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Standard Penetration Test SPT Fernando Schnaid Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

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Page 1: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Standard Penetration Test SPT

Fernando SchnaidUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Page 2: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

References

State-of-the-Art reviews: de Mello (1971) Nixon (1982) Decourt (1990) Clayton (1995)

ISSMGE: IRTP (Decourt et al, 1988). 1st International Symposium on Penetration

Testing

Page 3: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

ENSAIO SPT

StandardsEquipment & ProceduresFactors affecting NSPT

Measurements & CorrectionsEnergyMean stresses

Dynamic Penetration Test Interpretation:Energy and wave propagation

Page 4: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Standard Penetration Test

Why?

predition of soil properties shallow and deep foundationsliquefaction potential

Applications:

most popular easy to usecheap

Page 5: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Standards1930: first experience in the USA1958: 1° attempt to standardised1988: ISSMGE - IRTP1991/EUA: ASTM 1586-991990/British: BS 1377-91994/Eurocode 72001/Brazil: NBR 6484

Page 6: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Test Procedure

Page 7: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

EQUIPMENT

Page 8: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Equipment

75cm

Page 9: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

A B C D E

F G H I

Types of hammer

- wood cussion- anvil

A: Brazilian Donut C: USA DonutE: USA SafetyF: Booros Co Ltd DarpG: British automaticH: Japanese automatic

Page 10: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Automatic hammer

ss1

1 2 3 4 5 n

QU

EDA

1

QU

EDA

2

QU

EDA

nPINO

SENTIDO DACORRENTE

hq

Page 11: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Measurements and corrections

Correct to a reference energy efficiency: 60% (N60).

International

Brazilian average energy: 72%.

60,060

icadaEnergiaAplNN SPT ⋅=

Schmertmann & Palacious (1972), Seed et al (1986), Skempton (1986)

Observation: verify the energy for which empirical interpretation methods have been devoloped

SPTSPT NNN ⋅=

⋅= 2,1

60,072,0

60

??

Energy

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Measurements and correctionsDonut Safety

Energia (%)

quatidadeensaios

energia (%)

quatidade ensaios

Notas Referência

53 4 72 9 Ensaios de laboratório

Kovacs & Salomone (1982)

48

48 43

8

23 8

52 55 52

62

9 24 5

8

Várias medidas em

campo

Kovacs & Salomone (1982)

Schmertmann & Palacious (1979) Schmertmann & Palacious (1979)

Robertson et al (183) Robertson et al (183)

45 55 Valores típicos de

campo

Massa da cabeça de

bater(kg)

Eficiência (energia)

Acionamento manual Acionamento automático

Média (%)

Número de ensaios

Desvio padrão

(%)

Média (%)

Número de ensaios

Desvio padrão

(%)

1.2

66.7 51 2.73

78.5 13 2.04

3.6 75.5 195 2.95

14.0 66.4 23 1.70

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13

Diaphragm wall:Shopping Centre Moinhos de Vento: Porto Alegre

x

y

AAAA

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Measurements and corrections

Stress level

Sondagens – Shopping Moinhos de Vento/Porto Alegre - RS

( )60601 )( NCN N=

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Measurements and corrections

Solos granulares :

( )60601 )( NCN N=

p' com varia :logo Z sptspt NN ↑↑Referência Fator de correção CN σ’v Observação

Skempton (1986) '100200

vNC

σ+= kPa

Seed et al (1983) Dr = 40 a 60%

NC Sand

Skempton (1986) '200300

vNC

σ+= kPa

Seed et al (1983) Dr = 60 a 80%

NC Sand Peck, Hamson & Thornburn (1974) ⎟⎟

⎞⎜⎜⎝

σ= '

2000log77.0v

NC kPa NC Sand

Liao & Whitman (1985) '

100

vNC

σ=

kPa NC Sand

Liao & Whitman (1985)

k

v

vNC ⎥

⎤⎢⎣

σσ

= 'ref

' )( - k = 0,4 a 0,6

Skempton (1986) '70170

vNC

σ+= kPa OC Sand

OCR = 3

Clayton (1993) '43143

vNC

σ+= kPa OC Sand

OCR = 10

Robertson et al (2000)

5.0' −

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=

atm

voNC

σσ kPa NC Sand

Nível de Tensão

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Measurements and corrections

Granular soils:

p' com varia :logo

Z

spt

spt

N

N ↑↑

Stress level

( )60601 )( NCN N=

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COTA:Profun-

Nível didade Cota

d'água da em Amostra Golpescamada relação 2oe 3o

(m) RN

0

1 13

2 4

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 5

10 12

11 20

12 19

13 27

14 28

15 37

16 16 35Observações:

INICIAL

F13

Classificação do Material

Amostrador diam. Interno 34,8 mmAmostrador diam. externo 50,8 mmPeso: 65 Kg Altura de Queda: 75 cm

Gráfico

SONDAGEM:

Penetração

2,114Revestimento diam. 2,5"

Engenheiro Responsável:

Simbologia do gráficoProfundidade do nível d'água (m)

SPT 30cm finais0,00 16/02/94FINAL

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

0 10 20 30 40 50

Aterro, argila orgânica plástica com areia, cor variegada, consistência rija.

Sedimento argiloso orgânico plástico, cor preto, consistência muito mole.

Sedimento argiloso orgânico plástico, cor cinza, consistência média a rija.

Sedimento arenoso, granulometria fina, cor amarela a cinza, medianamente compacto a compacto.

1,60

7,95

9,30

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REF.DATA:COTA:

Profun-

Nível didade Cota

d'água da em Amostra Golpescamada relação 2oe3o

(m) RN0 0

1 2

2 2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10 0

11 0

12 0

13 0

14 14.5 0

15 0

16 16 0

17 7

18 5

19 30

20 21

21 21 28

22 22.3 25Observações:

Argila siltosa orgânica, com pouco areia fina e fragmentos de

Areia fina, argilosa, com frag. de marisco, cinza,pouco compacta

Engenheiro Responsável:

Simbologia do gráficoProfundidade do nível d'água (m)linha azul SPT 30cm finais1,00 16/08/72

0,3 20/08/72FINAL

Areia fina, pouco argilosa, com frag. de marisco, cinza, compacta

LIMITE DE SONDAGEM

Areia fina,pouco argilosa,frag. de marisco,cinza,muito compacta

marisco, cinza, escura, muito mole.

9/1/1972-0.45

Recanto de Portugal

Revestimento diam. 76,2 mm

FIRMA C

Aterro- areia fina, com material variado, fofa.

Amostrador diam. Interno 34,9 mmAmostrador diam. externo 50,8 mmPeso: 65 Kg Altura de Queda: 75 cm

Gráfico

OBRA:

SONDAGEM:

Penetração

INICIAL

CLIENTE:

F7 / 72LOCAL:

Classificação do Material0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

0 10 20 30 40 50

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SONDAGEM SPT PRÉ-ESCAVAÇÃOUFRGS - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

CLIENTE:OBRA: SHOPPING MOINHOS DE VENTO REF. RS.7660/7LOCAL: DATA: Jul-98SONDAGEM: S1 COTA: 11,90 m

Profun-Nível didade Penetração

d'água da Gráfico Observações:camada

(m)0 0 0 0,20 cm de piso de concreto1 4 4 Até 1,5m aterro de argila siltosa2 27 27 c/ areia fina média, vermelha,3 22 30 mole.4 25 355 11 26 De 1,5 a 8m argila siltosa, 6 24 29 vermelha escura, dura7 40 408 11 43 De 8 a 11m silte argiloso c/ areia9 25 30 fina morrom claro, duro

10 23 3111 9 12 De 11 a 15m silte argiloso c/ 12 9 12 areia de textura variada, rijo a 13 10 16 duro14 14 2015 12 1716 15 1717 12 18 De 15 a 20m silte argiloso c/18 15 19 areia de textura variada, micaceo19 16 21 variegado, rijo a duro20 18 4521 32 42 De 20 a 22,39m argila siltoda c/22 28 areia de textura variada, micacea23 cinza, dura - solo residual24252627282930

Não

loca

lizad

o

1º e 2º

Nº de Golpes para 30cm

2º e 3°0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40

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Interpretation

CharacterizationClassification;Soil properties:

Granular;Clay;Cohesive-frictional soils: hard soils, residualSoft rocks

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Classification

modified from Clayton (1993)

Sand

(N1)60 0 - 3 Very loose

3 – 8 Loose

8 – 25 Medium

25 – 42 Dense

42 – 58 Very dense

Clay

(N)60 0 – 4 Very soft

4 – 8 Soft

8 – 15 Firm

15 – 30 Stiff

30 – 60 Very stiff

> 60 Hard

Residual soils*

(N)60 0 – 5 Completely weathered

5 – 10 Very weathered (lateritic)

10 - 15 Weathered

> 15 Moderately weathered

(saprolitic)

Weak rock

(N)60 0 – 80 Very weak

80 – 200 Weak

Page 22: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Classification

Go/N60 vs (N1)60

( )60160

60

0 )(Np

NN

pG

vo

aa ασ

α =′

=

Schnaid (1999) e Schnaid et al (2004)

Page 23: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Total stress – Δu ≠ 0

Disturbed soil -

Soil propertiese

Granular soils

5<sptN

Effective stress – no Δu

Nspt reflects stiffness and strengthE & φ

E &u SHard soils (including residual soils)

Composit materials (lime, fibers…)c+φRobust test

Nspt reflects stiffness and strengthE &cσ

Soft rocks

Cohesive soil

Cohesive-frictional

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Is one measurement sufficient? (Mayne, 2001)

Su= undrained shear strength;γg= unit weight;Ir = rigidity index;φf = friction angle;OCR = over-consolidation;Ko = earth pressure coefficienteo= voids ratio;Vs= shear wave velocity;E = Young’s modulus;Cc = consolidation coefficient;qb= pile bearing capacity;K = permeability;Qb= ultimate stress

dr= relative density;γg= unit weight;LI= liquefaction index;φf = friction angle;Su= undrained shear strength;eo= voids ratio;Ko = earth pressure coefficient;Vs= shear wave velocity;E = Young’s modulus;Ѱ = dilation angleqb= pile bearing capacity;

CLAY SANDNSPT

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Granular soils

7.1minmax

2601

)(7.11)(eeD

N

r −=

φ →→ rspt DN

5,0

0 16'23,0 ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⋅

=v

rNDσ

5,0

0 27'28,0 ⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛+⋅

=v

rNDσ

Gibbs e Holtz (1957)

Skempton (1986)

Cubrinovski & Ishihara (1999)

Friction angle –

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Granular soils

φ →→ rspt DNFriction angle –

Page 27: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Granular soils

φ →→ rspt DNFriction angle –

( )[ ]RpQDm rcvp −−=− ''' lnφφBolton (1986)

( ) 712,0'tan49,1 =− φrDMello (1971)

φ = 30° + 15 Dr - areias purasφ = 25° + 15 Dr - areias com mais de 5% de finos

Meyerhof (1956)

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Granular soils

φ →→ rspt DNFriction angle –

Material

Bolton

(1979)

Bolton

(1979)

Robertson &

Hughes (1986)

Dense well-graded sand or gravel 55o 35o 40o

Uniform medium dense/coarse sand 40o 32o 34-37o

Dense sandy silt with some clay 47o 32o

Fine sand and sandy-silty-clay 35o 30o 30-34o

Clay-shale, or partings 35o 25o

Clay 25o 15o

p'φ cv'φ cv'φ

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Granular soils

Friction angle –

Mayne (2006)34.0

'60'

)/(2.12arctan ⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡+

≈atmvo

pN

σσφ

601' )(4.1520 Nop +≈φ

Hatanaka & Uchida (1996)

φ →sptN

Mello (1967, 1971)

7.824

124

4.2015.00.4 22 ±⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ++⎥

⎤⎢⎣

⎡−⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +∗+= φπφπ φπσφπ

φtgtg etgetg

tgSPT

°+= 15*20' Nφ

Teixeira (1996)

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0q (t/m²)

5 10 15 20 25 30

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

25°

25°

30°

50°

50°

45°

45°

40°

40°

40°

40°

30°

40°

35°

30°

25°

SPT

As retas fornecem os valores de Ø

Areia FinaAreia GrossaConjunto

de Mello (1971)

Granular soils

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Granular soilsFriction angle – φ →sptN

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Granular soils

Stiffness - large strains, high shear stresses, insensitive to stress history.

(Jamiolkowski et al., 1991)

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Uncemented unaged sands (after Eslaamizaad & Robertson, 1997

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Western Australia sands (after Schnaid et al,2004)

Page 35: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Classification

Go/N60 vs (N1)60

( )60160

60

0 )(Np

NN

pG

vo

aa ασ

α =′

=

Schnaid (1999) e Schnaid et al (2004)

Page 36: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Granular soils

Stiffness - large strains, high shear stresses, insensitive to stress history

bNaMPaG ).()( 600 =

200 3 2600 av pNG σ ′=

Schnaid (1999) e Schnaid et al (2004)

450 3 2600 av pNG σ ′=

Upper boundary: uncemented sands

Lower boundary: uncemented sands

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Granular soils

Stiffness - large strains, high shear stresses, insensitive to stress history.

)(160

'MPaN

E =Stroud (1989):Lower bound

E/N60 (MPa) Resistência à penetração N60 média Limite inferior Limite superior

4 1,6 - 2,4 0,4 - 0,6 3,5 - 5,3 10 2,2 - 3,4 0,7 - 1,1 4,6 - 7,0 30 3,7 - 5,6 1,5 - 2,2 6,6 - 10,0 60 4,6 - 7,0 2,3 - 3,5 8,9 - 13,5

Page 38: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Granular soils

Stroud (1988)Clayton (1993)

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Cohesive soils

Mello (1971):Su/N ranges from 0,4 a 20 (sensitive clay);Su stress path dependent

Décourt (1989): Su = 10,5 N60 (kN/m2);Stroud (1979)

Pre-consolidated non-sensitive: Su = 4,5 N60 (kN/m2)

Undrained shear strength -

uspt SN →

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SOLOS COESIVOSUndrained shear strength

uspt SN →

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Cohesive-frictional materials

σ′= 1200 3 2600 av pNG( )no pS

eFG '

)(=

eeeF

+−

=1

)17.2()(2

σ′= 200 3 2600 av pNG

Schnaid et al, (2004)σ′= 4503 2

600 av pNG

Page 42: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Cohesive-frictional materialsYoung modulus - E

6,10,1 −=a

)(MPaaNE =

)(MPabNE c=

(Sandroni, 1991).

(Barksdale e Blight, 1997).

1,4c 6,0 ==b

(Jones e Rust, 1989)

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Soft rocksUnconfined compression

strength Degree of weathering

N60 < 200 )(10 60 kPaNc =σ

Stroud (1988)

)(0.25.0 60' MPaNE −=

Stroud (1988)

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Energy conceptsPrinciples of soil dynamics

:New interpretation

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Wave propagation analysis

∫∞

=0

)( )( dttVtFE

Timoshenko & Goodier, (1970)

Page 46: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Condicionador e Amplificador

com 3 canais

Osciloscópio

Bateria

Borneira

Micro Computador com Placa A/D PCM-DAS 16D/16 da ComputerBoards para 350kHz

Wave propagation analysis

Page 47: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

3.34

2.43

HASTE DE SONDAGEM

HASTE DE SONDAGEM

CÉLULA DE CARGA

3.34

FURO PARA PARAFUSO 6mm

2.50

2.503.152.69

4.26

3.34

2.43

0.46

3.34

30.00

10.00

Wave propagation analysis

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Acelerômetros Brüel & Kjaer

Modelo = 4375S

(indicado para altas freqüências)

Faixa de aceleração 100μG a 10 kG

Danifica com 16kG

Wave propagation analysis

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Extensômetros

Marca Excel

Tipo PA-06-125TG-350-LEN

Roseta dupla 90o

A B C Dsaida saidaentrada entrada

Wave propagation analysis

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Wave propagation analysis

)()()()( SDI tftftftf =++

where: ƒΙ = inertial forces;

ƒD = damping forces

ƒS = reconstitutive forces

Mechanism of dynamic penetrationFinite difference analyisis - D’Alembert’s principle

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i = 1

2 3 4

: :

r

j = 1 2

3 4

: :

: :

s

MARTELO

HASTE

mj

EA

mi

Δ

Vo

R

Ru

Ru J VQ

Reação (R)

Deformação

O

A

B

C

RDeslocamento

Damping (J)Constante de mola K'Deformação permanente

EA

LUVAS

Wave propagation analysis

Mechanism of dynamic penetration

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Wave propagation analysis

35,8 m rod length

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35,8 m rod length: typical measurements

Wave propagation analysis

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35,8 m rod length: typical measurements

Wave propagation analysis

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Numerical simulation

SPTLPT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Average penetration per blow300/Nref (mm)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Dep

th (m

)MeasuredSimulated

SPT - Ladner 06

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Average penetration per blow300/Nref (mm)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Dep

th (m

)

MeasuredSimulated

SPT - Ladner 09

0 10 20 30 40

Average penetration per blow300/Nref (mm)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Dep

th (m

)

MeasuredSimulated

RLPT - Ladner 08

0 10 20 30 40

Average penetration per blow300/Nref (mm)

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Dep

th (m

)

MeasuredSimulated

RLPT - Ladner 11

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H1m

0,75

Δρ

H1h

ΔρRef

0,75+Δρ

H2h

H2m

Δρ

ΔEPm = Mm (0,75+Δρ) g

ΔEPh = Mh Δρ g

(1) (2)

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Hamiltons’s principle

ΔEPGm+hsystem = Ws + Wnc

ΔEPGm+hsystem – Wnc = Esampler

Esampler = Ws = Fd Δρ

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New interpretation method

0,75

Instrumentação Instrumentação

Instrumentação

Δρ

t1 = 0 t2 = t t3 = Martelo = 65 kg

g = 9,806 m/s2

Amostrador

Haste

0,75

ΔρΔρ

hm(t

1)

hh(t

1)

hh(t

3)

hm(t

3)

Referência

Centro de massa da HASTE

Centro de massa do MARTELO

Dynamic force- Fd:

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New interpretation method

ρΔ+ρΔ+=Δ •+ gMgMEEPG hm

sistemahm

where: - E• = Theoretical potential energy = 478J

- Mm = Hammer mass = 65kg

- Mh = Rod mass = 3,23kg/m

- g = gravity acceleration

- Δρ = permanente sampler penetration

Dynamic force- Fd:

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New interpretation method

ρΔ==Δ + dncsistema

hm FWEPG

Dynamic force- Fd: CALIBRATION

ρρηηρηηηη

ΔΔ+Δ+

=)( )()75,0( 231313 gMgMgMF rhh

d

Sistema do Eficiênica Haste da Eficiência

Martelo do Eficiência 0,0042-1,00 1,00 764,0

3

2

1

321

===

===

ηηη

ηηη lSoil properties

Bearing capacitySoil properties

Bearing capacity

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Granular soils

Friction angle - φ d →F

Vésic (1972)

e d 1 FFAreias ≅∴=→ ν

)tan () ( slσocpe δγσ LKANNcAF ++=

Odebrecht et al (2005) ρ

ρρηΔ

Δ+Δ+=

] ) 75,0([ m2m13 gMngMnFd

Hermansson e Gravare (1978) Sand

Page 62: Standard Penetration Testadpaloha.altervista.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/3.-SPT.pdf · Standard Penetration Test ... Thornburn (1974) ... Stroud (1989): E = Lower bound Resistência

Granular soils

Friction angle

φ d →F

(Odebrecht et al, 2004 e Schnaid et al, 2004; 2005)

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Sand: case study

-32

-30

-28

-26

-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

00 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

qc (KPa)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-32

-30

-28

-26

-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

025 30 35 40 45

(graus)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-32

-30

-28

-26

-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

00 5 10 15 20 25 30

NSPT

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

φ graus

φ SPT

φ R&C

Areia

Areia

Areia

Itajaí - SC

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Cohesive soils

Undrained shear strength - u d S →F

Vésic (1972)

0,6 6,0 e

d

FFArgilas ≅∴=→ ν

)tan () ( slσocpe δγσ LKANNcAF ++=

Odebrecht et al (2005)

lbc

bd

AANLAF

Suαγ+−

=6,0

Hermansson e Gravare (1978)

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Clays: case study

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

00 500 1000 1500

qt (KPa)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

00 100 200 300

U, Uo (KPa)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

00 10 20 30 40

Su (KPa)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

00 25 50 75 100

w (%)

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

-13

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

00 500 1000 1500

NSPT

Prof

undi

dade

(m)

7

0/70

0/65

0/80

0/100

0/70

0/90

0/60

0/60

0/70

0/50

3 Vane

Sampler: open Sampler: pluggedBR 101 – Garopaba - SC

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Challanges

complete standardisation is not likely to be achieved: reference value of 60% of the potential energy observation of recommended codes of practice and better workmanship.incorporate energy and wave propagation concepts to interpretation methods

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Nota:a Norma Brsileira NBR 6484.b ASTM D 156-84.c [(Kaito et al. (1971); Yoshida et al. (1988)] d [Koester et al. (2000); Daniel (2000)] e seção transversal de aço

Detalhes SPTa SPTb JLPTc NALPTd

Massa do Martelo (kg) 65.0 62.3 98.1 133.5

Altura de queda (m) 0.75 0.762 1.50 0.762

Comprimento do Martelo (cm) 0.23 0.533 0.368 0.699

Diâmetro do Martelo (cm) 0.20 14.0 21.1 17.8

Seção transversal de área (cm2) 4.1 8.0 10.1 9.3

Massa linear - haste (kg/m) 3.230 6.304 7.959 7.328

Velocidade de impacto do martelo (m/s) 3.836 3.866 5.425 3.866

Comprimento de haste (m) 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8

Seção transversal - amostrador e (cm2) 10.807 8.800 18.800 13.900

Comprimento do amostrador (m) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Massa linear - amostrador (kg/m) 8.516 6.934 14.814 10.953

Presente Simulação

Q Propriedades do solo J

Ru (N)

0.0010.656000

0.0010.656000

0.0010.656000

0.0010.656000

Penetração por golpe - Δρ (m) 0.031 0.030 0.080 0.068

E (J) 510 507 1601 1149

Detalhes do ensaio SPT e LPT (Daniel, 2000)

OUTROS ENSAIOSDINÂMICOS

LPT x SPT: