statistics south africabeta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/d04054/d04054.pdf · users may apply or...

Statistics South Africa

Country experience in the compilation of Tourism Satellite Accounts

i

Published by Statistics South Africa, Private Bag X44, Pretoria 0001 © Statistics South Africa, 2007 Users may apply or process this data, provided Statistics South Africa (Stats SA) is acknowledged as the original source of the data; that it is specified that the application and/or analysis is the result of the user's independent processing of the data; and that neither the basic data nor any reprocessed version or application thereof may be sold or offered for sale in any form whatsoever without prior permission from Stats SA. Discussion document: Country experience in compilation of Tourism Satellite Accounts (D0405.4)/Statistics South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa, Feb 2007 Discussion Document (D0405.4) Title continuous in English only I Statistics South Africa (LCSH ) A complete set of Stats SA publications is available at Stats SA Library and the following libraries: National Library of South Africa, Pretoria Division National Library of South Africa, Cape Town Division Library of Parliament, Cape Town Bloemfontein Public Library Natal Society Library, Pietermaritzburg Johannesburg Public Library Eastern Cape Library Services, King William’s Town Central Regional Library, Polokwane Central Reference Library, Nelspruit Central Reference Collection, Kimberley Central Reference Library, Mmabatho This discussion document is available on the Stats SA website: www.statssa.gov.za



ii

Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 2. South African Tourism Satellite Accounts ..................................................................... 3 3. Compilation of a Tourism Satellite Account in other countries...................................... 4

3.1. Construction of the United Kingdom’s Tourism Satellite Account, 2000 ................. 5 3.2. Construction of the New Zealand Tourism Satellite Account, 2004 ...................... 13 3.3. Construction of the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account, 2000............................ 22 3.4. Construction of the Austrian Tourism Satellite Account, 1999 .............................. 27 3.5. Construction of the Australian Tourism Satellite Account, 2004/05 ...................... 31 3.6. Construction of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account, 1994 and 1998............ 37 3.7. Construction of the Scottish Tourism Satellite Account, 2000 .............................. 44

4. Recommendations for the compilation of a Tourism Satellite Account in South Africa ......................................................................................................................... 58

Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 60 References...................................................................................................................... 65 Annexures ....................................................................................................................... 66



iii

List of Tables Table A: UK Table 1 of the TSA - Inbound tourism (%), 2000 ...............................8 Table B: UK Table 2 of the TSA - Domestic Tourism Consumption (own

calculation ratios %), 2000 ......................................................................8 Table C: UK Table 3 of the TSA - Outbound tourism (%), 2000 ............................9 Table D: UK Table 5 of the TSA - Production account (%), 2000 ........................10 Table E: Tourism ratios on supply of tourism products (%), 2000 .......................11 Table F(I): UK Table 10,a of the TSA - Number of trips and nights by type of

tourism and category of visitor, 2000.....................................................11 Table F(II): UK TSA Table 10,b - Inbound tourism: Number of visitors by means of

transport, 2000 ......................................................................................12 Table F (III): UK TSA Table 10,c - Number of establishments in tourism

characteristics and tourism-connected activities classified according to number of employed persons, 2000......................................................12

Table G: Share of tourism expenditure by type of product in New Zealand (%), 2004.......................................................................................................16

Table H: Tourism expenditure (demand and supply) in NZ (%), 2004.................17 Table I: NZ Table 2 of the TSA - Domestic tourism (%), 2004...........................18 Table J: NZ Table 3 of the TSA - Outbound tourism (%), 2004 ..........................19 Table K: NZ Table 5 of the TSA - Production account (%), 2004 ........................20 Table L: NZ Table 7 of the TSA - Direct tourism employment (%)......................21 Table M: NZ tourism expenditure by type of product (%), 2004...........................22 Table N: Canada Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism (%), 2000.....................26 Table O: Canada Table 2 of the TSA- Domestic tourism (%), 2000 ....................26 Table P: Canadian Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound tourism, 2000......................27 Table Q: Canadian Table 7 of the TSA - Tourism employment, 2000 .................27 Table R: Tourism ratios by tourism industries in Austria (%), 1999 .....................30 Table S: Austria Table 1 of the TSA - Inbound tourism (%), 1999 .......................30 Table T: Austria Table 2 of the TSA - Domestic tourism (%), 1999 .....................31 Table U: Austria Table 5 of the TSA - Production account (%), 1999..................31 Table V: Australia Table 1 and Table 2 of the TSA - Tourism consumption

expenditure by domestic and inbound visitors (%), 2004/05 .................36 Table W: Australia Table 3 of the TSA - Outbound visitor’s, 2004/05...................36 Table X: Australia Table 7 of the TSA – Employed people in tourism by

industry, 2004/05...................................................................................37 Table Y: Philippines Table 1 and Table 2 of the TSA – Inbound and domestic

tourism ratios calculated (%), 1994&98.................................................40 Table Z: Philippines Table 5 of the TSA - Production Account of the tourism

industries and non-tourism industries (%), 1994 ...................................41 Table AA: Philippines Table 7 of the TSA - Employment generated by the tourism

industries (own calculations ratios (%)), 1994/98 ..................................42 Table AB: Philippines Table 10,a of the TSA - Tourist arrivals (%),

1994 and 1998.......................................................................................43 Table AC: Philippines Table 10,b of the TSA - Inbound tourist arrivals (%), 1994

and 1998................................................................................................43 Table AD: Assumptions made to split expenditure categories to fit input-output

categories (%), 2001 .............................................................................46 Table AE: Ratios used to break down supply of hotels and restaurants (%),

2001......................................................................................................47 Table AF: Scotland Table 1 of the TSA - Inbound tourism ratios (%), 2001 ..........47 Table AG: Scotland Table 2 of the TSA - Domestic tourism ratios (%), 2001.........48 Table AH: Scotland Table 3 of the TSA - Outbound tourism ratios (%), 2001 ........48



iv

Table AI: Scotland Table 7 of the TSA – Total employment by industry and tourism-related employment (%), 2001 .................................................49

Table AJ: Comparisons of the Tourism Satellite Accounts in seven countries ......47 Table AK: Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism ratios of seven countries............53 Table AL: Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism ratios of seven countries ..........54 Table AM: Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound ratios of seven countries ......................55 Table AN: Table 5 of the TSA – Production account ratios of seven countries .......56 Table AO: Table 7 of the TSA – Tourism employment ration of seven countries ....57



v

List of abbreviations ABI Annual Business Inquiry ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ANZSIC Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification AVSS Annual Visitors Sample Survey BoP Balance of Payments BoPT Balance of Payments for Tourism CAI Computer Assisted Interview CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interview CATI Computer Assisted Telephone Interview CE Census of Establishments CPI Consumer Price Index CTS Canadian Travel Survey DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs DOT Department of Tourism DTI Department of Trade and Industry DTS Domestic Tourism Survey EAS Economic Activity Survey EFS Expenditure and Food Survey Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Communities FTE Full-time Equivalents GAA General Appropriate Act GB Great Britain GBDVS Great Britain Day Visits Survey GDP Gross Domestic Product GHS General Household Survey HCE Household Consumption Expenditure HES Household Economic Survey HLFS Household Labour Force Survey IES Income and Expenditure Survey IPS International Passenger Survey ITS International Travel Survey of Canadian Residents IVS International Visitors Survey LAT Labour Accounts for Tourism LFS Labour Force Survey LSS Large Sample Survey NSBC National Statistical Board Council NSO National Statistics Office NZ New Zealand OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ONS Office for National Statistics PPI1 Producers Price Index QES Quarterly Employment Survey QFS Quarterly Financial Statistics ROW Rest of the World SARB South African Reserve Bank SARS South African Revenue Services SAT South African Tourism SEPH Survey of Employment, Payroll and Hours SG Statistician-General

1 Please see the glossary.



vi

SIC Standard Industrial Classification SNA System of National Accounts SSD Social Survey Division SSRTA Sample Survey of Regional Travellers in Accommodation StatsCan Statistics Canada Stats SA Statistics South Africa STS System of Tourism Statistics SU-tables Supply and Use Tables TSA Tourism Satellite Accounts TSARMF Tourism Satellite Accounts Recommended Methodological

Framework UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UKTS United Kingdom Tourism Survey UNSTAT United Nations Statistics Division UNWTO World Trade Organisation



1

1. Introduction A tourism satellite account (TSA) is a statistical instrument used to measure the size of the tourism industry’s contribution to the economy of a country according to international standards of concepts, classifications and definitions which will allow for valid comparisons with other industries and eventually from country to country and between groups of countries. A satellite account is a term developed by the United Nations (UN), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure the size of economic sectors not defined as industries in national accounts. Tourism plays a significant role in the South African economy. However, unlike output-defined industries such as agriculture or manufacturing, the primarily demand-defined tourism industry is not measured as a sector in its own right in national accounts. Tourism, globally, is not a clearly defined industry in the System of National Accounts (SNA), or in its recommended classifications, but it is an amalgamation of industries such as transportation, accommodation, food and beverage services, recreation and entertainment, and travel agencies. Tourism is not an industry in the traditional sense that is identified in the SNA. This is because industries are classified according to the goods and services they produce, while tourism is a consumption-based concept that depends on the status of the consumer. A major reason for the difficulties in measuring the size of tourism is the fact that in the 1993 SNA, industries are created on the basis of their activity or output, rather than on data on their customers, whereas tourism is defined by the characteristics of the consumers – the tourists – at the moment of consumption. Furthermore, tourism consumption includes ‘tourism-characteristic’ (i.e. accommodation, travel services, cable cars, etc.) and ‘non-tourism-characteristic’ (retail trade) goods and services, which deliver their services largely to non-tourists. The key factor, from a measurement standpoint, is to relate purchases by tourists to the total supply of these goods and services within a country.2 Given the difficulties of defining and measuring the size of tourism and the need to have accurate information about its size and structure, the UN recommends the development of a TSA. Satellite accounts involve the rearrangement of existing information in the national accounts so that an area of particular economic or social importance, such as tourism or natural resources, can be analysed more closely. Typically, satellite accounts or systems allow for: ♦ The provision of additional information on particular social concerns of a

functional or cross-sector nature; ♦ The use of complimentary or alternative concepts, including the use of

complementary and alternative classifications and accounting frameworks, when needed to introduce additional dimensions to the conceptual framework of national accounts;

♦ Extended coverage of costs and benefits of human activities; ♦ Further analysis of data by means of relevant indicators and aggregates; and ♦ Linkage of physical data sources and analysis to the monetary accounting

system.

2 Source: Stats SA, Discussion document (D9106): ‘Status of the tourism satellite account in South Africa’



2

It is important to recognise that a variety of basic statistics and/or more elaborate data than those provided by the national accounts are involved in the development of a TSA. The supply and use framework is a pivotal integration tool for all of this information3. The United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) document ‘General guidelines for developing the Tourism Satellite Account: Measuring tourism supply’ also stresses the benefits and importance of using Input-Output tables (based on the supply and use tables (SU-tables)) in the TSA context. In relation to the concept of ‘visitor consumption’ and the place where this occurs, as well as the need to distinguish between resident and non-resident visitors, the following concepts are defined in the tourism satellite account recommended methodological framework (TSARMF): ♦ Domestic tourism is the tourism of resident visitors within the economic territory of

the country of reference; ♦ Domestic tourism consumption comprises the consumption of resident visitors

within the economic territory of the country of reference; ♦ Inbound tourism is the tourism of non-resident visitors within the economic

territory of the country of reference; ♦ Inbound tourism consumption comprises the consumption of non-resident visitors

within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents;

♦ Outbound tourism is the tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference;

♦ Outbound tourism consumption comprises the consumption of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference and provided by non-residents;

♦ Internal tourism is the tourism of visitors both resident and non-resident, within the economic territory of the country of reference;

♦ Internal tourism consumption comprises the consumption of both resident and non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents;

♦ National tourism is the tourism of resident visitors within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference; and

♦ National tourism consumption comprises the consumption of resident visitors within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference.

On the basis of these concepts, definitions and classifications which indicate the boundaries of the tourism industry, the TSARMF recommends the development of 10 main accounting tables that allow for the analysis of the economic features of tourism, encompassing demand, supply, impact on employment, etc. Each table places the focus on a different aspect of the tourism industry, but they are not completely independent as there are obvious links between them, especially when used for analysis4.

3 General guidelines for developing the Tourism Satellite Account (UNWTO) 4 Source: General guidelines for developing the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA): Measuring tourism supply



3

The aim of this discussion document is to investigate international country experiences (international best practices) in compiling and populating the TSA tables (i.e. data sources used, assumptions made and ratios used), as well as to make recommendations for the development and compilation of the TSA tables for South Africa. For the process of TSA development in South Africa, refer to the discussion document (D0405.3) ‘Status of the tourism satellite account in South Africa’, published on the Stats SA website (www.statssa.gov.za) in April 2005. 2. South African Tourism Satellite Accounts For the compilation of the South African TSA, an inter-institutional committee for the TSA was established due to the development of the TSA being dependent on data from a number of different sources. This has been a successful achievement in South Africa, with Stats SA, South African Tourism (SAT), the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT), the South African Reserve Bank (SARB), the Department of Home Affairs (DHA), and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) all actively participating. The inter-institutional committee works on two levels. The first (higher) level committee is the TSA Steering committee, consisting of the Heads of Departments, so that recommendations from the working group can be put into practice without undue delay. The committee is chaired by the Statistician-General (SG) of Stats SA. The second level committee is the TSA working group, which allows members who are actively involved in tourism and tourism data to exchange ideas, work on methodological issues around TSA compilation, etc. The data currently available for the compilation of the South African TSA are as follows: Stats SA compiles the following data sources for the compilation of a South African TSA: Supply side information: ♦ Large Sample Survey (LSS) on accommodation (published every 3 years). The

latest information available is for reference year 2004 published on 21 November 2005;

♦ Large Sample Survey on personal services (published every 3 years). The latest information available is for reference year 2004 published on 21 November 2005;

♦ Large Sample Survey on real estate and business services (published every 3 to 5 years). The latest information available is for reference year 2003 published on 14 July 2005;

♦ Large Sample Survey on transport industry (published every 3 to 5 years). The latest information available is for reference year 2002 published on 1 December 2004;

♦ Survey of Tourism Accommodation (published monthly). The latest information available is for September 2006 published on 29 November 2006;

♦ Survey of Food and Beverages Outlets (published quarterly). The latest information available is for September 2006 published on 13 December 2006;

♦ Quarterly Financial Statistics Survey (QFS) (published quarterly). The latest information available is for September 2006 published on 21 December 2006;

♦ Economic Activity Survey (EAS) (published annually). The latest information available is for reference year 2005 published on 21 September 2006;

♦ Quarterly Employment Survey (QES) (published quarterly). The latest information available is for July 2005 published on 31 May 2006;



4

♦ Labour Force Survey (LFS) (published biannually). The latest information available is for March 2006 published on 26 September 2006; and

♦ Supply and Use Tables. Demand side information: ♦ General Household Survey (GHS) (published annually). The latest information

available is for September 2006 published on 12 December 2006; ♦ Tourism and Migration (published monthly). The latest information available is for

September 2006 published on 19 December 2006; ♦ Supply and Use Tables; and ♦ Income and Expenditure Survey (IES) (published every 5 years). The latest

information available is for reference year 2000 published on 13 November 2002).

SAT compiles the following data sources for the compilation of South African TSA: Demand side information: ♦ Departure Survey; and ♦ Domestic Tourism Survey. South Africa has developed the SU-tables model for the compilation of TSA. The SU-tables model mainly relates to Tables 1–6 of the TSA. The latest detailed SU-tables for South Africa (94 industries and 153 products and services) were published for the 2002 reference year. Therefore 2002 is also the reference year that was chosen for the development of the first draft set of TSA tables for South Africa (discussion document for internal circulation within the TSA working group and steering committee). The data intensiveness of the 10 tables that constitute a TSA makes it impossible and unadvisable for countries to implement them simultaneously. The 10 tables can be grouped into two different sets according to their degree of priority. Specifically, Tables 1–7 and Table 10 are regarded as being high priority as they include the minimum set of accounts needed to pursue a comparative analysis of tourism within a satellite framework. By contrast, Tables 8 and 9 have a lower priority level because of their complex nature – not only from a data perspective, but also from a conceptual approach. In addition, the methodology around the compilation of Tables 8 and 9 is still in the development phase. It is therefore recommended by the UNWTO that they are done last. The compilation of a TSA for South Africa firstly focused on the compilation of Tables 1–5, as well as Table 10. This will be followed by the compilation of Tables 6 and 7. 3. Compilation of a Tourism Satellite Account in other

countries

The compilation of a TSA differs from one country to another, depending on the data availability and the definitions adopted in each country. Most countries compiled Tables 1–6 (see Annexures 2–11) of the TSA (which is the core of the TSA). This section describes the experiences of seven countries, i.e. United Kingdom (UK), New Zealand (NZ), Canada, Austria, Australia, the Philippines and Scotland as examples of the compilation of their latest TSAs, e.g. the data sources, assumptions and ratios used.



5

3.1. Construction of the United Kingdom’s Tourism Satellite

Account, 2000 The Department of Culture compiled the 2000 UK TSA (which was published in 2004) according to the recommendations of the UNWTO methodological framework and the 1993 SNA. This includes Tables 1–6 and Table 10 of the TSA. Tables 7, 8 and 9 will be compiled in future. UK tourism contributed 4,0% or £89,6 billion of the total gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000. In 2000, the size of the UK population was approximately 59,6 million with total households of 14,3 million. 3.1.1. Main data sources The main data sources used for the compilation of the 2000 UK TSA were as follows: Supply side information: ♦ Annual Business Inquiry (ABI); ♦ UK Supply and Use Tables; and ♦ Labour Force Survey. Demand side information: ♦ International Passenger Survey (IPS); ♦ United Kingdom Occupancy Survey; ♦ United Kingdom Tourism Survey (UKTS); ♦ Great Britain (GB) Day Visits Survey; ♦ UK Supply and Use Tables; and ♦ Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS). The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. International Passenger Survey The IPS is an annual survey that is conducted by the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS). This survey is a random sample of passengers entering and leaving the UK by air, sea or the channel tunnel. Over a quarter of a million face-to-face interviews are carried out each year with passengers entering and leaving the UK through the main airports, seaports and the channel tunnel5. The data collected include country of visit (for UK residents), country of residence and region of the UK visited (for overseas residents), expenditure, purpose of visit, length of stay, age group, gender, mode of transport, port, year and quarter of visit. United Kingdom Occupancy Survey The UK Occupancy Survey is an annual survey. This survey’s data are sourced from the National Tourist Boards and Regional Tourists Boards in England. The coverage of this survey is different across the UK, with Scotland including non-serviced accommodation and the rest of the UK restricted to serviced accommodation only.

5 www.statistics.gov.uk/ssd/surveys/international_passenger_survey.



6

The UK Occupancy Survey for serviced accommodation operates on the basis of 13 individual surveys carried out by the Northern Ireland, Scottish and Wales Tourist Boards and the English Regional Tourist Boards. The purpose of this survey is to monitor room and bed space occupancy levels among serviced accommodation establishments. The types of accommodation in this survey are hotels (including motels, travel lodges and inns), guesthouses and private houses (including farmhouses) offering bed and breakfast to visitors6. United Kingdom Tourism Survey The UKTS is an annual survey. The National Tourist Board carry out a survey of trips undertaken by UK residents. The survey covers all trips away from home lasting one night or more for holidays, visits to friends and relatives, business, conferences or any other purpose except such things as hospital admissions or school visits. The main results are the number of trips taken, expenditure, and nights spent away from home. Data are also available on leisure activities undertaken on the trip, methods of booking or arranging travel, and types of location stayed at. The survey covers the UK and data are available for England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and at regional level. The survey is carried out continuously, and results are published annually. The survey uses the stratified random sample and in 2000, 55 000 interviews were conducted7. Great Britain Day Visits Survey The GBDVS is a quarterly survey and used a random sample of GB residents (aged 16 and above). The GBDVS measures the visitors who visit GB and return to their place of origin without staying overnight (visit takes place in one day). In 2000, 6 600 people were interviewed resulting in a 43,0% response rate. Business day trips are not included in this survey. The survey only covers home-based leisure day visits. Leisure day visits are visits that lasted three hours or more and were not undertaken on a regular basis. Annual Business Inquiry The ABI is an annual survey and is conducted in two parts: one dealing with employment, the other with financial information. The financial inquiry covers about two thirds of the UK economy (including production; construction; distribution and service industries; agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing). The coverage of the employment inquiry is wider8. The sample size of this survey is 77 000 businesses. The ABI is carried out by the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics. UK businesses are sampled according to their employment size and 4-digit level (Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)) of the industry sector). Results are used to compile the input-output tables for National Accounts, to rebase the Index of Production, benchmark the inventories and ‘capital expenditure quarterly inquiries’ and are supplied to Eurostat. The ABI data are used for the disaggregation of industries in the lower half of Table 5 of the TSA. The ABI data provide information on the number of employees, total output, compensation of employees, gross value added and purchases and hours worked.

6 www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE 7 www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE 8 www.statistics.gov.uk/abi/



7

UK Supply and Use Tables The UK SU-tables estimate the demand for products by UK resident and non-resident households. UK SU-tables are compiled annually and provide analyses of the whole economy by 123 products and 123 industries and final demands such as household’s final consumption expenditure. Labour Force Survey The LFS is a quarterly sample survey of households living at private addresses in GB. The sample size of this survey is 60 000 households. The purpose of LFS is to provide information on the UK labour market that can then be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies. The questionnaire design, sample selection and interviewing are carried out by the Social and Vital Statistics Division of the ONS on behalf of the Statistical Outputs Group of the ONS9. The labour market for tourism is derived by applying tourism industry ratios to the number of persons engaged in each industry. Tourism industry ratios produce an estimate of the number of persons engaged in each industry as a result of tourism. Expenditure and Food Survey The EFS is commissioned by the Social Survey Division (SSD) of ONS and by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It is an annual survey of household expenditure, food consumption and income with the sample size of 12 000 households. The primary uses are to provide information about spending patterns for the Retail Price Index, and about food consumption and nutrition10. 3.1.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the UK Tourism Satellite

Account UK visitors are divided into four categories (by purpose of visit), namely, ‘holiday visitors’, ‘business visitors’, ‘visiting friends and relatives’, and ‘other visitors’. This section discusses the ratios used and ratios calculated from the UK TSA tables as well as some assumptions made during the compilation of the 2000 TSA. Inbound tourism Inbound tourism contributed £12,6 billion of the UK total tourism consumption expenditure in 2000. Of the total inbound consumption expenditure in 2000, half of the consumption expenditure was spent on ‘accommodation services’ (21,0%) and ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ (19,4%). Tourism-connected products (miscellaneous services, travel agencies, etc.) accounted for 5,5% of the total tourism expenditure in the UK in 2000 and ‘non-tourism-related products’ (groceries, motor vehicle parts and repairs, etc.) accounted for 15,2%. ‘Passenger transportation services’ accounted only 24,6% of the tourism expenditure in 2000, and ‘recreation services’ accounted for 1,9% of the total tourism expenditure. Tourism-connected products include products such as miscellaneous services, and travel agencies. Non-tourism products include products such as groceries, alcoholic beverages from stores, motor vehicle parts and repairs, motor vehicle fuel and toiletries.

9 www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE 10www.statistics.gov.uk/ssd/surveys/expenditure_food_survey.



8

Diplomats and armed forces were not included in the inbound tourist expenditure definitions. Table A shows the ratios calculated from UK TSA Table 1 (inbound tourism) which was published in 2004. The inbound tourists spent a major part of their expenditure on ‘accommodation services’ (28,0%) followed by ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ (25,0%) and ‘non-tourism products’ (19,0%). Table A: UK Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism (%), 200011 Tourism products

Own calculation

ratiosAccommodation services 28,0Restaurant, bar and catering services 25,0Passenger transport services 4,0Travel agency and tour operator services 0,0Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 2,0Tourism-connected products 7,0Non-tourism products 19,0Retail 15,0Distribution margins 0,0Total 100,0Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA Domestic tourist expenditure in the UK comprises UK residents who stay overnight on a tourism visit, and those who are day visitors. The latter represented the most important element of domestic tourism demand, comprising £31,8 billion or 35,4% of the total tourist expenditure. Spending by overnight visitors in the UK was just over £26 billion or 29,0%. Table B shows that domestic day visitors spent the major part of their expenditure on ‘non-tourism-connected products’ (34,7%) and ‘retail and distribution including fuel products’ (26,5%). The total domestic visitors spent the major part of their expenditure on ‘passenger transport services’ (24,0%), followed by ‘non-tourism-connected products’ (20,8%) and ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ (20,5%). Table B: UK Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic Tourism Consumption (own

calculation ratios %), 2000

Products Overnight

visitorsDay

visitors

Total Accommodation services 21,5 0,0 7,7 Restaurant, bar and catering services 27,9 23,9 20,5 Passenger transport services 14,5 2,3 24,0 Travel agency and tour operator services 0,5 0,4 2,8 Recreation services 7,2 9,6 6,9 Miscellaneous tourism services 2,5 2,5 2,0 Non-tourism-connected products 15,6 34,7 20,8 Retail and distribution including fuel 10,3 26,6 15,3 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA

11 All figures in the document have been rounded off to the nearest million. There may therefore be slight discrepancies between the sums of the constituent products and industries and the totals shown.



9

Outbound tourism The UK made the assumption that outbound tourism is similar to inbound tourism in terms of the length of stay. Diplomats and armed forces were also not included in the outbound tourism definition. However, outbound tourism is more problematic, due to the importance of package tourism and the lack of data regarding the elements that make up a typical package tour. Despite these difficulties, the compilation of the UK outbound tourism provides a broad indication of UK residents’ spending overseas. In 2000, outbound tourism was estimated at £24,3 billion or 27,1% of the total expenditure, indicating a tourism balance of trade deficit with the rest of the world (ROW), as inbound tourists consumed around £16,1 billion or 17,9% of the total expenditure. Once the travel agents and tour operators’ margin has been reallocated to the UK and overseas companies as required, the biggest elements of outbound expenditure is expenditure on ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ (£7 billion or 28,8%), ‘accommodation services’ (£6,3 billion or 25,9%) and ‘recreation, cultural and other entertainment services’ (£3,2 billion or 13,2%). The data used to calculate the UK outbound tourism were derived from the IPS. The IPS captured expenditures made by UK residents in the UK in relation to their trip. If a trip is booked through a travel agent or tour operator, IPS deducts estimated travel commission and fares expenditure from travel agents or tour operators’ expenditure. Only expenditure incurred abroad is included in the outbound tourism table and the rest of the expenditure (expenditure incurred domestically by UK residents before or after trip) is included in the domestic tourism table. Table C shows the ratios calculated from Table 3 of the UK TSA that was published in 2004. Table C: UK Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound tourism (%), 2000

Tourism products

Own ratios calculated

Accommodation services 25,9Restaurant, bar and catering services 29,0Passenger transport services 7,5Travel agency and tour operator services 0,3Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 13,2Tourism-connected products 2,1Non-tourism products 12,9Distribution margins 9,1Total 100,0Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA Production account of tourism industries The UK production account was calculated from the SU-tables. The UK SU-tables consist of 123 products and 123 industries. The UK used the SU-tables to estimate the value of the output of ‘hotels, restaurant and bar industries’, comprising ‘hotels, restaurant and bar products’. To derive the TSA Table 5 (production account) the UK further disaggregated the hotels, catering, pubs, etc. industries into two sub-groups, namely ‘accommodation services’ and ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ whilst ‘Travel agency and tour operator services’ are separately identifiable from ‘transport and transport services’. Table D shows the ratios calculated from Table 5 of the UK TSA.



10

Table D: UK Table 5 of the TSA – Production account (%), 2000

Tourism products


Accommodation services 5,7Restaurant, bar and catering services 15,9Passenger transport services 44,6Travel agency and tour operator services 0,9Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 20,0Tourism-connected products 7,8Non-tourism products 4,9Distribution margins 0,2Total output 100,0Agriculture and extraction 1,2Manufacturing in food processing 22,4Energy and water 1,1Construction 1,3Hotels, transport and communication services 30,8Business services 30,2Community, social and personal services 13,0Total intermediate consumption 100,0Taxes less subsidies on production 3,2Compensation of employees 63,8Gross operating surplus 33,0Total gross value added at basic prices 100,0Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA Table E shows the tourism ratios used to split the UK tourism supply of products and services. The UK assumed 69,5% of the ‘hotels and lodging services’ output as tourism-specific products and 100,0% of the ‘second home services on own account’ are also assumed as tourism-specific products.



11

Table E: Tourism ratios on supply of tourism products (%), 2000

Tourism products

Tourism ratios on

supply given

Accommodation services 71,5Hotels and lodging services 69,5 Second homes services on own account 100,0

Restaurant, bar and catering services 42,9Passenger transport services 18,9

Railway transport services 15,6 Other land transport services 8,2 Water transport services 33,2 Air transport services 62,6 Ancillary transport services 1,9

Travel agency and tour operator services 99,6

Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 9,9Tourism-connected products 0,8

Post and telecommunications services 1,4 Financial and insurance services 0,7 Rental services 2,0 Market health services 0,3

Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA Tourism Employment The information used to compile Table 7 (tourism employment) for the UK was derived from the ABI and LFS. LFS contains data on employees and the self-employed, while the ABI contains data on the hours worked. The information on jobs by gender, occupational structure and information on status of employment was derived from LFS raw data (unpublished data). The UK has gathered the data to compile Table 7 but have not populated Table 7 as yet. UK tourism indicators The information used to compile TSA Table 10(c) was derived from the ABI which contains data on establishments. The UK compiled three sub-sets of tourism indicators. The first sub-table is ‘Number of trips and nights by type of tourism and category of visitor’ and is shown in Table F(I). Table F(I): UK Table 10(a) of the TSA – Number of trips and nights by type of

tourism and category of visitor, 2000 Own calculations ratios (%)

Inbound tourism Domestic tourism Outbound tourism Visitors

Same-day

visitors

Tourists

Total

visitors

Same-day

visitors

Tourists

Total

visitors

Same-day

visitors

Tourists

Total

visitors Trips 7,9 92,1 100,0 85,0 15,0 100,0 8,1 91,9 100,0 Nights 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA



12

The second sub-table that the UK compiled is the ‘Inbound tourism by number of visitors and means of transport used’. Table F(II) shows the ratios calculated from Table 10 of the UK TSA. In 2000, 70,8% of the inbound visitors to the UK used air transportation as a means of transport, followed by sea (17,0%) and road (12,2%) transport. Table F(II): UK TSA Table 10(b) – Inbound tourism: Number of visitors by

means of transport, 2000

Tourism products characteristics

Number of visitors

(000)


(%)Air 17 831 70,8Sea 4 298 17,0Road 3 080 12,2Total 25 209 100,0Off sea and road: Foot 2 998 40,7Private vehicle 1 936 26,2Coach 1 411 19,1Goods vehicle 772 10,5Unknown 261 3,5Total 7 378 100,0Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA Table F(III) shows the number of establishments and the number of employed (employees and self-employed) persons in 2000. Of the total number of employees in the UK tourism industries, 29,9% were employed in ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’, followed by ‘recreation, cultural and other entertainment services’ (19,1%) and ‘financial and insurance’ (10,7%) industries. Table F(III): UK TSA Table 10(c) – Number of establishments in tourism-

characteristic and tourism-connected activities classified according to number of employed persons, 2000

Own ratios calculated (%)

Establishment 1–10

employees 11–49

employees 50–199

employees 200 or more employees

Total

Hotels and lodging 3,2 6,1 9,4 4,8 3,9 Restaurant, bar and catering services

29,9

34,1

14,4

4,2

29,9

Railway transport services 0,2 0,1 0,2 1,3 0,1 Other land transport services 12,3 6,1 8,1 9,3 10,5 Water transport services 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,3 Air transport services 0,3 0,2 0,6 2,1 0,3 Ancillary transport services 3,0 3,3 4,8 5,1 3,2 Travel agency and tour operator services

2,7

2,5

1,6

1,5

2,6

Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services

21,4

9,8

11,0

7,3

19,1

Post and telecommunications services

4,6

3,9

11,1

14,9

4,8

Financial and insurance services

9,9

13,8

15,0

22,7

10,7

Rental services 4,9 3,2 2,3 0,9 4,5 Health services 7,4 16,4 21,3 25,5 10,1 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source: UK Department of Culture – 2000 TSA



13

3.2. Construction of the New Zealand Tourism Satellite

Account, 2004 Statistics New Zealand compiled the 2004 TSA for NZ according to the recommendation of the 1993 SNA and within the guidelines published by the UNWTO and approved by the United Nations Statistical Commission in 2000. The 2004 NZ TSA was published in 2005. Tourism plays a significant role in the NZ economy in terms of the production of goods and services and the creation of employment opportunities. Tourism contributed 4,9% or ($6,2 billion) of the total GDP in 2004. NZ compiled the 2004 TSA within an input-output framework. NZ defined ‘usual environment’ as the tourist (person) – ♦ travelling by a scheduled flight or inter-island ferry services; or ♦ travelling more than 40 kilometres from their residence (one way) and travelling

outside the area they commute to for work or visit daily; and/or ♦ travelling as an international tourist. In 2004, the size of the NZ population was approximately 4,2 million with total households of 1,3 million. 3.2.1. Main data sources The main data sources that were used for the compilation of the 2004 TSA for NZ were: Supply side information: ♦ Annual Enterprise Survey; ♦ Retail Trade Survey; ♦ Input–output tables; ♦ Quarterly Employment Survey; ♦ Household Labour Force Survey (HLFS); ♦ Accommodation Survey; and ♦ Ministry of Education and the Survey of English Language providers. Demand side information: ♦ International Visitor Survey (IVS); ♦ Domestic Travel Survey (DTS); ♦ Household Economic Survey (HES); and ♦ Input–output tables. The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. International Visitor Survey The IVS is a quarterly face-to-face survey of international visitors to NZ aged 15 years or older (92,0% of international visitors arriving in NZ during the year ended September 2003 were aged 15 years or older), with a sample size of 5 000 households.



14

The purpose of the IVS is to provide accurate, quarterly national information on the characteristics, behaviour and expenditure of international visitors. In particular, to measure the amount of expenditure of international visitors; to determine the activities international visitors participate in, the transport and accommodation types used, and places visited. The IVS also provides data for determining the travel credits component in the BoP, tourism expenditure in the TSA, and to provide demographic information about international visitors, their motivation for visiting NZ, and their satisfaction with their visit to NZ. Accommodation Survey The NZ accommodation survey is a monthly survey with a sample size of 3 600 units. This survey measures the guests’ nights, stay units, occupancy rate, capacity (stay units available) and average length of stay. The target population for this survey is all 'geographic units' (establishments) that are classified as short-term (less than one month) commercial accommodation providers operating in NZ. In terms of the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), the target population (units) is taken from class 5710 (accommodation) and the part of the class 5720 (pubs, taverns and bars) that also provides accommodation. This survey aims for 100,0% coverage of the population (i.e. a full census). However, an overall response rate of between 76,0% and 80,0% is usually achieved. The remaining units are given imputed12 values based on the characteristics of similar establishments in the same or similar regions13. Domestic Travel Survey The DTS is a quarterly survey that measures the travel patterns of New Zealanders within NZ. The target population of the DTS is the resident population aged 15 years and older. The DTS is a telephone-based survey undertaken using Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI). Telephone interviewing takes place on a continual basis, with respondents selected through the process of random digit dialling. To ensure a representative sample, daily total quotas, weekly age/sex quotas and monthly regional quotas are used. In 2004, the sample size was around 15 000 interviews per year. A range of data is collected, including day trips, overnight trips, nights away, places stayed, main reason for trips, transport used, activities undertaken and expenditure14. The DTS provides information for the calculation of domestic travel by business and government. The DTS does not capture all types of household tourism expenditure, so separate estimates were made for outbound travel purchased from NZ residents firms, off-trip purchases of tourism-specific consumer durable goods, and imputed rental on holiday homes. Household Economic Survey The HES is an annual survey. This survey collects information from around 3 000 private NZ households. The information ranges from household spending on apples to new cars. The HES also provides statistics on selected households and their members, so that spending patterns can be linked to the type of households surveyed. There are about 2 300 expenditure items available15. 12 Imputation introduces unknown errors into the estimates. 13 www.stats.govt.nz 14 www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/Datasets/Domestic+Travel+Survey/ 15 www.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/prod_serv.nsf/htmldocs/consumer+spending



15

Annual Enterprise Survey The Annual Enterprise Survey provides a yearly overview of the economy through statistics about the financial position and performance of NZ businesses. The Annual Enterprises Survey covers the entire economy except for residential property operators, foreign government representation, religious organisations, and private households employing staff. There are over 110 industries measured. The survey uses a mix of administrative and sample survey data16. Retail Trade Survey The Retail Trade Survey is a monthly survey with a sample size of 3 350 enterprises. This survey measures the sales of a wide range of businesses that provide household and personal goods and services. Retailers include supermarkets, bookshops, restaurant, hotels, motels, repairers of household equipment and motor vehicles. A time series for the North and South islands is also available. Input–output tables Statistics New Zealand compiles input-output tables annually. The NZ input-output tables provide an overview of the whole economy by 210 products and 126 industries.17. The tables show, in a matrix form, the interactions and dependencies between industries. An input-output table can be used for a wide range of economic analyses, including: ♦ Identifying and measuring the composition and level of economic activity; ♦ Understanding the inter-relationships between industries; ♦ Studying the effects of change in supply and demand throughout the economy; ♦ Analysis of the flow of goods and services between industries and regions; ♦ Understanding the volume and significance of material and waste flows by

industry, when the model is adapted for this type of use; and ♦ Providing the basis for the calculation and improvement of the GDP. Quarterly Employment Survey The QES measures changes in and levels of average hourly and average weekly (pre-tax) earnings, average weekly paid hours, and the number of filled jobs. Information is collected quarterly from economically significant enterprises, with employees and self-employed persons only, from a range of industries. The sample size of this survey is 47 000 businesses. Direct tourism employment is derived by applying industry ratios to the number of persons engaged in each industry. This produces an estimate of the number of persons engaged in each industry as a result of tourism.

16 www.stats.govt.nz 17 www.stats.govt.nz/tables/



16

Household Labour Force Survey The HLFS is a quarterly survey. This survey provides a regular, timely and comprehensive portrayal of NZ's labour force. Each quarter, a range of statistics relating to employment, unemployment and people not in the labour force is published. The data are collected using Computer Assisted Interviewing (CAI). The CAI strategy involves a change in mode of data collection from traditional pencil and paper interviewing to CAPI for newly selected households, and from decentralised telephone interviewing to centralised CATI for the remaining households in the sample. The target population for the HLFS is the civilian, usually resident, non-institutionalised population aged 15 years and older. This means that the statistics in this release do not cover long-term residents of homes for older people, hospitals and psychiatric institutions; inmates of penal institutions; members of the permanent armed forces; members of the non-NZ armed forces; overseas diplomats; overseas visitors who expect to be resident in NZ for less than 12 months; and those younger than 15 years. The HLFS sample contains about 15 000 private households and about 30 000 individuals each quarter. Households are sampled on a statistically representative basis from rural and urban areas throughout NZ, and information is obtained for each member of the household. Each quarter, one-eighth of the households in the sample is rotated out and replaced by a new set of households. Therefore, the overlap between two adjacent quarters can be as high as seven-eighths. This overlap improves the reliability of quarterly estimates of change. 3.2.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the New Zealand Tourism

Satellite Account NZ tourism expenditure includes spending by overseas visitors and by domestic households, business and government travellers. International tourism expenditure includes spending by international students studying in NZ for less than one year. Table G shows the ratios used to split the tourism expenditure in NZ. Table G: Share of tourism expenditure by type of product in New Zealand (%),

2004

Tourism products

Share of tourism

expenditure given

Accommodation services 9,0Food and beverage services 11,4Air passenger transport 18,9Other passenger transport 10,9Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 8,2Other retail sales 22,3Other tourism products 11,9GST 7,4Total 100,0Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA Table H shows the tourism product ratios used in the compilation of the NZ TSA for the year 2004. Non-tourists also buy goods and services that are bought by tourists. The tourism product ratio indicates the proportion of the supply of a product that was purchased by tourists in 2004.



17

The tourism product ratio for ‘accommodation services’, for example, was 95,0%, which indicates that almost all accommodation supplied and demanded was bought by tourists. Tourists purchased only 41,0% of the supply of ‘food and beverage services’. Table H: Tourism expenditure (demand and supply) in NZ (%), 2004

Tourism products

Tourism ratios on products

givenAccommodation services 95,0Food and beverage services 41,0Air passenger transport 97,0Other passenger transport 75,0Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 22,0Other retail sales 5,0Other tourism products 5,0GST 0,0Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA Tourism expenditure Tourism expenditure in NZ is divided into three types of tourists, namely, international (inbound and outbound) tourists, household (domestic) tourists and business and government tourists (including only overnight tourists). Domestic tourists are further divided into overnight tourists and same-day visitors. International tourism expenditure The major data source used in the calculation of expenditure by overseas tourists in NZ was derived from the IVS published by Tourism NZ. The IVS was extrapolated to the population estimates using migration (arrivals and departure statistics) data. This survey was also supplemented with breakdowns from balanced input-output tables. Broad level estimates of international visitor expenditure in NZ were derived from transportation and travel services items in the balance of payment (BoP). NZ TSA totals exclude persons who visit NZ specifically to obtain medical treatment. The totals were then broken down into tourism products. Tourism expenditure by international students Tourism expenditure by international students studying for less than one year in NZ was calculated using the following steps: ♦ The total number of international students was obtained from the Ministry of

Education and the Survey of English Language providers. The latter is an annual Statistics NZ survey to collect information on the expenditure of international students studying at NZ English-medium schools, categorised by tuition and other fees, and accommodation costs;

♦ The number of international students studying in NZ for less than 12 months is derived as a proportion of total student numbers using short-term passenger arrivals visiting NZ for education or medical purposes;

♦ Expenditure on course fees and living costs is calculated using balance of payments (BoP) data and methodology. The BoP estimates include course costs and living costs per student for students studying at schools, tertiary institutions, private English Language Providers and for those on study tours;



18

♦ Expenditure on airfares is derived using BoP transportation credits data.

Expenditure on airfares by students in NZ for less than one year is obtained as a proportion of the total airfare income of resident airlines; and

♦ Total expenditure by international students in NZ for less than one year is the sum of the estimates of expenditure on course fees, living costs and airfares.

Household tourism expenditure Household tourism expenditure is divided into household domestic travel expenditure, outbound travel purchased expenditure, off-trip purchases of tourism-specific products and imputed rental on holiday homes. Household domestic travel expenditure Household domestic travel expenditure was derived from the DTS. These data were supplemented with data from the HES and other data sources. The DTS was extrapolated backward, in order to match as closely as possible, product expenditure data from the DTS with Household Consumption Expenditure (HCE) product categories used in the national accounts. The household domestic travel expenditure was then split into tourism-specific products to allow comparison with the supply side data. The DTS does not capture all types of household tourism expenditure, so separate estimates were made for outbound tourism, off-trip purchases of tourism-specific products and imputed rental on holiday homes. Table I shows the ratios calculated from NZ domestic tourism. In 2004, domestic tourists spent a major part of their expenditure on ‘retail sales products’ (37,7%), followed by ‘retail sales – fuel and other automotive products’ (16,1%) and ‘other tourism products’ (13,6%). Table I: NZ Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism (%), 2004

Tourism products

Own ratios

calculatedAccommodation services 6,4Food and beverage services 10,6Air passenger transport 9,5Other passenger transport 6,1Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 16,1Retail sales 37,7Other tourism products 13,6Total tourism products 100,0Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA Outbound travel purchased from New Zealand resident firms The outbound tourism expenditure was estimated from a variety of sources, including company annual reports, balance of payment data and data from HES. Household tourism expenditure in the TSA includes expenditure on overseas travel where New Zealanders purchase NZ produced goods and services. This expenditure includes fares paid to resident air carriers for flying a household tourist overseas, commissions paid to resident travel agents for booking household outbound travel, pre-paid travel insurance, and vaccinations needed by household outbound tourists. Table J shows the outbound tourism ratios calculated from the NZ TSA tables.



19

Table J: NZ Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound tourism (%), 2004

Tourism products Own ratios calculated

Accommodation services 12,8Food and beverage services 16,7Air passenger transport 25,2Other passenger transport 10,2Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 2,6Retail sales 18,1Other tourism products 14,4Total tourism products 100,0Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA Off-trip purchases of tourism-specific consumer durable goods Off-trip expenditure by households on tourism-specific products such as tents and sleeping bags is included in household tourism expenditure. The off-trip expenditure is divided into the provisional account and final account. The provisional account provides the unbalanced estimate figures of the off-trip expenditure while the final account provides the final balance figures of the off-trip expenditure. These off-trip purchases were based on data from the HES and were calculated in addition to the on-trip purchases of these goods. Off-trip expenditure by households on tourism-connected products was estimated using product breakdown from the latest final account to split household consumption expenditure groupings. Imputed rental on holiday homes The TSA includes an imputed rental on dwellings owned by households that are used as holiday homes. The imputed rental price was calculated using census data and movements in the relevant producer’s price index (PPI). The number of holiday homes was multiplied by the imputed rental price to give the imputed rental value. Business and government travel expenditure Business travel expenditure was drawn from intermediate consumption by product of the private sector industries in the balanced input-output tables. This was supplemented by other data sources, including the Annual Enterprise Survey, and the DTS. Travel expenditure by central government agencies and department was calculated by directly surveying a sample of agencies and applying the results across all government agencies. Travel expenditure by central government market units used the same input-output method as for business travel. Production of tourism goods and services Production of tourism goods and services was derived from input-output tables. The output product data from balanced input-output tables were rearranged to focus on tourism-characteristic and tourism-related products. Total sales by each industry were arranged into tourism-characteristic, tourism-related and non-tourism-related products. Table K shows NZ’s production account ratios calculated from the NZ TSA tables and ratios used to split the tourism supply products. Column 2 (tourism ratios on products given) shows the ratio NZ made on their products and services.



20

For example, in 2004, the tourism product ratio for ‘air passenger transport services’ was 97,0%. This means that almost all ‘air passenger transport services’ supplied were bought by tourists. Tourists purchased only 22,0% of the ‘retail sales – fuel and other automotive products’. Column 3 shows the ratios calculated from Table 5 of the TSA (production account) published in 2005. Table K: NZ Table 5 of the TSA – Production account (%), 2004

Tourism products

Tourism

ratios on products

given

Own calculations ratios from

tourism supply

Accommodation services 95,0 9,7 Food and beverage services 41,0 12,3 Air passenger transport services 97,0 20,4 Other passenger transport services 75,0 11,8 Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 22,0

8,9

Retail sales 5,0 24,1 Other tourism products 5,0 12,8 Total tourism products 100,0 Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA Direct tourism employment NZ’s direct tourism employment was derived by applying tourism industry ratios to the number of persons engaged in each industry. This produced an estimate of the number of persons engaged in each industry as a result of tourism. Employee numbers (full-time, part-time and full-time equivalent persons engaged) by each industry were sourced from the QES. Exceptions were the water transport and agriculture industries, as employment for some parts of these industries was not surveyed in the QES. Employee numbers for these industries were taken from the HLFS. Table L shows the total full-time equivalent (FTE) of persons (employees and proprietors) directly engaged in tourism. Direct tourism employment is divided into full-time employees, part-time employees and FTE employees. A full-time employee makes up one FTE, while a part-time employee makes up a 0,5 FTE employee.



21

Table L: NZ Table 7 of the TSA – Direct tourism employment (%)

Tourism employment

Number of employees

(2003)

Number of employees

(2004)


(2004)

Annual change

(2004) Total employment Full-time employees 1 182 600 1 224 200 62,6 3,5 Part-time employees 360 100 362 500 18,6 0,7 FTE employees 1 362 650 1 405 450 3,1 Full-time proprietors 293 000 297 900 15,3 1,7 Part-time proprietors 64 900 67 900 3,5 4,5 FTE proprietors 325 450 331 850 2,0 Total FTE persons engaged 1 688 100 1 737 300 2,9 Total employment 3 124 200 1 952500 100,0 Tourism employment Full-time employees 59 000 60 400 46,7 2,4 Part-time employees 53 800 49 700 38,5 -7,5 FTE employees 85 900 85 250 -0,7 Full-time proprietors 16 600 15 700 12,2 -5,4 Part-time proprietors 3 400 3 400 2,6 -2,2 FTE proprietors 18 300 17 400 -5,1 Total FTE persons engaged 104 200 102 650 -1,5 Total tourism employment 132 800 129 200 100,0 Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA NZ defines full-time employees as employees who work more than 30 hours a week, while a part-time employee is one who works less than 30 hours a week. Of the number of employees and proprietors employed in the NZ’s tourism industries in 2004, 46,7% of employees were appointed on a full-time basis, 38,5% of employees were appointed on a part-time basis, 12,2% of proprietors were appointed on a full-time basis while 2,6% of the proprietors were appointed on a part-time basis. In 2004, NZ experienced a 1,5% decrease of FTE persons directly engaged in tourism. The decrease can be due to a lag between growth in a given industry and decisions made to employ new staff. There may be a shift in the number of hours worked, or in output per FTE. The convention of defining part-time employees as equivalent to 0,5 FTE may not always be a true representation of the differences in hours worked. Tourism product The tourism product ratio is the proportion of the supply of goods and services consumed by tourists. NZ classified a product as a tourism-characteristic product if at least 25,0% of its production is purchased by tourists. NZ assumed that tourism-characteristic products are the products of which tourists purchased between 0,0% and 25,0% of its production and non-tourism-related products are those that were not purchased by tourists. Tourism-related products are products of which tourists purchased not less than 0,0% and not more than 0,25%. Industries producing tourism products The tourism industry ratio is the proportion of an industry’s output consumed by tourists. A tourism-characteristic industry was assumed as one where at least 25,0% of the industry’s output is purchased by tourists. For example, 25,0% of the water transport industry output in NZ is consumed by tourists.



22

A tourism-related industry was assumed to be an industry where at least between 5,0% and 25,0% of the industry’s output is purchased by tourists. The non-tourism-related industry is any industry that is not a tourism-characteristic industry or tourism-related industry, but however, it may still sell some of its products to tourists. Of the total tourism expenditure in 2004, domestic tourists contributed $7 681 million (44,6%) of the total NZ tourism expenditure, international tourists contributed $7 435 million (43,1%) and business and government tourists $2 120 million (12,3%) of the total tourism expenditure in the NZ. Table M shows the example of ratios calculated from NZ’s tourism consumption expenditure in 2004. Table M: NZ tourism expenditure by type of product (%), 2004

Tourism products

$ (’000)

Own ratios

calculatedAccommodation services 1 546 8,9Food and beverage services 1 956 11,3Air passenger transport 3 253 18,9Other passenger transport 1 880 10,9Retail sales – fuel and other automotive products 1 415 8,2Retail sales – other 3 848 22,3Other tourism products 2 057 11,9Goods services tax (GST) paid on purchases by tourists 1 280 7,6Total tourism expenditure 17 235 100,0Source: Statistics New Zealand – 2004 TSA 3.3. Construction of the Canadian Tourism Satellite Account,

2000 Statistics Canada (StatCan) in partnership with the Canadian Tourism Commission developed the 2000 TSA for Canada that was published in 2005. The TSA provides a yardstick for the comparison of the tourism industry with all other industries in the Canadian economy. The 2000 TSA measures tourism in terms of expenditure, gross domestic product (GDP) and employment. Tourism contributed 2,2% or $53,7 billion of the total GDP in 2000. Canada compiled the 2000 TSA within an input-output framework. Canada defined the concept of ‘outside the usual environment’ as greater than 80 kilometres one way from home. In 2000, the size of the Canadian population was approximately 30,0 million with total households of 11,5 million. 3.3.1. Main data sources The data used in the construction of TSA come from a number of surveys produced by StatCan. These include: Supply side information: ♦ Labour Force Survey; ♦ Survey of Employment, Payroll and Hours (SEPH); and ♦ Input-output tables.



23

Demand side information: ♦ Canadian Travel Survey (CTS); ♦ International Travel Survey of Canadian Residents (ITS); ♦ Canadian Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between the

U.S. and Canada; ♦ United States Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between

the U.S. and Canada; ♦ Government Travel Survey of US Visitors to Canada; ♦ Government Travel Survey of Visitors to Canada; and ♦ Input-output tables. The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. Canadian Travel Survey The CTS is a quarterly survey and measures the volume, characteristics and spending of domestic travel, which is defined as same-day or overnight travel to Canadian destinations with a one-way distance of 80 kilometres or more from home. International Travel Survey of Canadian Residents The ITS is an annual survey and is collected in four flows: Canadians returning from the USA; Canadians returning from other countries; visitors from the USA to Canada; and visitors from other countries to Canada. This survey collects data on the following topics: Canadians travelling outside the country and visitors to Canada, port of entry, Canadian residents, non-residents, vehicles, receipts, payments, country of residence, expenditure, length of stay, type of transportation, purpose of trip, accommodation used, expenditure by category and age group. Canadian Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between the U.S. and Canada The Canadian Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between the U.S. and Canada is a quarterly survey. The target population is all Canadian residents who return to Canada and all visitors entering Canada except for crews, diplomats and their dependants, refugees, landed immigrants, members of the military, and former Canadians residents. United States Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between the U.S. and Canada The United States Resident Questionnaire for Same Day Automobile Travel between the U.S. and Canada is a quarterly survey. The target population is US and Canadian residents travelling between Canada and the U.S. using road transport except for crews, diplomats and their dependants, refugees, landed immigrants, members of the military, and former Canadians residents. Labour Force Survey The Canadian LFS is a monthly survey with a sample size of 54 000 households. It covers the civilian, non-institutionalised population 15 years and older. It excludes the residents of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, persons living on Indian Reserves, full-time members of the Canadian Armed Forces and inmates of institutions.



24

This survey uses a probability sample that is based on a stratified multi-stage design. Data are collected directly from respondents using CAI. Like the GDP, tourism employment is calculated at industry level. Therefore Canadian tourism employment calculation used the same industry ratios as the GDP to calculate the tourism portion of each industry. For example, if the demand/supply ratio for an industry is 50,0%, half of this industry’s employment is allocated to tourism. This calculation is done for all tourism-connected industries. The shares will then be summed to arrive at total tourism employment within Canada. Survey of Employment, Payroll and Hours SEPH is Canada’s only source of detailed information on the total number of paid employees, payrolls, and hours at detailed industrial, provincial and territorial levels. This survey is a census with a cross-sectional design. Data are collected directly from survey respondents and extracted from administrative files. SEPH is a monthly survey. Each month, SEPH releases statistics for the two latest reference months. They represent preliminary estimates for the current month and the revised estimates for the previous month. The sample size of SEPH is 10 000 establishments. Input-output tables The input-output tables are calculated at national, provincial and territorial level. They consist of 300 industries and 727 products. National tables are produced on an annual basis (starting with the 1961 reference year) and completed in June each year with a 30-month lag from the reference year. Provincial tables are produced annually (starting with the 1997 reference year) and released together with the national tables in November of each year with a 34-month lag from the reference year. The provincial and territorial levels are also produced on an annual basis only. They are available about two and a half years after the end of the reference year, because of the delay in obtaining the needed source data and the complex nature of producing such a detailed account. 3.3.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the Canadian Tourism

Satellite Account Canada used the UNWTO definitions of tourism which include, for example, Canadians (domestic visitors) travelling within the country (80 kilometres or more from home), Canadian residents travelling abroad (outbound visitors), and non-residents (inbound visitors) travelling to Canada. Canada did not separate the same-day visitors from the tourists. Several important exceptions were made to the definition of the usual environment. Commuting, travelling for education, armed forces and diplomats as well as migration were not included in the estimates. Crossing an international boundary is considered tourism no matter the distance travelled. Estimates for Canadian tourism supply were derived from input-output tables. The input-output tables were constructed using several large matrices of data that record the inputs and outputs of 300 industries and 727 products. However, the industry categories provided in the input-output tables are not detailed enough for the construction of a TSA. For example, the Canada input-output tables display industry estimates only for the total food and beverage industry.



25

In order to compile the TSA this industry needs to be split, using information from input-output tables detailed calculation, into sub–industries, since some of the sub-industries may not be included in the tourism account. For example, two sub-industries within the food and beverage industry are take-away food restaurants and caterers. Take-away food restaurants are considered a tourism industry and their supply is included in the estimates. Caterers are omitted since they are a non-tourist industry. Only tourism products remain in the calculation of total supply. Only products in the take-away food industry that are purchased by tourists are retained while non-tourist products are taken out. After the tourism industries and products had been identified, supply shares were calculated. For example, if two sub-industries each provided one half of an industry’s supply of meals, then the supply shares would equal 50,0% for these commodities for each sub-industry. These shares are used later to allocate demand by industry. Taxes were added to all supply estimates obtained from the input-output tables to move the data from producers’ prices to purchasers’ prices, thereby matching the pricing used for the demand data. Canada used a special calculation for travel agencies. Commissions on travel arrangements and tour packages were used for the output of this industry. The data were not specifically calculated in the travel surveys, and an adjustment was therefore made for them in the Canadian TSA. Demand estimates for the Canadian TSA were derived from two main sources, namely the CTS and the ITS. Demand estimates were calculated the same way as the supply estimates. The CTS provides data for domestic business and personal tourism expenditure by province and territory. It also supplies information that identifies the purpose for visiting a region, the duration of stay and the activities undertaken while at the tourist location. The ITS provides estimates for non-resident demand (separately for the US and other countries) within Canada as well as imports of tourism. This survey was initially conducted to provide data for Canada’s balance of payments. The data for Table 7 of the TSA were derived from the LFS and SEPH. The labour surveys use the same industry classification system as input-output tables, thereby allowing for a complete match between the two sets of data. Tourism’s contribution to tourism industries Canadian tourism’s largest impact is on travel agency services. These activities were the most reliant on tourism in 2000, with 91,0% of this industry’s economic activity coming from tourism. Other key tourism activities most affected by tourism in 2000 were the ‘air transportation industry’ and ‘accommodation services’. For the ‘air transportation industry’, tourism accounted for 78,0% of the industry’s GDP. The remaining portion of the industry was mostly involved in the carrying of freight. Tourism accounted for 66,0% of the economic activity in the ‘accommodation industry’. This industry also produced ‘restaurant services and recreation services’ that have lower tourism ratios than the ‘accommodation products’ mainly produced by this industry.



26

Tourism’s contribution to non-tourism industries Tourism does not only benefit industries that are identified as tourism industries, such as transportation or accommodation. There are various industries that produce goods and services that are purchased by tourists, such as groceries, souvenirs and other retail goods. Canadian tourists spent $8,7 billion buying such goods and services. This accounted for 22,5% of the tourism GDP in 2000. Tourism generated 119 000 jobs within these industries with an average annual wage of $29 200. Most of the spending within non-tourism industries occurs in the retail and wholesale trade industries, particularly those related to camping trailers, tobacco, men’s and women’s clothing, and vehicle fuel. Inbound tourism Tables N–P show the ratios used to split the tourism consumption expenditure in 2000. Inbound tourism accounted for $17,8 billion or 23,9% worth of tourism expenditure in Canada in 2000. Over half of the expenditure was on transportation and accommodation. Non-resident visitors spent more on a night paid accommodation than resident visitors. Table N shows the spending patterns of non-resident visitors in 2000. Table N: Canada Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism (%), 2000 Tourism products


Transportation 27,0Accommodation 24,0Food and beverage services 17,0Other tourism products 13,0Non-tourism products 19,0Total 100,0Source: ABS – 2000 TSA Domestic tourism Canadians were encouraged to travel in their own country as a result of a low Canadian dollar as compared to US dollar. Domestic visitors spent $35,9 billion or 48,1% of the total tourism expenditure in 2000. Table O shows the tourism expenditure by domestic tourists travelling in Canada in 2000. Transportation was the largest component of domestic tourism spent (42,0% of the total expenditure). This was due to the vast geography of the country and an increase in fuel prices during 2000. Table O: Canada Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism (%), 2000

Tourism products


Transportation 42,0Accommodation 11,0Food and beverage services 14,0Other tourism products 18,0Non-tourism products 15,0Total 100,0Source: ABS – 2000 TSA



27

Outbound tourism In 2000, Canadians travelling abroad spent $20,9 billion or 28,0% of the total tourism expenditure. Canadians spent more on transportation and accommodation outside Canada than what non-resident visitors spent in Canada. Table P shows the ratios used to split the outbound tourism expenditure in 2000. Table P: Canadian Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound tourism, 2000

Tourism products

Own ratios

calculatedTransportation 31,0Accommodation 30,0Food and beverage services 19,0Other tourism products 9,0Non-tourism products 11,0Total 100,0Source: ABS – 2000 TSA Tourism employment Table Q shows tourism employment in Canada for the years 2000 and 1998. Tourism generated 610 0000 jobs and contributed 4,0% to total employment in 2000. The most jobs were in the ‘accommodation industry’ (± 159 400 workers or 26,1%) and ‘food and beverages industry’ (± 143 200 workers or 23,5%). About 20,0% of the jobs benefited non-tourism industries (industries that produce goods and services bought by tourists). Table Q: Canadian Table 7 of the TSA – Tourism employment, 2000

(%)

Tourism employment (’000)


Tourism industry 2000 1998

Growth 2000 Transportation 85,5 80,8 5,9 14,0 Accommodation 159,4 154,5 3,2 26,1 Food and beverage services 143,2 126,5 13,2 23,5 Other tourism industries 102,9 95,0 8,3 16,9 Other industries 119,0 109,1 9,1 19,5 Total tourism employment 610,0 565,9 7,8 100,0 Source: ABS – 2000 TSA 3.4. Construction of the Austrian Tourism Satellite Account,

1999 Statistics Austria, in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Labour and the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), developed a TSA for Austria for the reference year 1999 that was published in 2001. The latter provides the economic size of tourism, which is consistent with similar size measures of other national or international industries. The Austrian TSA comprises Tables 1 and 2 and Tables 4–6, and their next step will be to obtain information related to Tables 7–9. Austria does not compile Table 3 (outbound tourism) due to a lack of data. Tourism contributed 7,2% or (ATS 194,4 billion) of the total GDP in 1999. An input-output model was constructed to measure the total impact of tourism in Austria.



28

In 1999, the size of the Austrian population was 8,1 million with total households of 3,5 million. 3.4.1. Data sources used Austria used the following data to populate their TSA tables for 1999: Supply side information: ♦ Economic Census for Industry; ♦ Input-output tables; ♦ Supply matrix (it is derived from input-output tables); and ♦ Balance of Payments (complied by the Austria Central Bank (publishing the travel

balance, which consists of the expenditure of non-resident tourists in Austria)). Demand side information: ♦ Input-output tables; ♦ Quarterly surveys on holiday and business trips; ♦ Austrian Guest Inquiry Survey; and ♦ Household Survey in Germany. The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. Economic Census for Industry The Economic Census for Industry is an annual survey. These surveys provide statistics on merchandise trade, new constructions put in place, new residential construction; retail sales; wholesale sales; manufactured goods, inventories, orders; business sales and inventories; and corporate profit. Quarterly surveys on holiday and business trips Surveys on holiday and business trips are carried out at quarterly intervals and involve about 3 000 Austrian residents aged 15 years and older, who are selected so as to represent the Austrian population (net random survey). Data are collected during telephone surveys (CATI). Balance of Payments (complied by the Austria Central Bank (publishing the travel balance, which consists of the expenditure of non-resident tourists in Austria)) The Austria Central Bank compiles the BoP and publishes the travel balance, which consists of the expenditure of non-resident tourists in Austria (debits) and the expenditure of resident tourists abroad. Travel covers goods and services including those related to health and education acquired from an economy by travellers (including excursionists) for business and personal purposes during their visits (of less than one year) in that economy. Travel excludes international passenger services, which are included in transportation. Students and medical patients are treated as travellers, regardless of the length of stay. Military and embassy personnel and non-resident workers are not regarded as travellers. However, expenditure by non-resident workers is included in travel, while that of military and embassy personnel is included in government services.



29

Austrian Guest Inquiry Survey The Austrian Guest Inquiry Survey is a three-year-interval survey. This survey provides quantitative and qualitative information about domestic and inbound tourism within Austria by seasons. The Austrian Guest Inquiry Survey measures the movements of resident and non-resident tourists into and out of Austria. The information is collected at the airport and boarder ports of the country. The target population for this survey is all Austria’s resident and non-resident tourists aged 15 years and older. In this inquiry, monetary data are requested which give an overview of the expenditure incurred by resident and non-resident tourists. The business tourism expenditure is not included, only expenditure incurred by resident and non-resident tourists is included in this survey. Household Survey The Household Survey is a quarterly survey. This survey interviews 12 000 households per year (3 000 per quarter) about their outbound and domestic holiday and business trips. The information is collected using the CATI techniques in the following month of the reporting quarter in order to minimise possible memory gaps. The target population is all Austria’s residents aged 15 years and older. Input-output model The use of input-output analysis has many useful consequences such as the interpretation of the results. However, the restrictive assumptions of the input-output model must also be taken into consideration. During the period of analysis, Austria made the assumption that the quantity relations of the inputs (in terms of percentages to the output) are kept constant and independent of the production level. This means that input-output analysis is based on linear control conditions of production. Substitution input opportunities do not exist. The assumption of a linear control production technique means that demand and supply elasticities are not considered. Economies of scale are also excluded from the analysis and the profit share is constant and independent of the production level. The output of each industry is homogeneous and produced with one technology. Since Austria had made the restrictive assumption, the results of the input-output analysis can only be cautiously applied with respect to practical problems, especially for marginal demand increases. In tourism, often free capacities exist which allow employment and the capacities themselves to react upon demand changes only after capacity utilisation has achieved a given level for a given period of time. An additional consideration is that labour force and physical capital is regarded as an entire unit, which cannot be decomposed into smaller elements. 3.4.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the Austrian Tourism

Satellite Account Table R shows the tourism supply ratios used to split Austria’s tourism industries. In 1999, tourists bought 87,9% respectively of the ‘accommodation’ and ‘food and beverages’ services of the total expenditure supplied and 0,7% respectively of the ‘tourism-connected’ and ‘non-tourism-connected’ services.



30

Table R: Tourism ratios by tourism industries in Austria (%), 1999

Tourism industries

Tourism ratios on supply

givenAccommodation services 87,9Food and beverage services 87,9Passenger transport services 24,9Travel agency and tour operator services 100,0Cultural, recreation and other entertainment and miscellaneous tourism services 57,4Tourism-connected services 0,7Non-tourism services 0,7Source: Statistics Austria – 1999 TSA Inbound tourism For inbound same-day visitors it was assumed that all same-day visitors who travelled to Austria were from neighbouring countries such as Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. It was also assumed that same-day visitor did not use other services as overnight tourists would, such as package tours, tour operators, accommodation, tourist guide services, travel agencies, etc. Table S shows ratios calculated from Table 1 of the Austrian TSA. Table S: Austria Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism (%), 1999


Products Same-day

visitorsOvernight

visitorsHotel and restaurants 0,0 26,0Food and beverage services 72,0 44,0Transportation 8,0 14,0Travel agencies 0,0 2,0Cultural services 20,0 14,0Total 100,0 100,0Source: Statistics Austria – 1999 TSA Domestic tourism Austria’s domestic tourism comprises the expenditure of Austrian residents within the country as well as the period of outbound trips before leaving Austria and after returning to Austria. Domestic tourism expenditure includes the pre- and post-trips expenditure incurred domestically by domestic visitors and outbound visitors. Due to the lack of data, it was assumed that resident same-day visitors do not make use of travel agencies, tour operators and tourist guide services. Table T shows the ratios calculated from Austria’s domestic consumption expenditure in 1999.



31

Table T: Austria Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism (%), 1999 Own ratios calculated

Products

Same-day visitors

Overnight visitors

Hotel and restaurants 0,0 47,0Food and beverages 72,0 27,0Transportation 8,0 13,0Travel agencies 0,0 11,0Cultural services 20,0 2,0Total 100,0 100,0Source: Statistics Austria – 1999 TSA Production account Table U shows the tourism product ratios calculated from the Austrian production account. Table U: Austria Table 5 of the TSA - Production account (%), 1999

Products


from tourism supply

Tourism

ratios on products

givenAccommodation services 45,918 88,0Food and beverage services 0,0 88,0Passenger transport services 29,8 25,0Travel agencies 9,9 100,0Cultural services 6,6 57,0Recreation and other entertainment 5,6 0,0Miscellaneous tourism services 0,0 0,0Non-tourism services 2,2 0,7Value of imported goods 0,0 0,0Total output 100,0 0,5Intermediate consumption 0,0 0,0Total gross value added 0,0 0,0Tourism ratio supply 0,0 2,0Tourism value added 0,0 0,0Source: Statistics Austria – 1999 TSA 3.5. Construction of the Australian Tourism Satellite

Account, 2004/05 The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) compiled the 2004/05 TSA for Australia according to the recommendations of the 1993 SNA, Tourism Satellite Accounts Methodological Framework (TSARMF) and the UNWTO methodology. The 2004/05 TSA was published in April 2006. The first Australian TSA was compiled for the reference year 1997/98 followed by 2000/01. Tourism contributed 3,7% or ($32,6 billion) of the total GDP in 2004/05. Australia compiled the 2004/05 TSA within a supply and use framework.

18 45,9% is the combined contribution of both the accommodation services and food and beverages services.



32

Australia defines the usual environment as the locations up to 40 kilometres (one way) from home for overnight trips and up to 50 kilometres from home (round trip) for day trips. In 2004, the size of the Australian population was approximately 20,7 million with total households of 4,4 million. 3.5.1. Data sources For the compilation of the 2004/05 TSA, Australia used the following data sources: Supply side information: ♦ Goods and services tax; ♦ Supply and Use Tables; ♦ Economic Activity Survey Tax; ♦ Labour Force Survey; and ♦ Service Industries Survey. Demand side survey: ♦ Household Expenditure Survey; ♦ National Visitors Survey; ♦ International Visitors Survey; ♦ Overseas Arrivals and Departure Survey; and ♦ Tourism Research Australia Survey. The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. Supply and Use Tables Australia compiles SU-tables on a quarterly basis. The quarterly SU-tables are used to increase the coherency of the quarterly estimates, by systematically assessing the discrepancies between the three independent measures of GDP that underpin the quarterly national accounts19. The Australian SU-tables include 33 products and 33 industries. The SU-tables provide the control totals for industry output of products and the inputs required to produce those products. Domestic visitor numbers are sourced from the National Visitors Survey. Data on international arrivals and departures by country of residence and destination were taken from the Overseas Arrivals and Departures Survey. National Visitors Survey The National Visitors Survey is a quarterly survey and its purpose is to provide estimates of the volume and nature of travel by domestic travellers and information about the characteristics and behaviour of domestic travellers. Approximately 80 000 interviews are conducted annually. This survey collects information such as main purpose of trip and visit; type of transport used; type of accommodation used; length of trip; seasonality of trip; age and sex of travellers; travel party type and size; leisure activities; itemised expenditure; lifecycle; employment status and household income; and Olympics intentions.

19 www.abs.gov.au



33

Data are collected by computer assisted telephone interviews of Australians aged 15 years and older. Interviews are conducted continuously throughout the year, on both weekdays and weekends. Respondents are interviewed regarding their recent overnight trips, day trips and outbound trips they have taken, consistent with the international framework for the collection of tourism statistics. International Visitors Survey The IVS is a quarterly survey and its purpose is to enhance the development of tourism in Australia by measuring the travel behaviour and characteristics of overseas visitors. Data are collected on the following topics which are cross-classified by country of residence and purpose of visit: ♦ Age, sex, occupation and all reasons for visit; ♦ Travel arrangements (inclusive or group tour); ♦ Size and composition of group and reasons for visit; ♦ Type of fare and pre-paid arrangements; ♦ Type of information sources; ♦ Time away from home and stop-overs; ♦ City of arrival and departure; ♦ Duration of stay and region of stay; ♦ Type of accommodation; ♦ Activities undertaken; ♦ Places of interest visited; and ♦ Expenditure and income. Information on characteristics of short-term international visitors aged 15 years and older is collected by face-to-face interviews. A sample of 20 000 departing international visitors is surveyed at departure lounges of international airports throughout the year20. Household Expenditure Survey The HES runs on a five-year period and collects detailed information about the expenditure, income and household characteristics of a sample of households resident in private dwellings throughout Australia. Average weekly expenditure on over 600 goods and services can be obtained from the survey and cross-classified with household income, household characteristics and broad geographical areas (state, capital city, other urban and rural). More specifically the HES is used to update the weighting pattern of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to ensure it adequately reflects the spending habits of the Australian population. The CPI is an indicator of the rate of change in prices paid by consumers for the goods and services they buy. Economic Activity Survey Tax The Economic Activity Survey Tax is an annual survey and its main purpose is to measure the size and structure of the retail and wholesale industries, and to provide updated benchmarks for statistical use, especially for Australia's National Accounts. The size of the sample survey is approximately 16 000 businesses. However, all units with significant retail or wholesale activity will be included with a sample taken of the smaller contributors.

20 www.abs.gov.au



34

Labour Force Survey The Australian LFS is a monthly survey that measures persons who are currently economically active, employed and unemployed, hours of work, full-time and part-time employment, job tenure, duration of unemployment, industry, occupation, status in employment, gender, age, and birthplace. It also partially measures time-related underemployment21. The sample is 33 000 households aged 15 years and older. Services Industries Survey The Services Industries Survey is conducted every three years and collects financial, employment and some activity information about all employing organisations in the services industries. The survey sample includes the businesses and organisations mainly engaged in the film and video production, distribution and exhibition industries; the radio and television services industries; and the libraries, museums, botanic gardens and the arts industries. The scope of the collection is based on the ANZSIC. Overseas Arrivals and Departure Survey The Overseas Arrivals and Departures Survey is an annual survey that measures the movements of travellers into and out of Australia (i.e. multiple movements of an individual during a given reference period are each counted separately). This survey excludes the movements of operational air and ships' crew, transit passengers who pass through Australia but are not cleared for entry and passengers on pleasure cruises commencing and finishing in Australia aboard ships not then engaged on regular voyages. Overseas arrivals and departures data are required by Australian governments to examine the impacts of tourism on policy issues such as infrastructure and the labour market, monitoring and analysing tourism trends for tourism marketing strategies and establishing future directions. Providers of services such as airlines and other transport groups, tourist attractions, hotel groups and tourism retailers are major users of overseas arrivals and departures data which are required, with other sources of data, for market research. Tourism Research Australia Survey The TRA is an annual survey that measures the profile characteristics of the Australian traveller, both within Australia and overseas, and behaviour and expenditure of international visitors to Australia. 3.5.2. Ratios calculated and ratios used from the Australian Tourism

Satellite Account The Australian estimates of tourism gross value added, tourism GDP and tourism employment relates to the direct impact of tourism only. A direct impact occurs where there is a direct relationship (physical and economic) between the visitors and producers of goods or services.

21Time-related underemployment means the employed persons who want, and are available for, more hours of work than they currently have.



35

Australia constructed their TSA based on the SU-tables. The SU-tables for the Australian economy provide the framework in which data for visitor expenditure (demand) and industry output (supply) are integrated and made consistent in the TSA benchmark. Moreover, they provide the means of calculating tourism gross value added and tourism GDP. The Australian SU-tables contain 53 industries and 225 products. To derive TSA, SU-tables is aggregated into tourism-specific products and industries, tourism-related products and industries producing them (both tourism-specific and tourism-related products) and non-tourism-related products and industries. The most significant assumptions in the compilation of the 2004/05 Australian TSA relate to the use of the tourism product ratios and the tourism industry ratios in the calculation of tourism-related monetary and employment aggregates. Australia made the default assumption that the input requirements of tourism and non-tourism output are identical for an industry. While this is likely to be a more valid assumption for fine level industries where industry output is relatively homogenous (such as the taxi transport industry), there will be some instance where the assumption may be less valid. However, errors resulting from the use of assumptions will tend to offset in the calculation of the broad aggregates such as tourism value added and tourism GDP. Australia used the following steps to calculate tourism value added: ♦ Identify which products in the economy are purchased by visitors; ♦ Derive an estimate of tourism consumption for each tourism product; ♦ Remove products taxes and subsidies, margins and imports from tourism

consumption of each product at purchaser’s prices to derive tourism consumption at basic prices;

♦ Determine what proportion of the domestic output of each product is consumed by visitors by dividing tourism consumption at basic prices into the total supply of each product at basic prices;

♦ Identify the industries which supply each of the tourism products to visitors; ♦ Apply the tourism product ratio to the output of each product by each industry to

derive the tourism output of each industry; ♦ Estimate the intermediate consumption required to produce each industry’s

output of tourism products using relationships in the SU-tables; ♦ Calculate tourism gross value added at basic prices for each industry as tourism

output less the intermediate consumption required to produce the tourism output, and sum for all industries in the economy; and

♦ Tourism GDP is derived by adding net taxes on tourism products to tourism gross value added at basic prices. Tourism GDP is directly comparable to GDP.

Estimates of the number of persons employed22 in tourism-related industries have been derived from the LFS. As the LFS is a household survey, it had some deficiencies when used to derive detailed industry estimates. The estimates of employment have been published at a more aggregated industry level. Tourism accounted for $32,6 billion or 3,7% of the total GDP in 2004/05, of which ‘air and water passenger transport services’ accounted for 13,7% of the total amount, followed by ‘accommodation services’ (11,8%), ‘cafés, restaurants and take-away food outlets services’ (10,0%) and ‘other retail trade services’ (8,8%).

22 ‘Employed’ includes number of employees and self-employed people but excludes employers.



36

Australian tourism consumption expenditure is divided into household and business/government consumption expenditure and was further subdivided into the length of stay (same-day visitor and overnight visitor (staying one or more nights at a location)). Domestic visitors contributed 76,0% of total tourism consumption in 2004/05 while international visitors’ contribution was 24,0%. Of all domestic visitors, domestic households accounted for 85,0% of consumption and domestic business/government accounted for 15,0%. In 2004/05 tourism consumption expenditure grew by 2,3% due to an increase in international visitors consumption and domestic business/government consumption expenditure. Table V shows the ratios calculated from Australian domestic and inbound tourism expenditure in 2004/05. Table V: Australia Table 1 and Table 2 of the TSA – Tourism consumption

expenditure by domestic and inbound visitors (%), 2004/05 Own ratios calculated

Domestic Inbound

Products

HouseholdBusiness/

governmentInbound visitors

All visitors

Transportation 8,6 39,5 26,2 16,5Shopping 19,9 0,3 12,3 15,7Take-away and restaurant meals 19,1 6,2

7,3 14,7

Accommodation 6,8 23,2 13,3 10,3Food products 9,5 0,6 7,4 7,9Fuel (petrol and diesel) 7,0 15,0 1,3 6,5Taxi products 0,4 2,9 0,7 0,7All other tourism products 28,7 12,3 31,5 27,7Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0Source: ABS – 2004/05 TSA Table W shows tourism consumption expenditure ratios by outbound visitors calculated from Table 3 of the Australian TSA. Table W: Australia Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound visitors, 2004/05

Tourism products

Own ratios

calculatedOverseas produced goods and services 16,3Imports of tourism goods and services 83,7

Purchased by business 19,7 Purchased by household 64,0

Total consumption by Australian residents on outbound trips 100,0Source: ABS – 2004/05 TSA Table X shows the employment ratios calculated from Table 7 of the Australian TSA. In 2004/05, the majority of tourism employees were employed in the ‘retail trade industry’ (± 1 426 000 workers or 25,9%), followed by the ‘accommodation industry’ (± 962 000 workers or 17,5%) and ‘cafés and restaurants industry’ (± 510 000 workers or 9,3%).



37

Table X: Australia Table 7 of the TSA – Employed people in tourism by

industry, 2004/05

Tourism industry

Own calculations

ratiosTourism-characteristic and connected industries

92,9

Travel agency and tour operator services 5,0Road transport and motor vehicle hiring 4,5Air and water transport 6,0Accommodation 17,5Cafés and restaurants 9,3Clubs, pubs, taverns and bars 5,3Rail transport 0,7Casinos and other gambling services 0,3Libraries, museums and arts 2,0Other entertainment services 3,1Education 4,5All other industries 7,9Total tourism employed persons 100,0

Source: ABS – 2004/05 TSA 3.6. Construction of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account,

1994 and 1998 The National Statistical Board Council (NSBC) constructed the 1994 and 1998 TSA (and published it in 2001) for the Philippines according to the recommendations of the 1993 SNA. The Philippine TSA highlight the output of tourism industries, namely consumption expenditure of tourists, thereby providing insight into the relationship of supply and use of tourism goods and services. It also demonstrates the impact of tourism through physical indicators such as employment, tourist arrivals, length of stay, forms of accommodation and means of transportation. Tourism contributed 5,0% or (P 178,8 billion) of the total GDP in 2004/05. The Philippines uses a supply and use framework for the analysis of the tourism supply and demand. The Philippines compiled Tables 1 and 2 of the TSA, but did not include the same day visitors and other components of visitor consumption such as final consumption expenditure in kind, tourism social transfers in kind other than individual non-market cultural services and tourism business expense. Due to a lack of data, Table 3 (outbound tourism) was not compiled. Tables 5 and 6 were also compiled. Table 7 was compiled but does not include information on the number of jobs and status of employment. Table 10 was also compiled but not with all suggested sub-tables. In 1994, the size of the Philippine population was approximately 76,5 million with total households of 66,7 million.



38

3.6.1. Data sources Data sources used for the compilation of the 1994 and 1998 TSA for the Philippines are as follows: Supply side information: ♦ Input-output tables; ♦ Census of Establishments (CE); ♦ General Appropriations Act (GAA); and ♦ Annual Financial Reports of the General Government published by the

Department of Budget and Management. Demand side information: ♦ Department of Tourism (DOT): Occupancy Reports of Hotels; ♦ Annual Visitors Sample Survey (AVSS); and ♦ Sample Survey of Regional Travellers in Accommodation (SSRTA). The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. ♦ Input-output tables Philippine input-output tables provide the basis to establish the benchmark production account for tourism. The Philippines compiles input-output tables after every four years. Philippine input-output tables include 240 products and 240 industries. Annual Visitors Sample Survey The Department of Tourism conducts the AVSS monthly and releases results annually. The AVSS is a source of information on tourism indicators, characteristics and preferences of visitors in the Philippines, and of parameter estimates for measuring gross income derived from tourism. These serve as inputs to tourism development planning and policy formulation. The survey respondents were visitors departing from the Philippines from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport. A total of 6 088 respondents were interviewed from January to December 1993, based on a statistical selection of a week in a month and of flights per week. A profile of the visitors was as follows: 91,0% were foreign visitors (mostly Americans and Japanese) and 9,0% were overseas Filipinos, the average age was 40 years. Males comprised more than three-fourths of the foreign visitors, and about three-fifths were married. Almost two-thirds of foreign visitors were college graduates, of which the majority were professionals/technical workers, businessmen and managers/executives. The reported average annual gross income was US$57,083. The average length of stay in the country was 12 nights. Shopping and sightseeing were the most common activities. Cebu was the most popular destination outside of Metro Manila. Average daily expenditures were US$131,90 Sample Survey of Regional Travellers in Accommodation The SSRTA is conducted after every three years by the DOT. The main purpose of this survey is to collect statistics on the extent, distribution and nature of travel within and among the different regions in the Philippines. The SSRTA measures accommodation facilities in terms of volume and variety, inventory of accommodation facilities and services and the profile of tourists specifically availing themselves of



39

accommodation services from commercial accommodation establishments in the key areas of the different regions in the country. Census of Establishments (CE) The CE is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and is a five-yearly survey. The CE covers all the establishments in the Philippines regardless of ownership type and economic organisation. This survey generates statistics that provide the basis for measuring economic growth and benchmark information pertaining to establishments.

General Appropriations Act Statistics available from the GAA are used to generate parameters to be able to compile tourism collective consumption expenditure by function and level of government, and tourism gross fixed capital formation of the government by industry. Annual Reports of the General Government published by the Department of Budget and Management The Annual Financial Report of the General Government provides the data for the compilation of the collective consumption expenditure on tourism and gross fixed capital formation for the Philippine government at an aggregated level. Department of Tourism Occupancy Report of Hotels The DOT gathers statistics on the use of various accommodation establishments in Metro Manila through the Occupancy Reports. The establishments submit the report to the DOT by fax every month. Data on occupancy rates and number of rooms available for the tourists are being provided through this report. These data are disseminated by the DOT through its annual publication ‘Statistical Report’ and are used to compile Table 10 of TSA. Tourism consumption expenditures by product were estimated based on data from the AVSS and SSRTA. Information on average daily expenditure, tourism consumption by product and average length of stay were also estimated from the above-mentioned surveys. Information regarding the number of arrivals for inbound visitors (TSA Table 10a) was generated from the SSRTA. 3.6.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the Philippine Tourism

Satellite Account The Philippines combined other tourism consumption expenditure due to the difficulty in collecting information on the availability of their services separately, and therefore this could have resulted in double counting. For example, hotels and restaurants were combined. The 1994 and 1998 TSA visitor consumption expenditure was divided into households, and government consumption expenditure and the gross fixed capital formation.



40

Inbound and domestic tourism Table Y shows the domestic and inbound ratios calculated from the Philippine TSA for the years 1994 and 1998. In 1998, inbound tourists spent the major part of their expenditure on ‘accommodation services’ (35,5%), followed by ‘miscellaneous tourism’ (21,7%) and ‘food and beverage products’ (20,2%). Domestic tourists spent most of their expenditure in 1998 on ‘accommodation services’ (48,7%), followed by ‘food and beverage products’ (22,1%) and ‘miscellaneous tourism’ (16,2%). Table Y: Philippines Table 1 and Table 2 of the TSA – Inbound and domestic

tourism ratios calculated (%), 1994 and 1998 Own calculations ratios

Year/type of visitors 1994 1998

Tourism products and services Inbound Domestic Total Inbound Domestic TotalAccommodation 31,1 30,5 30,9 35,5 48,7 41,4Food and beverage services 17,1 18,6 17,6 20,2

22,1 21,0

Passenger transport 3,5 7,9 4,8 5,1 4,6 4,8Travel agencies, tour operator and tour guide services 0,3 6,0 2,1 0,4

3,6 2,1Cultural services, recreation and other entertainment 21,8 8,3 17,8 17,1

4,8 11,5Miscellaneous tourism 26,2 28,7 26,8 21,7 16,2 19,2Tourism-related products 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0Source: NSBC – 1994/98 TSA Production account Table Z shows the ratios calculated from the Philippine production account (Table 5). The data used to compile the production account were derived from the input-output tables.



41

Table Z: Philippines Table 5 of the TSA – Production Account of the tourism

industries and non-tourism industries (%), 1994 1994 1998

Tourism products

Own calculations

ratios

Own calculations

ratios Tourism-connected products Characteristics products and services Accommodation services 0,4 0,3 Food and beverage services 2,1 1,5 Passenger transport services 3,0 2,0 Travel agency, tour operator and tour guide services 0,1

0,0

Transport equipment rental 0,1 0,0 Cultural services, recreation and other entertainment 0,9

0,7

Shopping 0,2 0,1 Tourism-related services 21,6 27,3 Non-tourism-related services 71,6 68,1 Total output at current producers’ prices 100,0 100,0 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 17,5 14,1 Mining 4,1 3,4 Electricity and water 4,6 5,4 Manufacturing 46,4 45,8 Construction 1,2 1,4 Trade service, hotels and restaurants 7,5 8,1 Transport and communication 7,2 8,1 Business services 9,1 10,8 Community, social and personal services 2,4 2,9 Total intermediate consumption 100,0 100,0 Compensation of employees 31,7 33,9 Other taxes less subsidies on production 5,4 5,4 Depreciation 8,8 7,2 Gross operating surplus 54,1 53,5 Total gross value added of activities at basic prices 100,0

100,0

Source: NSBC – 1994/98 TSA Tourism employment Employment generated by tourism industries was sourced from the LFS. However, the disaggregation by type of tourism activities was not obtained directly from LFS. The Philippines used the CE to disaggregate passenger transport (i.e. air, water and land), and recreation, entertainment and cultural services.



42

The Philippines, when monitoring employment in the tourism industries, took into account seasonality, high variability in the working conditions, flexibility, and lack of formality of many work contracts in many small producing units. Employment generated by the tourism industries was estimated to be 20,0% to 22,0% of total employment in 1994/1998. Table AA shows the ratios calculated from Table 7 of the Philippine TSA. Of the total employees that were employed in the Philippine tourism industries in 1998, 64,7% were employed in the retail trade industry, passenger transport (21,9%) and restaurant and bar industries (8,5%). Table AA: Philippines Table 7 of the TSA – Employment generated by the

tourism industries (own calculations ratios (%)), 1994/1998

Number of employees

Number of establishments 1994 1998

Tourism industries 1994 1998 Male Female Total Male Female TotalAccommodation 0,9 5,0 1,2 0,8 1,0 1,1 0,7 0,9Restaurants and bars

21,0 61,2 8,0 7,3 7,7

8,6

8,2 8,5

Passenger transportation

1,1 4,7 32,8 5,6 20,7

34,4

5,9 21,9

Travel agents, tour operators and tour guides

0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,1

0,1

0,1 0,2Recreation, entertainment and cultural services

5,7 29,1 4,7 2,5 3,7

4,7

2,6 3,8Retail trade 71,3 0,0 53,2 83,8 66,8 51,1 82,5 64,7Total tourism industries

100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

100,0

100,0 100,0

Source: NSBC – 1994/98 TSA Non-monetary tourism The Philippines compiled three sub-tables of non-monetary indicators. The first one is the number of visitor arrivals (Table 10a), the second the length of stay in the Philippines by inbound visitors (Table 10b) and the third means of transportation (Table 10c). The Philippines used these indicators to firm up and validate the result of 1994 and 1998 TSA estimates by providing certain attributions of the performance of tourism industries in relation to the development in the total economy. The information to calculate TSA sub-table 10a was derived from the DOT Statistical Reports. A domestic visitor’s information was derived from the SSRTA. The data on the number of inbound visitors by type of transportation used (TSA sub-table 10c) were readily available from the publications of the DOT. The inbound arrivals by country of origin are one of the non-monetary tables (Table 10) compiled by the Philippines. Tables AB and AC show the ratios calculated from Table 10 of the Philippine TSA for 1998.



43

Table AB: Philippines Table 10a of the TSA – Tourist arrivals (%), 1994 and

1998 1994 1998

Country of origin



Inbound visitors 100,0 100,0Asia 48,2 46,6America 22,3 25,2Europe 13,1 14,3Oceania 5,1 4,5Africa 0,2 0,1Others and unspecified residents 1,0 1,1Overseas Filipinos 10,1 8,2Domestic visitors National capital region 23,1 13,2Cordillera administrative region 8,2 13,7Iiocos region 4,9 4,7Cagayan 5,5 5,1Central Luzon 1,5 6,2Southern Tagalog 3,9 3,3Bicol 3,9 4,5Western Visayas 8,0 4,8Central Visayas 9,7 8,6Eastern Visayas 2,8 2,3Western Mindanao 5,7 4,1Northern Mindanao 11,6 11,0Southern Mindanao 7,1 8,8Central Mindanao 4,1 3,8Eastern Mindanao 0,0 1,2Caraga 0,0 4,7Grand Total 100,0 100,0Source: NSBC – 1994/98 TSA Table AC: Philippines Table 10,b of the TSA – Inbound tourist arrivals (%), 1994

and 1998 1994 1998

Country of origin

Number of visitors (ratios

calculated)

Average night (ratios

given)

Number of visitors (ratios

calculated)

Average night (ratios

given)Asia 46,6 9,9 44,7 7,8America 22,2 13,4 24,9 13,9Europe 11,6 12,9 12,9 10,6Oceania 5,0 12,9 4,4 8,8Africa 0,0 0,0 0,0 Others and unspecified residents 4,5 10,6

4,9 7,6

Overseas Filipinos 10,1 23,9 8,2 19,6Total inbound 100,0 11,5 100,0 9,1Source: NSBC – 1994/98 TSA



44

3.7. Construction of the Scottish Tourism Satellite Account,

2000 The University of Strathclyde compiled the 2000 TSA (which was published in 2004) for Scotland according to the recommendations of the UNWTO. They compiled Tables 1–4 and Tables 6–7 of the TSA. Tables 8–10 have not yet been compiled. Tables 1 and 2 are divided into ‘same-day visitors’, ‘holiday visitors’, ‘business visitors’ and ‘visiting friends and relatives’. Table 6 was compiled by using the input-output framework. Table 7 is divided into gender, and full-time and part-time employees. Tourism contributed 5,0% or (£7,4 billion) of the total GDP in 2000. In 2000, the size of the Scottish population was approximately 5,1 million with total households of 2,3 million. 3.7.1. Main data source Scotland relied heavily on the use of UK data sources for calculating the Scottish estimates. The UK collected separate data on spending in Scotland. The data sources used were: Supply side information: ♦ Input-output tables; and ♦ Labour Force Survey. Demand side information: ♦ UK Day Visits Survey; ♦ Scottish Household Survey; ♦ UK Tourism Survey (UKTS) 2000–2002; ♦ International Passenger Survey (IPS) 2001, 1997 expenditure trailer; and ♦ Expenditure and Food Survey. The following paragraphs give a brief description of each of these data sources. UK Tourism Survey (2000–2002) The National Tourist Board carry out a survey of trips undertaken by UK residents. The UKTS is an annual survey with a sample size of 50 000 households. This survey covers all trips away from home lasting one night or more for holidays, visits to friends and relatives, business, conferences or any other purpose except trips such as hospital admissions or school visits. The main results are the number of trips taken, expenditure, and nights spent away from home. Data are also available on leisure activities undertaken during the trip, methods of booking or arranging travel, and types of location stayed at. The survey covers the UK and data are available for England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and at regional level. The survey is carried out continuously, and results are published annually.



45

International Passenger Survey 2001, 1997 expenditure trailer The IPS is an annual survey conducted by the UK ONS. This survey is a random sample of passengers entering and leaving Scotland by air, sea or the Channel Tunnel. Over a quarter of a million face-to-face interviews are carried out each year with passengers entering and leaving Scotland through the main airports, seaports and the Channel Tunnel. The data collected include country of visit (for Scotland residents), country of residence and region of Scotland visited (for overseas residents), expenditure, purpose of visit, length of stay, age group, gender, mode of transport, port, and year and quarter of visit. Expenditure and Food Survey The EFS is commissioned by the Social Survey Division (SSD) of ONS and by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). It is a continuous survey of household expenditure, food consumption and income. The primary uses are to provide information about spending patterns for the Retail Price Index, and about food consumption and nutrition. Data are collected for a sample of households in Scotland, using self-reported diaries of all purchases over a two-week period, including food eaten out. Where possible, quantities are recorded in the diaries but otherwise estimated. Energy and nutrient intakes are calculated using standard profiles for each of some 500 types of food. UK Day Visits Survey The UK Day Visits Survey is a household survey that runs every second year to ask questions about leisure day visits from home. The target population is residents from England, Scotland and Wales and the sample is around 7 000 households. Scottish Household Survey The Scottish Household Survey is an annual survey covering the whole of Scotland, with a sample size of around 15 000 households per annum. The survey covers a range of topics, but focuses particularly on transport, local government services and social exclusion topics. The survey will be continuous, with interviews taking place each month. Summary results are published quarterly, and more detailed results annually23. Input-output tables The ONS compiles Scottish input-output tables on an annual basis. The Scottish input-output tables are products by industries and consist of 91 products and 91 industries. Labour Force Survey The LFS is a quarterly sample survey of households living at private addresses in Great Britain with a sample size of 23 000. Its purpose is to provide information on the Scottish labour market that can then be used to develop, manage, evaluate and report on labour market policies. The questionnaire design, sample selection, and interviewing are carried out by the Social and Vital Statistics Division of the ONS.

23 www.statistics.gov.uk/STATBASE



46

3.7.2. Ratios used and ratios calculated from the Scottish Tourism

Satellite Account Scotland split their consumption expenditure to fit into input-output products by industries categories. For example, the holiday tourists from the rest of the UK spent a total of £3,8 million in 2001 on ‘glassware, tableware and household utensils products’. This category spans a number of input-output categories and was split as shown in Table AD. ‘Accommodation products’ is divided into ‘hotels, catering and pubs products’ (60,0%), ‘letting of dwellings products’ (30,0%) and ‘estate agent activities products’ (10,0%). Table AD: Assumptions made to split expenditure categories to fit input-output

categories (%), 2001

Spending categories

Input-output categories (products)

Tourism ratios on products

given Hotels, catering, pubs, etc. 60,0 Letting of dwellings 30,0

Accommodation

Estate agent activities 10,0 Knitted goods 20,0 Clothes Wearing apparel 80,0 Sea fishing 40,0 Fish and fish products Fish and fruit processing 60,0 Glass and glass products 40,0 Ceramic goods 40,0

Glassware, tableware and household utensils

Cutlery and tools 20,0 Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA Visitor consumption Scottish visitor consumption expenditure is divided into visitor final consumption in cash, visitor final consumption in kind, tourism social transfers in kind, and tourism business expenses. The Scottish made assumptions on the visitor final consumption in cash. The Scottish did not make assumptions on the visitor final consumption in kind, tourism business expenses and tourism social transfer in kind. Visitor final consumption in cash Scotland made the assumption that all tourism expenditure by Scottish residents will be subsumed in final household consumption, expenditure by visitors from the rest of the UK will appear as a category of interregional exports, and expenditure by overseas visitors will appear as international exports. Scotland also made the assumption that all pre- and post-trip expenditure should be included as visitor final consumption. Pre-trip items could be maps, books, films, clothes and gear acquired for the trip, inoculations, travel agency type service, etc. Post-trip expenditure includes film processing, dry-cleaning, etc.



47

Assumptions were also made on hotel and restaurant products produced by hotel and restaurant industries. The industry splits of hotels and restaurants, travel agents from transport services and visitor attractions from recreation were created using turnover on the Scottish Inter-departmental Business Register for the relevant SIC (see Table AE). Table AD shows that the hotel industry is made up of ‘hotel accommodation services’ (65,0%), ‘meals products’ (20,0%) and ‘drinks products’ (15,0%). The ‘restaurant industry’ is made up of ‘meals products’ (80,0%) and ‘drinks products’ (20,0%). Table AE: Ratios used to break down supply of hotels and restaurants (%),

2001 Tourism ratios on products given

Industry

Products

Hotel output Other

accommodationRestaurants

output Bars outputHotel accommodation

65,0 0,0

0,0 0,0

Other accommodation

0,0 95,0

0,0 0,0

Meals 20,0 5,0 80,0 25,0Drinks 15,0 0,0 20,0 75,0Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA Table AF shows the ratios calculated from Table 1 of the Scottish TSA. The estimates of inbound tourism consumption have been reconciled with supply of products using the input-output balancing process. Inbound tourism consumption consists of expenditure of visitors from the rest of the UK and overseas within Scotland and totalled £2,8 billion or 37,8% of the total tourism expenditure. Of this, 60,0% was on ‘tourism-specific or related products’. Table AF: Scotland Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism ratios (%), 2001


Tourism products Holiday visitors

Business visitors

Visiting friends

and relatives

All visitors Accommodation 17,0 26,0 9,7 16,6 Restaurant, bar and catering services 19,0 21,3 15,5

18,7

Transportation 3,0 3,7 5,4 3,5 Travel agency and tour operator services 0,0 0,7 0,6

0,9

Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 9,0 4,3 4,7

7,4

Tourism-connected products 12,0 15,0 12,6 12,8 Non-tourism products 29,0 21,0 37,3 28,9 Distribution margin 11,0 8,0 14,2 11,2 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA



48

Table AG shows the ratios calculated from Table 2 of the Scottish TSA. Domestic tourism is divided into holiday visitors, business visitors and visiting friends and relatives within Scotland. Domestic tourists in Scotland spent most of their expenditure on ‘non-tourism products’ (27,8%), followed by ‘restaurant, bar and catering products’ (23,2%) and ‘tourism-connected products’ (13,3%). Table AG: Scotland Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism ratios (%), 2001


Tourism products Holiday visitors

Business visitors

Visiting friends

and relatives

All visitors

Accommodation 15,8 18,5 15,7 5,6 Restaurant, bar and catering services 17,3 19,2

6,6

23,2

Transportation 6,0 21,5 14,9 5,1 Travel agency and tour operator services 1,1 1,1

17,1

0,9

Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 13,7 6,9

1,3

13,0

Tourism-connected products 14,3 20,7 21,6 13,3 Non-tourism products 24,0 7,6 15,8 27,8 Distribution margin 7,8 4,5 7,0 11,1 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA Table AH shows the ratios calculated from Table 3 of the Scottish TSA. Outbound tourism covers purchases of package tours, expenditure on getting to the border or the airport, and any meals eaten or hotels stayed in on the way. Outbound tourists spent the major part of their expenditure on ‘restaurant, bar and catering services’ (31,4%), ‘accommodation services’ (15,4%) and ‘non-tourism products’ (15,2%). Table AH: Scotland Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound tourism ratios (%), 2001

Tourism Products


Accommodation services 15,4Restaurant, bar and catering services 31,4Passenger transport services 9,7Travel agency and tour operator services 0,6Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services 10,4Tourism-connected products 9,6Non-tourism products 15,2Distribution margins 7,7Total 100,0Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA Table AI shows tourism employment by industry, gender, full-time and part-time employees. In 2000 the majority of female employees (65,0%) were employed in the ‘Travel agency and tour operator industry’. Of the total employees employed in the ‘Travel agency and tour operator industry’, 81,0% were employed as full-time employees and only 19,0% employed as part-time employees.



49

Table AI: Scotland Table 7 of the TSA – Total employment by industry and

tourism-related employment (%), 2001 Tourism ratios on employment given

All employment by industry Tourism employment

Tourism product

Female MalePart-time

Full-time Female Male

Part-time

Full-time

Tourism employ-

ment ratio

Accommodation services

48,0 52,0 39,0 61,0 59,0 41,0

48,0

42,0 31,0

Restaurant, bar and catering services

61,0 39,0 57,0 43,0 61,0 39,0

56,0

44,0 45,0

Passenger transport 17,0 83,0 11,0 89,0 15,0 85,0 10,0 90,0 3,0Travel agency and tour operator services

65,0 35,0 19,0 81,0 65,0 35,0

19,0

81,00 76,0Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services

49,0 51,0 41,0 51,0 49,0 41,0

59,0

21,0 0,0Tourism-connected industries

32,0 68,0 19,0 81,0 34,0 66,0

18,0

82,0 6,0

Non-tourism industries

49,0 51,0 28,0 72,0 55,0 45,0

44,0

56,0 1,0

Total 48,0 52,0 30,0 70,0 58,0 42,0 47,0 43,0 5,0Source: University of Strathclyde, 2001 TSA



47

Tables AJ–AO show a summary of the seven countries in the compilation of their TSA.

Table AJ: Comparison of the Tourism Satellite Accounts in seven countries24

Tourism categories

UK: 2000

NZ: 2004

Canada: 2000

Austria: 1999 Australia:

2004/05 Philippines: 1994

& 1998

Scotland: 2000 Publication year Compiled for

2000 and published in

2004

Compiled for 2004 and

published in 2005


published in 2005


published in 2001

Compiled for 2004/05 and published in

2006

Compiled for 1994 and 1998 and

published in 2001


published in 2004

Tourism contribution to GDP

Tourism contributed £89,6 billion or 4,0% of

GDP in 2000

Tourism contributed $6,2 billion or 4,9% of the total GDP in

2004

Tourism contributed

$53,7 billion or 2,2% of the total

GDP in 2000

ATS contributed 194,4 billion or

7,2% of the total GDP in 1999

Tourism contributed

$32,6 billion or 3,7% of the total GDP in 2003/04

Tourism contributed P 85,9

billion or 5,0% in 1994 and P 178,8

billion or 7,0% in 1998

Tourism contributed £7,4 billion or 5,0% of

the total GDP

Total number of population and households

Population is 59,6 million and

14,3 million households

Population is 4,2 million and 1,3

million households




million households




million households


million households

LFS Quarterly survey Quarterly survey Monthly survey Monthly survey Quarterly survey SU-tables Compiled

annually for 123 products and 123

industries

Compiled quarterly for 33

products and 33 industries and

annually for 225 products and 53

industries

Input-output tables Compiled annually for 210

products and 126 industries

Compiled annually for 727


Compiled after every five years

Compiled annually for 91


IVS Quarterly survey Quarterly survey Household Survey Quarterly survey Annual survey SEPH Monthly survey

24 An empty space indicates that no data are applicable to that country.



48

Table AJ: Comparison of the Tourism Satellite Accounts in seven countries (continued)

Tourism categories

UK: 2000

NZ: 2004

Canada: 2000

Austria: 1999

Australia: 2004/05

Philippines: 1994 & 1998

Scotland: 2000

Services Industry Survey Three years interval survey

DTS Quarterly survey QES Quarterly survey Retail and Trade Survey Monthly survey Accommodation Survey Monthly survey Expenditure and Food Survey

Annual survey Annual survey

Expenditure and Food Survey

Annual survey Continuous survey

Economic Census of Industry

Annual survey Five years interval survey

SSRTA Five years interval survey

Annual Visitor Sample Survey

Annual survey

DOT Occupancy Reports of Hotels

Annual report

National Visitors Survey Quarterly survey Household Expenditure Survey

Five years interval survey

Economic Activity Survey Annual survey Overseas Arrivals and Departures Survey

Annual survey

Tourism Research Australian Survey

Annual survey

Census of Establishments Five years interval survey

IPS Compiled annually and is

a face-to-face interview

Annual survey



49


Tourism categories UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia:

2004/05 Philippines: 1994

& 1998 Scotland: 2000 Austrian Guest Inquiry Survey

Three-year- interval survey

Quarterly Survey on Holiday and Business Trips

Quarterly survey

UK Occupancy Survey Annual survey

UKTS Annual survey

Annual survey

Canadian Travel Survey Quarterly survey Annual Business Inquiry Annual

survey

Great Britain Day Visits Survey

Quarterly survey

HES Annual survey Annual Enterprise Survey Annual survey ITS Annual survey Table 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table 2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table 3 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Table 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Table 5 Yes Yes No No No Yes No Table 6 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Table 7 No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Table 8 No No No No No No No Table 9 No No No No No No No Table 10 Yes No No No No Yes No Framework used for compilation of TSA

Compiled TSA on an input-

output framework

Used input-output model to measure impact

of tourism

Compiled TSA on a SU-tables

framework

Used supply and use framework for

analysis of TSA



50

Table AJ: Comparison of the Tourism Satellite Accounts in seven countries (continue)

Tourism categories UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria:

1999 Australia: 2004/05 Philippines: 1994

& 1998 Scotland: 2000 Target population All residents

and international

visitors excluding

diplomats and armed forces

All residents and

international visitors

excluding people

specifically to obtain medical

treatment

All residents and international

visitors excluding people who are

travelling for education

purposes, armed force, diplomats,

commuting as well as migration

All residents and

international visitors

All residents and international visitors.

Overseas departure and arrivals survey exclude

the movements of operational air and ships’ crew, transit

passengers who pass through Australia but

are not cleared for entry and passengers on

pleasure cruises commencing and

finishing in Australia aboard ships not then engaged on regular

voyages.


visitors


visitors excluding diplomats and armed forces

Definition usual environment

No definition of usual

environment

40 kilometres one way

80 kilometres one way


environment

40 kilometres one way and 50 kilometres round

trip

No definition of usual environment


environment Same-day visitors Data from day

visitors came from the UK

day visits Survey

No data for same day

visitors

No data for same day visitors

Made assumption that same day visitor

does not use the travel agencies,

tour operators and tourist

guides services.

Data for same day visitors come from

national visitors survey

No data for same day visitors

Data from day visitors came

from the UK day visits Survey



51


Tourism categories UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia: 2004/05 Philippines: 1994

& 1998 Scotland: 2000 Tourism-connected products

Miscellaneous services, travel

agencies

Product has tourism ratio greater than

0,0% and less than 0,25%

Recreation and entertainment, travel agency services and

pre-trip expenses

Products which are consumed by

visitors in volumes significant to the visitor and/or the

provider but which are not included in

the list of tourism characteristics

Products consumed by tourists but not

considered tourism-characteristic products

Construction, article made of native material, communication

services, banking services, private

services and wholesale trade

services

Restaurants, air/sea transport

Non-tourism products Groceries, alcoholic

beverages from stores, motor

vehicle parts and repairs, motor

vehicle fuel and toiletries, parking,

and alcoholic beverages

purchased at retail

Products that are not

purchased by tourists

Some products and services

bought by tourists.

Groceries, souvenirs, local

public transportation,

parking and alcoholic

beverages purchased at

retail

All products which are not tourism-

specific

Communication services, electricity, gas, water

and personal services

Groceries, alcoholic

beverages from stores, motor

vehicle parts and repairs, motor

vehicle fuel and toiletries, parking

and alcoholic beverages

purchased at retail



52

Table AJ: Comparisons of the Tourism Satellite Accounts in seven countries (concluded)

Tourism categories UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia: 2004/05


Scotland: 2000

BoP Provides data to determine

expenditure on airfares using transportation

credits data

Provides estimates for

course costs and living costs per foreign student

Treats students and medical patients as travellers,

regardless of the length of stay

Military and

embassy personnel and

non-resident workers are not

regarded as travellers

Expenditure by UK residents

appears in BoP as interregional

exports while expenditure by other overseas

visitors appears in BoP to be international

exports

Estimates of the number of persons employed

Estimates of the number of

employees are derived from LFS and ABI


employees are derived from LFS

and QES









53

Table AK: Table 1 of the TSA – Inbound tourism ratios of seven countries

Ratios calculated from TSA Table 1 of different countries25

Austria: 1999 Philippines: 1994 & 1998

Tourism products UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada:

2000 Day

visits Overnight

visits

Australia: 2004/05

1994 1998

Scotland: 200026

Accommodation services 28,0 9,0 24,0 0,0 26,0 13,3 31,1 35,5 16,6 Food and beverage services

0,0

11,4

17,0

72,0

44,0

7,4

17,1

20,2

0,0


25,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

7,3

0,0

0,0

18,7

Passenger transport services

4,0

10,9

27,0

8,0

14,0

26,2

3,5

5,1

3,5

Air passenger transport 0,0 18,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Retail sales fuel and other automotive

0,0

8,2

0,0

0,0

0,0

1,3

0,0

0,0

0,0

Travel agency and tour operator services

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

2,0

0,0

0,3

0,4

0,9


2,0

0,0

0,0

20,0

14,0

0,0

21,8

17,1

7,4 Tourism-connected products

7,0 11,9 13,0 0,0 0,0 31,5 0,0 0,0 12,8

Non-tourism products 19,0 0,0 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 28,9 Retail 15,0 22,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Distribution margins 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,2 Taxi products 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 Miscellaneous tourism 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 26,2 21,7 0,0 Shopping 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0, 0,0 12,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 GTS 0,0 7,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

25 0,0 means there are no data for the country to populate their table/s. 26 Scottish inbound tourism is divided into holiday visitors, business visitors and visiting friends and relatives. Data for this can be found in Table AG.



54

Table AL: Table 2 of the TSA – Domestic tourism ratios of seven countries

Ratios calculated from TSA Table 1 of different countries27

UK: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia: 2004/05 Philippines: 1994& 1998

Tourism products

Overnight visits

Day visits

Total

NZ: 2004

Canada: 2000

Day visits

Overnight visits

Households Government/ business

1994 1998

Scotland: 2000

Accommodation services 21,5 0,0 7,7 6,4 11,0 0,0 47,0 6,8 23,2 30,5 48,7 5,6 Food and beverage services

0,0

0,0

10,6

14,0

72,0

27,0

9,5

0,6

18,6

22,1

0,0


27,9

23,9

20,5

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

19,1

6,2

0,0

0,0

23,2

Passenger transport services

14,5

2,3

24,0

6,1

42,0

8,0

13,0

8,6

39,5

7,9

4,6

5,1

Air passenger transport 0,0 0,0 9,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Travel agency and tour operator services

0,5

0,4

2,8

0,0

0,0

0,0

11,0

0,0

0,0

6,0

3,6

0,9


7,2

9,6

6,9

0,0

0,0

20,0

2,0

0,0

0,0

8,3

4,8

0,0 Miscellaneous tourism services

2,5

2,5

2,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

13,0

Retail 10,3 26,6 0,0 37,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Retail sales fuel and other automotive

0,0

0,0

15,3

16,1

0,0

0,0

0,0

7,0

15,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Tourism-connected products

0,0

0,0

13,6

18,0

0,0

0,0

28,7

12,3

28,7

16,2

13,3

Non-tourism products 15,6 34,7 20,8 0,0 15,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 27,8 Taxi products 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,4 2,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 Distribution margins 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 11,1 Shopping 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 19,9 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 GTS 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Total 100,0 100,0 100,1 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

27 0,0 means there are no data for the country to populate their tables.



55

Table AM: Table 3 of the TSA – Outbound ratios of seven countries

Ratios calculated from TSA Table 3 of different countries

Tourism products UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia: 2004/05


Scotland: 2000

Accommodation services 25,9 12,8 30,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,4 Food and beverage services 0,0 16,7 19,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Restaurant, bar and catering services

29,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

31,4

Passenger transport services 7,5 10,2 31,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,7 Air passenger transport 0,0 25,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Travel agency and tour operator services

0,3

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,6


13,2

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

10,4

Retail 0,0 2,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Retail sales fuel and other automotive

0,0

18,1

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Tourism-connected products 2,1 14,4 9,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 9,6 Non-tourism products 12,9 0,0 11,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,2 Retail 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Distribution margins 9,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,7 Exports of goods and services 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,3 0,0 0,0 Imports of goods and services 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 83,7 0,0 0,0 Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0



56

Table AN: Table 5 of the TSA – Production account ratios of seven countries

Ratios calculated from TSA Table 5 of different countries


Tourism products UK: 2000 NZ: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia: 2004/05

1994 1998

Scotland: 2000

Accommodation services 5,7 9,7 0,0 45,9 0,0 0,4 0,3 0,0 Food and beverage services 0,0 12,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,1 1,5 0,0 Restaurant, bar and catering services

15,9

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Passenger transport services 44,6 11,8 0,0 29,8 0,0 3,0 2,0 0,0 Air passenger transport 0,0 20,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Travel agency and tour operator services

0,9

0,0

0,0

9,9

0,0

0,1

0,0

0,0

Transport equipment rental 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 Recreation, cultural and other entertainment services

20,0

0,0

0,0

5,6

0,0

0,9

0,7

0,0

Retail 0,0 24,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Retail sales fuel and other automotive

0,0

8,9

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Tourism-connected products 7,8 12,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 21,6 27,3 0,0 Non-tourism products 4,9 0,0 0,0 2,2 0,0 71,6 68,1 0,0 Shopping 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,1 0,0 Distribution margins 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Total 100,0 100,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 100,0 100,0 ,00



57

Table AO: Table 7 of the TSA – Tourism employment ratios of seven countries Own ratios calculated from Table 7 of the TSA (%) Assumption


Tourism products UK: 2000 NZ28: 2004 Canada: 2000 Austria: 1999 Australia:

2004/05 1994 1998

Scotland: 2000

Accommodation services 0,0 0,0 26,1 0,0 17,5 0,9 5,0 31,0 Food and beverage services 0,0 0,0 23,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Restaurant, bar and catering services

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

9,3

21,0

61,2

45,0

Passenger transport services 0,0 0,0 14,0 0,0 4,5 1,1 4,7 3,0 Air passenger transport 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Rail passenger transport 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,7 0,0 0,0 0,0 Travel agency and tour operator services

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

5,0

0,0

0,0

76,0


0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

5,7

29,1

0,0

Retail 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,9 71,3 0,0 0,0 Retail sales fuel and other automotive

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

Tourism-connected products 0,0 0,0 16,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,0 Non-tourism products 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 Retail 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Distribution margins 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Clubs, pubs, taverns and bars 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 Manufacturing 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Casinos and other gambling services

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,3

0,0

0,0

0,0

Libraries, museums and arts 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Other entertainment services 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 Education 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 All other industries 0,0 0,0 19,5 0,0 7,9 0,0 0,0 0,0 Exports of goods and services 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Imports of goods and services 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Total 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 5,0

28 Tourism employment ratios for NZ can be found in Table L. Complied differently from other tables (see Table L).

Statistics South Africa 58

4. Recommendations for the compilation of a Tourism Satellite Account in South Africa

From the country experiences (international best practice) in the compilation of a TSA discussed in part 2 of this document, the following is recommended: ♦ Most of the countries have compiled TSA Tables 1–6. Some countries compiled Table 7

and Table 10 as well depending on data availability. For South Africa, as a starting point, compile Tables 1–6 (excluding Table 3) and Table 10 (also try to compile Table 7 depending on data availability).

♦ Most countries have difficulties in compiling Table 3 (outbound tourism) due to a lack of data. Since the data from the domestic tourism survey (conducted by SAT) are not sufficient for the compilation of Table 3, it is recommended that South Africa may also introduce a new survey (arrivals survey) that will collect information about outbound tourism at international boarders (air, water, land, etc.) as the residents return to the country after their trip.

♦ For the compilation of Table 7 of the TSA, most countries use the LFS and QES as the main data sources. Estimates of the number of persons employed in tourism-related industries have been derived from the LFS and QES. LFS and QES include information such as gender of employees, and whether they are employed as full-time or part-time workers. It is recommended that South Africa29 include the question of gender as well as full-time and part-time employment in the QES and LFS. South Africa should also take the issues of seasonality into account since most contract workers were only appointed during the last quarter of the year. Some countries derived the direct tourism employment by applying the tourism industry ratio on the LFS and QES. South Africa can also apply the tourism industry ratio on the LFS and QES to derive the total tourism employment.

♦ Like Australia, South Africa can estimate tourism gross value added, tourism GDP and tourism employment relating to the direct impact of tourism only. A direct impact occurs where there is a direct relationship (physical and economic) between visitors and producers of goods or services.

♦ Austria made the assumption that all same-day visitors travelling to Austria were from neighbouring countries. Due to a lack of same-day visitors data in South Africa, it is recommended that South Africa in the interim make the assumptions that all same-day visitors travelling to South Africa were from neighbouring countries such as Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, etc. The information can be sourced from the departure survey conducted by SAT.

♦ Scotland assumed that all pre- and post-trip expenditure should be included as visitor final consumption. For the collection of visitor final consumption expenditure, it is recommended that South Africa include questions of pre- and post-trip expenditure in the departure and domestic survey. This information will be useful in the compilation of Tables 1 and 3 of the TSA.

♦ It is recommended that South Africa use the BoP data to estimate international visitor expenditure such as transportation and travel services. The BoP data can be compared with the SAT departure survey to see if the two data sources are complementing each other. If there were a major difference between the BoP and SAT30 departure survey, then adjustments would be needed. BoP can further be broken down into tourism products such as transport, meals, accommodation, etc. South Africa can also learn from a country such as New Zealand for the use of BoP to estimate international visitor expenditure.

29 South Africa is currently busy investigating the QES/LFS as the data source to compile Table 7 of the TSA. 30 SAT and SARB are currently in the process of sorting out the differences between BoP and SAT figures.



NZ uses the BoP transportation credits to determine expenditure on airfares by foreign students studying in NZ for less than one year. NZ also uses BoP to derive expenditure on the course fee and living costs per student for students studying at schools, tertiary institutions, private English Language Providers and for those on study tours. The information will be useful in the compilation of Tables 2 and 4 of the TSA.

♦ Most of the countries use CATI to collect data for household survey (LFS). South Africa should also look at the possibility of using CATI to collect household survey data in order to minimise the possible memory gaps.



Glossary Country of residence

If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her centre of economic interest (e.g. his/her major source of income), he/she is considered a resident of that country.

Domestic tourism

The tourism of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference.

Domestic tourism consumption

Comprises the consumption of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference.

Domestic tourist

A resident visitor who visits within the economic territory of the country of reference.

Domestic visitor

Visitors, whose country of residence is the country visited. They may be nationals of this country or foreigners.

Expenditure

The value of the amounts that buyers pay or agree to pay to sellers in exchange for the goods or services that sellers provide to them or to other institutional units designated by the buyers.

Establishment An enterprise, or part of an enterprise, which is situated in one location and engaged in mainly one type of productive activity, which is the principal activity.

Gross Domestic Product The total value of goods and services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country for a specified period of time.

Gross fixed capital formation

The total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of institutional units. Fixed assets are tangible or intangible assets produced as outputs from processes of production that are themselves used repeatedly or continuously in other processes of production for more than one year.



Household final consumption expenditure

Includes all consumption expenditure made by households from their own cash resources (including all income in cash received), as well as all the counterpart of income in kind (except social transfers in kind) that those households might have received, such as remuneration in kind and other transfers in kind. It also includes the value of all consumption of output for own final use, such as those provided by second homes on own account used for tourism purposes or what it can have received through barter transactions.

Inbound tourism consumption

Comprises the consumption of non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents.

Inbound tourist

A non-resident visitor who visits within the economic territory of the country of reference.

Industry

A group of establishments engaged in the same, or similar, kinds of economic activity.

Internal tourism

The tourism of visitors, both resident and non-resident, within the economic territory of the country of residence. It is a combination of domestic and inbound tourism.

Internal tourism consumption

The consumption of both resident and non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents.

International tourist

An international visitor who stays at least one night in collective or private accommodation in the country visited.

International traveller

Any person on a trip between two or more localities in different countries.

International visitor Any person who travels to a country other than that in which he/she has his/her residence but outside his/her usual environment for a period that is less than 12 months and whose main purpose of the visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.

National tourism

National tourism is the combination of domestic and outbound tourism.

National tourism consumption

The consumption of both resident visitors within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference.



Occupancy rate

The number of stay unit nights sold, divided by the product of the number of stay units nights available and the number of days in the survey period, expressed as a percentage.

Outbound tourism

The tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference.

Outbound tourism consumption

Comprises the consumption of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference and provided by non-residents.

Overseas traveller (tourism and migration)

A foreign traveller visiting South Africa (SA), excluding travellers from mainland Africa and from ‘unspecified’ countries.

Producer price index PPI measures prices relating to the production sector of the economy and is divided into inputs and outputs index

Production price index (South Africa)

PPI measures prices at the level of the first significant commercial transaction.

Purpose of visit

The major groups that are recommended for classifying the main purpose of visit (or trip) are: Leisure, recreation and holidays Visiting friends and relatives Business and professional Health treatment Religion/pilgrimages Other

Residence

An institutional unit’s residence is the location where its centre of principal economic interest can be found. The residence of a household is that of all its members.

Same-day visitor

A visitor who visits a place for less than one night.

Stay unit

The unit of accommodation available to be charged out to guests, for example, a powered site in a caravan park or a room in a hotel.

Stay unit night sold

The total number of stay units occupied on each night during the survey period.

Tourism

The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.



Tourism-characteristic activity

Those productive activities that have tourism-characteristic products as their principal output.

Tourism-characteristic industry

A group of establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism-characteristic activity.

Tourism-characteristic products

Products which, in the absence of visitors, in most countries would probably cease to exist in meaningful quantity of for which the level of consumption would be significantly reduced and for which it seems possible to obtain statistical information.

Tourism consumption

The total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at a destination.

Tourism-connected activities

Those productive activities that have tourism-connected products as their principal output.

Tourism gross domestic product

The gross domestic product generated in the economy by the tourism industries and other industries in response to tourism internal consumption.

Tourism gross fixed capital formation

Is the sum of the gross fixed capital formation in specific tourism fixed produced assets by all economic productive activities and the gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries in non-specific tourism fixed assets.

Tourism industry All establishments whose principal productive activity is a tourism-characteristic activity, i.e. the sum of all tourism-characteristic activities.

Tourist

A visitor who stays at least one night in the place visited.

Usual environment

To be outside the ‘usual environment’ the person should travel more than 40 kilometres from place of residence (one way) AND the place should NOT be visited more than once a week. This includes place of work and place of study. Leisure and recreational trips are included irrespective of frequency.

Value added of the tourism industries

Sums the value added of all characteristic producers regardless of the buyers of their output; it excludes non-characteristic producers.

Visitor

Any person travelling to a place other than that of his/her usual environment for less than 12 months and whose main purpose of trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.



Visitor consumption

The total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for or during his/her trip and stay at the destination.

Visitors’ expenditures

Are traditionally used in the analysis of the tourism economy. They include expenditures on goods and services consumed by visitors for and during their trips and stay at destination. It corresponds with the monetary transactions component of tourism consumption.



References 1. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005. Tourism Satellite Accounts 2004/05. Sydney

2. Office for National Statistics, 2001. Tourism Satellite Accounts First Steps – United Kingdom. London

3. Romula A Virola, Marriel M Remulla, Lea H Amoro and Milagros Y Say, 2001. Measuring the Contribution of Tourism to the Economy: The Philippine Tourism Satellite Account. A paper presented during the Eighth National Convention on Statistics, October 1–2, 2001, Westin Philippine Plaza Hotel, Manila.

4. Laimer and Smeral (2001). A Tourism Satellite Account for Austria. The Economics, Methodology and Results. Statistik Austria and WIFO, Vienna, 2001.

5. Statistics Canada, 2005. Canadian Tourism Satellite Account 2000. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

6. Statistics New Zealand, 2005. Tourism Satellite Account 2004. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.

7. Stats SA, 2005. Status of the tourism satellite account in South Africa. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.

8. Prof. Iain Mcnicoll, 2003. Towards a Tourism Satellite Account for Scotland. Augmented Final report. Scotland: University of Strathclyde.



Annexures Annexure 1: Tourism-characteristic products The list of tourism-characteristic products is provisional and corresponds to products considered characteristic for purposes of the international comparability of results. Consequently, it is meant to serve as a proposal of how, in the future, the various international organisations could present, in a comparable way, the results of countries that have developed a TSA. In coding the various items, six-digit codes with a point between the fifth and sixth digits were used. The first five digits correspond to the central product classification (CPC), Version 1.0 code, and the sixth digit is used exclusively for the present list. If the sixth digit is a zero, it means that this item is the same as the one presented in the CPC, Version 1.0 and has been drawn from it, but if the sixth digit is not a zero the item corresponds only partly to the CPC code. For example, code 63110.0, ‘Hotel and motel lodging services’, is identical to CPC code 63110, whereas code 63199.1, ‘Sleeping car’, corresponds only in part to CPC code 63199. 1. Accommodation services 1.1 Hotels and other lodging services 63110.0 Hotel and motel lodging services 63191.0 Holiday centre and holiday home services 63192.0 Letting services of furnished accommodation 63193.0 Youth hostel services 63194.0 Children's training and holiday camp services 63195.0 Camping and caravanning site services 63199.1 Sleeping-car and similar services in other transport media; residence of students 1.2 Second homes services on own account or for free This subclass includes the imputed rent on owned second homes or for-free and time-share apartments. There is no code in the CPC with this information. 72211.1 Support services to time-share activities 2. Food and beverage serving services 63210.0 Meal-serving services with full restaurant services 63220.0 Meal-serving services in self-service facilities 63290.0 Other food-serving services 63300.0 Beverage-serving services for consumption on the premises



3. Passenger transport services 3.1 Interurban railway transport services 64111.1 Scheduled rail services of passengers 64111.2 Non-scheduled rail services of passengers 3.2 Road transport services 64213.0 Interurban scheduled road transport services of passengers 64214.0 Interurban special purpose scheduled road transport services of passengers 64219.1 Scheduled ski-hills services 64219.2 Teleferic-funicular services 64221.0 Taxi services 64222.0 Rental services of passenger cars with operator 64223.0 Rental services of buses and coaches with operator 3.3 Water transport services 65111.0 Coastal and transoceanic water transport services of passengers by ferry 65119.1 Scheduled transport services of passengers 65119.2 Non-scheduled transport services of passengers 65119.3 Cruise ship services 65130.1 Personal passenger vessel services 65211.0 Inland water transport services of passengers by ferries 65219.1 Other scheduled inland water transport services of passengers 65219.2 Sightseeing excursion services 65219.3 Cruise services 65230.0 Rental services of inland water vessels with operator 3.4 Air transport services 66110.0 Scheduled air transport services of passengers 66120.1 Non-scheduled air services of passengers 66120.2 Sightseeing services, aircraft or helicopter 66400.0 Rental services of aircraft with operator 3.5 Supporting passenger transport services 67300.0 Navigational aid services 67400.0 Supporting services for railway transport 67510.0 Bus station services 67530.1 Parking of passenger terminal transport 67610.0 Port and waterway services (excluding cargo handling) 67690.1 Vessel fuelling services 67690.2 Maintenance and upkeep of services to private recreation passenger services67710.0 Airport operation services (excluding cargo handling) 67790.0 Other supporting services for air or space transport 3.6 Passenger transport equipment (rental) 73111.0 Leasing or rental services concerning cars and light vans without operator 73114.1 Leasing or rental services concerning campers/motor without operator 73115.1 Leasing or rental services concerning passenger vessels without operator 73116.1 Leasing or rental services concerning passenger aircraft without operator



3.7 Maintenance and repair services of passenger transport equipment 87143.0 Maintenance and repair services of trailers, semi-trailers and other motor

vehicles not elsewhere classified 87149.1 Maintenance and repair services of leisure vessel of own use 87149.2 Maintenance and repair services of leisure aircraft of own use 4. Travel agencies, tour operator and tourist guide services 4.1 Travel agency services 67811.0 Travel agency services 4.2 Tour operator services 67812.0 Tour operator services 4.3 Tourist information and tourist guide services 67813.0 Tourist information services 67820.0 Tourist guide services 5. Cultural services 5.1 Performing arts 96230.0 Performing arts facility operation services 96310.0 Services of performing artists 5.2 Museum and other cultural services 96411.0 Museum services except for historical sites and buildings 96412.0 Preservation services of historical sites and buildings 96421.0 Botanical and zoological garden services 96422.0 Nature reserve services including wildlife preservation services 6. Recreation and other entertainment services 6.1 Sports and recreational sport services 96510.0 Sports and recreational sports event promotion and organisation services 96520.1 Golf course services 96520.2 Ski fields 96520.3 Race circuit 96520.5 Recreation park and beach services 96590.1 Risk sport and adventure 6.2 Other amusement and recreation services 96910.1 Theme park services 96910.2 Amusement park services 96910.3 Fair and carnival services 96920.1 Casino services 96920.2 Slot machine services



7. Miscellaneous tourism services 7.1 Financial and insurance services 71100.1 Travel card services 71100.2 Travel loan services 71311.1 Travel life insurance services 71320.1 Travel accident insurance services 71320.2 Travel health insurance services 71334.1 Passenger aircraft of own use insurance services 71334.2 Passenger vessel of own use insurance services 71339.1 Travel insurance services 71552.0 Foreign exchange services 7.2 Other rental services 73240.1 Non-motorised land transport equipment leasing or rental services 73240.2 Winter sports equipment leasing or rental services 73240.3 Non-motorised air transport equipment leasing or rental services 73240.4 Water sports and beach equipment leasing or rental services 73240.5 Camping equipment leasing or rental services 73240.6 Saddle horse leasing or rental services 73290.1 Photographic camera rental services 7.3 Other tourism services 85970.0 Trade fair and exhibition organisation services 97230.4 Spa services 91131.1 Fishing licence services 91131.2 Hunting licence services 91210.1 Passport issuing services 91210.2 Visa issuing services 96620.2 Guide services (mountain, hunting and fishing) 97910.0 Escort services



Annexures 2–11 show the ten tables of the TSA. Annexure 2: Table 1 – Inbound tourism consumption, by products and categories of visitors (visitor final consumption expenditure in cash) (net valuation)

Products Same-day

visitors (1.1)

Tourists

(1.2)

Total visitors

(1.3)=(1.1)+(1.2)

A. SPECIFIC PRODUCTS A.1 Characteristic products (a)

1. Accommodation services 1.1 Hotels and other lodging services (3) 1.2 Second homes services on own account or for free 2. Food and beverage serving services (3) 3. Passenger transport services (3) 3.1 Interurban railway (3) 3.2 Road (3) 3.3 Water (3) 3.4 Air (3) 3.5 Supporting services 3.6 Transport equipment rental 3.7 Maintenance and repair services 4. Travel agency, tour operator and tourist guide services 4.1 Travel agencies (1) 4.2 Tour operators (2) 4.3 Tourist information and tourist guides 5. Cultural services (3) 5.1 Performing arts 5.2 Museum and other cultural services 6. Recreation and other entertainment services (3) 6.1 Sports and recreational sport services 6.2 Other amusement and recreation services 7. Miscellaneous tourism services 7.1 Financial and insurance services 7.2 Other goods rental services 7.3 Other tourism services

A.2 Connected products Distribution margins Goods (4) Services

B. NON-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Distribution margins Goods (4) Services

x x x

x

x

TOTAL

Number of trips Number of overnights

Source: TSARMF 2001 x does not apply (1) Corresponds to the margins of travel agencies. (2) Corresponds to the margins of tour operators. (3) The value is net of the amounts paid to travel agency and tour operator services. (4) The value is net of distribution margins. (a) Even if they are called “products”, no goods are included for the time being. Two main reasons led to that decision: - the importance of the existing differences (both in level and structure) between the types of goods acquired by visitors according to the country and place visited; - the existing limitations of the available sources of statistical information. Nevertheless, goods are not completely banned from the analysis, as retail trade services (specialised and non-specialised) associated with the sale of goods to visitors are included within the list. This is due to the fact that the associated productive activity is in contact with the visitor and thus, given certain circumstances, can be viewed as a tourism activity. Moreover, the list of products included in each of the 7 groups under consideration is shown in Annex II (TSA: RMF); the explanatory notes for each of them are also included in Annex I (TSA: RMF), so they may be clearly identified.



Annexure 3: Table 2 – Domestic tourism consumption, by products and ad hoc resident visitors (visitor final consumption expenditure in cash) (net valuation)

Resident visitors travelling only within the country of residence

Resident visitors travelling to a different country*

All resident visitors**

Products Same-day visitors

(2.1)

Tourists

(2.2)

Total visitors

(2.3)=(2.1)+(2.2)

Same-day visitors

(2.4)

Tourists

(2.5)

Total visitors

(2.6)=(2.4)+(2.5)

Same-day visitors

(2.7)=(2.1)+(2.4)

Tourists

(2.8)=(2.2)+(2.5)

Total visitors (2.9)=(2.3)+(2.6)




B.NON-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Distribution margins Goods (4) Services

x x x

x

x

x x x

x

x

x x x

x

x

TOTAL Number of trips

Number of overnights

Source: TSARMF 2001 x does not apply Notes (1) to (4) and (a) as for Table 1

* This set of visitors refers to those resident visitors whose trip will take them outside the economic territory of the country of residence. These columns will include their consumption expenditure before departure or after return. ** Due to the fact that some expenditures cannot be associated specifically to any of these categories of visitors (for instance, single-purpose consumer durables bought or purchased outside the context of a trip), the estimation of domestic tourism consumption (which corresponds to the last column of the table) will require some specific adjustments. Visitor final consumption expenditure in cash for all resident visitors, is not strictly the sum of this concept for each category of visitors.



Annexure 4: Table 3 – Outbound tourism consumption, by products and ad hoc resident visitors (visitor final consumption expenditure in cash) (net valuation)

Products Same-day

visitors (3.1)

Tourists

(3.2)

Total visitors

(3.3)=(3.1)+(3.2) A. SPECIFIC PRODUCTS

A.1 Characteristic products (a) 1. Accommodation services 1.1 Hotels and other lodging services (3) 1.2 Second homes services on own account or for free 2. Food and beverage serving services (3) 3. Passenger transport services (3) 3.1 Interurban railway (3) 3.2 Road (3) 3.3 Water (3) 3.4 Air (3) 3.5 Supporting services 3.6 Transport equipment rental 3.7 Maintenance and repair services 4. Travel agency, tour operator and tourist guide services 4.1 Travel agencies (1) 4.2 Tour operators (2) 4.3 Tourist information and tourist guides 5. Cultural services (3) 5.1 Performing arts 5.2 Museum and other cultural services 6. Recreation and other entertainment services (3) 6.1 Sports and recreational sport services 6.2 Other amusement and recreation services 7. Miscellaneous tourism services 7.1 Financial and insurance services 7.2 Other goods rental services 7.3 Other tourism services


B. NON-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Distribution margins Goods (4) Services

x x x

x

x

TOTAL

Number of trips Number of overnights

Source: TSARMF 2001 x does not apply Notes (1) to (4) and (a) as for Table 1



Annexure 5: Table 4 – Internal tourism consumption, by products and types of tourism (net valuation)

Visitor final consumption expenditure in cash

Products Inbound tourism consumption

(4.1)*

Domestic tourism consumption

(4.2)**

Internal tourism consumption in cash

(4.1)+(4.2)=(4.3)

Other components of visitors consumption

(4.4)***

Internal tourism consumption

(in cash and in kind) (4.5)=(4.3)+(4.4)

A. SPECIFIC PRODUCTS

A.1 Characteristic products (a) 1. Accommodation services 1.1 Hotels and other lodging services (3) 1.2 Second homes services on own account or for free 2. Food and beverage serving services (3) 3. Passenger transport services (3) 3.1 Interurban railway (3) 3.2 Road (3) 3.3 Water (3) 3.4 Air (3) 3.5 Supporting services 3.6 Transport equipment rental 3.7 Maintenance and repair services 4. Travel agency, tour operator and tourist guide services 4.1 Travel agencies (1) 4.2 Tour operators (2) 4.3 Tourist information and tourist guides 5. Cultural services (3) 5.1 Performing arts 5.2 Museum and other cultural services 6. Recreation and other entertainment services (3) 6.1 Sports and recreational sport services 6.2 Other amusement and recreation services 7. Miscellaneous tourism services 7.1 Financial and insurance services 7.2 Other goods rental services 7.3 Other tourism services

A.2 Connected products Distribution margins Services

B. NON-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS Distribution margins Services

x

x

x

Value of domestically produced goods net of distribution margins Value of imported goods net of distribution margins

TOTAL Source: TSARMF x does not apply Notes (1) to (3) and (a) as table 1

* Corresponds to 1.3 in table 1. ** Corresponds to 2.9 in table 2. *** These components (referred to as visitor final consumption expenditure in kind, tourism social transfer in kind and tourism business expenses) are recorded separately as these components are not easily attributable by types of tourism.



Annexure 6: Table 5 – Production accounts of the tourism industries and other industries (net valuation)

Tourism industries Products 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total tourism

industries

Tourism-

connected activities

Non-

specific industries

Total output of domestic

producers (at basic prices)





x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Value of domestic produced goods net of distribution margins Value of imported goods net of distribution margins

x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

TOTAL output (at basic prices) 1. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products 2. Ores and minerals 3. Electricity, gas and water 4. Manufacturing 5. Construction work and construction 6. Trade services, restaurant and hotel services 7. Transport, storage and communication services 8. Business services 9. Community, social and personal services

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

Total intermediate consumption (purchaser price) Total gross value added of activities at basic prices Compensation of employees Other taxes less subsidies on production Gross mixed income Gross operating surplus

Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply Notes (1) to (3) and (a) as table 1

Key to tourism industries columns 1 – Hotels and similar services 2 – Second home ownership (imputed) 3 – Restaurants and similar 4 – Railway passenger transport

5 – Road passenger transport 6 – Water passenger transport 7 – Air passenger transport 8 – Passenger transport supporting services

9 – Passenger transport equipment rental 10 – Travel agencies and similar 11 – Cultural services 12 – Sporting and other recreational services



Annexure 7: Table 6 – Domestic supply and internal tourism consumption, by products (net valuation)

Tourism industries

Hotels and similar services

Second home ownership (imputed)

... Sporting and other recreation services

Total tourism industries

Tourism-connected industries

Non specific industries Products

Output Tourism share Output Tourism

share Output Tourism share Output Tourism

share Output Tourism share Output Tourism

share Output Tourism share

Total output of domestic producers (at basic prices)

Imports*

Taxes less subsidies on products of domestic

output and imports

Domestic supply (at

purchasers price)

Internal tourism

consumption

Tourism ratio on supply





x

x



x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

Value of domestic produced goods net of distribution margins Value of imported goods net of distribution margins

x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x x

x x

TOTAL output (at basic prices) 1. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products 2. Ores and minerals 3. Electricity, gas and water 4. Manufacturing 5. Construction work and construction 6. Trade services, restaurant and hotel services 7. Transport, storage and communication services 8. Business services 9. Community, social and personal services

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

Total intermediate consumption (purchaser price) Total gross value added of activities at basic prices Compensation of employee Other taxes less subsidies on production Gross mixed income Gross operating surplus

Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply Notes (1) to (3) and (a) as table 1

… means that all tourism industries of the proposed list have to be considered one by one in the enumeration * the imports referred to here are exclusively those which are purchased in the country of reference



Annexure 8: Table 7 – Employment in the tourism industries

Status in employment Number of jobs total Employees Other

Number of employed persons total Tourism industries

Number of establish-

ments Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 1 – Hotels and similar services 2 – Second home ownership (imputed) 3 – Restaurant and similar services 4 – Railways passenger transport 5 – Road passenger transport 6 – Water passenger transport 7 – Air passenger transport 8 – Passenger transport supporting services 9 – Passenger transport equipment rental 10 – Travel agencies and similar 11 – Cultural services 12 – Sporting and other recreation services

x

x

x

x

x

x

X

x

x

x

x

x

TOTAL

Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply



Annexure 9: Table 8 – Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other industries

Tourism industries Other industries

Products 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total tourism

industries Public

administration Others Total

Total tourism gross fixed

capital formation of

tourism industries and

others A. Produced non-financial assets A1. Tangible fixed assets 1. Tourism accommodation 1.1 Hotels and other collective accommodation 1.2 Dwellings for tourism purposes 2. Other buildings and structures 2.1 Restaurant and similar buildings 2.2 Construction of infrastructure for passenger

transport by road, rail, water and air 2.3 Buildings for cultural services and similar 2.4 Constructions for sport, recreation and

entertainment 2.5 Other construction and structures 3. Passenger transport equipment 3.1 Road and rail 3.2 Water 3.3 Air 4. Machinery and equipment A2. Intangible fixed assets B. Improvement of land used for tourism purposes

x x x x x x x x x x x x x

(1)

(1)

(1) (1)

(1)

(1) (1)

TOTAL Memo: C. Non-produced non-financial assets 1. Tangible non-produced assets 2. Intangible non-produced assets

x x x

TOTAL x Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply (1) Only that which is used for tourism purpose

Key to tourism industries columns 1 – Hotels and similar services 2 – Second home ownership (imputed) 3 – Restaurants and similar 4 – Railway passenger transport 5 – Road passenger transport 6 – Water passenger transport

7 – Air passenger transport 8 – Passenger transport supporting services 9 – Passenger transport equipment rental 10 – Travel agencies and similar 11 – Cultural services 12 – Sporting and other recreation services


Annexure 10: Table 9 – Tourism collective consumption by functions and levels of government

Function

National level

(9.1)

Regional (state) level

(9.2)

Local level

(9.3)

Total tourism collectivconsumption (9.4)=(9.1)+(9.2)+(9.3)

Intermediate consumption

by the tourism industries*

Tourism promotion General planning and coordination related to tourism affairs Generation of statistics and of basic information on tourism Administration of information bureaus Control and regulation of establishments in contract with visitors Specific control to resident and non-resident visitors Special civil defense services related with the protection of visitors Other services

x x x x

TOTAL Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply * This column reflects the expenditure by the tourism industries in tourism promotion or other services related to the functions described, when relevant.



Annexure 11: Table 10 – Non-monetary indicators a. Number of trips and overnights by type of tourism and categories of visitors

Inbound tourism* Domestic tourism Outbound tourism Same-day visitors

Tourists Total visitors

Same-day visitors


Same-day visitors


Number of trips*

Number of overnights

* In the case of inbound tourism, the variable would be “arrivals”.

b. Inbound tourism: Number of arrivals and overnights by means of transport

Number of arrivals Number of overnights 1. Air 1.1 Scheduled flights 1.2 Non-scheduled flights 1.3 Other services 2. Waterway 2.1 Passenger lines and ferries 2.2 Cruise 2.3 Other 3. Land 3.1 Railway 3.2 Motor coach on bus and other public road transport 3.3 Private vehicles 3.4 Vehicle rental 3.5 Other means of land transport

TOTAL

c. Number of establishments and capacity by forms of accommodation

Collective tourism establishments Private tourism accommodation Hotel and similar Others Second homes Other

Number of establishments Capacity (rooms) Capacity (beds) Capacity utilisation (rooms) Capacity utilisation (beds)

d. Number of establishments in tourism-characteristic and tourism-connected activities classified according to number of employed persons

1-4 5-9 10- 19

20- 49

50-99

100-249

250-499

500-999

>1000 TOTAL

Tourism-characteristic activities 1 – Hotels and similar services 2 – Second home ownership (imputed) 3 – Restaurant and similar services 4 – Railways passenger transport 5 – Road passenger transport 6 – Water passenger transport 7 – Air passenger transport 8 – Passenger transport supporting services 9 – Passenger transport equipment rental 10 – Travel agencies and similar 11 – Cultural services 12 – Sporting and other recreation services Tourism-connected activities

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

TOTAL Source: TSARMF 2003 x does not apply

statistics south africabeta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/d04054/d04054.pdf · users may apply or...

Documents