States of MatterStates of Matter

There are There are FourFour States of States of MatterMatter

• SolidSolid

• LiquidLiquid

• GasGas

• PlasmaPlasma

SolidsSolids• Particles are Particles are veryvery close close

togethertogether• Have Have orderly, fixedorderly, fixed

arrangementsarrangements• FixedFixed volumes due to volumes due to

fixedfixed positions positions• Particles can only Particles can only vibratevibrate

in positionin position

LiquidsLiquids

• More More randomrandom arrangement arrangement of particles than solids.of particles than solids.

• Particles are Particles are looselyloosely held held together by together by attractiveattractive forcesforces between particles, between particles, but can move past one but can move past one another.another.

• Result: Liquids can flow into Result: Liquids can flow into anyany shape, but have a shape, but have a definitedefinite volume volume

Attractive forces between Attractive forces between liquid particles may result in:liquid particles may result in:• CohesionCohesion

– Attraction for each otherAttraction for each other

• AdhesionAdhesion– Attraction to other materialsAttraction to other materials

• Capillary ActionCapillary Action– Ability to “climb” due to cohesion and Ability to “climb” due to cohesion and

adhesionadhesion

• Surface TensionSurface Tension– Force that act on the surface of a liquid Force that act on the surface of a liquid

and that tends to minimize the area of and that tends to minimize the area of the surfacethe surface

GasGas• Essentially Essentially

independentindependent particles.particles.

• LargeLarge space between space between particles result in particles result in littlelittle to to nono attraction attraction between particles.between particles.

• Result: Gases can Result: Gases can flow into flow into anyany shape, shape, and have and have nono definitedefinite volumevolume

PlasmaPlasma

• SupercriticalSupercritical fluid fluid

• Occurs at very high Occurs at very high temperaturestemperatures and very high and very high pressurespressures

• Has properties of both the Has properties of both the liquidliquid phase and the phase and the gasgas phase phase

Changing StatesChanging States

Deposition

Sublimation

Melting

Freezing

Evaporation

Condensation

Chemical Changes verses Chemical Changes verses Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

PhysicalPhysical Changes Changes

• A change of matter from one form to A change of matter from one form to another another withoutwithout a change in chemical a change in chemical propertiesproperties

• A A AA• Does the chemical nature of the substance Does the chemical nature of the substance

change?change?– NoNo

• Examples: Examples: phase changes, making phase changes, making solutionssolutions

ChemicalChemical Changes Changes• A change that occurs when one or more A change that occurs when one or more

substances change into substances change into entirelyentirely new new substances with substances with differentdifferent properties properties

• A + B A + B CC ( (reactantsreactants go to go to productsproducts))

• Does the chemical nature of the Does the chemical nature of the substance change?substance change?– YesYes– Example: Example: Electrolysis of hydrogen and Electrolysis of hydrogen and

oxygen gases to make wateroxygen gases to make water

Formation of a gas

Formation of a Precipitate (solid)

An Unexpected Color Change

Release or Absorption of Energy

Chemical or PhysicalChemical or Physical

• Frying an egg - ChemicalFrying an egg - Chemical

• Boiling Water - PhysicalBoiling Water - Physical

• Sanding a wooden plank - PhysicalSanding a wooden plank - Physical

• Digesting food - ChemicalDigesting food - Chemical

• Popping a balloon - PhysicalPopping a balloon - Physical