standard v: the student will understand the concepts and developments of the late 19 th to early 20...
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Standard V: The student will understand the concepts and
developments of the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
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Objective 2: Evaluate the concepts, developments, & the
consequences of industrialization & urbanization.
(8 questions)
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Communication Revolution • Cyrus West Field-laid the 1st telegraph cable beneath
the Atlantic Ocean (1866)- Transatlantic cable- made communication between America & Europe very quick
• Alexander Graham Bell- sent 1st telephone transmission (1876)- allowed people to communicate across the nation & world
• Guglielmo Marconi- created the 1st radio; information would be able to be spread quickly to the public; created a new national culture
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Monopolies• Large companies would lower prices to force the
competition out of business
• Monopoly- one corporation was the only supplier for its particular industry
• John D. Rockefeller- Standard Oil Company; oil monopoly
• Andrew Carnegie- owned several oil & coal mines; Gospel of Wealth- use money for the betterment of the poor
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• Robber Barons- acquired wealth by exploitation & ruthlessness
• Social Darwinism- life is a contest for survival of the fittest
• Horatio Alger- wrote children’s books about reaping reward of hard work & diligence not social status
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Move to the Cities• Americans began to leave farming to move to cities
for higher pay
• Many immigrants settled in cities to find work
• Cities became sources of new people, ideas, & cultures
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Working Conditions• No laws regulating age or treatment of workers
• Children worked in factories at a fraction of adult’s wage; developed illnesses & deformation
• Women were paid far less than men
• Long hours & 6 days a week
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Labor Unions• Labor unions were formed to get better working
conditions for factory workers
• Strike- (refusal to work) would be called if factory owners would not meet union demands
• American Federation of Labor (AFL)- most famous union during the Industrial Age
• Worked to get 40 hour work week, minimum age requirements, & safety standards
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Immigrants• Immigrants willing to work for lower wages & in
worse conditions
• Americans afraid immigrants would take all jobs
• Racism- prejudice
• Nativism- favoring one’s nations or region
• 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act- Chinese were prohibited from entering the US
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• Emergency Quota Act- 1921-only certain number of people from different countries could come to US
• National Origins Act- 1924- created more quotas; no Asian immigrants
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Progressive Movement• Progressives wanted to make changes for people
that were being oppressed
• Muckrakers- authors who wrote stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers & consumers
• Upton Sinclair- The Jungle; exposed dangerous working conditions & heath hazards in Chicago meat-packing plants
• Ida Tarbell- The History of the Standard Oil Company; ruthlessness of Rockefeller was exposed
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Progressive Amendments• 16th- Income Taxes; used in social programs
• 17th- people of the state elect their senators instead of the state legislatures
• 18th- Prohibition; victory for temperance movement
• 19th- Women’s right to vote
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President Theodore Roosevelt • President from 1901-1909
• National Park System- protected huge tracts of land from development
• Northern Securities Trust- broken up by Roosevelt for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act
• The Square Deal- verbal contract with people to maintain equality
• Food & Drug Act- passed after Roosevelt read The Jungle
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Election of 1912• William Taft (Roosevelt’s v-p) became President
after Roosevelt
• Roosevelt, Taft, & Wilson ran for office
• Wilson won because the Republican party was split
• New Freedom- goal was to ensure that there was competition in the marketplace
• Federal Trade Commission- could investigate companies for unfair practices
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• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)- made sure that businesses couldn’t use antitrust laws to break up labor unions; sponsored by Alabama congressman Henry Clayton
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Race Relations• Black Exodus- journey of many black southerners to
northern cities
• Booker T. Washington- founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks
• Atlanta Exposition/Compromise- if black Americans would excel educationally & occupationally they would receive full rights; very non-confrontational approach to race relations
• George Washington Carver- worked with cotton & peanuts; Tuskegee Institute
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• W.E.B. DuBois- 1st black Ph.D. graduate from Harvard; opposed Washington’s ideas on race relations
• Niagara Movement- called for– Equal economic & political opportunities– End of segregation– End of discrimination
• NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; DuBois officer
• Plessy vs. Ferguson- segregation is legal (separate but equal)
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Racial Injustice in Alabama• Ku Klux Klan- very active in AL
• Democrats- made segregation the cornerstone of campaign
• Alabama Constitution (1901)- literacy test or land ownership to be able to vote