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Slide 1 Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic sheep husbandry in Germany Dipl.-Ing. sc. agr. Carolin Klumpp Institute of Farm Economics (410a) University of Hohenheim, Germany „1 st International Congress on Organic Animal Production and Food Safety“ 28.-30. April 2004, Kusadasi, Türkei [email protected]

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Page 1: Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic sheep ...orgprints.org/15350/1/Klumpp-2003-Kusadasi_praesentation.pdfSlide 1 Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic

Slide 1

Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic sheep husbandry in Germany

Dipl.-Ing. sc. agr. Carolin KlumppInstitute of Farm Economics (410a)University of Hohenheim, Germany

„1st International Congress on Organic Animal Production and Food Safety“

28.-30. April 2004, Kusadasi, Türkei

[email protected]

Page 2: Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic sheep ...orgprints.org/15350/1/Klumpp-2003-Kusadasi_praesentation.pdfSlide 1 Status Quo and barriers of the expansion of organic

Slide 2

Structure and distribution of organic sheep husbandry in Germany

Supply of sheep meat and milk

Production methods and zootechnical performance

Marketing strategies of organic sheep farms

Economics

Weaknesses and improvement opportunities in sheep meat and milk production

Conclusions

Outline

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Slide 3

8,3%

4,8%

Percentage of organic

229.3292.771.147Sheepstock

1.58232.630Farms with sheep husbandry

OrganicTotal

Share of organically reared animals of all animals in Germany.

Federal statistical office Germancy 2003

Sheep stock in Germany

Agricultural farm census 2001

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

Sows

Fatte

ning P

igs

Poult

ryDair

y Cow

s

Cattle

Shee

p

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Slide 4

Organic sheep stock in Germany

Average herd size:

•West Germany: 118

•East Germany: 254

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Slide 5

Organic sheep stock

in the European

Union

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Slide 6

30 t48,000 tImport

50 t12,000 tExport

74%3)51%1)Degree of self sufficiency

n.d.78,000 t1)Consumption

6,7%2)-Share of organic production on total production

3.100 t2)44,200 t1)Production

Organic sheep meatSheep and goatmeat (total)

1ZMP Marktbilanz Vieh und Fleisch 2003 2 ZMP Ökomarkt Jahrbuch 2003 3 Hamm et al. 2002

Structure of supply

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Slide 7

Structure and distribution of organic sheep husbandry in Germany

Supply of sheep meat and milk

Production methods and zootechnical performance

Marketing strategies of organic sheep farms

Economics

Weaknesses and improvement opportunities in sheep meat and milk production

Conclusions

Outline

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Slide 8

Organic sheep husbandry in Germany

0%1%Transhumance

11%17%Shepherding

89%92%Paddock

Dairy sheep farmsMeat producing farms

Housing systems

10 %Milk production90 %(Lamb) Meat production

Percentage of the surveyed farmsProduction emphasis

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Flock size of organic sheep husbandry in GermanyMeat Production: ∅ 143 ewes /farm (min. 4, max. 1500)

05

1015

2025

3035

4045

<10 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200-399 >400

Shar

e of

farm

s (%

)

Meat production

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Slide 16

Flock size of organic sheep husbandry in GermanyMeat Production: ∅ 143 ewes /farm (min. 4, max. 1500)

Milk Production: ∅ 72 ewes /farm (min. 5, max. 200)

05

1015202530354045

<10 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200-399 >400

Shar

e of

farm

s (%

)

Milk production Meat production

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Slide 17

Breed groupings as share of total organic sheep stockin Germany

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Milk sheep Crossbreed

Merinos Landrace Muttonsheep

Shar

e of

org

anic

she

ep

Own data 2003

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Slide 18

Breeding efficiency

Own data 2003

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Heath sheep Mutton sheep Merinos Land race Milk sheep

in %

Lambing rate (%) Breeding rate (%)

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Slide 19

Lamb rearing

21 %0 %Artificial rearing

46 %1 %Shortened suckling 32 %99%Natural rearing

Dairy sheep farmsMeat producing farmsLamb rearing method

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Slide 20

Fattening methods and fattening efficiency

6,0 month41 kg232 g

7,3 month38 kg178 g

Fattening periodLive weight Growth rate per day

Pasture + indoor finishingFattening on pasture∅ Fattening efficiency

9 %9 %Indoor fattening

30 %16 %Pasture + indoor finishing

61 %75 %Fattening on pastureDairy sheep farmsMeat producing farms Fattening method

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Slide 21

Feeding strategies

Roughage:HayGrass Silage

Cereals:OatsBarleyTriticaleWheat

Legumes:PeasBeansLupines

0%

10%20%

30%

40%

50%60%

70%

80%

Fattening lamb Ew e, empty Ew e, pregnant Lactation

Shar

e of

farm

s

Roughage

Roughage + Concentrate

Roughage/Concentrates/Legumes

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Slide 22

Buy feedingstuffs

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

Buy feedingstuffs

yes

no

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%

Buy conv. feedingstuffs

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Slide 23

Structure and distribution of organic sheep husbandry in Germany

Supply of sheep meat and milk

Production methods and zootechnical performance

Marketing strategies of organic sheep farms

Economics

Weaknesses and improvement opportunities in sheep meat and milk production

Conclusions

Outline

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Slide 24

Marketing strategies of organic sheep farms

MilkMeat

27%

42%

8%

-

-

92%

6%Wholesale

7%Retail

7%Large-scale consumer

20%Butcher

24%Marketing cooperatives

81%Direct marketing

Share of farmsSales channels

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Slide 25

Economics

Lamb production

Producer community

Direct marketing

Producer community

Direktmarketing

Marketing

German milk sheep

White hornless

heath sheep

Merino land sheep

Blackheadedmutton

Breed

PaddockShepherdingShepherding and paddock

PaddockHousing system

100700500150Flock size

Milk production

Landscape management

Lamb production

Production system

Key data of generalised production systems of organic sheephusbandry:

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Slide 26

Economics

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Lamb (1

50)

Lamb (5

00)

Land

scap

e (70

0)

Milk (10

0)

€ pe

r ew

e an

d ye

ar

Milk replacer

Forage

Concentrates

Marketing expences(for meat)Miscellaneous

Revenue

Subsidies

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Slide 27

Economics

050

100150200250300350400450500

Lamb (150) Lamb (500) Landscape(700)

Milk (100)

GM

per

ew

e (€

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

GM

per

labo

ur h

our (

€)

Gross margin/ewe

Gross margin/Labourhour

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Slide 28

Structure and distribution of organic sheep husbandry in GermanySupply of sheep meat and milk Production methods and zootechnical performanceMarketing strategies of organic sheep farmsEconomics

Weaknesses and improvement opportunities in sheep meat and milk production - Feeding- Lamb rearing

- Health managementConclusions

Outline

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Slide 29

Feeding

Problems:• Higher feeding costs and restricted choice of feedingstuffs• Availability of Organic feedingstuffs is limited (cereals, legumes)• Unfavorable energy-protein relations of grain legumes, lower protein

contents of organically produced cereals • Standard feeding recommendations cannot be used directly for organic

sheep husbandry

Improvement opportunities:→ Developing of appropriate feeding recommendations → Developing of Feeding value tables for organically produced feedingstuffs→ Investigation of the effects of feeding and livestock husbandry of different

breeds on fattening/milk performance → Expansion of production of organic feedingstuffs

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Slide 30

Lamb rearing

Problems:

• Feeding of young mammals in general must be based on natural milk, preferably maternal milk for at least 45 days (sheep)

• Milk replacer is allowed if it is based on natural organic milk powder - in some regions of Germany, milk powder is prohibited

• Suckling leads to a loss of marketable milk → artificial rearing

• Little knowledge about alternative milk replacer such as cow milk and whey from sheep milk processing.

Improvement opportunities:

→ Feeding experience: optimal feeding ration for (artificial) lamb rearing (cow milk and whey)

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Slide 31

Health management

81823 Mastitis

71730 (11%)External parasitism

63750 (18%Footrot

7136143 (52%)Internal Parasitism

Alternative methods

Conventional methodsNo. of farmsN = 273

Most common diseases

Improvement Opportunities:

→ Communicating the appropriate information effectively at farm level

→ Vocational trainings for veterinarians in homeopathy/phytotherapy

→ Integrated approach, which considers aspects of keeping, feeding, breeding and animal hygiene as well as pasture management.

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Slide 32

Conclusions

• Optimisation of existing sheep husbandry in organic farming:The main problems resulting from Council Regulation (EC) No. 2092/91 are appropriate feeding and lamb breeding strategies and health management. To address these weaknesses further research activities are necessary.

• Conversion of conventional sheep farms to organic production methodswill only become an interesting option when the problems identified are addressed. Only then support measures will actually become an incentive to convert.

• Introduction of sheep husbandry in existing organic farms:Sheep husbandry can easily be introduced in existing organic farms due to the many different uses and husbandry options.

Potential development of sheep husbandry in organic farming in Germany was identified as follows:

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Slide 33

Thank you!

Carolin Klumpp, Dipl.-Ing. sc. Agr. Intitute of Farm Economics 410aUniversity of Hohenheim, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]

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Slide 34

Economics

050

100150200250300350400450500

Lamb (150) Lamb (500) Landscape(700)

Milk (100)

GM

per

ew

e (€

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

GM

per

labo

ur h

our (

€) GM/ewe (incl. subsidies)

GM/ewe (withoutsubsidies)GM/LH (incl. subsidies)

GM/LH (without subsidies)

GM: Gross marginLH: Labour hour

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Slide 35

Schriftliche Grundbefragung

36% (rund 21% d. GG)Rücklaufquote korrigiert38%Rücklaufquote insgesamt270Auswertbare Fragebogen286 Zurückerhaltene Fragebogen

750 (rund 60% d. GG)Angeschriebene Betriebe

1564 ca. 1250 (GG)

Öko-Betriebe mit Schafhaltung insges.Öko-Betriebe mit Schafhaltung >5 MS

Versand und Rücklauf:

Adressermittlung/Versandt über:• Landesverbände Bioland, Demeter• Bundesverband Naturland, Biopark, GÄA• EU-Kontrollstellen (6)• Direktvermarkterlisten/Internet

Kriterien: Schafhaltung nach VO (EWG) 2092/91, Anzahl MS > 5

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Slide 36

Fallstudien:Betriebsbesuche mit Intensivinterviews

Beschränkung auf insgesamt 50 BetriebeAuswahlkriterien:

Nutzungsschwerpunkt:Lammfleischerzeugung, Landschaftspflege, Milchschafbetriebe Haltungssystem:Berücksichtigung von Koppelhaltung und Hütehaltung Bestandsgrößen:Lammfleischerzeugung/Landschaftspflege: mind. 50 MSMilchschafbetriebe: mind. 20 MSSonstige:2 Betriebe mit Schafhaltung zur Pflege von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen

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BestandsgrößenDurchschnittliche Bestandsgrößen (2001):Deutschland: 145 (O: 254 W: 118)

Baden-Württemberg: 73

Bestandsgrößen (1999):

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Öko-Schafe Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Öko-Schafe Baden-Württemberg

Öko-Schafhalter Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Öko-Schafhalter Baden-Württemberg

unter 10 10 bis 20 20 bis 50 50 bis 100 100 bis 200 200 bis 400 400 und mehr

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Slide 38

Vermarktungsanteile Öko-Konventionell

Lammfleisch:

• 53% des Tierbestandes werden als ökologisch vermarktet• 60% der Betriebe vermarkten 100% über Bio-Schiene • 19% der Betriebe vermarkten 100% über konv. Schiene

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Slide 39

Was die EU-Öko-Verordnung verlangt

• Tierbesatz: ist dem Standort anzupassen, • max. 170 kg N/ha =max. 13,3 MS/ha• Umstellung der Tierhaltung: alle für Futter verwendete Flächen

müssen ökologische bewirtschaftet werden. Umstellungszeitraum = 24 Monate

• Umstellungszeitraum Schafe: mindestens sechs Monate • Herkunft der Tiere: zugekaufte Tiere müssen aus ökologisch

wirtschaftenden Betrieben stammen. (div. Ausnahmen bis 12.2003)

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Slide 40

Fütterungsmanagement – was die EU-Öko-VO verlangt

• Soll den ernährungsphysiologischen Bedarf der Tiere in ihren verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien decken

• Schafe als Wiederkäuer: mind. 60% der Futtertrockenmasse als Raufutter

• Konventionelles Futter: Max. 25% der Tagesration und 10% der Jahresration (Übergangsregelung bis 24.08.2005)

• Ausnahmeregelungen: Wander- und Hüterschafhaltung (s.u.)• Lämmer: mind. 45 Tage natürliche Milch, vorzugsweise Muttermilch• Maximum an Weidegang.

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Slide 41

Krankheitsvorsorge und Tierärztliche Behandlungen: • Vorrang von Homöopathie und Phytotherapie, kein vorbeugender

Einsatz chem.-synthetischer allopathischer Medikamente• Allopathische Arzneimittel im Krankheitsfall möglich (doppelte

Wartezeiten, mind. aber 48 Std., bei mehr als 2 Behandlungen/Jahr: kein Verkauf als Bio)

Was die EU-Öko-Verordnung verlangt

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Slide 42

0,5 m20,35 m2Lämmer

2,5 m21,5 m2Mutterschafe

Außenfläche (Freigeländefläche außer Weidefläche)

Stallfläche(den Tieren zur Verfügung stehende Nettofläche)

• Schafen ist Weide- oder Freigeländezugang oder Auslauf zu gewähren

• Endmast im Stall möglich, sofern Stallhaltungszeit weniger als 1/5 der Lebensdauer, aber längstens 3 Monate ausmacht.

• Tierhaltungspraktiken: systematisches Kupieren der Schwänze nicht erlaubt.

• Ausläufe und Haltungsgebäude: Mindestflächen

Was die EU-Öko-Verordnung verlangt

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Slide 43

Wanderschäferei: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

Beweidung konv. Flächen:Anhang I, Teil B, Absatz 4.8 regelt u.a. folgendes:• Der zulässige Höchstanteil von konv. Futtermitteln an der Tagesration

beträgt, außer in der Wander- und Hüteperiode, 25% der Trockenmasse

• Wanderschäfer haben hierdurch die Möglichkeit, auch konv. Weiden ganztätig zu hüten.

• Die Beweidung konv. Flächen ist in der Summe für die Wanderschäfer nur eingeschränkt möglich: max. Anteil der Jahresration: 10% der TS

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Beweidung betriebsfremder Flächen, z.B. Naturschutz:Anhang I, Teil B, Absatz 1.8 a regelt die Haltung von Tieren auf

Gemeinschaftsweiden.

• Bei Übertragung der Richtlinie auf die Wanderschäferei wäre die Beweidung von Flächen zulässig, wenn „die Weiden seit mind. 3 Jahren mit keinem anderen als den gemäß Anhang II zulässigen Erzeugnissen behandelt wurden.“

• Einzelflächenbezogener Nachweis erforderlich.

Wanderschäferei: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

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Amtlich benannte Gebiete zur WandertierhaltungAnhang I, Teil B, Absatz 4.6 regelt folgendes:• „….bestimmten die Mitgliedstaaten gegebenenfalls Gebiete oder

Regionen, in denen Wandertierhaltung (einschließlich des Auftriebs von Tieren zu Bergwiesen) möglich ist.“

• Flächen in diesen ausgewieseen Gebieten würde eine Beschränkung der Wandertierhaltung auf diese Flächen bedeuten.

Wanderschäferei: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen

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• Mindestanforderungen an die Dokumentationspflicht:Bestandsregister mit Tierzugängen und –abgängenAufzeichnungen der Behandlungen von TierkrankheitenBetriebsbuchführung und BelegsammlungFühren einer aktuellen SchlaglisteFlurkarten mit eingezeichneten Schlägen

• Wandertierhaltung: zusätzliche DokumentationWeidetagebuch: Während der Wanderzeit muss in einem Weidetagebuch tagesgenau dokumentiert werden, welche Flächen wie lange beweidet wurden. Schlagliste: Alle beweideten Fremdflächen müssen in einer Schlagliste geführt werdenFlurkarten mit eingezeichneten Schlägen müssen auch von beweideten Fremdflächen vorhanden sein.

Wanderschäferei: Dokumentationspflicht

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Slide 47

Wanderschäferei ist nach EU-Öko-Verordnung möglich

• Fütterung muss der VO entsprechen• Naturschutzflächen oder andere beweidetet Fremdflächen gelten dann

als verordnungskonforme Fütterung, wenn die erforderlichen Nachweise über die extensive Bewirtschaftung vorliegen.

• Die Nachweise werden einer Einzelfallprüfung durch die Kontrollstellen unterzogen.

• Ausnahmegenehmigung für extensive Flächen „36,5“ Tage

Wanderschäferei: Fazit

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Slide 48