Standard V: The student will understand the concepts and

developments of the late 19th to early 20th centuries.

Objective 2: Evaluate the concepts, developments, & the

consequences of industrialization & urbanization.

(8 questions)

Communication Revolution • Cyrus West Field-laid the 1st telegraph cable beneath

the Atlantic Ocean (1866)- Transatlantic cable- made communication between America & Europe very quick

• Alexander Graham Bell- sent 1st telephone transmission (1876)- allowed people to communicate across the nation & world

• Guglielmo Marconi- created the 1st radio; information would be able to be spread quickly to the public; created a new national culture

Monopolies• Large companies would lower prices to force the

competition out of business

• Monopoly- one corporation was the only supplier for its particular industry

• John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Company; oil monopoly

• Andrew Carnegie- owned several oil & coal mines; Gospel of Wealth- use money for the betterment of the poor

• Robber Barons- acquired wealth by exploitation & ruthlessness

• Social Darwinism- life is a contest for survival of the fittest

• Horatio Alger- wrote children’s books about reaping reward of hard work & diligence not social status

Move to the Cities• Americans began to leave farming to move to cities

for higher pay

• Many immigrants settled in cities to find work

• Cities became sources of new people, ideas, & cultures

Working Conditions• No laws regulating age or treatment of workers

• Children worked in factories at a fraction of adult’s wage; developed illnesses & deformation

• Women were paid far less than men

• Long hours & 6 days a week

Labor Unions• Labor unions were formed to get better working

conditions for factory workers

• Strike- (refusal to work) would be called if factory owners would not meet union demands

• American Federation of Labor (AFL)- most famous union during the Industrial Age

• Worked to get 40 hour work week, minimum age requirements, & safety standards

Immigrants• Immigrants willing to work for lower wages & in

worse conditions

• Americans afraid immigrants would take all jobs

• Racism- prejudice

• Nativism- favoring one’s nations or region

• 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act- Chinese were prohibited from entering the US

• Emergency Quota Act- 1921-only certain number of people from different countries could come to US

• National Origins Act- 1924- created more quotas; no Asian immigrants

Progressive Movement• Progressives wanted to make changes for people

that were being oppressed

• Muckrakers- authors who wrote stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers & consumers

• Upton Sinclair- The Jungle; exposed dangerous working conditions & heath hazards in Chicago meat-packing plants

• Ida Tarbell- The History of the Standard Oil Company; ruthlessness of Rockefeller was exposed

Progressive Amendments• 16th- Income Taxes; used in social programs

• 17th- people of the state elect their senators instead of the state legislatures

• 18th- Prohibition; victory for temperance movement

• 19th- Women’s right to vote

President Theodore Roosevelt • President from 1901-1909

• National Park System- protected huge tracts of land from development

• Northern Securities Trust- broken up by Roosevelt for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act

• The Square Deal- verbal contract with people to maintain equality

• Food & Drug Act- passed after Roosevelt read The Jungle

Election of 1912• William Taft (Roosevelt’s v-p) became President

after Roosevelt

• Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson ran for office

• Wilson won because the Republican party was split

• New Freedom- goal was to ensure that there was competition in the marketplace

• Federal Trade Commission- could investigate companies for unfair practices

• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)- made sure that businesses couldn’t use antitrust laws to break up labor unions; sponsored by Alabama congressman Henry Clayton

Race Relations• Black Exodus- journey of many black southerners to

northern cities

• Booker T. Washington- founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks

• Atlanta Exposition/Compromise- if black Americans would excel educationally & occupationally they would receive full rights; very non-confrontational approach to race relations

• George Washington Carver- worked with cotton & peanuts; Tuskegee Institute

• W.E.B. DuBois- 1st black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard; opposed Washington’s ideas on race relations

• Niagara Movement- called for– Equal economic & political opportunities– End of segregation– End of discrimination

• NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; DuBois officer

• Plessy vs. Ferguson- segregation is legal (separate but equal)

Racial Injustice in Alabama• Ku Klux Klan- very active in AL

• Democrats- made segregation the cornerstone of campaign

• Alabama Constitution (1901)- literacy test or land ownership to be able to vote