start (ceb) new

~ 1 ~

Acknowledgement

It is with great pleasure recollected the successful training period as a HNDE student at the

Ceylon Electricity Board. I gained valuable experiences & knowledge of practical

application in the field of electrical engineering. I take this opportunity to express gratitude

to;

Dr. D.L.A.H.Shammika (Past Director), Mr. Sunil Parana Vithanage (Assistant

Registrar), Mr. Bandula Ekanayake (Head of the Electrical Engineering

Department), and all the academic & non-academic staff members of the Advanced

Technological Institute, Labuduwa, Galle, for guiding & supporting to training for us.

Mrs. R.M.A.P.Samaradivakara (Assistant Director), Mr. S.Kodikara (Inspector-

NAITA), Mr. S.P.Kumara (Inspector-NAITA) and all the staff members of the

National Apprentice & Industrial Training Authority (NAITA) for organizing a

valuable & effective training for us.

Then big words of thanks and appreciate to the Ceylon Electricity Board,

Piliyandale for giving me this golden opportunity to complete my 3 months special

industrial training as a special apprentice.

I am specially pleased to convey my thanks to Mr. Hirantha Jayathilaka (Area

Engineer-Mawanella), Electrical Engineer-Projects & Heavy Maintenance Unit

(Central Zone) & the all the other officers & Staff on CEB.

I like to give my special regards to my father & mother giving me helping hand &

their blessing at this event & I express my utmost & sincere gratitude to each &

everyone who were concerned in providing apprentice training to the HNDE

diplomat.

G.R.S. Wasala Herath,

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Advanced Technological Institute,

Labuduwa,Galle.

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Preface

This report is based on the in-plant training of the second three months of Higher National

Diploma in Engineering – Advanced Technological Institute, Labuduwa, Galle. My training

place was Ceylon Electricity Board, Piliyandale.

They have the tasks of Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Maintenance of the

Electrical Energy in Sri Lanka. So I was able to visit many of their working places & take

part of their ongoing projects. When I was there I could be able to get vast knowledge.

Mainly about Transmission, Distribution, Maintenance & Utilization of Electrical Energy.

This report contained with my experiences and knowledge I gathered during my training

period from 13/05/2013 to 02/08/2013 (12 weeks).

This report contains three chapters. The organizational structure of the Ceylon Electricity

Board is described as the introduction in first chapter. Second chapter is included with my

experiences which are performed during my training period. And finally I was added the

suggestions I have made to maximize the efficiency of the organization and the conclusion

which includes a summary of the training period as the Third Chapter.

Finally the references, leave record form, training schedule, report certification, organization

certificate are added as annexes.

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Contents

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD

1.1 Introduction 09

1.1.1 Vision of the CEB 09

1.1.2 Mission of the CEB 09

1.1.3 The Board’s statutory obligation 09

1.2 Objectives of the CEB 10

1.3 Environmental policy of the CEB 11

1.4 The Strength of the CEB 11

1.5 The Weaknesses of the CEB 11

1.6 Organizational structure of the CEB 11

1.7 Administrative regions of the CEB 13

1.8 Profitability 15

1.9 Usefulness to the Society 15

1.10 EPF, ETF & Leaves 15

CHAPTER 2

TRAINING EXPERIENCE ON CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD

2.1 Lift branch-NHSL

2.1.1 Introduction 16

2.1.2 Main types of lifts 16

2.1.3 Main Components of a Lift 17

2.1.4 Typical arrangement of a Lift 21

2.2 Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Branch-NHSL


2.2.2 Major components of the air conditioning system 22

2.2.3 Types of air conditioning system 25

2.3 Area office-Mawanella


2.3.2 Organizational Structure of Area Office 28

2.3.3 Consumer Center 28

2.3.4 Procedure of new service connections 29

~ 4 ~

2.3.5 Breakdown Services 30

2.3.6 Disconnections 30

2.3.7 Meter Testing 31

2.3.8 Billing & Revenue Function 31

2.3.9 Field tests 33

2.3.10 Single phase, Three phase KWh meter & kVA meter 34

2.4 Construction Branch-LSLCP Project (Katugastota)


2.4.2 Service of provincial construction branch 36

2.4.3 Work sites of provincial construction branch 36

2.4.4 Overhead line construction 37

2.4.5 Main components of overhead lines 37

2.4.6 Line construction 43

2.4.7 Conductors & their materials 45

2.4.8 Construction materials & Tools 47

2.5 project & Heavy Maintenance Unit (Region -02)-Kandy


2.5.2 Line inspection, maintenance & construction 48

2.5.3 Line stringing & jointing 49

2.5.4 Selection of towers 51

2.5.5 Primary substation 52

2.5.6 Parts of a primary substation 53

2.5.7 Hot line maintenance 58

2.6 Central Work Shop- Aniyakanda


2.6.2 Insulation Materials 59

2.6.3 Electrical Motors 60

2.6.4 Motors Winding & Rewinding 60

2.6.5 The Casting Process 62

2.7 Power Plant-Kolonnawa


2.7.2 Generator 63

2.7.3 Battery Maintenance 64

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2.8 Safety against Electricity 65

2.81 Common safety used in CEB 67

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION 69

REFERENCES 71

ANNEXES

Annex 1- Leaves record form 73

Annex 2- Training schedule 73

Annex 3- Training certification 74

Annex 4- Organization certificate 75

Annex 5- Report certification 76

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 01: Organizational Structure of the CEB 12

Figure 02: Administrative regions of the CEB 14

Figure 03: Side view of the Elevator & Data Plate of the Elevator Motor 17

Figure 04: Roping Methods of a Typical Elevator 18

Figure 05: Control Rooms of the 2 Elevators 18

Figure 06(a): Top view of the Elevator & Front view of a Dumpvator 19

Figure 06(b): Top view of a Governor 20

Figure 07: Typical Arrangement of a Lift 21

Figure 08: Typical view of Plate type (Left) & Finned type (Right) Condenser 23

Figure 09: Front view of a Evaporator 24

Figure 10: R-22 & R-404 A Refrigerants 25

Figure 11: Cross-section of a Window Type A/C 26

Figure 12: Cross-section of a Split Type A/C 26

Figure 13: Typical arrangement of a Chilled Water System 27

Figure 14: Cooling towers of a Chilled Water System 27

Figure 15: Organizational Structure of Area Office 28

Figure 16: Typical view of a single phase KWh meter 34

Figure 17: Connection layout of a kVA meter 35

Figure 18: Cross section & Typical view of a pin type insulator 39

Figure 19: suspension type insulator 40

Figure 20: strain type insulator 40

Figure 21: Towers 41

Figure 22: Wooden poles 41

Figure 23: R.C.C. Poles 42

Figure 24: Steel Poles 42

Figure 25: ACSR, AAC, Copper Conductors 46

Figure 26: Line stringing moment 50

Figure 27: Joint compression mid span-LT 50

Figure 28: Various kind of line supports 52

Figure 29: Outdoor Substation 53

Figure 30: Indoor Substation 53

Figure 31: Various types of bus bars arrangement in Indoor & Outdoor substation 54

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Figure 32(a): Surge Arrester 57

Figure 32(b): SF6 Circuit Breaker 57

Figure 32(c): Drop Down Lift Off 57

Figure 32(d): Oil Circuit Breaker 57

Figure 33: Side view of the winding finished fan 61

Figure 34(a): Two nozzles at the hearth 62

Figure 34(b): Special type of cove 62

Figure 35: Head & Face Protect Hard Hat 67

Figure 36: Hearing protector 67

Figure 37: Protective Gloves 68

Figure 38: Eye Protector 68

Figure 39: Safety Shoes & Boots 68

~ 8 ~

LIST OF TABLES

Table 01: PUCSL approves the new electricity tariff (2013/04/20) 33

Table 02: Material used for LV, MV, HV lines & Substation 47

Table 03: Class of insulation Vs. Temperature 59

~ 9 ~

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD

1.1 Introduction

The Ceylon Electricity Board (also abbreviated as CEB), is the largest electricity company in

Sri Lanka. With a market share of nearly 100%, it controls all major functions of electricity

generation, transmission, distribution and retailing in Sri Lanka. It is one of the only two on-

grid electricity companies in the country; the other being Lanka Electricity Company.

Opened in 1969, the company now has a total installed capacity of 2,684 MW, of which

approximately 1,290 MW is from thermal energy, and 1,207 MW is from hydroelectricity.

Due to low wind resource, rough terrain and poor road conditions in Sri Lanka, CEB owns

only one 3 MW wind farm in Hambantota, known as the Hambantota Wind Farm. The farm

consists of five turbines, measuring 600 KW each. CEB also manages numerous

hydroelectric dams such as the Victoria Dam, and power plants such as the Norocholai Coal

Power Station.

1.1.1 Vision of the CEB

“Enrich Life through Power”

1.1.2 Mission of the CEB

“To assist the PUCSL by ensuring to develop and maintain an Efficient, Coordinated and

Economical system of electricity supply to the entire population within the licensing area ,

while adhering to our core values; Quality, Service to the Nation, Efficiency and

Effectiveness, Commitment, Safety, Professionalism and Sustainability.”

1.1.3 The Board’s statutory obligation

The Board is under a statutory duty to develop and maintain an efficient, co-ordinate and

economical system of Electricity Supply. It is also the duty of the Board to generate or

acquire supplies of electricity; to construct, maintain and operate the necessary works for the

generation of electricity by all means, to construct, maintain and operate the necessary works

~ 10 ~

for the inter-connection of Generating Stations and Sub-stations and for the transmission of

electricity in bulk from Generating Stations and Sub-stations to such places as may be

necessary from time to time; to distribute and sell electricity in bulk or otherwise.

It is the duty of the Board to exercise its powers and perform its functions so as to secure that

the revenue of the Board are sufficient to meet its total outgoing properly chargeable to

revenue account including depreciation and interest on capital, and to meet a reasonable

proportion of the cost of the development of the services of Board.

1.2Objectives of the CEB

CEB has a set of “Strategic Themes” or “Strategies” (also referred to as “Long term

objectives”) formulated in order to realize the organizations long term Vision and Mission.

They are as follows.

Provide Electricity to all at all times within the licensing area.

Improve the quality of supply and service to customers.

Transform Ceylon Electricity Board to become a financially viable entity.

Improve CEB’s standing as a responsible Corporate Citizen;

Develop Clean Energy to the optimum level.

CEB to have a proud and competent workforce.

In order to achieve the Corporate Vision, Mission and Strategies, Ceylon Electricity Board in

2010 has adopted the Balanced Score Card (BSC), a world renowned Strategy Management

Tool. The Corporate Strategy Division of the CEB has undertaken the task of implementing

BSC within the CEB and by July 2012 has already formulated a Corporate Balanced Score

Card to monitor CEB’s performance through a set of Key Performance Indicators (KPI).

With the full implementation of the Balanced Score Card system within the CEB, the

organization will be able to better communicate its Strategies to all employees, align all its

processes towards achieving its strategies and monitor the progress in achieving the

organizational Strategies.

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1.3Environmental policy of the CEB

CEB will manage all its business activities in a manner, which cares for the natural and

manmade environment and contribute to sustainable development. By means of openness in

dealing with environmental issues, we intend to create confidence in our activities on the part

of the public, customers, authorities, employees, and owners. We will actively pursue a

policy of incorporating and integrating environmental considerations into our activities.

1.4The Strength of the CEB

CEB is currently the only power producer in Sri Lanka. And it owns assets of about Rs 300

billion. On the other hand CEB is the only place where an electrical engineer can make use of

his knowledge in maximum efficiency. Especially the opportunities they get to work at the

major hydro power plants are found in no other place of Sri Lanka except the CEB. It also

employs engineers from top to bottom of its hierarchy. And most of the top level Decision

making is done though a well experienced professional staff.

1.5 The Weaknesses of the CEB

CEB is an organization which is operated under the Sri Lanka Government. So the rights of

the employees are significantly strong. So the employees, who are not taking a part of the

critical decision makings and the critical issues, are acted in an unproductive manner. This

makes CEB a loss counting organization. And also, because of CEB is operated under the

government, some important decisions like building plants are taken through the government.

So the control of the CEB is gone out of its hand, sometimes to the people who are not having

the proper understanding of the field’s important areas. This makes the operation difficult to

CEB.

1.6 Organizational structure of the CEB

In the CEB organizational structure the general manager is the chief executive office. Only an

electrical can be promoted to this position. The corporate management of the of the CEB

consists of General Manager and seven special class officers from the electrical engineering

service and one finance manager for special class officer of accounting service. All corporate

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management members designate additional General Managers (AGM’s) except the finance

manager. The organization structure is shown in figure 01.

Figure 01: Organizational Structure of the CEB

~ 13 ~

1.7Administrative regions of the CEB

Region 01- Colombo city

Northern Province

North Central Province

North western province

Region 2- North Central Province (Polonnaruwa district)

Eastern Province

Central Province (Kandy District)

Region 3- Uva Province

Sabaragamuwa Province

Central province

Region 4- Southern Province

Western Province South -01

~ 14 ~Figure 02: Administrative regions of the CEB

~ 15 ~

1.8 Profitability

As said above, the CEB is conducted under huge losses. This had made the organization

unprofitable. Proposals to improve the profitability had come out time to time. But due to

some reasons, these attempts have been restrained.

1.9 Usefulness to the Society

The electricity, as said above, is an essential service. Manipulating such a sector in are liable

manner is a great social service to the country. Even though the distribution ends are having

come problems, as a macro scale picture, CEB provides a quality vice very good service

through the generation, transmission and satisfactory service through distribution. The staff in

key positions of the institute are always try to conduct a safe and reliable service to the

country. As an example, the number of blackouts is minimum and the voltages in the

transmission ends are usually kept within the range.

1.10 EPF, ETF & Leaves

To all the employees granted the EPF & ETF as employee and Board contribution 10% and

15%.

EPF (Employee Trust Fund)

10% Employee

15% Company

ETF (Employee Trust Fund)

3% Company

Leaves

CEB employee can get leaves as follows:

Annual Leaves 14 Days (Working Days)

Medical Leaves 21 Days

Casual Leaves 07 Days

~ 16 ~

CHAPTER 2TRAINING EXPERIENCE ON THE CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD

2.1 Lift Branch

2.1.1 Introduction

Lift or elevator is a device which it’s used for vertical transport of passengers or freight to

different floors or levels, as in a building or a mine. Elevators consist of a platform or car

traveling in vertical guides in a shaft or hoist way.

During my training period I was able to train in the General Hospital lift branch. The depot

includes an electrical superintendent and a gang of technicians. They provide 24-hour

breakdown service in the hospital.

Designs of lift equipments are strictly related to the long standing, progressively updated,

which referred to two vital matters.

(a) Safety in operation.

(b) Recommended dimension related to load and speed, and based on the conditions

for safe operation.

Normally the lifts are operated by electric power, where AC motors and sometimes DC

motors are used to move the elevator. By controlling the speed of the motor the speed of the

elevator can be changed. The direction the movement of the car can be changed by changing

the current direction of the DC motor in the case of a DC motor or by inter changing the two

phases in the case of an AC motors.

2.1.2 Main types of lifts

Lifts can be categories in the view of applications used in different places.

- Passenger lifts

- Hospital or Bed lifts

- Freight lifts

- Good lifts (Dumbwaiters)

~ 17 ~

2.1.3 Main Components of a Lift

All machine room we saw was in top most floor of a building. But the machine room can be

situated in the bottom of the building also. Inside it there are electric motor, control panel,

over-speed governor, etc. Control panel consists of relays, indicators, MCB and etc.

Motor:

Main motor is AC induction motor and other motors are DC motors used for the lift.

Normally, the motor use for lift is a three-phase induction motor. This motor is use to travel

the Lift car one floor level to another floor level. Direction of rotation of the motor is change

by changing two current phases. It is automatically changed inside the control panel. Motor

operates at two deferent speeds. Because car is moving faster speed as soon as start to move

and getting slowdown before stop as the floor level.

Ropes:

All electrical connection to the car is made by means of the multi core hanging flexible cable.

One end of which is connected to a terminal box fitted under the car floor. The other end to a

terminal box fitted in at approximately the mid- position. This is used to hold lift car.

Breaking strength of the rope should be 10 to 12 times the capacity of the car. There are two

roping methods.

Figure 03: Side view of the Elevator & Data Plate of the Elevator Motor

~ 18 ~

1. One to One

In this case, the ends of the elevator ropes are connected on the car and the counter

weight as shown in figure.

2. Two to One

In this type, the both ends of the ropes are tied on suitable places of the control

room.

Control System:

Control unit consists of relays, operating switches, contactors, rectifiers, resisters and

capacitors. It receives signals from the selector and the lift. Then it controls lift according to

these signals. In early days, electro-mechanical relay panels are used as controllers. Now,

microprocessor based controllers are used.

Figure 04: Roping Methods of a Typical Elevator

Figure 05: Control Rooms of the 2 Elevators

~ 19 ~

Counter Weight:

The object of the counter weight is to provide traction and to balance the weight of the car

plus a predetermined proposition, usually 40 to 50 percent of the maximum car load and

thereby to reduce the size of the motor. Incidentally the counter weight provider a certain

measure of safety when landing on its buffer and removing traction from the car. This can be

identifying as main part of the lift. Controller is received signal from endings. Lift car, Lift

motor etc. The signals are used to activate the lift to various positions.

Brake System:

Break unit should be capable of handling 125% of load. Normally break is kept applied.

When the lift works, solenoid will activate and it pulls back brake pads. After that, break

releases and lift starts to function. When the lift is stopped due to a power-cut or any other

failure, break is released using a handle manually.

Lift Car:

This is the container like structure that used to carry something in it belong to the requirement

of it is designed. There are floor level indicators, over weight alarm, telephone to use in the

case of emergency, switches to send the position we want to stop the lift.

Figure 06(a): Top view of the Elevator & Front view of a Dumpvator

~ 20 ~

Guiders:

Some form of guiding is necessary for both the car & counter weight so that they will travel

in a uniformly vertical direction. The guides must be of such length that it will be impossible

for any of the car or counter weight shoes run of the guides. In the most common

arrangement two guides are required for the car & for the counter weight.

Over Speed Governor:

This is a safety device. Governor is adjusted so that,

If speed is 115% of normal speed, electrical trip occurs due to the breaking fails or

control panel fails.

If speed is 130% of normal speed, mechanical trip occurs due to rope breakdown.

When rope breaks, if load is applied to the rope attached to over speed governor then rope

operates by the safety gear. When the car speed exceeds more than 20 % of the maximum

speed of the car and power supply did not cut off or by cutting off the power supply does not

stop the car then Over Speed Governor operates. Over Speed Governor operates the safety

gears located at the bottom of the car. Safety gear is a mechanical lock that car can be stop by

locking it to the car guide.

Travelling Cables:

Control signals and communicating signals are passed through this flexible electrical cable. It

consists of number of wires inside it. One end of this flexible cable has connected to the

control panel and the other end has connected to the bottom of the car.

Figure 06(b): Top view of a Governor

~ 21 ~

2.1.4 Typical arrangement of a Lift

Figure 07: Typical Arrangement of a Lift

~ 22 ~

2.2 Air Conditioning & Refrigeration Branch

2.2.1 Introduction

In my training I was able to train in Air conditioning branch of the Ceylon Electricity Board,

located at the General Hospital carries out repairs and maintenances of all the air conditioners

installed in the general hospital.

Refrigeration is defined as the process of removing heat from an enclosed space or from a

substance, and rejecting it elsewhere, for the primary purpose of lowering the temperature of

the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature.

Air conditioning takes various forms depending upon the requirements, but essentially it is a

system of delivering cooled air to a given space and maintaining the area at a given

temperature, and sometimes humidity.

2.2.2 Major components of the air conditioning system

Compressor:

A air conditioning or heat pump compressor which compresses low pressure refrigerant gas

into a high pressure, high temperature gas. Usually the compressor is in the outdoor portion

of an air conditioning or heat pump system. The compressor is basically a high pressure

pump driven by an electric motor. The air conditioning compressor is usually packaged in the

outdoor compressor/condenser unit. Compressors used in the air conditioners can be

categorized in to four types according to the way they compress the vapor.

Reciprocating compressors

Screw compressors

Centrifugal compressors

Rotary compressors

Stationary Blade type.

Rotating blade type.

~ 23 ~

Condenser:

A condenser or condensing unit: typically a condensing coil inside which high temperature

high pressure refrigerant gas flows, and over which a fan blows air to cool the refrigerant gas

back to a liquid state (thus transferring heat from the refrigerant gas to the air being blown by

the fan).

The condenser unit is basically a coil of finned tubing and a fan to blow air across the coil.

Usually the condenser unit is in the outdoor portion of an air conditioning system, often

packaged along with the compressor motor. The change of state of the refrigerant, from hot

high pressure gas to a liquid releases heat, including heat collected inside the building to the

outdoors.

Condensers are divided into two groups according to the construction.

Plate type

As shown in below figures there are several types of plate condenser. One type has

wire mesh connected to the Cu (or M.S.) tube. This type of condensers is used in

refrigerators. Another type has a M.S. plate connected to the tube.

Finned type

In this type of condenser there is large number of thin Al sheets inserted between Cu

tubes. There for it has a higher surface area for cooling. Therefore it has a higher

efficiency. This type of condensers is used in window type and small split type air

conditioners.

Figure 08: Typical view of Plate type (Left) & Finned type (Right) Condenser

~ 24 ~

Expansion Valve:

Expansion valve performs two tasks. One is that it converts high pressure low temperature

liquid into mixture of low pressure low temperature liquid and vapor. Other task is that it

controls the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator. Because of this it is also known as throttling

valve and refrigerant flow control.

Types of expansion valve there are many types of expansion valve. Few of them are

explained below.

Capillary Tube

This is the simplest form of the expansion valve. It is a long tube very small diameter.

Because of this shows high resistance to the flow of refrigerant result is low pressure

appear in the evaporator side. This is used in window type air conditioners.

Automatic expansion valve

Automatic expansion valve maintains a constant pressure in the evaporator. But it

does not control the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.

Thermostatic expansion valve

In this type of valves, flow of refrigerant to the evaporator is controlled according to

the heat of the suction line.

An evaporator coil or cooling coil:

An evaporator coil or cooling coil: typically the cooling coil is a section of finned tubing (it

looks a lot like a car radiator) into which liquid refrigerant is metered and permitted to

evaporate from liquid to gas state inside the coil. This state change of the refrigerant, from

liquid to gas, absorbs heat, cooling the evaporator coil surface and thus cooling indoor air

blown across the cooling coil. Usually the cooling coil is located inside the air handler.

Figure 09: Front view of a Evaporator

~ 25 ~

Refrigerant:

A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that under goes a phase change from a gas to

a liquid & back. The two main uses of refrigerants are refrigerators/freezers & air

conditioners. Normally R-22 was used for A/C systems. (R-22 is a single HCFC compound)

R-404/R-404 A is used specially for mortuaries. Because it has more favorable

thermodynamics properties.R-12 is not used in now because of the “green house effect”.

2.2.3 Types of air conditioning system

Air conditioners can be categorized in to three groups according to the way they are

manufactured.

1) Window type

2) Split type

3) Chilled water system

Window Type:

That cool gas vapor will go to the compressor and come as high gas vapor through the

discharge tube.

Figure 10: R-22 & R-404 A Refrigerants

~ 26 ~

Split Type:

This type is available in small size and medium size. Here the system comes as two units;

condensing unit and air handler. Condensing unit consists of compressor, condenser coil and

fan.

.

Figure 11: Cross-section of a Window Type A/C

Figure 12: Cross-section of a Split Type A/C

~ 27 ~

Chilled Water System:

Chilled water system is used in large buildings. In that type of buildings it is uneconomical to

use split type A.C. plants. Using gas refrigerant as cooler is not also suitable because the

length of the line needed is great. In chilled water system refrigerant is used to cool the water.

And that water is then sent to the air handler through heat insulated Cu tubes. To cool the

compressed refrigerant a water cooled condenser is used. And that water is then sent to a

cooling tower to be cooled by the air. From there it is sent back to condenser.

Figure 13: Typical arrangement of a Chilled Water System

Figure 14: Cooling towers of a Chilled Water System

~ 28 ~

2.3 Area Office

2.3.1 Introduction

Area Engineer Office has a main role, when providing services of CEB to their consumers.

There are relevant Electrical Superintendents for the different sections and Assistant

Engineer, under the Area Engineer. The different sections of the Area Engineer Office are

Commercial, Planning, Billing, New supplies, Consumer Centers estate approval of the Area

Engineer is necessary for every new supply of relevant area. As well as every Breakdown

services, disconnecting supplies, checking of given consumer meters, Estimating for new

supplies, Examine of illegal supplies are done by the Area Engineer Office.

During my training period I was able to train in Mawanella Area Office. It carries out three

branches official, commercial & maintenance works. In here area office & other branches

were administrated by Area Electrical Engineer, Engineer Assistant & Electrical

Superintendants. Mawanella, Dippitiya, Hemmathagama are main depot of this area.

2.3.2 Organizational Structure of Area office

2.3.3 Consumer Center

CEB has established consumer service centers CSC (earlier called Depots), to carryout

various functions at distribution level. According to the organization structure of CEB, A

Eng.

AssistantChiefCleark

Clerical Staff

Figure 15: Organizational Structure of Area Office

~ 28 ~

2.3 Area Office

2.3.1 Introduction
















AreaEngineer

Clerical Staff

ES (Office)ES

(Commercial)

ES (AMU)


~ 28 ~

2.3 Area Office

2.3.1 Introduction
















ES (AMU)ES

(Depot)Area Store

Keeper


~ 29 ~

CSC belongs to an area office. Usually one area office responsible to the three consumer

centers. In one CSC have one Electrical superintendant and few office staff and technicians. I

was at Mawanella CSC, in my training in CSC, I got the opportunity to attend;

Distribution line Repairs and New service line estimates

Giving supplies[Normal/Bulk]

Get consumers’ claims about the supplies

Breakdown services

Paying Bills[Available in some Consumer Centers]

2.3.4 Procedure of new service connections

First we have to get the application from the CSC (Customer Service Centre) and Fill

it and must certify by the Gramasewaka and the Sectional Secretary.

If the customer is not the owner of the home/land he should take the letter from the

owner that regarding he has no objections to the new supply.

That completed application must hand over to the CSC.(Should be submitted neighbor

electricity bill, ID copy, Plan of the land)

Then the responsible of CSC will visit the customer’s home and make an estimate.

Then the customer has to pay the estimated amount in PIV (Pay In Voucher).

Then the customer has to make an agreement with the CEB.

After complete the all above steps customer will get the electric supply within 14

days.

If supply line lay through other lands also

The consumer should get the agreement of that land owners with letters.

If anyone disagrees, the CEB sends D-Notices to them through the Area Engineer

according to the Electricity Act at 1985.

Then ES and Divisional Secretary of relevant area go to the place and discuss with

relevant sectors and decide the most suitable way for lay the supply line.[If anyone

disagree they can get legal actions]

After giving new connection Meter No, Current meter reading, Seal No, Supply Date

should be noted.

~ 30 ~

2.3.5 Breakdown Services

The Breakdowns of overhead lines may be happened at anytime by natural reasons, human

effects or without both of them. So there should be a good, efficient Breakdown Service to

CEB for give a better service for consumers. Because electricity is a main human need at

industrial and domestic purposes. The Breakdowns of Low Voltage lines are mainly done

through the Consumer Service Centers. There are special gangs to do High Tension line

services of whole over the island, called as Hotline Service.

The services of LV lines are mainly done according to consumers’ claims. In this process the

priority is given in danger of the breakdown. If someone is caused to the damage of the

overhead line, the relevant person has to pay for that loss to the CEB. The loss is estimated by

the CEB. The common break down is burning HRC Fuse in distribution line due to natural

reasons (like falling tree) or other reasons.

Direct contact of phase to phase

Direct contact of phase to neutral

Direct earthling of a phase

Loose connection of tapping points of distribution line and service cable

Breaking of service cable.

Breakdowns of consumers’ suppliesIf there is a breakdown on the supply of a consumer, first he should give a complain to the

Consumer Service Center of relevant area. If there isn’t caused consumer’s fault to that

breakdown, the CEB will be given the service by free of charge.

2.3.6 Disconnections

Consumers are responsible to pay their bills within the given one month period. If they do not

pay their bills The CEB officers have to get those arrears anyhow. It is not easy to apply

pressure on each consumer. So they Disconnect supply to the consumer. From that the

particular consumer and others encourage to pay their bills on time.

First the relevant area office will send a red notice to the consumer. After about two weeks,

Relevant Es & a technician visit consumer residence and ask the consumer to represent

~ 31 ~

payments made after receiving the red notice. If that person unable to represent that

payments, disconnection is done. As well as,

1) Taking electricity by illegal ways.

Most of the times some consumers are damaged to consumer meters. According to the

CEB standards the maximum error of a consumer meter should be + or - 2.5%. The

Service Meter is a property of CEB. So a consumer who cause to a damage of a

consumer Meter, has to pay for it. The CEB can be taken legal actions against them.

There is a section under the Area Engineer to Meter Checking for illegal supplies.

2) Also Natural Disasters are caused to disconnecting supplies.

Ex. Floods, Storms, Earthquakes etc.

2.3.7 Meter Testing

Consumer meter testing process is done by an area office. When a consumer requests to

check the KWH meter after completing relevant application, there we fix a text meter with

parallel to original meter.

Accuracy rate = Different of fix meter value - Different of test meter value

Different of text meter values

If the answer is more than + or - 2.5 we replace the meter. Else we keep the original meter as

it is.

2.3.8 Billing & Revenue Function

This is most important, complex & large function which handled through the area office. All

the power generation & other cost (fuel cost, depreciation cost, taxes & insurances,

maintenance cost, salaries……..etc) are covered by through this income, earn through the

electricity bill.

The rate at which electrical energy supply to consumer is known as a tariff. It depends nature

of the consumer. There are seven types of customers in the CEB(Since 2013/04/20),

1) Domestic 5.) Hotel

2) General 6.) Government

3) Industry 7.) Street Lighting

4) Religious

~ 32 ~

All the electricity consumers belong to one of the above segment. To complete this process,

meter reader act very important role. They go to read the meter within a day cycle. They can

keep minimum 20 days & maximum 45 days between two bills.

The tariff book is very important to them in this process. It’s a book which includes all the

value for 1-1200 units for different day cycle (20-45). Thorough this process always

consumer get average value of bill.

Electricity bill is very important document. We can get very important facts from a bill about

consumer & it process. We can see some important code number mention on the bill.

1) Account number

This is specific number for consumer. The consumer’s all details mention under this

number.

2) Work order number

Ex: 32-10-001

32 = Meter reader number

10 = Group number

001 = Consumer house number

~ 33 ~

2.3.9 Field tests

Field tests are done when there is a considerable change in the present meter reading with the

previously taken readings due to an error of the meter. And also it may sometimes be helpful

to identify illegal tapping of electricity.

Special portable equipment’s are available to find errors involved in the meters. Some of

these errors may adjust at the field and the meters will be subjected to test in order to make

sure whether they give the correct reading, otherwise the meters have to be brought back to

the meter testing lab for adjustments and re-calibration.

Table 01: PUCSL approves the new electricity tariff (2013/04/20)

~ 34 ~

2.3.10 Single Phase, Three phase KWh meter & KVA meter

Single Phase KWh meter:

To measure the load, the line voltage and the consumer load current must be introduced into

the meter. The current phase displacement (cos Φ) must also be measured, in order to

produce a driving torque, which is proportional to the active load.

The current is measured by driving it through a coil (the current coil) in the meter current coil

is in series with the consumer load, always in the phase wire. To measure the voltage a

second coil (the voltage coil) in the meter is connected to the line voltage between the phase

wire and the neutral wire. The ends of the both coils are connected to the terminal block

inside the meter.

The cable from the power company and the consumer wiring are connected to the outside of

the terminal box. The phase wire current enters and leaves the meter via the two terminals [1

and 4]. Two terminals [2 and 3] serve to connect the neutral wire and the voltage coil. The

other end of the voltage coil is connected internally to the current input terminal [4], which

carries phase potential.

Figure 16: Typical view of a single phase KWh meter

~ 35 ~

Three Phase KWh meter:

All the three phase energy meters have the same construction as in the single-phase meters.

The different of this type is it contains a set of voltage and current coil for each phase. All

three sets are therefore drive the disc and a single magnet are for the breaking torque.

Some meters contain two discs instead of one. Their current fluxes are in phase with the line

currents and the voltage fluxes lag the line voltage by right angle. Most of three phase meters

are programmable poly-phase meter, which can be used to measure lot of parameters such as

active energy, reactive energy, KVA demand and current, voltage and power factor of each

phase.

The adjustments are similar to single-phase kWh meters. There are two types of 3 phase kWh

meters. Those are “with CT” and “without CT” (direct supply)

kVA meter:

The kVA meters are used to measure apparent energy consumed. CEB charges for maximum

demand (kVA units) for bulk supplies. kVA demand meters are used to measure maximum

demand. In the meter the voltage coils are delta connected.

Figure 17: Connection layout of a kVA meter

~ 36 ~

2.4 Construction Branch

2.4.1 Introduction

Provincial Construction Branch is a main section of CEB Provincial Office. It is governed by

a Chief Engineer under the Deputy General Manager of Provincial Branch. High capacity

Electricity Supply projects are done through the Provincial Construction Branch. For this

purpose there are many Electrical Engineers, Civil Engineers, Electrical Superintendents

under the Chief Engineer for different sections, like;

Planning.

Estimating.

Constructions.

In my training period I was assigned to the LSLCP Project (Lighting Sri Lanka Central

Province).In here five members of engineers are working there. Likewise clerical staff also

works for the documentary works of the project. In here we familiarized with identification of

construction materials, equipments & tools. Likewise I was able to gather knowledge about

the line pegging & estimation.

2.4.2 Service of provincial construction branch

There are special gangs under the Site Engineers and Electrical Superintendents for the

construction sites. For,

Planning for new electricity projects.

Survey for new projects and estimating.

Erecting of poles and Laying supply lines for new electricity supply projects.

Erecting of Transformers for Bulk Supplies and other projects.

The CEB gets also the public contractors service for the projects of the Provincial

Construction Branch.

2.4.3 Work sites of provincial construction branch

The Provincial Construction Branch has established their work sites to continue the electricity

projects of CEB. There is a Site Engineer as the head of the site. These sites have special

gangs which are governed by Electrical Superintendents for do the construction projects.

~ 37 ~

These gangs have to cover the every area of the relevant Province. As well as the ES who is

the head of the gang examines the projects which are done by the public contractors. All of

these sites have time durations to finish the projects. The relevant Electrical Superintendents

have to make estimates to their projects. After finished the project, it handover to the relevant

Area Engineer of that area through the Provincial Branch.

2.4.4 Overhead line construction

Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by means of underground cables or by

overhead lines. The underground cables are rarely used for power transmission due to two

main reasons.

Firstly, power is generally transmitted over long distances to load centers. Obviously, the

installation cost s for underground transmission will be very heavy.

Secondly, electric power has to be transmitted at high voltages for economic reasons. It is

very difficult to provide proper insulation to the cables to withstand such higher pressures.

Therefore as a rule, power transmission over long distances is carried out by using overhead

lines. With the growth in power demand and consequent rise in voltage levels, power

transmission by overhead lines has assumed considerable importance. An overhead line is

subjected to uncertain weather conditions and other external interferences. This calls for the

use of proper mechanical factors of safety in order to ensure the continuity of operation in the

line. .

2.4.5 Main components of overhead lines

An overhead line maybe used to transmit or distribute electric power. The successful

operation of an overhead line depends to a great extent upon the mechanical design of the

line. While constructing an overhead line, it should be ensured that mechanical strength of the

line is such so as to provide against most probable weather conditions.

Insulators:

In order to prevent the flow of current to the earth from support the transmission lines or

distribution lines are all secured to the supporting towers or poles with the help of insulators.

~ 38 ~

The insulators of a transmission line are its most important item, since the operation of a line

cannot be any better than the insulators that support the conductors. Transmission line

insulators must possess good mechanical strength and good insulating qualities under all

conditions of weather and temperature and must not deteriorate fast. Insulators are made of

glass, porcelain and patented compound, glass is cheapest material and when properly made

will produce satisfactory insulators for low-voltage work, such as telephone and telegraph,

and under favorable conditions may be used up to 25kv.though there are a number of

patented compounds on the market these seem to offer much competition with porcelain,

since porcelain has very good electrical characteristics as well as high mechanical strength.

Properties of insulators-

Insulator must posse following qualities;

High mechanical strength

High insulation resistance

Ability of with stands high temperature variations.

Types of insulators used in medium voltage line:

1) Pin type insulators

2) suspension type insulators

3) Strain type insulators

1) Pin type insulators

The part section of a pin type insulator is shown in figure 18. As the name suggests the pin

type is secured to the cross arm on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the

insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes through this groove and is bound

by the annealed wire of the same material. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and

distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33KV.Beyond operating voltage of 33KV, the

pin type insulators become too bulky, and hence uneconomical.

2) suspension type insulators

The cost of pin type insulator increases rapidly as the working voltage is increased.

Therefore, this type of insulator is not economical beyond 33KV. For high voltage (>33KV),

it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators shown in figure 19.

~ 39 ~

They consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal link in the form of a

string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the other end of the

string is secured to the cross arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is designed for low voltage;

say 11KV .The number of discs in series would obviously depend upon the working voltage

.For instance, if the working voltage is 66KV, than six discs in series will be provided on the

string.

3) Strain type insulators

When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or sharp curve, the line is subjected to

greater tension .In order to relive the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used for

low voltage lines (<11KV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for high

voltages transmission lines, strain insulators shown in fig 20. The discs of strain insulators are

used in the vertical plane. When the tension in the lines is exceedingly high, as at long river

spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Figure 18: Cross section & Typical view of a pin type insulator

~ 40 ~

Line Supports:

The supporting structure s for overhead line conductors are various types of poles and towers

called “line supports”. In general the line supports should have the following properties.

High mechanical strength to withstand the weight of conductors and wind loads etc.

Light in weight without the loss of mechanical strength

Cheap in cost and economical to maintain

Long life

Easy accessibility of conductors for maintenance

The line supports used for transmission and distribution of electric power are of various types

including wooden poles, RCC poles, steel poles and lattice steel towers .The choice of

supporting structure for a particular case depends upon the line span, cross sectional area, line

voltage, cost and local conditions.

Figure 19: suspension type insulator Figure 20: strain type insulator

~ 41 ~

Towers:

For every great heights and extra high voltage, transmission towers are used (as shown in

figure 21) various angle iron sections are used to form a close cage to form tower.

Wooden poles:

These are light in weight and cheap in comparison with all other types of poles, made up of

modern beam. These are easily affected and spoiled by atmosphere, rain water, white ant soil,

moisture, etc. These are used for temporary works and with special chemical coating for

works of permanent nature.

Figure 21:Towers

Figure 22:Wooden

poles

~ 42 ~

R.C.C Poles:

These are made by reinforcing steel rods in concrete slabs of pole shape .The usual ratio of

mixture is 1:1:5:3 for cement, sand, stone rubbles and steel rods respectively. These poles are

of permanent nature, long life, unaffected by rain sunlight etc. So are usually used nowadays.

Ducts are provided inside the poles section along its length for,

Drawing cables/wires

To keep its weight less

Steel poles:

Steel poles are of L shape, rail type and tubular in shape. These poles are heavy in weight and

cheaper than R.C.C poles. Atmospheric moisture, rain etc., affect these poles hence while

using, these poles are always painted or coated with chemicals to avoid rusting.

Figure 23:R.C.C.Poles

Figure 24:SteelPoles

~ 43 ~

Vibration dampers

Vibration dampers are used in the line near the towers. This is used to control the swing of

the line caused by the wind.

Suspension and tension clamps

These clamps are used to hold the power line with the insulator set.

End joints

End joints are used at terminal points of the power line. Some times in tower lines they are

used at points where line changes the direction.

2.4.6 Line construction

Selection of route:

Following factors should be considered when selecting a line route.

One side of the road is used as far as possible.

Amount of way leave to be cleared shall be minimized.

Inconvenience caused to the other services shall be minimized.

Swampy ground and areas liable to flood shall be avoided.

Routes which would involve excavation in rock shall be avoided

The use of taller poles at uplifts shall be avoided and construction of tension points at

uplifts also be avoided.

As far as possible route shall be least expensive to board.

Selection of poles:

All poles used in the LV lines should be concrete poles. However wooden poles may be used

in difficult terrain with the recommendation of the chief engineer (construction) of the

province. 8.3 m 100 kg RC poles shall be used for LV lines. However 9m 115 kg poles may

be used to maintain the ground clearances where necessary. 8.3 m 100 kg pre stressed poles

also may use in difficult terrain. Erection of self-supported 8.3 m 500 kg RC pole may be

recommended where erection of stays and struts is not possible due to ground conditions.

~ 44 ~

Handling and transportation of concrete pole:

Concrete poles for electrical distribution networks are designed to have a strength in the

down line direction at least ¼ the strength in the transverse direction. The shape of a section

through a typical concrete pole easily demonstrates this difference in strength. Therefore a

pole must be stored, transported, and handled at all times with its longer axis in the vertical

plane to ensure that the resulting forces are always resisted by the poles stronger direction.

Poles must not be dropped off a truck but lifted by means of crane. Poles should not be jarred

by twisting the cross arm. During erection the pole should not be allowed to bend on the flat

or wide sides, or to lurch against the side of the hole when it is dropped into place. The poles

should be transported on a suitable vehicle supported full length or with a limited amount of

overhang. The poles should be lifted by crane from the transporter and placed on the ground.

They must not be dropped.

Installation of stays and struts:

Stay arrangement

When a line changes direction, an additional force is introduced at the angle pole. This force

is the resultant of line tensions acting at the pole .The resultant force tries to move the top of

the pole in the direction that bisect the angle between the wires. These forces, due to angles,

can be considerable. The stays, struts and flying stays shall be fixed to neutralize the resultant

force on the poles. Number of stays to be used at any particular pole location is designed on

the overturning force acting on the pole.

String of Conductors

During running out, the cable drum should be securely supported on drum jacks, with and the

axle should be level. The work areas should have sufficient employees on site to ensure that

the conductors are not damaged by contact with the ground or pole equipment during running

out. Care should be taken to avoid kinking, twisting or abrading the conductor in any manner.

Conductor should not be trampled on, run over by vehicles or dragged over the ground.

Vehicles should not be used to run out conductors. Special care must be taken when running

out conductors near other existing electrical systems, whether they are alive or not.

~ 45 ~

Tensioning and binding (bare conductors):

All Aluminium 7/3.40 mm (fly) and all Aluminium 7/4.39mm (wasp) conductors shall be

used for LV line. Earth wire no: 8 shall be strung on the top of the pole before stringing the

bare conductors. Conductors shall be strung in vertical formation as per drawings. After final

tension of the conductor LV shackle insulator shall be fixed to the D brackets of the

intermediate poles.

Conductors shall be bound to the insulator at each support using Aluminium-binding wire no:

11. Only one mid span joint per conductor shall be allowed for a shackle point span .All mid

span joints shall be compression type. During stringing of conductors maximum precautions

shall be taken to prevent excessive strain and damage to the conductor. Standard sag and

tensions applicable to the particular size of conductor shall be maintained. The conductors

shall be tensioned using ratchet pullers and wire grips (come along clamps) designed to

prevent damage to the conductor using tensioning.

2.4.7 Conductors & their materials

The purposes of the conductors are to carry the load current from the generating station to the

substations and from substations to the consumer’s premises. So conductors are made of that

material which has;

High conductivity

High tensile strength

If is easily available

Cheap Following conductors are used for overhead line:

Copper

Aluminium

ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced)

AAC (All Aluminium Conductor)

Copper:

From the point of view of conduct and tensile strength copper conductor is used, but being

very costly and requiring to be imported, nowadays, it is not used as conductor material for

overhead lines in our country. (Shown in figure 25(c))

~ 46 ~

ACSR:

These conductors are made up of galvanized steel surrounded by stranded Aluminium wire

as shown in figure. The size of the steel core and of the Aluminium stands is generally same.

Stranded conductor s, rather than a single conductor, is used to give flexibility to the

conductor. The steel wires provide the tensile strength, which the Aluminium wires, carries

the current. For higher size of conductor s, the no of steel wire in the core as well as the

number of Aluminium strands increases .In CEB is most used ACSR. (Shown in figure 25(a))

There are two types A.C.S.R. (aluminium conductor steel reinforced) cable is used.

1) “Racoon” 7/ 4.09 mm A.C.S.R Cable

2) “Lynx” 37/ 2.79 mm A.C.S.R Cable

AAC:

These are stranded conductors made of Aluminium wires. Stranded Aluminium conductors

are durable and flexible. Stranded Aluminium conductors are durable and light. Mainly used

of this conductor on low voltage distribution system. Aluminium has conductivity of 60%

that of copper and therefore, for the same resistance and voltage drop in carrying same

current, Aluminium conductor has 1.6 times the cross sectional area of copper.

The density of Aluminium is 2.7 gm/cc as against that of 8.89 gm/cc for copper. Taking

combined effect of low conductivity and low density of Aluminium into account, the weight

of Aluminium required for the same resistance of the line, is nearly half that of copper. This

is big advantage in favor of Aluminium. Moreover, the Aluminium is cheap and easily

available, main drawback of Aluminium is that its ultimate tensile strength is about half that

of copper and therefore, it cannot be used as such for long spans. (Shown in figure 25(b))

Figure 25: ACSR, AAC, Copper Conductors

a cb

~ 47 ~

2.4.8 Typical Conductors materials & Tools

Following materials and equipment are used in the construction branch. The materials used

for constructing a pole mounted substation and HV, MV and LV lines can be categorized as

follows;

Table 02: Material used for LV, MV, HV lines & Sub station

~ 48 ~

2.5 project & Heavy Maintenance Unit

2.5.1 Introduction

The Medium Voltage in Electrical Power system is 33 and 11 kVs. The heavy maintenance

branch of the CEB is responsible for the maintenance of the medium voltage lines, especially

the 33kV, in the whole country. Main tasks carried out by the heavy maintenance branch,

Kandy is;

Routine maintenance

Restoration of supply after major breakdowns in 33kV lines or Primary Subs.

This branch has divided its functions in to three;

Substation & Gantry Maintenance

This is mainly the primary substation maintenance & Gantry maintenance.

Line Maintenance

This can be further divided into Hot line (Live line) maintenance and Cold line maintenance.

Project planning

Planning all the things before installed new tower line.

There is a Chief Engineer who is in charge of the whole activities. Under him there are four

Electrical Engineers who look after the Line maintenance, Line construction project and the

Substation section. There are three Electrical Superintendents under each of the four EEs.

2.5.2 Line inspection, maintenance & construction

Line Inspection:

Before maintain a 33kv distribution line, first we should clearly identify what are the

problems occurred in a tower line. They may be towers, insulators or cables. We should

check whether they are working properly or not. In a line inspection the person who inspects

the line should walk along the distribution line. And he should report everything in an

inspection report. It includes tower type, missing tower plates, tower number, insulators and

cables. After completing the report it is handed over to an authorized person. After going

through the report necessary equipments and instruments are supplied to maintain the

inspected line.

~ 49 ~

Line Maintenance:

After the inspection the maintaining process is going on. Workers should replace insulators

which are damaged and they should tension distribution cables which are sagged.

Line Construction:

Medium voltage over head transmission lines are used to transmit power between two

substations or from mini power stations to the system. While constructing an over head line,

it should be ensured that mechanical strength of the line should provide protection against the

most probable weather conditions. In general the main components of a medium voltage

transmission line are;

Conductors

Supports

Insulators

Miscellaneous items

2.5.3 Line stringing & jointing

Line stringing

The tension method of stringing is employed for 33 kV lines where it’s necessary to keep the

conductor off the ground to minimize surface. Its necessary to keep the conductor off the

ground to minimize surface.

A pilot wire was first payed out in the same manner as earth wire except that the pilot wire

was passed through the rollers/travelers fixed on the cross arms.The pilot wire was then

used to pull in the conductors from the reel stands using specially designed tensioners &

pullers.

While running out of the conductors, care should be taken such that conductors don’t touch &

rub against the ground or objects which could cause scratches or damage to the strands. The

conductor shall not over strain during erection. The conductor drum was jacked upon a steel

shaft on a drum jack. The conductor shall be run out of the drums from the top in order to

avoid damage due to chafing. (Shown in figure 26)

~ 50 ~

Jointing

Joints

Mid span Joints Non-tension Joints

Mid span joints (Shown in figure 26) are used to connect two lengths of overhead line

conductor together between the pylon towers & are classed as overhead tension joints.

Tension joints are available in the majority of commonly used overhead line conductors.

If the conductor drum finished or conductor damaged, the mid span joints are used for the

connect the two conductor together. The Al tube portion of the mid span joint was slipped on

to one of the conductor. A mark was made on the conductors at a distance from their open

ends which are equal to half the length of the steel tube portion plus its elongation during

compression. The conductor strands were tied up near this mark with two rounds of binding

wire. The Al strands were cut at these marks to expose the steel core, taking care not to nick

the steel strands. The steel strands were tied up with a least two rounds of binding wire as the

Al strands were cut off.

Figure 26: Line stringing moment Figure 27: Joint compression mid span-LT

~ 51 ~

The two ends of the steel core of the conductors were inserted into the steel tube of the mid

span joint making sure that the ends are at the center of the steel tube, i.e.; equal lengths of

the steel cores of both the conductors remain outside the tube. The steel tube was then

compressed, beginning from center & then first one side & then the other side, to the

specified load & dimensions. Any sharp edges or burrs remaining after compressing the steel

tube were filed off to give a smooth finish. Grease was applied on the compressed tube.

Same as Al strands of the conductors were cleaned, particularly in the case of old &

blackened conductors. The Al tube was slipped over the steel joint taking care to ensure that

the center of the tube is in the center of the joint. Then the Al tube was compressed to the

specified load & dimensions except the portion between the holes which is marked as

“uncompressed Zone”. The compression was started from the end of the “Uncompressed

Zone” & then worked towards the end of the Al tube. Any sharp edges or burrs remaining

after compressing the Al portion were filled off to give a smooth finish.

2.5.4 Selection of towers

There are many types of line supports but steel towers are commonly used for medium

voltage lines.

Steel towers

Steel towers have grater mechanical strength; longer life can withstand most severe climatic

conditions and permit the use of longer spans. There are several types of steel towers used for

medium voltage lines. Description of each tower is given by three letters Such as TDM etc.

First letter describes the height of the tower it can be T (Tower), M (Mast) or Z. Each letter

represents a different height. But the height of the tower can be increased by a small amount.

Height of the tower is important to the length of the span.

Second letter describe the number of circuits supported by the structure;

1) S -Single circuit.

2) D -Double circuit

~ 52 ~

Third letter describe the position of the tower.

L- Line tower (Suspension) M-Medium angle tower (00<angle<300)

H-Heavy angle tower (300<angle<600) T-Terminal tower (Dead End)

Fourth letter describe the body & leg extension of the tower.

Body Extension= +0, +3, +6

Leg Extension= +1, +2, +3, -1, -2

Ex- TDH+3

Body & Leg extension +3

Tower type Heavy angle

Double circuit

SCSP DCSP DCT SCT DCT G-VSCT SCSP SCT

2.5.5 Primary substation

Primary substation plays a major part in medium voltage distribution. Main function of the

primary substation is to convert 33kV supply to 11kV supply and distribute the supply to

consumers. Primary substations receive electricity from grid substation, In order to provide

consumers with continuous supply receive electricity from more than one feeder. Most of

them receive supply through overhead lines. Some receive supply through underground lines.

Output is also given through more than one feeder. During my training period I observed

about two different types of substation.

1) Outdoor substation

Figure 28: Various kind of line supports

~ 53 ~

2) Indoor substation

Outdoor Substation:

This type of substations has an outdoor switch yard. Switch yard consists of breakers,

isolators, bus bars, insulators, current transformers; potential transformers etc. supply is

transmitted in open conductors therefore considerable amount of space should be kept

between conductors. There for large area is needed to construct an outdoor substation. But

repairs and maintenance of outdoor substation is easier than indoor substation, But operation

of outdoor substation is difficult than indoor substation.

Indoor Substation:

Indoor substations are only used up to 11kV voltage. This type of substations does not have

any outdoor switch yard. Only transformers are installed outside. Both incoming and

outgoing supplies are given through underground cables to bus bars. Bus bars are installed in

the power panel in the substation. In order to reduce the size of the panel 33kV bus bars are

kept in pressurized gas (SF6). 11 kV bus bars are kept in vacuum.

Figure 29: Outdoor Substation Figure 30: Indoor Substation

~ 54 ~

2.5.6 Parts of a primary substation

Transformers:

This is most important part of the primary substation. Power transformers installed in the

primary substation are three phase step down transformers. There are two types of

transformers in the substation.

1) 33kV to 11kV Transformers

2) 33kV to 415V Transformers

Bus bars:

When number of lines at the same voltage has to be directly connected electrically, bus bars

are used as common electrical component. Bus bars are copper or aluminium bars and

operate at constant voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are connected to

bus bars.

Basically this bus bar arrangement is classified in to five parts. There are;

1) Single

2) Double

3) One and half

4) Ring

5) Mesh (complicated ring system)

Bus section:

Bus section is a breaker which it can connect and disconnect both side of bus bar.

Bus coupler:

Bus coupler is the circuit breaker which it can connect and disconnect two bus bars.

Figure 31: Various types of bus bars arrangement in Indoor & Outdoor substation

~ 55 ~

Surge arrestors:

Surge arrestors are guards the primary substation against excessively high voltages

which can imposed on transmission lines by direct lighting strokes. This voltage can

cause flash over across insulators on lines and insulation failure of the transformer

can be happen. The arrestor should have the capacity to discharge the high current

impulse , which can accompany with high voltage. (Shown in figure 32(a))

Voltage transformer:

The capacitor voltage transformer consists of a capacitive potential divider and an

inductive medium voltage circuit . the inductive part is immersed in mineral oil and

scaled with an air cushion inside a steel tank. One two or three capacitor units are

mounted on the steel tank and are used as capacitive potential divider . They consists

of a capacitor stack made from paper film dielectric impregnated in transformer oil

with a metal below cushion and are sealed.

Current transformer:

When a current needs to be measure in a very high voltage circuit ,ammeter cannot

be directly connected across the circuit. In such cases the current transformer is

connected to the circuit and then the ammeter is connected across the terminals of

the CT. At the same way CT are used to supply signal to the overload trip coils of

circuit breakers and to protective relays of all kinds of circuit breakers and protective

relay.

DDLO (Drop Down Lift Off):

An expulsion fuses in a holder, arranged in such a way that the expulsion fuse tube drops out

of the electrical circuit when the fuse has operated. These are commonly used in the CEB

distribution network mainly for the protection of distribution transformers and some cases for

sectionalizing spur MV lines. (Shown in figure 32(c))

Air break switch:

A switch device, which is normally, only used as a disconnection, i.e. only operated in a de

energized system. However a very limiting, making and breaking performance. Contact

velocity at making is operator dependent; an arcing horn may give a high arcing contact

~ 56 ~

velocities at oppugn sufficient for the interruption of load transformers. The switch can in

most cases be equipped with a load current interrupting device. Still, the switch has only very

limited making performance .In the CEB, the ABS were installed in area boundaries,

interconnection points and on long spur line etc. to facilitate isolation of section for fault

location, maintenance and repair works.

Load break switch:

The so-called “general purpose” switch is according to standards defined as follows;

mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying the breaking currents under normal.

A circuit condition, which may include specified operating overload conditions, such as those

of a short circuit.

It may also be capable of as those of a short circuit. It may be capable to making but not

breaking of short circuit current. The load break switch contains some special arts .One of the

interrupter head. It reduces their formed, when the switch is operated.

Line isolators:

Line isolators are used to isolate two zones of power line. And it is a mechanical device

which is able to disconnect two zones. But before isolate the zone breaker must be break first,

other vice huge arc will occur between isolating terminals and it will damage the isolator. It is

very important to isolate when doing inspection or repair in a substation. It provides provide

safety of the working staff. Isolators should operate after making the circuit breaker to the

open position. To make sure not to operate isolating switch before open the circuit breaker,

most isolating switches locked in the close position of circuit breaker. Most old isolating

switches are of manual operating type and new ones have improved to motor operated type.

SF6 Circuit Breakers:

These totally enclosed circuit breakers, insulated with SF6 gas. These are used whenever

space is less, such as in underground substations and power stations. These circuit breakers

are much smaller than any other type of circuit breakers of equivalent power and are less

noisy than others. (Shown in figure 32(b))

~ 57 ~

Oil Circuit Breakers (OCB):

Oil circuit breakers are comprises of a tank filled with insulating oil. In OCBs there are fixed

and movable contacts. It has 3 porcelain bushings, 3-phase line current set to fixed contacts.

Three movable contacts actuated simultaneously by an insulated rod, open and closed the

circuit. When the circuit breaker is closed, the line current of each phase penetrate the tank by

means of a porcelain bushing, flow through the first fixed contact to the second fixed contact,

and then out by second bushing. If an overload occurs, the tripping coil release a powerful

spring that pulls the Insulated rod, causing the contacts to open. As soon as the contacts

separated, an arc is created, which volatilized the surrounding oil. The pressure of the hot

gases creates turbulence around the contacts. This causes cool oil to swirl around the arc, so

that the arc we extinguished. (Shown in figure 32(d))

Figure 32 (a): Surge Arrester Figure 32 (b): SF6 Circuit Breaker

Figure 32 (c): Drop Down Lift Off Figure 32 (d): Oil Circuit Breaker

~ 58 ~

2.5.7 Hot line maintenance

In the CEB hot line maintenance is a one of critical task which can be harmful to life also. In

my training period I was able to observe the 33 kV hot line maintenance (Changing of tower

insulators). For this maintenance specialized equipments & tools are used. Hot line

maintenance can be categorized in to 3 methods according to using method to do that. Those

are;

Hot line maintenance

Hot Stick Method Combination of bothBare-Hand Method

Hot Stick Method

Linesman will be at ground potential working with hot sticks (tools) keeping safety clearance

from the line.

Bare-Hand Method

Linesman works with his covered hands at line potential keeping safety clearance from

ground. For this conducting suits made of 25% microscopic stainless steel & 75% “Nomex”

are being provided.

Combination of both

This method is the combination of above two methods.

Number of special equipments are used for the hotline maintenance. Those are;

Tower Saddle

Wire Tong

Cotter Key Pusher

Link Stick

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2.6 Central Work Shop

2.6.1 Introduction

In CEB I was able to train at the work shop at Aniyakanda. An Electrical Superintendent

supervises the repairing and rewinding of the motors and fans, carrying out the wiring and

checking various electrical quantities. They do motor rewinding, insulation resistance

checking, insulation paper replacing etc. All the repairs of vehicles belong to CEB is done in

mechanical work shop.

2.6.2 Insulation Materials

Insulation materials are materials which offer high resistance to flow of current and are used

in all electrical equipment to confine the flow of current to specified paths. It is the insulation

part in any cable or machine that is the most liable to fail. Apart from the electrical and

mechanical stresses, heat plays the most important part in determining the life and

performance of insulating materials, and as such the operating temperature of any part must

never be allowed to exceed the permissible limit.

Classification of Insulating Materials

The insulating materials have been classified according to their ability to withstand heat. The

recognized classes of insulating materials along with their assigned temperature as per I. S.

1271 - 1958 are as below:

Table 03: Class of insulation Vs. Temperature

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The assigned working temperature for an insulating material is often less than that listed for

its class, because of the influence of several other factors like vibrations, mechanical and

electrical stresses, thickness of insulation, accessibility of insulated parts, methods of

ventilation, type of service and inability to measure the temperature of the hottest spot. There

are many types of insulation papers are used. They are;

Nomax

Milinex

Combine Paper

Plesban

Luminex

Mica

Combined paper used in motors which are in transformer oil baths. Mica is the best insulation

paper but very expensive.

2.6.3 Electrical Motors

An electric motor converts electrical energy into kinetic energy. The reverse task, that of

converting kinetic energy into electrical energy, is accomplished by a generator or

dynamo. In a rotary motor, the rotating part (usually on the inside) is called the rotor, and

the stationary part is called the stator. The rotor rotates because the wires and magnetic field

are arranged so that a torque is developed about the rotor's axis. The motor contains

electromagnets that are wound on a frame. Though this frame is often called the armature,

that term is often erroneously applied. Correctly, the armature is that part of the motor across

which the input voltage is supplied. Electric motors can classify as D-C Motors and A-C

Motors.

2.6.4 Motors Winding & Rewinding

I was able to observe how a ceiling fan motor winding was carried out. I was able to observe

how to do the starting winding & running winding of this motor. In the winding procedure

extreme care was taken by the workers to not to damage the insulation of the copper

conductors. Further I was able to observe different types of insulators which had been used

~ 61 ~

depending on the temperature of the equipment and other relevant factors. For proper

tightening of the winding a paste of varnish was applied and then the heat was supplied to

provide the rigid look to the motor. Resistance was checked after the winding for

inconsistencies of the insulation using a megger.

Types of winding connection (3 phase):

Star Connection

Delta Connection

Star Connection:

The Star connection is defined as where the finishes of each phase are connected together &

the starts are connected to the line leads.

Delta Connection:

The Delta connection is defined as where the finishes of each phase are connected to the start

of the next phase.

Rewinding procedure:

1) It’s an important in any motor work, to have clean & dry place in which to work.

2) First have to take out winding carefully from the stator.

3) Observed the winding & get an idea about how the winding is done & the pattern of

the winding.

4) Then measure the winding wire’s diameter or gauge & find new wire match with that

remove wire & do the winding accurately.

5) Then the new winding should be checked, before it sends back to the work.

6) Finally, megger the winding for find the insulation condition.

Figure 33: Side view of the winding finished fanmotor

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2.6.5 The Casting Process

The Al casting wad done using scrap Aluminum from the workshop. As shown in the

apparatus below. Even the process looked simple, when the actual work was carried out there

were some issues could be seen. The fuel for the apparatus was made with the mixture of

kerosene and burned Engine oil. These two were mixed and released to the inlet of the hearth.

For proper burning of fuel a blower is used and the two nozzles were placed closely to each

other as shown in the figure below. (Shown in figure 34(a))

The scrap Aluminum was put in to this special type of cove which is made of graphite and

special type of soil which was able to withstand to extreme heat. Then the cove was kept on

fire until the scrap Aluminum become melted Aluminum. The plastic moulds were fitted with

this special type of soil called “casting soil”. Which was not adhesive with the liquid

Aluminium. The necessary shape was obtained by pouring the liquid Aluminum in to these

molds and letting it to be chilled under environment temperature.

Figure 34(a): Two nozzles at the hearth Figure 34(b): Special type of cove

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2.7 Power Plant

2.7.1 Introduction

In my training at CEB I was able to train at the Standby Power Plant, Kolonnawa. In here

they Maintain generators under Ceylon electricity board and supply generators for some

important government occasions. In there I observed about the Generators, Alternator, 4-

stroke & 2 stroke diesel engines, Battery maintenance repaired. I briefly observed about the

working principles of diesel engine which was a four stroke & two stroke engines.

2.7.2 Generator

A Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy on the

principle that when magnetic flux is cut by a conductor or a number of conductors emf is

induced in the conductor or conductors and the mechanical power supplied by a turbine or an

internal combustion engine is converted into electrical power.

Generator can be divided in to 2 parts;

1) Engine

2) Alternator

Engine:

In general 4 stroke engines are used as prime movers of diesel generators. As implied by the

name, the piston of the engine is subjected to “4 strokes” repeatedly during the operation of

it. They are;

1) Suction Stroke

2) Compression Stroke

3) Power Stroke

4) Exhaust Stroke

The reciprocating motion of the piston is converted in to a rotary motion by the “crank shaft”.

A fly wheel having a large inertia is coupled to the crank shaft. Therefore a part of

mechanical energy produced by the power stroke is stored in the fly wheel. Actually power

stroke is the only Stroke that produces power. During other three strokes, the engine is driven

by the energy stored in the fly wheel.

~ 64 ~

Alternator:

Generators are used as alternate power supply. Generator is operated when there is

No main supply

Frequency less or excess than 50Hz

Difference in voltage

There are two protection types used in a generator, such as mechanical and electrical

protection. Over speed, low oil pressure and high temperature are some of the mechanical

protection methods. Electrical protection can be described as over current and over voltage

protection. Regularly, it must be read the control panel and should take the necessary actions

otherwise generator will fail. Change over switch was used to select the main supply or

generator supply.

There are three basic types of excitation is used in alternators. These are direct self excitation,

indirect self excitation and separate excitation method. The back EMF is occurred when the

generator starts and off. This back EMF cause for large current and affects to diode rectifiers.

The varrister is used to protect the diodes and this high current goes through varrister.

Actuator controls the speed of the generator by controlling fuel. When repairing the

generators, insulation resistance of the windings is tested. It is done by using a megger. Three

insulation tests are carried out.

Continuity Test

Insulation resistance between windings

Insulation resistance between earth and winding.

2.7.3 Battery Maintenance

There is a battery maintaining unit in power plant branch. This unit supplies batteries in good

condition for the diesel generators. Main tasks of this unit are battery recharging and refilling

with 98.5% CON.H2SO4 acid. Gravity meter is used to check the specific gravity of the acid.

Normally batteries are charged by using low ampere current. Acid should be filled into the

battery from negative side to positive side. Otherwise battery will be destroyed.

~ 65 ~

2.8 Safety against Electricity

Electricity makes our day to day lives Comfortable and easier, but can be a deadly hazard if

mishandled. We are committed to providing you with awareness of importance of safety

when using it. Below are some important guidelines for you to follow regarding Indoor and

Outdoor electrical safety.

Indoor Electrical Safety

Do not use electric appliances when you are bathing or standing near a sink.

Unplug all electrical appliances before repairing or cleaning.

Unplug all electrical appliances when not in use.

Unplug an appliance that has fallen into water before attempting to retrieve it.

Do not touch an electrical appliance with a metal object.

Never use any electric appliance on a wet surface, while wet or standing in water.

Make sure your hands are dry when using an appliance.

Use electrical appliances with three-pronged plugs.

Never hang clothes or place furniture near an electric heater or hot plate.

Keep electric heaters at least four (4) feet from furniture and drapes.

Keep electric heaters on a level non-flammable surface.

Never go to sleep with a heating pad or space heater turned on.

Never place appliance cords where they will come into contact with the stove or other

heated surfaces.

Always unplug an appliance that overheats, and have it checked by a qualified repair

person before using it again.

Turn off a light before replacing the bulb.

Never pull out an electrical plug by the cord.

Do not stick any object other than an electrical plug into an outlet.

Replace perished or cracked electrical cords with new ones; you can purchase these at

your local electrical or hardware store.

Keep electrical cords out of walking areas in the home.

Keep electrical cords out from under rugs and heavy furniture.

~ 66 ~

Keep appliance cords safely away from ledges where children and pets can pull them

down.

Do not overload outlets with too many appliances; make use of multiple outlets in the

vicinity.

Use extension cords minimally.

When outside, use only extension cords that are approved for outdoor use.

When replacing circuit breakers and fuses, use the correct size device.

Protect outdoor outlets with protective, weatherproof covers.

Keep outdoor wiring on a separate circuit.

Know the location of the main electrical switch in the home.

Never force a plug into an outlet.

Outdoor Electrical Safety

Never touch a power line. Some overhead power lines appear insulated but only have

weather protection. These are not safe to touch. Touching a power line with any part

of your body or any object such as ladders, tree trimmers, poles, ropes or kites can

result in serious injury or death. Remember that electricity can move through

conductive materials, i.e., water, metal, wood, aluminum, string and plastics. If you

see a wire down, keep yourself and others away and contact CEB Call Centre

immediately at 1987.

Don't work or play near power lines. When carrying long or tall items, such as

ladders, scaffolding, tree saws and pool cleaning equipment, hold them parallel to the

ground to avoid contact with power and other overhead wires. Before you raise them

into the air, make sure they’re clear of any power lines.

Always wear shoes when using outdoor electrical equipment

Maintain proper clearances. For your protection, certain critical clearances are

required by law, and minimum of 10 feet must be maintained when working below or

adjacent to power lines.

Teach children to be safe. Children should stay away from electric facilities such as

substations, transmission towers, transformers and power lines.

Do not climb trees if they are touching or near a power line

~ 67 ~

Protect outside outlets. Make sure that your outside outlets have a ground earth

leakage current interrupter to protect you from potential shock.

2.81 Common safety used in CEB

Electrical hazards cause more electrocutions and injuries in the workplace each year,

disrupting lives and impacting the productivity of companies. While electrical hazards are not

the leading cause of on-the-job injuries, accidents and fatalities, they are disproportionately

fatal and costly. To avoid these electrical hazards, Ceylon Electricity Board has introduced

some safety equipment as below.

1. Head and face protection

Protect the most critical part of the body against impact, injury heat and cold with strong and

durable hard hats.

2. Hearing protection

Preserve hearing sensitivity in noisy work environments with convenient, comfortable ear

plugs, earmuffs and other hearing protection.

Figure 35: Head & Face Protect Hard Hat

Figure 36: Hearing protector

~ 68 ~

3. Gloves

Guard hands against germs, cuts, chemicals, and burns with a full line of disposable and

reusable gloves from popular brands including Mechanixwear, Ansell, G-Tek and more.

4. Eye protectionWorkers can expect extreme comfort and protection with these face-flattering safety glasses

and goggles.

.

5. Safety shoes

Safety shoes and safety boots give an extreme protection for the foot of the workers.

Figure 37: Protective Gloves

Figure 38: Eye Protector

Figure 39: Safety Shoes & Boots

~ 69 ~

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

All students of engineering field must learn both theories and practical correctly. The students

of Higher National Diploma in Engineering learn the lot of theories. After that they should be

studied the applications of that theories and also about the technical side. The best method of

satisfying the second requirement is to give a change to the student to work with the practical

engineering environment.

For achieve this, the ATI and the NAITA have done a great job to conduct industrial training

program for students at relevant and useful industries. Furthermore the knowledge gathered

through lectures is reinforced by the practical knowledge. I got a invaluable training at CEB.

The theories always support not only to make new things, but also to learn about already

made things. However the students need good skills to handling problems in vast area of the

modern industry.

I've got a good opportunity to have my second session of first industrial training in Ceylon

electricity board. CEB is the major power distributor in Sri Lanka. During this valuable

period I was able to take so many experiences about the transmission, and distribution

network of Sri Lanka and I could be able to collect faculty of knowledge with in these three

months of my industrial training. Here I should mention that I was able to get a special

opportunity to work together technicians as well as engineers and share their knowledge and

experiences.

All of the workers were really helpful to me by guiding to get working experience and

educating me to get knowledge about some are new for me. Also the resources that were

available to me were very satisfactory .In my training session I not only gained the technical

knowledge and also got the knowledge about how to dealing with working environment, how

to dealing with the officers & the workers, how to maintaining the stocks in the workshops

and their importance. Those things gave me a really good training as an engineering

diplomat. Since CEB directly deals with consumers, I could be able to get the knowledge

about how to deal with them.

~ 70 ~

But we cannot accomplish the meter lab schedule in our training period. Because that part

was removed our training schedule. If it is included we can gather a lot of knowledge about

the Types of energy Meters, Operation Principle of Single Phase Watt Hour Meter, Tests on a

Single Phase Meter, The kVA meters, Automatic energy meter test system etc.

Likewise if CEB would change their training schedule a little bit in order to get more

practical knowledge on technical side in the generation side also we can achieve accurate

training in the CEB. However I had a good training session at CEB with in my industrial

training. So, it helps me to gain a better experience and work made my training valuable and

successful.

~ 71 ~

REFERENCES

1) Annual Reports & Accounts-2010 Ceylon Electricity Board

2) E-CITY CUSTOMER GUIDE FOR COLOMBO CITY

http://www.metroceb.lk

3) SUPER LINE J SERIES THREE PHASEINDUCTION MOTOR

http://www.mitsubishielevator.com

4) http://en.wikipedia.org

5) Lift and Escalators: Basic Principles and Design

Dr. Sam C M Hui

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The University of Hong Kong

6) Air Conditioning

http://www.freeasestudyguides.com

7) CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD

REGION [1] DISTRIBUTION LICENSE

EL/D/09-003

Supply Services Code

8) PWS 2.3 PLUS MANUAL

Three-phase Portable Working Standard for Testing Electricity

Meters and Instrument Transformers

~ 72 ~

9) Pole mounted SF6 Gas Insulated Load Break Switch & FTU-P100-Manual

P&C Technologies Co., Ltd.

10) UltraSL™ Polymer-Housed VariSTAR™ Surge Arrester-Manual

IEC 60099-4 (IEC 99-4) for MV Systems to 36 kV

Installation Instructions

11) GUIDE FOR THE PURIFICATION OF INSULATING OIL

By I.A.R. Gray-Transformer Chemistry Services

12) Overhead Power Lines-Planning, Design, Construction

F. Kiessling • P. Nefzger • J.F. Nolasco • U. Kaintzyk

13) TENDER DOCUMENTS FOR

Construction of 33kV New Line from 132/33kV

Ransinghpur OPTCL Grid Substation to IOCL Depot

At Jatni, Odisha

14) http://www.answers.com/T/Engineering

15) Hastings-Catalog-Hot line tools & Equipments

16) Manufacturing Processes and Equipment

Casting Processes

Prof. J.S. Colton © GIT 2011

17) MAGNAPLUS GENERATOR

280-430 Frame

Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual

~ 73 ~

ANNEXES

Annex 1- leaves record form

LEAVE RECORD FORM

Name of the Trainee - G.R.S.Wasala Herath.

Industrial Training – 2 nd 3 Months

Training establishment – Ceylon Electricity Board

Leave record:

1 st Month 2 nd Month 3 rd Month

No. of days on leave 0 0 0

Has the leave been approved by the establishment - Yes

…………………………. ………………………………

Date Signature of trainee

Annex 2- training schedule

Training Place Address From To Duration

Lift Branch National Hospital

Colombo 08 13/05/2013 17/05/2013 1 week

AC & Refrigeration Branch National Hospital

Colombo 08 20/05/2013 23/05/2013 1 week

Area Office Mawanella 27/05/2013 07/06/2013 2 weeks

Construction Branch Katugastota 10/06/2013 21/06/2013 2 weeks

Pr. & HM Unit 1 Kandy 24/06/2013 05/07/2013 2 weeks

Pr. & HM Unit 1 Kandy 08/07/2013 19/07/2013 2 weeks

Central Workshop Aniyakanda 23/07/2013 26/07/2013 1 week

Power Plant Kolonnawa 29/07/2013 02/08/2013 1 week

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Annex 3- Training certification

CERTIFICATION

I certify that the following G.R.S.Wasala Herath had been training in Ceylon Electricity

Board as an In –Plant trainee in the period of 13th May 2013 to 02nd August 2013 and this

report is based on the experience and the knowledge he gained on the following sections at

Ceylon Electricity Board.

01) A/C branch- National Hospital Colombo 08.

02) Lift branch- National Hospital Colombo 08.

03) Area Office- Mawanella.

04) Construction Branch- Katugastota.

05) Projects and Heavy Maintenance Unit P 1- Kandy.

06) Projects and Heavy Maintenance Unit P 1- Kandy.

07) Work shop- Aniyakanda.

08) Power plant- Kollonnawa.

NAME : G.R.S.Wasala Herath.

REGISTRATION NO: LAB/HNDE/F/E/2010-2011/141.

COURSE : Higher National Diploma in Engineering (HNDE).

FIELD : Electrical Engineering.

PERIO : 13th May 2013 – 02nd August 2013.

………………………… ...…………………………….

Date Signature of Trainee

………………………… ……………………………….

Date Signature of trainee Engineer/Head

(Ceylon Electricity Board)

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Annex 4- organization certificate

~ 76 ~

Annex 5- Report certification

CERTIFICATION

NATIONAL APPRENTICE AND INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AUTHORITY 2ND THREE

MONTHS REPORT OF HNDE APPRENTICE 2013

Place of Assessment Date of Assessment Field

………………………………………….. ………………………………………. Electrical Power

…………………………………………..

Inspection Report

Name of Examiner Designation Signature

~ 77 ~

Remarks & Additional Notes:

~ 78 ~