std. 10.4 in sexually reproducing organisms, each offspring contains a mix of characteristics...
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Std. 10.4 In sexually reproducing organisms, each offspring contains a mix of characteristics inherited from both parents.
D 37. Use the Punnett square technique to predict the distribution of traits in mono- and di-hybrid crossings.
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Learning Target: Principles of Heredity
I Can…Explain the foundation principles of Mendelian Genetics
I Will…• Briefly describe Mendel’s contribution• Describe Mendel’s experimental design• Describe Mendel’s conclusions and Law of
Segregation• Define basic hereditary terms• Distinguish between genotype and phenotype
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All started with Austrian monk Gregor Mendel in the 1800s.
Mendel showed that:• Traits are inherited as discrete units.• Laid groundwork of genetics• Demonstrated patterns of
inheritance
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Mendel used purebred, self-pollinating pea plants with a selection of • “either / or” traits including:• Pea shape, pea color, pod shape, pod color,
plant height, flower color, and flower position.
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Mendel’s Experimental Design:• Use of self-pollinating pea plants• Can control reproduction of plants• Reproduce quickly• Self-pollination creates genetically “pure”
genetic lines• “Either / Or” Traits• Only two allele versions for each trait studied• No blending of traits• Dominant v. Recessive
• Good scientific method (controlled variables and one I.V.)
• Many trials / reproduced results (validity)_
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Mendel’s Experimental Design:
Cross – mating of two organisms• P1 – Parental generation
• F1 – First Filial (first offspring) generation
• F2 – Generation produced from F1
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Mendel’s Experimental Design:
Cross – mating of two organisms• P1 – Parental generation
• F1 – First Filial (first offspring) generation
• F2 – Generation produced from F1
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Law of Segregation:• Organisms donate only one copy of
each gene in the gametes (haploid) to their offspring
• Genes segregate or separate during meiosis• Remember the process of meiosis
segregates only one of each chromosome into each of the gametes
Mendel’s Conclusions
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Vocabulary terms:• Genetics – study of biological
inheritance patterns and variation in organisms
• Trait – distinguishing characteristic that is inherited e.g. earlobe attachment, freckles, hairline pattern
• Gene – section of DNA that codes for a protein e.g. hemoglobin for RBCs
• Allele – different versions of a gene e.g. normal or sickle hemoglobin
Genetics and HeredityCh. 6.3 pp. 177-179Ch. 6.4 pp. 180-182
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Vocabulary terms:• Homozygous – two of the same allele at
the same gene locus (location on chromosome) for a trait e.g.
Gene trait = earlobe attachment
• A homozygous individual would have: • 2 unattached earlobe alleles or • 2 attached earlobe alleles
• Purebred – genetically uniform
Genetics and Heredity
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Vocabulary terms:• Heterozygous – two different alleles at
the same gene locus (location on chromosome) for a trait e.g.
Gene trait = earlobe attachment
Genetics and Heredity
• A heterozygous individual would have: • 1 unattached earlobe allele and • 1 attached earlobe allele
• Hybrid - NOT genetically uniform
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Vocabulary terms:• Dominant - allele that is expressed
even when 2 different alleles are present e.g. unattached allele is dominant to attached allele in earlobe attachment
Genetics and Heredity
Heterozygous E e
Homozygous E E Designated with an uppercase (capital) letter representing the trait e.g. “E” = Dominant earlobe attachment (unattached)
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Vocabulary terms:• Recessive - allele that is expressed
only when 2 of the same allele are present e.g. attached allele is recessive and will only show if 2 attached alleles are present for earlobes
Genetics and Heredity
Homozygous attached e e
Designated with a lowercase (small) letter representing the trait e.g. “e” = recessive earlobe attachment (attached)
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Vocabulary terms:• Genotype – Genetic makeup of an
organism; actual genes present • Homozygous unattached earlobes (E E)• Heterozygous unattached earlobes (E e)• Homozygous attached earlobes (e e)
Genetics and Heredity
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Vocabulary terms:• Phenotype – physical appearance of
trait in organism from expression of allele• Unattached earlobes • Could be (EE) or (Ee) genotype• Phenotype shows • Dominate version
• Attached earlobes• Must be (ee) genotype• Phenotype of recessive only shows • When homozygous recessive
genotype
Genetics and Heredity
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• Phenotype – Dominant trait• Genotype – Could be either:• Homozygous Dominant – e.g. EE• Heterozygous – e.g Ee
Genetics and Heredity
• If you know the genotype you will know the phenotype, BUT…
• If you know the phenotype you cannot know the genotype of a dominant trait without more information
• Phenotype – Reccessive trait• Genotype – Must be :• Homozygous reccessive – e.g. ee
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Vocabulary terms:• Genome – all of
an organism’s genetic material• Human somatic
cells have 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
• Estimated to contain 25,000 genes
Genetics and Heredity
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Learning Check √: Principles of Heredity
Considering Ms. Brown has unattached earlobes and her son has attached earlobes and her daughter has unattached earlobes, • What is Ms. Brown’s genotype? ________________• What is Ms. Brown’s son’s genotype? ______________• How did you figure this out?
• Can you determine Ms. Brown’s daughter’s genotype? Explain Why or Why not.