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Final Draft

State Action Plan on Climate Change

‘Towards Balanced Growth and Resilience’

Government of Tamil Nadu

July 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page numbers

Executive Summary 1-23

Abbreviations/ Acronyms x-xv

Chapter-1 Introduction 1-4

Chapter-2 State Profile 5-13

Chpater-3 Overarching Framework 14-24

Chapter-4 Observed climate and climate change projections 25-37

Chapter-5 Sustainable Agriculture 38-74

Chapter-6 Water Resources 75-105

Chapter-7 Forest & Biodiversity 106-135

Chapter-8 Coastal Area Management 136-165

Chpater-9 Energy Efficiency, Renewable energy and Solar

Mission

166-187

Chapter-10 Sustainable Habitat 188-223

Chapter-11 Knowledge Management 224-232

Annexures 233-258

References 259-273

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LIST OF TABLES Executive Summary

Table ES-1: Timeline of TNSAPCC formulation Process/Activities

Table ES-2: Departments identified for actions under different sectors

Table ES-3: Proposed Sector wise Budget for implementing the TNSAPCC Introduction

Table 1.1: Timeline of TNSAPCC formulation Process/Activities State Profile

Table 1.1: Key features of the State Observed climate and climate change projections

Table 4.1: Seasonal rainfall of selected stations in Tamil Nadu (Rainfall in cm)

Table 4.2: Changes in annual and seasonal rainfall and in number of rainy days in the last 100 yrs

Table 4.3: Onset dates and total rainfall during south west and north east monsoons between 1990-2011

Table 4.4: District-wise projected change in maximum temperature in 0C with reference to 1970-2000

Table 4.5: District-wise change in minimum temperature in 0C with reference to 1970-2000

Table 4.6: District-wise percentage change in annual rainfall with reference to 1970-2000

Table 4.7: Projection of sea level rise based on different IPCC SRES scenarios

Sustainable Agriculture

Table 5.1: Productivity changes of major crops in the last one decade

Table 5.2: The Area and Production of horticultural crops from 2006-07 to 2011-12. (area: lakh ha; Production: lakh MT)

Table.5.3 Summary of budget requirement for Sustainable Agriculture sector

Table 5.4: Detailed budget for strategies in Sustainable Agriculture sector Water Resources

Table 6.1: Basin wise Surface water potential at 75 percent dependability

Table 6.2: Surface water contribution expected from neighbouring states

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Table 6.3: Total sectoral demand (MCM)

Table 6.4: Over-exploitation of groundwater in Tamil Nadu

Table 6.5: Basin-wise north east monsoon trends

Table 6.6: Changes in precipitation in mid-century (2021-2050) in the Cauvery basin with respect to Base line (1961-1990)

Table 6.7: National and State Objectives

Table 6.8: Summary of budget requirement for Water Resources sector

Table 6.9: Detailed budget for strategies in Water Resources sector

Forest and Biodiversity

Table 7.1: Changing profile of forest produce in Tamil Nadu

Table 7.2: Overall supply of Wood in Tamil Nadu, 2008 (million cu.m)

Table 7.3: Overall demand for Wood in Tamil Nadu by sector, 2008 (million cu.m)

Table 7.4: Region wise Projections for Forests and Ecosystems by INCCA

Table 7.5: Summary of budget requirement for Forest and Biodiversity sector

Table 7.6: Detailed budget for Strategies in Forest and Biodiversity sector

Table 7.7: Specific research and related capacity building activities and budgets

Coastal Area Management

Table 8.1: Coastal Information

Table 8.2: Population density along the Tamil Nadu coastline

Table 8.3: Statistics for Coastal Land use of Tamil Nadu (2011 data)

Table 8.4: Marine Fisheries Statistics (2011-12) at a glance

Table 8.5: Extent of erosion along the Tamil Nadu coast

Table 8.6: Institutions involved in management of various aspects in the Coastal zone area in Tamil Nadu

Table 8.7: Return periods of storm surges of different strengths

Table 8.8: Summary of budget requirement for Coastal Area Management sector

Table 8.9: Detailed budget for strategies in Coastal Area Management sector Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Solar Mission

Table 9.1: Month-wise electricity availability and requirement data during 2010-11

Table 9.2: Transmission & Distribution Loss Trends in Tamil Nadu

Table 9.3: Renewable Energy Installations: Achievements of TEDA as on 31.10.2013

Table 9.4: Status of electrification in rural Tamil Nadu

Table 9.5: Distribution of fuel use by type by rural and urban households in Tamil Nadu

Table 9.6: Key Strategies to address climate concerns for the energy sector

Table 9.7: Renewable Energy Potentials for Tamil Nadu

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Table 9.8: Off Grid Renewable Energy Potential for Tamil Nadu

Table 9.9: The proposed on grid renewable energy capacity development by the Government for the period 2012-17 and 2018-22

Table 9.10: Energy Conservation Potentials for various Sectors of Energy Consumers in Tamil Nadu

Table 9.11: Summary of budget requirement for Energy Sector

Table 9.12: Detailed budget for strategies in Energy Sector Sustainable Habitat

Table 10.1: The subsectors operational within the habitats sector and the interventions being implemented in the state under each sub sector

Table 10.2: Status of Water Supply in Tamil Nadu

Table 10.3: Health Infrastructure of Tamil Nadu

Table 10.4: Solid wastes generated in major cities in Tamil Nadu

Table 10.5: Solid Waste Management initiatives in Tamil Nadu

Table 10.6: Key strategies under each of the identified sub-sectors

Table 10.7: Summary of the budget requirement for Sustainable Habitat sector

Table 10.8: Detailed budget for strategies in Sustainable Habitat sector including urban and rural components

Knowledge Management

Table 11.1: Summary of the budget requirement for Knowledge Management sector

Table 11.2: Detailed budget for strategies in Knowledge Management sector

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LIST OF FIGURES Executive Summary

Figure ES-1: Implementation Arrangement for the Tamil Nadu SAPCC

Figure ES-2: (a) Projected changes in Maximum Temperature (b) Projected changes in Minimum temperature (c) Projected changes in Precipitation

Figure ES- 3: State level Architecture for TNSAPCC implementation

Figure ES-4: Proposed Monitoring & Evaluation framework State Profile

Figure.2.1: Tamil Nadu district map Overarching State Framework

Figure 3.11: State level architecture for TNSAPCC implementation

Figure 3.2: Tentative and indicative monitoring framework for the TNSAPCC Observed climate and climate change projections

Figure 4.1: Rainfall over Tamil Nadu during a) October b) November, c) December and during d) NE monsoon season

Figure 4.2: Stations with significant increasing/decreasing trends in one day extreme rainfall

Figure 4.3: Number of cyclonic storms crossing the eastern coastal states in India between 1891 and 2006

Figure 4.4: Change in Max. Temperature (0C) projections for 2010-2040, 2040-2070, 2070-2100 with reference to baseline (1970-2000)

Figure 4.5: Change in min. Temperature (0C) projections for 2010-2-40, 2040-2070, 2070-2100 reference to baseline (1970-2000)

Figure 4.6: Change in Annual Rainfall (mm) projections for 2010-2040, 2040-2070 and 2070-2100 with reference to baseline (1970-2000)

Sustainable Agriculture

Figure 5.1: Trends of (a) net sown area and area under irrigation in Tamil Nadu in 2001-02 to 2010-11; (b) Trends of production of crop types

Figure 5.2: Area under different crops (actual values in 1000h and percentage of total)

Figure 5.3: Livestock population trends in Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.4: Some of the native cattle and sheep breeds of Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.5: The top eight milk producing states in India

Figure 5.6: The top five fish producing states in India in 2011-12

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Figure 5.7 A schematic representation of the Institutional arrangement for managing agriculture in Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.8: Agro Climatic Zones in Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.9 : Reduction in rice yield (percent) for 2°C increase in temperature

Figure 5.10: Deviation in rice yield due to climate change

Figure 5.11: Impacts of changing climate on Maize production in Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.12: Impacts of changing climate on Sorghum production in Tamil Nadu

Figure 5.13: Variation in productivity of cotton due to climate change

Figure 5.14: Variation in productivity of red gram due to climate change

Figure 5.15: Changes in catch potential due to climate change Water Resources

Figure 6.1: River Basins of Tamil Nadu

Figure 6.2: Block wise categorisation of Ground water

Figure 6.3: Shifting rainfall pattern

Figure 6.4: Basin-wise average south-west and north-east monsoon rainfall (1976 – 2011)

Figure 6.5 : Boundary of the Cauvery river basin

Figure 6.6: Change in the Water Balance to Mid Century – (a) south-west monsoon and (b) north-east monsoon

Figure 6.7: Annual rainfall - base line and projections

Figure 6.8: Annual rainfall days in base line and end century scenario

Figure 6.9: Average rainfall intensity

Figure 6.10: Average rainfall intensity during south-west monsoon (JJAS)

Figure 6.11: Average rainfall intensity during north-east monsoon (ONDJ)

Figure 6.12: Average rainfall intensity during the dry season (FMAM) Forest and Biodiversity

Figure 7.1: Spatial; Distribution of Forests in Tamil Nadu

Figure 7.2: Percentage distribution of Forest area by Type in Tamil Nadu

Figure 7.3: Locations of the mangrove forests along Tamil Nadu coast

Figure 7.4: (a) Number of Angiosperm species (b) Identified Faunal biodiversity and (c) Number of Red listed and endemic fauna in Tamil Nadu

Figure 7.5: Type-wise percentage distribution of Wetland in Tamil Nadu

Figure 7.6: Wild life and bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu

Figure 7.7: Distribution of vulnerability index for A2 climate scenario Coastal Area Management

Figure 8.1: The coastal districts of Tamil Nadu

Figure 8.2 : Shoreline change map of Nagapattinam and Cuddalore Districts in Tamil Nadu

Figure 8.3: Wind and Cyclone Hazard map of Tamil Nadu

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Figure 8.4:Trends of sea level between 1989 and 2009 observed in specific areas along the coast line in Tamil Nadu

Figure 8.5: Probable maximum surge heights (m) of surges with a 50 year return period

Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Solar Mission

Figure 9.1: Share of energy mix in the Installed Capacity for electricity generation in Tamil Nadu as of 31st March 2012

Figure 9.2: Sources of Electricity for the State

Figure 9.3: Power Deficits in Tamil Nadu (2003-2010-11)

Figure 9.4: Category wise, percentage of consumers of electricity as on 31.03.2012

Figure 9.5: (a) Installed renewable energy capacity in Tamil Nadu Vs. Rest of India; (b) Share of renewable energy and conventional energy installed in Tamil Nadu

Figure 9.6: Institutional arrangement for managing energy in Tamil Nadu Sustainable Habitat

Figure 10.1: Vehicle population trends in Tamil Nadu

Figure 10.2: Change in Chennai's coastal land cover

Figure 10.3: Change in land cover of Chennai between 1997 and 2001

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LIST OF BOXES Executive Summary

Tamil Nadu State Profile

Uncertainties associated with climate change projections

Strategies for agriculture and horticulture

Strategies for livestock sector

Strategies for fisheries

Strategies for water resources

Strategies for forest and biodiversity

Strategies for coastal area management

Strategies for power and renewable energy development

Strategies for sustainable habitat sector

Strategies for knowledge management Introduction

Box 1.1: National Missions Under the NAPCC Overarching State framework

Box 3.1 Tamil Nadu Vision 2023

Box 3.2: Linkages with the NAPCC and the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Observed climate and climate change projections

Box 4.1: About PRECIS and A1B Scenario

Sustainable Agriculture

Box 5.1: Rice-Technical Intervention

Box 5.2: Integrated scheme of oilseeds, pulses, oil plam and maize (ISOPOM)

Box 5.3: Vulnerability of Dryland Agriculture in Tamil Nadu

Box 5.4: Droughts in Tamil Nadu

Box 5.5: ClimaRice Water resources

Box 6.1 Case study of the water market affecting the sustainability of peri-urban sources

Box 6.2 : Case Study: Farm Pond– An Alternate Source

Box 6.3: Case Study: A Sustainable approach in water management

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure-I, II and III - G.Os issued by E & F Department

Annexure-IV - Agro-climatic zone-wise stakeholder consultation workshop: perceptions of stakeholders, February 2013

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ABBREVIATIONS /ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AI Artificial Insemination

AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme

ANC Antenatal Care

ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife

API Annual Parasite Incidence

ARC Administrative Reforms Commission

ART Adaptation Research Trial

ARV Anti-Retroviral

AT&C Aggregate Technical and Commercial

ATDC Apparel Training and Design Centre

AWC Anganwadi Centre

AWS Automatic Weather Stations

BALCO Bharat Aluminium Company

BCM Billion Cubic Metres

BMC Biodiversity Management Committee

BoB Bay of Bengal

BPL Below Poverty Line

BPO Business Process Outsourcing

BRTS Bus Rapid Transit System

CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate

CAM Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

CBDA Tamil Nadu Biofuel Development Authority

CBO Community Based Organisation

CC Chlorophyll Concentration

CCD Conservation cum Development

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CDP City Development Plan

CEP Continuing Education Programme

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CGS Centimetre Gram Second

CHC Community Health Centre

CIAE Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering

CITES Conventional on International Trade in Endangered Spices of Wild Fauna & Flora

CMD Chairman and Managing Director

CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

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CMP Comprehensive Mobility Plan

CNG Compressed Natural Gas

COMAPS Coastal Ocean Monitoring & Prediction System

COP Conference of the Parties

CPP Captive Power Plant

CPSU Central Public Sector Undertakings

CRD Chronic Respiratory Disease

CREDA Tamil Nadu Renewable Development Authority

CRIDA Central Research Institute on Dryland Agriculture

CRMM Tamil Nadu Rajya Matsya Mahasangh

CRP Community Resource Persons

CSEB Tamil Nadu State Electricity Board

CSFDC Tamil Nadu State Forest Development Corporation

CSIDC Tamil Nadu State Industrial Development Corporation

CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

CSP Concentrating Solar Power

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

CUMTA Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority

DDG Decentralised Distributed Generation

DDP Detailed Development Plan

DFID Department of International Development

DMRC Delhi Metro Rail Corporation

DRIP Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project

DSM Demand Side Management

DST Department of Science and Technology

DTCP Directorate of Town and Country Planning

ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code

EMAT Environment Management Agency of Tamil Nadu

ENVIS Environmental Information System

EPC Energy Performance Contracting

ETPS Ennore Thermal Power Station

FCMS Farm Corps Management System

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FFDA Fish Farmers Development Agency

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

FSI Forest Survey of India

FSI Floor Space Index

FYP Five Year Plan

GDI Gender Development Index

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GDP Gross Domestic Product

GEF Global Environmental Facility

GEM Gender Empowerment Measure

GER Gross Enrolment Ratio

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GHI Global Hunger Index

GIS Geographical Information System

GIZ German International Cooperation

GoI Government of India

GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu

GSDP Gross State Domestic Product

HDI Human Development Indicators

HS Haemorrhagic Septicaemia

IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute

IAY Indira Awas Yojana

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research

ICDS Integrated child Development Services

ICT Information and Communication Technology

ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management

IDSP Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme

IGCAR Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

IHDI Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index

IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme

IIDC Integrated Infrastructure Development Centre

IIHR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research

IIIT International Institute of Information Technology

IMR Infant Mortality Rate

INCOIS Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Service

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPP Independent Power Producer

IPRC International Pacific Research Centre

ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oil seeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize

ITDP Integrated Tribal Development Project

ITI Industrial Training Institute

JFMC Joint Forest Management Committee

JNNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

KM Knowledge Management

KVK KrishiVigyan Kendra

KWH Kilo Watt Hour

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KYSK KrishiYantraSeva Kendra

LAPA Local Action Plan on Adaptation

LED Light Emitting Diode

LHW Local Health Worker

LRTS Light Rail Transit System

LWE Left Wing Extremism

MBBSY Mukhyamantri Bal Bhavishya Suraksha Yojana

MCM Million Cubic Metre

MLT Multi Location Trial

MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio

MNRE Ministry of New & Renewable Energy

MNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act

MoEF & CC Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change

MPI Multi Dimensional Poverty Index

MPSRTC Madhya Pradesh Road Transport Corporation

MPW Multi-Purpose Worker

MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NADP National Agriculture Development Programme

NAIS National Agriculture Insurance Scheme

NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change

NBA National Biodiversity Authority

ND Newcastle Disease

NDP Net Domestic Product

NDRI National Dairy Research Institute

NER Net Enrolment Ratio

NFHS National Family Health Service

NFSM National Food Security Mission

NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

NHAI National Highways Authority of India

NHM National Horticulture Mission

NICRA National Initiative On Climate Resilient Agriculture

NLCP National Lake Conservation Plan

NMPB National Medicinal Plants Board

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRCAF National Research Centre for Agro forestry

NRHM National Rural Health Mission

NRLM National Rural Livelihoods Mission

NRW Non-Revenue Water

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NSDP Net State Domestic Product

NSS National Sample Survey

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Produce

NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OSR Open Space Reservation

PDS Public Distribution System

PESA Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas

PHC Primary Health Centre

PLF Plant Load Factor

PMGSY Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

PPP Private Public Partnership

PPR Pestedes Petits Ruminants

PRI Panchayati Raj Institution

PSP Private Sector Participation

PUF Plant Utilisations Factor

PVTG Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group

RADP Rain-fed Area Development Programme

RE Renewable Energy

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

RGGVY Rajiv Gandhi Gram Vidyutikaran Yojna

RKBY Rashtriya Krishi Beema Yojna

RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana

RMSA Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan

RSBY Rashtriya Swasthya Beema Yojana

SAIL Steel Authority Of India Limited

SAM Severe Acute Malnutrition

SAPCCs State Action Plans for Climate Change

SBB State Biodiversity Board

SC Scheduled Caste

SCERT State Council for Educational Research and Training

SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commission

SETC State Express Transport Corporation

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SIHFW State Institute For Health and Family Welfare

SIPD State Investment Promotion Board

SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojna

SLB Service Level Benchmarking

SPV Solar Photo Voltaic

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SRI System of Rice Intensification

SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

SSC State Steering Committee

ST Scheduled Tribe

SWAN State Wireless Area Network

SWAT Soil and Water Assessment Tool

T&D Transmission and Distribution

TAFE Tractors & Farms Equipments Limited

TANSI Tamil Nadu Small Industrial Corporation

TB Tuberculosis

TBO Tree Borne Oilseeds

TEDA Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency

THI Temperature Humidity Index

TNMFPF Tamil Nadu Minor Forest Produce Federation

TNSAPCC Tamil Nadu State Action Plan

TNSCZA Tamil Nadu State Coastal Zone Authority

TNSMPB Tamil Nadu State Medicinal Plants Board

TNSPGCL Tamil Nadu State Power Generation Company Limited

TOF Trees Outside Forests

TSP Tribal Sub Plan

UGS Underground Sewerage

UIDSSMT Urban Infrastructure Scheme for Small and Medium Towns

ULB Urban Local Body

UMTA Urban Metropolitan Transport Authority

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO United National Education Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WBCIS Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme

WSHG Women’s Self Help Group

WUA Water User Association

WWF World Wrestling Federation

ZLD Zero Liquid Discharge