statistical report 4

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PROBABILITY STATISTICSREPORTTopic: RI GESReport By: Madiha Binte Saeed(CE-148)Wajeeha Mehmood (CE-156)Maliha Abass Zaidi (CE-202)

Batch: 2009-2010SE- CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted To: SIR TAUQEERA. HASHMICourse Code: MS-331


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Acknowledgement.2Abstract..3

List of Tables..................................................4

CHAPTER 01INTRODUCTION..5

1.1 Overview.....61.2 Objective of study.131.3 Problem Statement..141.4 Research Questions.151.5 Research Hypothesis..161.6 Outline of the Study...16CHAPTER 02 LITERATUREREVIEW...17CHAPTER 03 RESEARCHMETHODS....483.1 Method of Data Collection...493.2 Sample Design...50

3.3 Questionnaire Design....53

3.4 Content Validity.54

3.5 Statistical Technique54

CHAPTER 04RESULTS.....55CHAPTER 05 DISCUSSION, IMPLICATION, FUTURERESEARCH ANDCONCLUSIONS.....................................................635.1 Conclusion.....64

5.2 Implications and Recommendations65

5.3 Limitations66


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5.4 Future Research..66

REFERENCES....67APPENDIXQUESTIONNAIRE .........................................69

We would like to thanks our classmates and all the people who co-operated with us in filling questionnaire and in obtaining primarydata. Last but not least, we would also like to thanks our course in-

chargeMR.TAUQEER A. HASHMIfor guiding us in making our reportexemplary one.


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This report is based on the study of BRIDGES. Here, we discusseddifferent types of bridges, its examples and had an overview onthem. The main objective of selecting this topic is that, by studyingdifferent types of bridges we will be able to look for futureconstruction strategies in our country. The report is prepared onsecondary data as well as primary data. Secondary data is collectedfrom different websites and primary data is collected byquestionnaire design. The objective of this report is that we would

be able in collecting the data and can work on them by presentingall data in statistical form.


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S.NO TABLE PAGE

1. The Famous Suspension Bridgesaround the World

182. The Famous Beam Bridges around the

World 233. The Famous Cantilever Bridges around

the World 284. The Famous Arch Bridges around the

World 335. The Famous Cable-Stayed Bridges

around the World 386. The Famous Truss Bridges around the

World 43


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DEFINITIONA structure spanning and providing passage over a gap or barrier is called

bridge, such as a river or roadway.

TYPES OF BRIDGESThere are six main types of bridges:

Suspension bridgesBeam bridgesCantilever bridgesArch bridges

Cable-Stayed bridgesTruss bridges


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Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by abutments,hence their structural name ofsimply supported.When there is more thanone span the intermediate supports are known aspiers.The earliest beam

bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simplestructures. In modern times, beam bridges are large box steel girder bridges.Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the abutments at eitherend of the bridge. They are made up mostly of wood or metal. Beam bridgespans typically do not exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the strength of a spandecreases with increased length. However, the main span of theRio-Niteroi

Bridge,a box girder bridge, is 300 meters (980 ft). The world's longest beambridge isLake Pontchartrain Causeway in southernLouisiana in the UnitedStates, at 23.83 miles (38.35 km), with individual spans of 56 feet (17 m).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_supportedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_supportedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_supportedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio-Niteroi_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio-Niteroi_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio-Niteroi_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio-Niteroi_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_pierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_supportedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_bridge


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Cantilever bridges are built usingcantilevershorizontal beams supportedon only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair ofcontinuous spans thatextend from opposite sides of the supporting piers to meet at the center ofthe obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are constructed usingmuch the same materials & techniques as beam bridges. The differencecomes in the action of the forces through the bridge. The largest cantilever

bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft)Quebec Bridge in Quebec, Canada.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantileverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_spanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_spanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantileverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridge


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Arch bridges haveabutments at each end. The earliest known arch bridgeswere built by the Greeks, and include theArkadiko Bridge.The weight ofthe bridge is thrust into theabutments at either side.Dubai in theUnitedArab Emirates is currently building theSheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing,which is scheduled for completion in 2012. When completed, it will be thelargest arch bridge in the world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiko_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rashid_bin_Saeed_Crossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Rashid_bin_Saeed_Crossinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiko_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge


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Cable-stayed bridges,like suspension bridges, are held up bycables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is requiredand the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter. Thefirst known cable-stayed bridge was designed in 1784 by C.T.Loescher. The longest cable-stayed bridge is theSutong Bridgeover the Yangtze River in China.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutong_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutong_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge


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A fixed bridge whose design is a rigid framework is known as a truss bridge.In truss bridges, the roadway and truss members are rigidly interconnected.The truss members take up the longitudinal compressive forces and bendingmoments, thereby reducing the forces in the beams and allowing the use oflower verticals. Truss bridges are constructed for the most part of reinforcedconcrete, either cast in situ or precast , and only rarely of steel. Small truss

bridges are commonly used for over bridges, where, in many cases, the trussmembers are arranged diagonally. This design ensures good visibility for thedrivers and the safe passage of automobile traffic beneath the over bridge.Truss bridges with long spans are generally erected in the form of T-shapedframes. The cross section of the roadway on small bridges may be ribbed,

boxlike, or solid (in the form of a slab). On large bridges, the beams usedgenerally have a boxlike cross section.


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OBJECTIVES OF STUDY OF BRIDGES:The objectives of choosing bridges as topic of report are as following:

It is informative as we came to know about all six bridges. This topic is related to our field i.e. CIVIL ENGINEERING. This is unique topic and it was expected that it cannot be selected by

anyone else.

We were looking for knowledge regarding bridges from engineers likeus.

By studying different bridges we looked for future constructionstrategies in our country.


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OBJECTIVES OF REPORT: By this report we can learn how to collect secondary and primary dataand how we can work on them. How to represent data in statistical form. How to represent long tables in graphical form. We came to know about new software and learn how to work on it. We came in interaction with other students and came to know that how

much information they are having related to the topic.

The problems that we faced in preparation of report are as follows:

Bridges is a very complicated topic. A large number of factors are to be considered when examining a bridge. No local bridge was found.The bridges made internationally use advance techniques which couldnt

be understood easily without prior knowledge.

A lot of studying was done to estimate each single characteristic of abridge.


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Without prior knowledge the construction, the support conditions and thenumerous other factors couldnt be understood.

Gender: Male FemaleAge: 18-20 21-25 25-aboveQ.1: Which bridge do you think is most stable against Earth

Quake forces?

Q2: Which bridge is cost effective?Q3: Which bridge will you prefer in Pakistan?Q.4: How will you stop corrosion of steel?


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Q5: Which bridge is more aesthetic?Q6: Which material will you prefer for a bridge?Q7: As a student which bridge do you think can be easily

constructed?

Q8: Which is the most common type of bridge?Q9: What is the prominent stability factor for a bridge?

To study famous bridges and apply the conditions in those bridges in localbridges taking into consideration the cost-effectiveness, stability, protectionof the bridge.

Types of bridges and at least three examples of each bridge.

Height, length, cost, traffic, location of each bridge.

Designing questionnaire.


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Collecting primary data by filling questionnaire.

Collecting secondary data.

Compiling data by using SPSS software.


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NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

GoldenGate

Bridge

2735.9 35 4805740vehicles

daily

5 yrs 67 NorthAmerica

Verrazano-NarrowsBridge

1298.45 320 189,962 10 yrs 69.5 NorthAmerica

CliftonSuspensionBridge

412.09 100 8,800 28 yrs 75 England

Humber 1410 98 6,472,214 8 yrs 30 England


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Bridge

Table 2.1 The Famous Suspension Bridges around the World

Golden Gate ridge

The Golden Gate Bridgeis asuspension bridge spanning the opening of the

San Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean.The structure links the city of San Francisco, on the northern tip ofSanFrancisco Peninsula,toMarin County.It is one of the most internationallyrecognized symbols of San Francisco, California, and of the U.S. It has beendeclared one of the modernWonders of the Worldby theAmerican Societyof Civil Engineers.TheFrommers travel guide considers the Golden Gate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frommershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frommershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge


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the Narrows,the reach connecting the relatively protectedupper bay withthe largerlower bay.The bridge is named for both the Italian explorerGiovanni da Verrazzano,the first known European navigator to enterNew York Harbor and theHudson River,and for the body of water it spans: the Narrows. It has acenter span of 4,260 feet (1,298 m) and was thelongest suspension bridge inthe world at the time of its completion in 1964.

Bridge usageIn 2008, about 190,000 vehicles used the bridge per day on average.As of December 30, 2010, the one-way toll (paid westbound into StatenIsland only) in cash is $13 per car or $5.50 per motorcycle. E-ZPass userswith New York State transponders pay $9.60 per car or $4.18 permotorcycle; out-of-state account holders get no discount.

Clifton Suspension

Bridge

The Clifton Suspension Bridgeis asuspension bridge spanning theAvonGorge,and linkingClifton inBristol toLeigh Woods inNorth Somerset,England. Designed byIsambard Kingdom Brunel,it is alandmark that isused as a symbol of Bristol. It is a grade Ilisted building.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrowshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ZPasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Woodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Woodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-ZPasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_New_York_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Narrows


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EngineeringAlthough similar in size, the bridge towers are not identical in design, theClifton tower having side cut-outs, the Leigh tower more pointed arches.Brunel's original plan proposed they be topped with then-fashionable

sphinxes, but the ornaments were never constructed.The 85 ft (26 m) tall Leigh Woods tower stands atop a 110 feet (34 m) redsandstone clad abutment. In 2002 it was discovered that this was not a solidstructure but contained 12 vaulted chambers up to 35 feet (11 m) high,linked by shafts and tunnels. The bridge has three independentwrought ironchains per side, from which the bridge deck is suspended by eighty-onematching vertical wrought-iron rods ranging from 65 feet (20 m) at the endsto 3 feet (0.91 m) in the center. Composed of numerous parallel rows ofeye

bars connected by bolts, the chains are anchored in tunnels in the rocks 60feet (18 m) below ground level at the sides of the gorge.

Humber Bridge

The Humber Bridge, nearKingston upon Hull,England, is a 2,220 m(7,283 ft) single-spansuspension bridge,which opened to traffic on 24 June1981. It is thefifth-largest of its type in the world.

Bridge statisticsThe bridge's surface takes the form of adual carriageway with a lower-levelfoot and cyclepath on both sides, although traffic is often restricted to one
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron


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lane both ways. There is a permanent 50 mph (80 km/h) speed limit on thefull length of the bridge.Each tower consists of a pair of hollow vertical concrete columns, each155.5 m (510 ft) tall and tapering from 6 m (20 ft) square at the base to4.5 4.75 m (14.8 15.6 ft) at the top. The bridge is designed to tolerateconstant motion and bends more than 3 m (10 ft) in winds of 80 mph(129 km/h). The towers, although both vertical, are not parallel, being36 mm (1.4 inches) farther apart at the top than the bottom as a result of thecurvature of the earth.The total length of the suspension cable is 71,000 km(44,000 miles).

FinancesThe bridge has atoll charge of 3.00 for cars.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

LakePontchartrainCauseway

38350.667 56.7 43,000 8 (1948-1956)

4.57 United States

King FahdCauseway

25749.5 120 45,000 5 (1981-1986)

5.18 SaudiArabia-Bahrain

ConfederationBridge

12874.75 130 4000 4 (1993-1997)

12.19 Canada

Tasman

Bridge

1395 44 67,0004 1960-1964

60.5 Hobart,Tasmania

Table 2.2: The Famous Beam Bridges Around the World.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_of_the_earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvature_of_the_earth


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Lake Pontchartrain

Causeway

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, or theCauseway,consists of two

parallel bridges crossingLake Pontchartrain in southernLouisiana,UnitedStates.The longer of the two bridges is 23.83 miles (38.35 km) long. Since1969 it was listed byGuinness World Records as thelongest bridge overwater in the world.The bridges are supported by 9,500 concrete pilings. The two bridges feature

bascule spans over the navigation channel 8 miles (13 km) south of the northshore.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway


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History

The idea of a bridge spanning Lake Pontchartrain dates back to the early19th Century andBernard de Marigny,the founder of Mandeville. He starteda ferry service that continued to operate into the mid 1930s. In the 1920s, a

proposal called for the creation of artificial islands that would then be linkedby a series of bridges. The financing for this plan would come from sellinghomesites on the islands. The modern Causeway started to take form in 1948when Ernest M Loeb Jr envisioned the project. Due to his lobbying andvision the Louisiana Legislature created what is now theCausewayCommission.The Louisiana Bridge Company was formed to construct the

bridge, who in turn appointed James E. Walters, Sr to direct the project.

King Fahd Causeway

The King Fahd Causewayis acauseway connectingSaudi Arabia andBahrain.The idea of constructing the causeway was based on improving thelinks and bonds between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. Surveying of themaritime began in 1968, and construction began in 1981 and continued until1986, when it was officially opened to the public.

Construction details

The project cost a total ofUS$1.2 billion (SAR3 billion). One of the majorcontractors of the project wasBallast Nedam,based in theNetherlands.[3]The four-lane road is 25 km (16 mi) long and approximately 23 m (75 ft)wide, and was built using 350,000 m2(3,800,000 sq ft) ofconcrete along
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Marignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Riyalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_Nedamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_Nedamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Riyalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_de_Marigny


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with 47,000metric tonnes of reinforcedsteel.The causeway is constructedin three segments starting from Saudi Arabia:

1. From Al-Aziziyyah , south ofKhobar,to the Border Station2. From the Border Station toNasan Island in Bahrain3. From Nasan island to the Al-Jasra, west ofManama,on themain

island of Bahrain

Expansion

On July 6, 2010, Saudi newspapers quoted King Fahd Causeway Authoritychief Bader Abdullah Al-Otaishan as saying that the King Fahd Causewaywas to undergo a major expansion projected to cost $5.3 million. It wasannounced that the number of departure lanes would be increased from 10 to

17 and the number of arrival lanes from 13 to 18 on both sides.

Confederation Bridge

The Confederation Bridgeis abridge spanning theAbegweit Passage ofNorthumberland Strait,linkingPrince Edward Island with mainlandNew

Brunswick,Canada.Construction took place from the autumn of 1993 to thespring of 1997, costingC$1.3 billion. The 12.9-kilometre (8 mi) long bridgeopened on 31 May 1997.

Structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_an_Nasanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegweit_Passagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abegweit_Passagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_an_Nasanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khobarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tonnes


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The bridge is a two-lane highway toll bridge that carries theTrans-CanadaHighwaybetweenBorden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (atRoute 1)andCape Jourimain, New Brunswick (atRoute 16).

It is a multi-spanpost-tensioned concretebox girder structure. Most of thecurved bridge is 40 metres (131 ft) above water, and it contains a 60 m(197 ft) high navigation span to permit ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62

piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250 m (820 ft) apart. The bridge is11 m (36 ft) wide.

The speed limit on the bridge is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). It takesabout 10 minutes to cross the bridge.

Tasman Bridge

The Tasman Bridgeis afive-lanebridge crossing theDerwent River,near

the CBD ofHobart,Tasmania.The bridge has a total length (includingapproaches) of 1,395 metres (4,576 ft). It provides the main traffic routefrom the CBD (on the western shore) to the eastern shore - particularlyHobart International Airport andBellerive Oval.It has apedestrian footway on each side, but no dedicated lane for bicycles. However, steps to the

pedestrian foot way have recently been replaced with on-ramps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden-Carleton,_Prince_Edward_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_1_(Prince_Edward_Island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Jourimain,_New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Route_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-tensioned_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_girder_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-lane_arterialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_River,_Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Ovalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellerive_Ovalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_International_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derwent_River,_Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-lane_arterialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_girder_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-tensioned_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Route_16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Jourimain,_New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_1_(Prince_Edward_Island)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden-Carleton,_Prince_Edward_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway


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DisasterOn Sunday 5 January 1975, at 9:27 p.m. Australian Eastern Summer Time,the Tasman Bridge was struck by thebulk ore carrierLake Illawarra,

bound for theElectrolytic Zinc Company with a cargo of 10,000tons of

zinc concentrate.It caused twopylons and three sections of concretedecking, totaling 127 metres (417 ft), to fall from the bridge and sink theship.

ReconstructionReconstruction of the Tasman Bridge commenced in October 1975. Animportant factor of the reconstruction is the improved safety measures. TheTasman Bridge repair took two years and cost approximately $44 million.The bridge officially reopened on 8 October 1977.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

ForthBridge

2528.62 11.5 190200trains perday

7 (1883-1890)

46.03 Scotland,Europe

Niagara

CantileverBridge

276.15 0.007 0

closed

37 (1846-

1883)

73 US and

Canada

HoraceWilkinsonBridge

1386.84 41 107,000 12 (1956-1968)

53 US

QuebecBridge

987 25 Closedforvehicles

20 (1975-1995)

104 Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_ore_carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Illawarra_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Illawarra_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Illawarra_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_concentratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower#Transportation_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower#Transportation_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_concentratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Illawarra_(ship)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_ore_carrier


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Table 2.3 The Famous Cantilever Bridges around the World.

Forth Bridge

The Forth Bridgeis acantileverrailwaybridge over theFirth of Forth inthe east ofScotland,to the east of theForth Road Bridge,and 14 kilometres(9 mi) west of centralEdinburgh.It was opened on 4 March 1890, and spans

a total length of 2,528.7 metres (8,296 ft). It is often called the Forth RailBridgeor Forth Railway Bridgeto distinguish it from theForth RoadBridge,although it has been called the "Forth Bridge" since its construction,and was for over seventy years the sole claimant to this name.

The bridge connects Scotland'scapital city,Edinburgh,withFife,leavingtheLothians atDalmeny and arriving inFife atNorth Queensferry;it acts as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Queensferryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Road_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridge


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a major artery connecting the north-east and south-east of the country.Described in the Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotlandas "the one immediatelyand internationally recognised Scottish landmark", it may be nominated bythe British government to be added to theUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites inScotland.The bridge and its associated railway infrastructure is owned by

Network Rail Infrastructure Limited.

Until 1917, when theQuebec Bridge was completed, the Forth Bridge hadthe longest single cantilever bridge span in the world. It still has the world'ssecond-longest single span

Niagara CantileverBridge

The Niagara Cantilever Bridgeor Michigan Central RailwayCantilever Bridgewas acantilever bridge across theNiagara Gorge.Aninternationalrailway-only bridge betweenCanada and theUnited States,itconnectedNiagara Falls,New York,andNiagara Falls,Ontario,located

just south of theWhirlpool Bridge,and opened to traffic in 1883, it wasreplaced by theMichigan Central Railway Steel Arch Bridge in 1925.

Background
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railway_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railway_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Gorgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO


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Although British engineers suggested using the cantilever form as areplacement for non-statically determinate[1]trusses as early as 1846, thefirst modern cantilever actually built was Heinrich Gerber's Hassfurt Bridgeover the Main River in Germany (1867), with a central span of 38 m.

The next important cantilever was built by American engineerC. ShalerSmith,ten years later in 1877. It provided the first practical test of theapplication of the cantilever principle to long-span bridge design. He builtwhat was then the world's longest cantilever for theCincinnati SouthernRailway over a 366 m wide and 84 m deep gorge of theKentucky River nearDixville, Kentucky.

Horace WilkinsonBridge

The Horace Wilkinson Bridgeis acantilever bridge carryingInterstate 10

in Louisiana across theMississippi River fromPort Allen inWest BatonRouge Parish toBaton Rouge inEast Baton Rouge Parish.Around theBatonRouge Metropolitan Area,the bridge is more commonly known as the "NewBridge" because it is the younger of the two bridges that cross the river inBaton Rouge. The structure begins at theLouisiana Highway 1 (LA 1) exitsouth of Port Allen. After the interstate crosses the superstructure, it remains
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Shaler_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Shaler_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixville,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge_Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Louisianahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixville,_Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Southern_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Shaler_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Shaler_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Shaler_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassfurt_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Gerber&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statically_determinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statically_determinatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statically_determinate


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an elevated viaduct up to the Dalrymple Drive exit toLouisiana StateUniversity.It is the highest bridge on the Mississippi River.

The bridge is named after three separate Horace Wilkinsons who served atotal of 54 years in the Louisiana legislature. Horace Wilkinson, along withhis son and grandson, were honored with the naming of the I-10 bridge byAct 206 of the Louisiana Legislature in 1968.

Quebec Bridge

The Quebec Bridge(Pont de Qubecin French) crosses the lowerSaintLawrence River to the west ofQuebec City,andLvis,Quebec,Canada.

The Quebec Bridge is arivetedsteeltruss structure and is 987m (3,239 ft)long, 29 m (94 ft) wide, and 104 m (340 ft) high. Cantilever arms 177 m(580 ft) long support a 195 m (640 ft) central structure, for a total span of549 m (1800 ft), the longestcantilever bridge span in the world. It is the

easternmost (farthest downstream) complete crossing of the Saint Lawrence.

The bridge accommodates threehighway lanes (none until 1929, one until1949, two until 1993), onerail line (two until 1949), and apedestrianwalkway (originally two); at one time it also carried astreetcar line. It has

been owned by theCanadian National Railway since 1993.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedestrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University


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The Quebec Bridge was designated aNational Historic Site of Canada in1995.

NAME LENGTH

(m)

COST

($ M)

TRAFFIC

(daily)

CONST.

PERIOD

HEIGHT

(m)

LOCATION

SydneyHarbourBridge

1149.1 6.25 160,956 9 (1923-1932)

49.07 Australia

Lupu Bridge 3899.92 302 54000 3 (2000-2003)

46.03 China

Lus Bridge 385.24 0.00369 14000 5 (1881-1886)

44.5 Portugal

Main StreetBridge

215 60.1 4900 4 yrs 41 UnitedStates

Table 2.4 The Famous Arch Bridges around the World.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada


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Sydney Harbour

Bridge

The Sydney Harbour Bridgeis a steelthrough arch bridge acrossSydneyHarbour that carries rail, vehicular, bicycle and pedestrian traffic betweentheSydney central business district (CBD) and theNorth Shore.Thedramatic view of the bridge, the harbour, and the nearbySydney OperaHouse is an iconic image of bothSydney andAustralia.The bridge isnicknamed "The Coathanger" because of its arch-based design.

Under the directions ofDr J.J.C. Bradfield of theNSW Department ofPublic Works,the bridge was designed and built by English firm DormanLong and Co Ltd ofMiddlesbrough,and opened in 1932. According to theGuinness World Records,it is the world's widest long-span bridge. It is alsothefifth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world, and it is the tallest steelarch bridge, measuring 134 metres (440 ft) from top to water level. Until1967 the Harbour Bridge was Sydney's tallest structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradfield_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Public_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Public_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_arch_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_arch_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbroughhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorman_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Public_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Public_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW_Public_Workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradfield_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_central_business_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_arch_bridge


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Structure

The southern (CBD) bridge end is located atMillers Point inThe Rocksarea, and the northern end atMilsons Point in the lowerNorth Shore area. Itcarries six lanes of road traffic on its main roadway, while on its eastern sideare two lanes of road traffic (formerly twotram tracks)and a footpath, andon its western side are two railway tracks and a bicycle path, making thewestern side 30.5 cm (12 in) broader than the eastern side.

Lupu Bridge

The Lupu Bridgeis athrough arch bridge over theHuangpu River inShanghai,China,connecting the city'sLuwan andPudong districts. It is theworld's second longestarch bridge andsteel arch bridge, after theChaotianmen Bridge inChongqing.The bridge, which cost 2.5 billionyuan(US$302 million, has a total length of 3,900-metre (12,795 ft) and opened onJune 28, 2003. Its main span of 550 metres (1,804 ft) over theHuangpuRiver is 32 metres (105 ft) longer than the previous record holder for thelongestarch bridge,theNew River Gorge Bridge inFayetteville, WestVirginia.

Name

The name of the bridge, Lupu, is an abbreviation of the two districts ofShanghai which it links -Luwan District on the north bank, andPudong

New Area on the south bank. This follows the naming convention of the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millers_Point,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocks,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milsons_Point,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwan_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotianmen_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwan_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwan_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_West_Virginiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaotianmen_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_New_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwan_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Sydneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Sydney)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milsons_Point,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocks,_New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millers_Point,_New_South_Wales


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three earlier bridges across theHuangpu River,namely theNanpu (Nanshi-Pudong),Yangpu (Yangpu-Pudong), andXupu (Xuhui-Pudong)Bridges.

Lus Bridge

The Lus I Bridge(Ponte Lus I) is a metalarch bridge that spans theDouroRiverbetween the cities ofPorto andVila Nova de Gaia inPortugal.At thetime of construction its span of 172 m was thelongest of its type in the

world.

The Government held a competition for the construction of a metallic bridgeover theDouro River on a site that was adjacent to an existing bridge andwould replace it.Tophile Seyrig had already engineered theD. Maria PiaBridgeproject nearby, whilst working as a partner ofEiffel.He now tooksole responsibility for the new, major Lus 1st Bridge. The construction was

begun in 1881 and the bridge opened on 31 October 1886.

Total length 385.25 m Weight 3045 tons The arch measures 172 m in length and 44.6 m in heightOriginally built to take road traffic on both decks, at various times it sawtrams on the upper andtrolleybuses on the lower. The top deck is nowoccupied by Line D of theMetro do Porto and a pedestrian walkway.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xupu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuhui_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_arch_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9ophile_Seyrig&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Eiffelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_do_Portohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_do_Portohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Eiffelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9ophile_Seyrig&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_arch_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuhui_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xupu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanpu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangpu_River


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construction of such a span, the design of the arch was revised to a 6.6:1span-to-rise ratio, making the main arch taller as well as shortening it from480 ft (150 m) to 400 ft (120 m). This design change is expected to keep the10 degree incline that makes the bridge so unique.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ million)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

Vasco daGamaBridge

17219.98 100 52,000 3 (1995-1998)

47 Portugal

resundBridge

7844.94 570 17,000 4 (1995-1999)

57 Denmark

Rion-AntirionBridge

2880.36 704 11,000 6 (1998-2004)

227 Greece

SutongBridge

8,206 170 30,000 5 yrs 306 China

Table 2.5 The Famous Cable-Stayed Bridges around the World.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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Vasco da Gama Bridge

The Vasco da Gama Bridgeis acable-stayed bridge flanked byviaductsand rangeviews that spans theTagus River nearLisbon,capital ofPortugal.It is thelongest bridge inEurope (including viaducts), with a total length of

17.2 km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km(7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in dedicated access roads. Its

purpose is to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's other bridge (25 de AbrilBridge), and to join previously unconnected motorways radiating fromLisbon.

The bridge was opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, 18 months afterconstruction first began, just in time forExpo 98,the World's Fair thatcelebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery byVasco da Gama of the

sea route from Europe toIndia.

Description

The bridge carries six road lanes, with a speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph),the same as motorways, except on one section which is limited to 100 km/h(60 mph). On windy, rainy, and foggy days, the speed limit is reduced to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_by_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_de_Abril_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_by_lengthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge


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90 km/h (56 mph). The number of road lanes will be enlarged to eight whentraffic reaches a daily average of 52,000.

resund Bridge

The resundor resund Bridgeis a combined twin-trackrailway anddualcarriagewaybridge-tunnel across theresund strait.

The bridge connectsSweden andDenmark,and it is the longest road and railbridge inEurope.The resund Bridge also connects two majorMetropolitanAreas:those of the Danish capital city ofCopenhagen and the majorSwedish city ofMalm.Furthermore, the resund Bridge connects the roadnetwork ofScandinavia with those ofCentral andWestern Europe.

The internationalEuropean route E20 crosses this bridge-tunnel via the road,and theresund Railway Line uses the railway. The construction of theGreat Belt Fixed Link have connectedWestern andCentral Europe toScandinavia. The resund Bridge was designed by the Danish architectural

practiceDissing+Weitling.

The justification for the additional expenditure and complexity related todigging a tunnel for part of the wayrather than simply raising that sectionof the bridgewas to avoid interfering withairliners from the nearbyCopenhagen International Airport,and also to provide a clear channel forships in good weather or bad, and to preventice floes from blocking thestrait. The resund Bridge crosses the border between Denmark and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge-tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96resund_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt_Fixed_Linkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissing%2BWeitlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_floehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_floehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Airporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissing%2BWeitlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Belt_Fixed_Linkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96resund_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge-tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriagewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport


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Sweden. There are randomcustoms checks at the entrance toll booths forentering Sweden, but not for entering Denmark.

The resund Bridge received the 2002IABSEOutstanding StructureAward.

Rion-Antirion Bridge

The Rion-Antirion bridgeis the world's longest multi-spancable-stayedbridge.It crosses theGulf of Corinth nearPatras,linking the town ofRionon thePeloponnese toAntirion on mainlandGreece.

NameIts official name is the Charilaos Trikoupis Bridge after a 19th centuryGreekprime minister who suggested the idea of building a bridge betweenRion and Antirion; however, the endeavour was too expensive at the time.

Engineering Feats

Due to the peculiar conditions of the straits, several unique engineeringproblems needed to be considered. The water depth reaches 65 m, the seabed

is mostly of loose sediment, the seismic activity and possibility of tectonicmovement is significant, and the Gulf of Corinth is expanding at a rate ofabout 30 mm a year. For these reasons, special construction techniques wereapplied. The piers are not buried into the seabed, but rather rest on a bed ofgravel which was meticulously leveled to an even surface (a difficultendeavor at this depth). During an earthquake, the piers should be allowed tomove laterally on the seabed with the gravel bed absorbing the energy. The
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Structure_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Structure_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rion,_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antirionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rion,_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Structure_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Structure_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_Structure_Awardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs


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bridge parts are connected to the pylons using jacks anddampers to absorbmovement; too rigid a connection would cause the bridge structure to fail inthe event of an earthquake. It was also important that the bridge not have toomuch lateral leeway either so as not to damage the piers. There is provisionfor the gradual expansion of the strait over the bridge's lifetime.

Sutong Bridge

The Sutong Yangtze River Bridgeis acable-stayed bridge that spans theYangtze River inChinabetweenNantong andChangshu,a satellite city ofSuzhou,inJiangsuprovince. With a span of 1,088 metres (3,570 ft), it is the

cable-stayed bridge withthe longest main span in the world as of 2010. Itstwo side spans are 300 metres (980 ft) each, and there are also four smallcable spans. The bridge received the 2010 Outstanding Civil EngineeringAchievement award (OCEA) from theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers.

Two towers of the bridge are 306 metres (1,004 ft) high and thus the secondtallest in the world. The total bridge length is 8,206 metres (26,923 ft).Construction began in June 2003, and the bridge was linked up in June 2007.The bridge was opened to traffic on 25 May 2008 and was officially openedon 30 June 2008. Construction has been estimated to cost aboutUS$1.7 billion.

The completion of the bridge makes the commute between Shanghai andNantong, previously a four-hour ferry ride, shorten to about an hour. Itbrings Nantong one step closer to becoming an important part of theYangtze River Delta economic zone, and has further attracted foreign
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changshuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cable-stayed_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River_Deltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cable-stayed_bridgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changshuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber


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investors into the city. The bridge is also pivotal in the development ofpoorer northern Jiangsu regions.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST( $ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

ChapelBridge

170 2.1 PedestrianBridge

1 (1993-1994)

2.52 Switzerland

WhitesBridge

36.58 0.001700 0 (closeddue toaccident)

12 (1857-1869

2.83 U.S

AucklandHarbourBridge

1,020 29.1 168,754 5 (1954-1959)

43.27 NewZealand

FallasburgBridge

30 0.001500 120 14 (1857-1871)

3.7 U.S

Table 2.6 The Famous Truss Bridges around the World


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Chapel Bridge

The Chapel Bridgeis a covered woodenfootbridge spanning diagonallyacross theReuss River in the city ofLucerne in centralSwitzerland.

Named after the nearby St. Peter's Chapel, the bridge is unique since itcontains a number of interior paintings dating back to the 17th century,

although many of them were destroyed along with most of the centuriesold bridge in a 1993 fire. Subsequently restored, the Kapellbrcke is theoldest wooden covered bridge inEurope,as well as the world's oldestsurvivingtruss bridge.It serves as the city's symbol and as one ofSwitzerland's main tourist attractions.

HistoryThe bridge itself was originally built in 1333 as part of Lucerne'sfortifications. It linked the old town on the right bank of the Reuss to the

new town on the left bank, securing the city from attack from the south(i.e. from the lake). The bridge initially had a length of over 200 metres(660 ft), although due to numerous shortenings throughout the years andriver bank replenishments, the bridge now totals only 170 metres (560 ft)in length. It is the oldest survivingtruss bridge in the world, consisting ofstrutted and triangulated trusses of moderate span, supported on piledtrestles; as such, it is probably an evolution of the strutted bridge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuss_(river)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footbridge


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Whites Bridge

Whites Bridge(alternatively White's Bridge) is a 120-foot (37 m) spanBrown trusscovered bridge,erected in 1869 inKeene Township,Michigan,United States,nearSmyrna on theFlat River.Carrying Whites Bridge Road

across the Flat, it is located north of theFallasburg Bridge and south ofSmyrna. It is among the area's best-known 19th century structures.

Present day use

The bridge was briefly closed in 1995 to allow for repair of the abutments. Itwas subsequently reopened to automobile traffic. The bridge, with a loadlimit of 3 tons (2.7 tonnes) in effect, was in use until it incurred majorstructural damage, presumedly by a motor vehicle, on approximatelyJanuary 8, 2010. It has since reopened to traffic with the replacement pats

easily visible.

Although theAda Covered Bridge may have been built earlier, it wascompletely replaced due to a fire, and this bridge is arguably the oldestcovered bridge still using parts of the original structure in Michigan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otisco_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_River_(Michigan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Covered_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Covered_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_River_(Michigan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otisco_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keene_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_truss


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Auckland Harbour

Bridge

The Auckland Harbour Bridgeis an eight-lanebox truss motorway bridgeover theWaitemata Harbour,joiningSt Marys Bay inAuckland with

Northcote inNorth Shore City,New Zealand. The bridge is part ofStateHighway 1 and theAuckland Northern Motorway.It is the second-longestroad bridge in New Zealand, and the longest in theNorth Island.

The bridge has a length of 1,020 m (3,348 ft), with a main span of 243.8 m,rising 43.27 m above high water allowing ships access to the deepwaterwharf at theChelsea Sugar Refinery west of it (one of the few wharvesneeding such access west of the bridge, a proposedTe Atatuport having

never been realised.

While considered an Auckland icon, there has also been criticism, from thenickname of 'coathanger' due to its shape, to complaints that it mimics theSydney Harbour Bridge incopyist fashion. Many also see the originalconstruction of the bridge without walking, cycling and rail facilities as a bigoversight.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemata_Harbourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Marys_Bay,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Northern_Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Sugar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Atatuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Atatuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Sugar_Refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Northern_Motorwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Marys_Bay,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitemata_Harbourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss


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The bridge sees a small number of suicide attempts each year, with peoplejumping into the Waitemata Harbour below, and between one and twopeople each year dying from the fall.

Fallasburg Bridge

Fallasburg Bridge(alternatively Fallassburgh Bridge) is a 100-foot(30 m) spanBrown trusscovered bridge,erected in 1871 inVergennesTownship,Michigan, United States, 5 miles (8.0 km) north ofLowell on theFlat River.Carrying Covered Bridge Road across the Flat, it is located in theFallasburg Historical District south ofWhites Bridge and Smyrna. It is listedon theNational Register of Historic Places,and along withWhites Bridge

andZehnder's Holz Brucke,is one of only three Michigan covered bridgesopen to vehicle traffic.

History

This bridge is at least the second bridge across the Flat at this location,although records are unclear. It is known that a bridge was built here in1840, and was subsequently destroyed byice jams andflooding.At least oneother predecessor to this bridge is believed to also have been constructed,and destroyed in a similar manner, but records are unclear. In 1871, Jared N.Bresee, builder of theAda Covered Bridge in nearbyAda,was contracted to

build the present structure at a cost of $1500.[2]

The bridge has had repairs and strengthenings over the years, includingreplacement of the original abutments with concrete in 1905, and two otherextensive repair sessions in 1945, and 1994. Because the various repairs and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trusshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergennes_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergennes_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_River_(Michigan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Historical_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Placeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehnder%27s_Holz_Bruckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_jamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Covered_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridge#cite_note-wmtaFB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridge#cite_note-wmtaFB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridge#cite_note-wmtaFB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Bridge#cite_note-wmtaFB-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Covered_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_jamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehnder%27s_Holz_Bruckehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Placeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whites_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallasburg_Historical_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_River_(Michigan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergennes_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergennes_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergennes_Township,_Michiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covered_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_truss


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restorations were completed with "conscientious attention to detail", it isbelieved that the bridge has retained historic integrity and character.


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Methods for Collection of DataThe Methods adopted for collecting data are as follows:

Secondary data was collected mainly through internet then a fewbooks and journals were also consulted.

Primary data was collected through the questionnaire filled by fellowstudents. The survey was conducted mainly in the Civil EngineeringDepartment.


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SECONDARY DATA SAMPLE DESIGN:NAME LENGTH

(m)COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

GoldenGateBridge

2735.9 35 4805740vehiclesdaily

5 yrs 67 NorthAmerica

Verrazano-Narrows

Bridge

1298.45 320 189,962 10 yrs 69.5 NorthAmerica

CliftonSuspensionBridge

412.09 100 8,800 28 yrs 75 England

HumberBridge

1410 98 6,472,214 8 yrs 30 England

Table 2.1 The Famous Suspension Bridges around the World

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

LakePontchartrainCauseway

38350.667 56.7 43,000 8 (1948-1956)

4.57 United States

King FahdCauseway

25749.5 120 45,000 5 (1981-1986)

5.18 SaudiArabia-Bahrain

ConfederationBridge

12874.75 130 4000 4 (1993-1997)

12.19 Canada

Tasman

Bridge

1395 44 67,0004 1960-1964

60.5 Hobart,Tasmania

Table 2.2: The Famous Beam Bridges Around the World.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobarthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart


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NAME LENGTH(m) COST($ M) TRAFFIC(daily) CONST.PERIOD HEIGHT(m) LOCATION

ForthBridge

2528.62 11.5 190200trains perday

7 (1883-1890)

46.03 Scotland,Europe

NiagaraCantileverBridge

276.15 0.007 0closed

37 (1846-1883)

73 US andCanada

HoraceWilkinsonBridge

1386.84 41 107,000 12 (1956-1968)

53 US

QuebecBridge

987 25 Closedforvehicles

20 (1975-1995)

104 Canada

Table 2.3 The Famous Cantilever Bridges around the World.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST($ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

SydneyHarbourBridge

1149.1 6.25 160,956 9 (1923-1932)

49.07 Australia

Lupu Bridge 3899.92 302 54000 3 (2000-2003)

46.03 China

Lus Bridge 385.24 0.00369 14000 5 (1881-1886)

44.5 Portugal

Main StreetBridge

215 60.1 4900 4 yrs 41 UnitedStates

Table 2.4 The Famous Arch Bridges around the World.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio


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NAME LENGTH(m) COST($ million) TRAFFIC(daily) CONST.PERIOD HEIGHT(m) LOCATION

Vasco daGamaBridge

17219.98 100 52,000 3 (1995-1998)

47 Portugal

resundBridge

7844.94 570 17,000 4 (1995-1999)

57 Denmark

Rion-AntirionBridge

2880.36 704 11,000 6 (1998-2004)

227 Greece

Sutong

Bridge

8,206 170 30,000 5 yrs 306 China

Table 2.5 The Famous Cable-Stayed Bridges around the World.

NAME LENGTH(m)

COST( $ M)

TRAFFIC(daily)

CONST.PERIOD

HEIGHT(m)

LOCATION

ChapelBridge

170 2.1 PedestrianBridge

1 (1993-1994)

2.52 Switzerland

WhitesBridge

36.58 0.001700 0 (closeddue toaccident)

12 (1857-1869

2.83 U.S

AucklandHarbourBridge

1,020 29.1 168,754 5 (1954-1959)

43.27 NewZealand

FallasburgBridge 30 0.001500 120 14 (1857-1871) 3.7 U.S

Table 2.6 The Famous Truss Bridges around the World
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China


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PRIMARY DATA SAMPLE DESIGN:TOPIC: BRIDGES

Gender: Male Female

Age: 18-20 21-25 25-above

Please encircle your choice.

Q.1: Which bridge do you think is most stable against Earth Quake forces?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q2. Which bridge is cost effective?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q3. Which bridge will you prefer in Pakistan?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q.4 How will you stop corrosion of steel?1. Cathodic Protection (supplying an electrical charge) 2. Attach an inferior metal3. Galvanization (electroplating zinc) 4. Apply paint

Q5. Which bridge is more aesthetic?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q6. Which material will you prefer for a bridge?1. Wood 2. Concrete 3. Steel 4. Masonry

Q7. As a student which bridge do you think can be easily constructed?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q8. Which is the most common type of bridge?1. Suspension Bridge 2. Beam Bridge 3. Cantilever Bridge


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4. Arch Bridge 5. Cable-Stayed Bridge 6. Truss Bridge

Q9. What is the prominent stability factor for a bridge?1. Support Conditions 2. Safety Factor3. Load Bearing Capacity 4. Height of pylons

CONTENT VALIDITY FOR SECONDARYAND PRIMARY DATA

For secondary data content validity the website links are provided in theReferences. Whereas for the primary data content validity thequestionnaire filled by the students are attached in the Appendix(Questionnaire) section.Kindly refer to the References and Appendix (Questionnaire) section forthe content validity of both secondary and primary data.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE FORSECONDARY DATA:For secondary data internet search was done. The literature obtained fromdifferent websites was transformed into tables for the specific charactersvalues.

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR PRIMARYDATA:


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For primary data a survey was conducted asking people to fill thequestionnaire. The results obtained from different forms were combinedand input in SPSS file to evaluate numerous results in the form of graphsand tables.


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CONCLUSION ACCORDING TO SECONDARYDATA:

From the graph it is concluded that cable stayed bridge is constructed athigh cost compare to other type of bridges.

Beam Bridge is usually preferred for constructing bridge of larger spanscompare to other types of bridges.

Cable stayed bridge is usually preferred for constructing bridges at heightand next to cable stayed bridge is suspension bridge.

Within a period of 5 yrs, it is possible to construct a bridge of requiredmaximum length.

The graph shows that Cable-Stayed bridges are most costly.

There is a high traffic density that passes over Suspension bridges and

then over Beam bridges.

Graph shows that most high cost and length bridges take more that 20years to complete.

CONCLUSION ACCORDING TO PRIMARYDATA:

The results obtained from the graphs plotted on the basis of thequestionnaire filled by local people show that mostly people considerArch and Cable-Stayed bridges to be more aesthetic.

Both male & female have the same point of view that Beam Bridge iseasier to construct and are cost effective compare to other bridges.


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Beam bridge is considered more cost effective

Concrete & steel are more stable against earthquake forces compare towood & masonry

If we consider stability of a bridge in terms of material then steel is themost preferred material

Stability of a bridge is much dependent on load baring capacity & onsupport conditions

After studying the comparisons among:

different types of bridges period of construction total cost location traffic

we can easily suggest or design a bridge for our country byconsidering the above factors and criteria of construction of bridgesin different parts of the world.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Following factors should be considered while suggesting a bridge for ourcountry

We should only select that type of bridge which is cost effective &more reliable

It should be aesthetic so that it would become a center of touristattraction


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If we have to design a bridge for longer span then we shouldconsider the trend which is being followed in the world forconstructing bridge of longer spans

The material we would use should be more resistant to corrosion It should be design so that it become more resistant ti earthquake

forces

We have selected bridges randomly and then made analysis on them. Ourstudy, analysis, recommendation & suggestions purely rely on the study ofthese selected bridges. We have also tried to grasp the engineers opinion

for this we distributed questionnaire and consider their opinion in analysisand in concluding results.

The study of bridge will definitely help us in finding the answers ofdifferent questions i.e.:

Why beam bridge is more preferred one for larger spansWhy cable stayed bridges has the maximum cost and how we reduce

itWhy cable stayed bridge is preferred at heightWhat should be the minimum time period of a bridge construction Is their any material that we use in construction besides steelWhy beam bridge is considered more stable


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Bridge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Cantilever_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Wilkinson_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Lu%C3%ADs_Bridge,_Portohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Bridge_(Columbus)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutong_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rion-Antirion_Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causewayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Cantilever_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Cantilever_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Cantilever_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Wilkinson_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Wilkinson_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupu_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Lu%C3%ADs_Bridge,_Portohttp://en.wikipedia

statistical report 4

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