warm up illustrate how the chromosome number in a sexually reproducing organism with 8 chromosomes...
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm UP• Illustrate how the chromosome
number in a sexually reproducing organism with 8 chromosomes remains constant from one generation to the next by drawing a model of meiosis and showing the TOTAL number of chromosomes in each stage, the steps, and the products for male and female.
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Warm Up• Deoxyribonucleic acid, the material
that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
• One of the four possible bases in a string of DNA—it pairs with adenine
• A subunit of DNA that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
• The complement to guanine
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Warm Up
• What letters represent the four bases?• Using X-ray diffraction, what did
Rosalind Franklin show the shape of DNA to be?
• Watson and Crick built a DNA model like a ……
• The sides of the DNA “ladder” are made of…….
• The “rungs” of the DNA ladder are…..
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Pick Up Warm Up• On the back of your warm up,
answer the following: • What are the phenotypes based
on the genotypes:Ggbb ____________________ ggBB ____________________ggbb ____________________GgBb ____________________
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Warm Up
• A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the genotype ggBb.
• Determine the phenotypes and proportions in the offspring.
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Warm Up
• How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes?
• How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes?
• How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes?
• How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes?
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DNA
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What is DNA
• Deoxyriboneucleic Acid: a genetic code (like a blueprint) for making new cell parts, new cells, or an entirely new organism.
• DNA wraps around protein cores and forms chromosomes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
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History of DNA
• 1952 – Rosalyn Franklin discovered that DNA is made up of 2 chains of molecules arranged in a spiral form.
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History of DNA
Chargaff’s Rule:
-Adenine always equals amount of Thymine.
A = T
-Guanine always equals amount of Cytosine.
G = C
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Chargraff’s Rule
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History of DNA
• 1953 – James Watson and Francis Crick constructed the first model of DNA and win the Nobel Peace Prize.
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DNA Structure
• DNA is often called a “double helix” or “twisted ladder.”
• The sides are made of phosphate and deoxyribose-sugar molecules.
• The middle (rungs) are made of nitrogenous base pairs (adenine/thymine, guanine/cytosine).
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Four Nucleotides
• Nucleotide: combination of a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose-sugar molecule & a nitrogenous base.
The Four:AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine
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Complementary Bases
Remember Chargaff’s Rule:
The complementary strand/sequence to G-A-T-T-A-C-A would be…
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DNA Replication
• Before any cell can make a copy of itself, all the DNA must be copied!
• This is called DNA replication.
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DNA Replication
• An enzyme opens the strands of DNA so that they become single stranded.
• Complimentary nucleotides come fill in the missing strand.
• Two DNA strands are formed.
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Let’s Model DNA
• Have students stand in two lines that spiral like a DNA molecule. Each line should hold string.
• Students should hold cards labeled A, T, C, or G to represent the nucleotide pairs.
• Have the two lines move away from each other to model how the DNA molecule separates into two strands.
• Have free standing students pair up with matching A, T, C, or G cards to show how the open strands replicate.
• This one example of how models can be similar to yet different from the natural occurrences they represent.
http://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/chm05_pg141_protein/chm05_pg141_protein.html
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Making Proteins
• Groups of three nitrogenous bases are a code (codon) for making specific amino acids
• Strings of amino acids form proteins• RNA (riboneucleic acid) makes a
temporary DNA copy
Genes: sections of DNA on chromosomes thatcontrol production of proteins for specific traits such as:hair color, eye color, dimples, freckles….
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RNA vs. DNA
Similarities:• Are nucleic acids• Contain nitrogenous
bases• Contain phosphate &
sugar molecules
DNA RNA
Double strand
Single strand
Thymine Uracil
Deoxyribose-sugar
Ribose-sugar
Differences:
Deoxyribose Sugar
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Types of RNA
• messengerRNA or mRNA: comes from nucleus w/ genetic information for protein synthesis (mirror image of DNA strand).
• transferRNA or tRNA: carries matching amino acids to ribosomes.
• ribosomalRNA or rRNA: constitutes 50% of a ribosome, decodes mRNA for tRNA to pick-up matching amino acids.