 221 / 0.71DG Q−

≡ +

We find

11Proton form factors ratio to dipole

Proton form factors Ratio to DipoleCurrent status 2007 exponential charge and magnetic distributions

GepGmp

12

Neutron charge densities

Neutron form factors ratio to dipole - current status -2007Electric - Total charge =0 :Positive on inside, negative on outsideMagnetic distribution- exponential.

GenGmn

Neutron form factors ratio to dipole

13

Electron scattering SLAC MIT 1968-1974 - my PhD thesis experiment

Why do theorists like this experiment so much? - Victor Weisskopf

14

15

Inelastic scattering: Resonance region

INELASTIC- final state isProton plus pions (Mass W >>M = 0.938 GeV

Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer in GeV2

Electron out(lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer

x =Q2 / (2M)

W=1.238 GeV

pf, E’pi,E

P

16

‘ The electron scattering data in the Resonance Region is the “Frank Hertz Experiment” of the Proton.

V. Weisskopf * (former faculty member at Rochester and MIT) when he showed these data at an MIT Colloquium in 1971 (* died April 2002 at age 93)

e-P scattering A. Bodek PhD thesis 1972 [ PRD 20, 1471(1979) ] Proton Data Electron Energy = 4.5, 6.5 GeV Data

W=1.238 GeV

17

• Particle Physics pre -1968 simplistic view

• Many different models for Hadron Structure- proton had a finite size, and there were hadron resonances - easily described mathmatically by the quark model.

• Quarks was considered more of a convenient way to model a symmetry rather than real particles (since none were ever observed and they had strange properties like 1/3 charge.

• “Real Particle Physics” were done at hardon machine where “Resonances” and new particles were being studied and discovered (spectroscopy, group theory, partial wave analysis, resonances, Regge poles etc.)

18

Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS): Large Q2 large

(using proton mass = 0.938 GeV as a scale)

Q2=-q2=square of the four momentum transfer in GeV2

Electron out(lower energy E’) = E - E’ = energy transfer

x =Q2 / (2M) High Q2

low Q2pf,

E’pi,E

P

Q2=0.07 Q2=0.22

Q2=25Q2=15

Q2=3

Q2=9

Q2=1.4Q2=0.85

191968: Surprise at W>2 GeV

Q2

20

21

mf=mf =0

light pointlike partons

Proton is composed of point-like partons with very small mass

P. q in the laboratory = M --> x =Q2 / (2M) (Feynman)

Bjorken SCALING

First pointed out by Feynman)

22

Deep Inelastic Scattering

Proton is composed of point like particles with very small mass Carrying a fraction x =Q2 / (2M) of the proton momentum when the proton is viewed in a fast moving frame. The proton structure function is only be a function of x (scaling)

But what are those partons?

Are they quarks?

‘ The electron scattering data in the Deep Inelastic Region is the “Rutherford Experiment” of the proton’

What do the Frank Hertz” and “Rutherford Experiment” of the proton’ have in common?A: Quarks! And QCD

23

(1) What are the Parton Charges? (2) What are the Parton Spin• 1968 - SLAC e-p scaling ==> Point like Partons in the nucleon

(Bjorken/Feyman) MIT-SLAC group:Led by Friedman, Kendall, Taylor.

(1) Neutron/Proton ratio - Partons are fractionally charged like quarks (Bodek PhD. MIT 1972)

• A. Bodek et al., COMPARISONS OF DEEP INELASTIC ep AND en CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.30:1087,1973. (SLAC Exp. E49)

N =d d u + sea 1/3 1/3 2/3P = u u d + sea 2/3 2/3 1/3

Large x N/P -> 0.25 Explained by valence d/u

[ (1/3) / (2/3)]2 =1/4

Small x : N/P=1 explained by sea quarks

24

What is the spin of the Partons? Riordan PhD Thesis MIT 1973

Electrons scatter by interacting with electric charge of the partons.

It the partons have spin, then there is also a much larger magnetic scattering.

Compare Ratio of electric scattering /

magnetic scattering

R=L/ T (small) Partons are spin 1/2 E.M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., EXTRACTION OF R = L/T FROM DEEP INELASTIC eP AND eD CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.33:561,1974.

A. Bodek et al., EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NEUTRON AND PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS. Phys.Rev.D20:1471-1552,1979.

25

• A: Nobel Prize 1990 - Friedman, Kendall, Taylor for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."

Front row: Richard Taylor, Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall. Second row: Arie Bodek, David Coward, Michael Riordan, Elliott Bloom, James Bjorken, Roger (Les) Cottrell, Martin Breidenbach, Gutherie Miller, Jurgen Drees, W.K.H. (Pief) Panofsky, Luke Mo, William Atwood. Not pictured: Herbert (Hobey) DeStaeblerGraduate students in italics

26

Integral of F2(x) did not add up to 1.0. Missing momentum attributed to “gluons”. Like Pauli’s missing energy in beta decay attributed to neutrinos

*Gluons were “Discovered” in 1970, way before gluon jets were observed in PETRA.

Scatter shows F2(x, Q2) as expected from bremstrahlung of gluons by struck quarks in initial of final states.

Scaling violations from “gluon” emission seen in 1973 as predicted Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) but not believed yet. QCD was not an accepted theory.

proton

quark

The Quest for higher Precision (for me) for the next 3.5 decades starts here 1972

q - q pair

gluon

27

proton

quark

If scaling violations are from QCD at high Q2 are Logarithmic --> it is interesting, scaling is only approximate, but is this new theory right?

If scaling violations are from binding effects at low Q2 (called higher twist) --> not interesting -----> scaling will become exact at high Q2

- 1/Q2

Harvard, Politzer and deRujua - log Q2

28

Strong color fieldEnergy grows with separation !!!E=mc2 !“white” proton

quark

quark-antiquark paircreated from vacuum

“white” proton(confined quarks)

“white” 0

(confined quarks)

Quantum Chromodynamics Quantum Chromodynamics QCDQCD

distance

energy density, temperature

rel

ativ

e st

ren

gth

asymptotic freedomSimilar to QED … Similar to QED … except the gauge field except the gauge field

carries the chargecarries the charge

Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation

29

• First observation of Scaling Violations SLAC -Higher Twist or QCD ? **E. M. Riordan, A. Bodek et al., TESTS OF SCALING OF THE PROTON ELECTROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS Phys.Lett.B52:249,1974.&

and A. Bodek et al.,. Phys.Rev.D20:1471-1552,1979 &

**Note: years later we show Higher Twist come from both binding and NNLO QCD – see

U. K. Yang, A. Bodek, STUDIES OF HIGHER TWIST AND HIGHER ORDER EFFECTS IN NLO AND NNLO QCD ANALYSIS OF LEPTON NUCLEON SCATTERING DATA ON F2 AND R L/T . Eur. Phys. J. C13 (2000) 241 245.

30

QCD and quark-parton model

Proton uud (Valence) bound with colored gluons and a sea of quark-antiquark pairs which increase with Q2. All ar bound together by the color force.

Neutron ddu (Valence) bound with colored gluons and a sea of quark-antiquark pairs which increase with Q2.

Charge Symmetry Neutron is the same as a Proton, with each u quark replaced with a d quark and each d quark replace with a u quark.

31

"Physics is generally paced by technology and not by the physical laws. We always seem to ask more questions than we have tools to answer.”

Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky

•Questions in 1980-2004 LO QCD, anti-quarks, strange and charm quarks (hadronic charm production), individual PDFs , longitudinal structure function, quarks in nuclei , high statistics electron, muon and neutrino scattering experiments, NLO and NNLO QCD, origin of higher twist corrections, proton-antiproton collisions, W Asymmetry and d/u, Drell-Yan and Z rapidity distributions, application to neutrino oscillations, -

A Detailed understanding of Nucleon Structure Required 35 additional years of Experiments at Different

Laboratories, New Detectors, Analysis Techniques and Theoretical Tools - AND also sorting out which

experiments are right and which experiments are wrong

•A. Bodek Panofsky Prize 2004

•"For broad, sustained, and insightful contributions to elucidating the structure of the nucleon, using a wide variety of probes, tools and methods at many laboratories."

32

1974: Fermilab and CERN, muon and neutrino beams up to 250 GeV

Because of parity violation, comparisons of neutrino and antineutrino scattering are different for scattering from quarks versus scattering from antiquarks - use it to measure the antiquark distributions in the nucleon

33

μ-

W+

d -1/3u +2/3

μ-

W+

u -2/3d +1/3

μ-

W+

u +2/3Not possible

+5/3

μ-

W+

d +1/3+4/3 Not possible

NEUTRINOS only scatter from (-1/3) charge quarks (e.g. d, s quarks)

And -2/3 charge anti-quarks (e.g. u, c)

34

μ+

W-

d -1/3u +2/3

W-

μ+

W-

u -2/3

Not possible

-5/3

μ+

W-

d +1/3

-4/3 not possible

Anti-NEUTRINOS only scatter from (+2/3) charge quarks (e.g. u,c quarks)

And +1/3 charge anti-quarks (e.g. d, s)

μ+

u -2/3

d -1/3

35

Neutrinos on quarks

Neutrinos on antiquarks

weak

36

By taking sum and difference

F2 (x, Q2) = x [ q (x, Q2) + q (x, Q2) ] (all quarks)

xF3 (x, Q2) = x [ q (x, Q2) - q (x, Q2) ] (Valence quarks only)

Low Q2

What is the composition at High Q2

37

38

39

Neutral current

charged current

Scattering from strange quarksCCFR - Chicago-Columbia-Fermilab-Rochester

40

neutrino

muon

41

C: Strange Quarks in the Nucleon - Caltech-Fermilab -Later- CCFR (Columbia -Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and -Later- NuTeV Neutrino Collaborations at Fermilab LAB E.

Dimuon event

The Strange Sea Anti-quarks are about 1/2 of the average of u and d sea - Sea is not SU3 Symmetric.

42

Strange Quarks in the Nucleon - (Caltech-Fermilab, later CCFR Columbia -Chicago-Fermilab-Rochester) and NuTeV Neutrino Collaborations at Fermilab

Karol Lang, AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIMUONS PRODUCED IN HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINO INTERACTIONS. UR-908 (1985) Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester)Now Professor at UT Austin

K. Lang et al.(CCFR-Rochester PhD), NEUTRINO PRODUCTION OF DIMUONS. Z.Phys.C33:483,1987 (leading order analysis)

The Strange Sea Anti-quarks are about 1/2 of the average of u and d sea - not SU3 Symmetric.

A.O. Bazarko et al., (CCFR-Columbia PhD) DETERMINATION OF THE STRANGE QUARK CONTENT OF THE NUCLEON FROM A NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER QCD ANALYSIS OF NEUTRINO CHARM PRODUCTION. Z.Phys.C65:189-198,1995

M. Goncharov et al. (NuTeV K.State PhD). PRECISE MEASUREMENT OF DIMUON PRODUCTION CROSS-SECTIONS IN MUON NEUTRINO FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO FE DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AT THE TEVATRON. Phys.Rev.D64:112006,2001

43

Precision Neutrino Experiments REQUIRE good Hadron Calorimetry and Muon Energy calibration (~0.3%)

10 cm Fe Sampling, simultaneous neutrino running and hadron and muon test beams

D.A. Harris, J. Yu et al( NuTeV-Rochester-FNAL) PRECISION CALIBRATION OF THE NUTEV CALORIMETER. UR-1561 Nucl. Inst. Meth. A447 (2000)

W.K. Sakumoto et al. (CCFR-Rochester), CALIBRATION OF THE CCFR TARGET CALORIMETER. Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A294:179-192,1990.

Developed Fe-scintillator compensating calorimeter. 3mx3m large counters with wavelength shifting readout

44W.G. Seligman et al. (CCFR Columbia PhD), IMPROVED DETERMINATION OF S FROM NEUTRINO NUCLEON SCATTERING. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79

(1997) 1213-1216.

45

H. Kim (Columbia PhD) et al. D.Harris et. al., (CCFR) MEASUREMENT OF S (Q2) FROM THE GROSS- LLEWELLYN SMITH SUM RULE. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3595-3598

Valence quarks

46

Why go for more precision ?

To within 15%, the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics was confirmed ---> Nobel Prize 2004 (Gross- Politzer -Wilczek)

The various quark, anti-quark and gluon distributions were measured to 10%-15% precision (not in all regions) ---> Why do better?

It turns out, we really needed to do better at high energies

We also needed to do better at low energies.

47

Beamline

Proton-Antiproton Collisions at very

high energies

High Energy- Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons). All searches for new physics require a detailed understanding of the parton structure of the proton.

48

High Energy- Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons) All experiment in hadron

colliders are limited by the knowledge of parton distribution functions (PDF’s)

49

Precision Neutrino ExperimentsCCFR/NuTeVUn Ki Yang UR-1583,2000 Ph.D. Thesis, (Rochester) Lobkowicz Prize, U of R; URA Best Thesis Award Fermilab 2001 (now at Univ. of Chicago)Un-Ki Yang et al.. MEASUREMENTS OF F2 AND XF3 FROM CCFR MUON NEUTRINO-FE AND MUON ANTI-NEUTRINO-FE DATA IN A PHYSICS MODEL INDEPENDENT WAY. By CCFR/NuTeV Phys.Rev.Lett.86:2742-2745,2001

Comparing muon and neutrinos

50

• Quark Distributions in Nuclei A. Bodek et al Phys.Rev.Lett.51:534, 1983 (SLAC Expt. E49, E87 empty tgt data 1970,1972)

51

Back to SLAC using High Energy Beam and the Nuclear Physics Injector NPAS - SLAC E139, E140, E140x, E141, NE8

R.G. Arnold et al., MEASUREMENTS OF THE A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING FROM NUCLEI Phys. Rev. Lett.52:727,1984;

J. Gomez et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE A-DEPENDENCE OF DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D49:4348-4372,1994.

52

Sridhara Rao Dasu, PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF X, Q2 AND A-DEPENDENCE OF R = L/T AND F2 IN DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING. UR-1059 (Apr 1988) . Ph.D. Thesis. (Rochester) SLAC E140 - winner of the Dexter Prize U of Rochester 1988(now Professor a U. Wisconsin, Madison)

S. Dasu (Rochester PhD )et al., MEASUREMENT OF THE DIFFERENCE IN R = L/T, and A/D IN DEEP INELASTIC ed, eFE AND eAuSCATTERING. Phys.Rev.Lett.60:2591,1988;

S. Dasu et al., PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R = L/T AND F2 IN DEEP-INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.Lett.61:1061,1988;

Anchor all high energy experiment to new very precise measurements at SLAC

S. Dasu et al., MEASUREMENT OF KINEMATIC AND NUCLEAR DEPENDENCE OF R = L//T IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Phys.Rev.D49:5641-5670,1994.

L.H. Tao (American U PhD) et al., PRECISION MEASUREMENT OF R = L/T ON HYDROGEN, DEUTERIUM AND BERYLLIUM TARGETS IN DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING. Z.Phys.C70:387,1996

L.W. Whitlow (Stanford PhD), et al. , A PRECISE EXTRACTION OF R = L/T FROM A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP INELASTIC ep AND ed SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Lett.B250:193-198,1990.

L.W. Whitlow, et. al., PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF THE PROTON AND DEUTERON STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS FROM A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE SLAC DEEP INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING CROSS-SECTIONS. Phys.Lett.B282:475-482,1992.

53

Provided normalization and shape at lower Q2 for all DIS experiments

54

F2, R comparison of NLO QCD+TM black (Q2>1)Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek Phys.Rev.Lett.82:2467-2470,1999 vs. NLO QCD+TM+HTgreen (use QCD Renormalons forHT)PDFs and QCD in NLO + TM + QCD Renormalon Model for Dynamic HTdescribe the F2 and R data very well, with only 2 parameters. Dynamic HT effects are there but small

NLO QCD + Target Mass + Renormalon HT works. ALSO a GREAT QCD TRIUMPH

55

NNLO QCD+TM black Great Triumph of NNLO QCD Un-Ki Yang, A. Bodek . Eur.Phys.J.C13:241-245,2000

Size of the higher twist effect with NNLO analysis is really small (but not 0) a2= -0.009 (in NNLO) versus –0.1( in NLO) - > factor of 10 smaller, a4 nonzero

NNLO QCD+Tgt Mass works very well for Q2>1 GeV2

For High Statitics Hardon Collider Physics (Tevatron, LHC), the next step is to extract NNLO PDFs. So declare victory PDF Professionals (MRST and CTEQ) make progress towards the next generation NNLO PDF fits for Tevatron and LHC

56

Proton-Antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions are actually parton-parton collisions (free nucleons)

This is why it is important to know the nuclear corrections for PDFs extracted from nucleons bound in Fe (neutrino) or in D2 (d versus u), when the PDFs are used to extract information from collider data

In 1994 uncertainties in d/u from deuteron binding effects resulted in an error in the W mass extracted from CDF data of order 75 MeV.

By the introduction of new techniques, one can use HADRON COLLIDER data to provide independent constraints on free nucleon PDFs.

A. Bodek, CONSTRAINTS ON PDFS FROM W AND Z RAPIDITY DISTRIBUTIONS AT CDF. Nucl. Phys. B, Proc. Suppl. 79 (1999) 136-138. In *Zeuthen 1999, Deep inelastic scattering and QCD* 136-138.

57

q=2/3

q=1/3

W Production at CDF

58

59

Need to measure the W Asymmetry at high rapidity where there is no central tracking

60

Qun Fan, Arie Bodek, A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING CHARGE AND MOMENTUM OF ELECTRONS AND POSITRONS USING CALORIMETRY AND SILICON TRACKING. In *Frascati 1996, Calorimetry in HEP*553- 560

Use silicon vertex detector to extrapolate electron track to the forward shower counters. Compare the extrapolated location to the centroid of the EM shower in a segmented shower counter.

Energy of electron determined by the shower counter, Sign is determined by investigating if the shower centeroid is to the left or right of the extrapolated track,

All hadron collider physics (Tevatron, LHC) with electrons and positrons can be done better without a central tracker . No Track misID Need Just silicon tracking and segmented EM +HAD

calorimetry

61

The d/u ratio in standard PDFs found to be incorrect. Now all new PDF fits include CDF W Asymmetry as a constraint. PDF error on W mass reduced to 10 MeV by using current CDF data.

62

Mark Dickson, THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. (1994) Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester). (now at MIT Lincoln Labs)

Abe et al. (CDF-article on Rochester PhD Thesis) THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV. Phys.Rev.Lett.74:850-854,1995

Qun Fan, A MEASUREMENT OF THE CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. Ph.D.Thesis (Rochester) (now at KLA-Tenor)

Abe et al. (CDF article on Rochester PhD Thesis), A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEPTON CHARGE ASYMMETRY IN W BOSON DECAYS PRODUCED IN P ANTI-P COLLISIONS. Phys.Rev.Lett.81:5754-5759,1998.

Proton-antiproton (CDF/Dzero) collisions-Measurement of d/u in the proton by using the W+- Asymmetry

63

With this new technique, one can also significantly reduce the QCD background for very forward Z Bosons.

Jinbo Liu, Measurement of d /dy for Drell-Yan e+e Pairs in the Z Boson Region Produced in Proton Anti-proton Collisions at 1.8 TeV. UR-1606, 2000 - Ph.D. Thesis (Rochester). (now at Lucent Technologies)

T. Affolder et al. (CDF- article on Rochester PhD Thesis), MEASUREMENT OF d / dY FOR HIGH MASS DRELL-YAN E+ E- PAIRS FROM P ANTI-P COLLISIONS AT 1.8-TEV. Phys.Rev.D63:011101,2001.

NLO QCD describes Z -y distributions better than LO QCD

64

Knowledge of high x PDF is used as input to searches for new Z’ bosons in high-mass Drell-Yan cross sections and Forward-Backward Asymmetry (another use of forward tracking of electrons)

Arie Bodek and Ulrich Baur IMPLICATIONS OF A 300-GEV/C TO 500-GEV/C Z-PRIME BOSON ON P ANTIP COLLIDER DATA AT 1.8-TEV. Eur.Phys.J.C21:607-611,2001 .

T. Affolder et al.(CDF) Measurement of d / dM and forward backward charge asymmetry for high mass Drell-Yan e+ e- pairs from p anti-p collisions at 1.8-TeV. Phys.Rev.Lett.87:131802,2001

65

For TeV Hadron Colliders - The Triumph of NNLO QCD.Conclusion

Large Hadron Collider LHC, use a NNLO QCD analysis with Q2>1 GeV2 DIS dataGet better constraints on PDFs from W, Z and Drell Yan data at the Tevatron and LHC. Search for New Physics - Higgs, Supersymmetry, etc. LHC Turns on 2008.

The fact that the nucleon has a complicated structure is not longer a limitation on the search for new physics at very high energies - nucleon structure at very high energies is well understood and we have the technology to use LHC data to know it to the necessary level of precision.

* For very low energies - neutrino oscillations -we develop new and different technique - Subject of another talk (work done during 2000-2007)