stephen e. lucas c h a p t e r mcgraw-hill © 2007 stephen e. lucas. all rights reserved. speaking...
TRANSCRIPT
Stephen E. LucasStephen E. Lucas
C H A P T E RC H A P T E R
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Speaking to PersuadeSpeaking to Persuade
1515
Slide 2Slide 2
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
PersuasionPersuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
Slide 3Slide 3
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Ethics and PersuasionEthics and Persuasion
• Make sure your goals are ethically sound
• Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas
• Make sure your goals are ethically sound
• Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas
Slide 4Slide 4
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Degrees of PersuasionDegrees of Persuasion
Persuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to rightPersuasion involves any movement by a listener from left to right
Strongly Opposed
ModeratelyOpposed
SlightlyOpposed
Neutral Slightlyin Favor
Moderatelyin Favor
Strongly in Favor
Slide 5Slide 5
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Mental Dialogue with the Audience
Mental Dialogue with the Audience
The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
Slide 6Slide 6
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Target AudienceTarget Audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
Slide 7Slide 7
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Types ofPersuasive Speeches
Types ofPersuasive Speeches
• Speeches on questions of fact
• Speeches on questions of value
• Speeches on questions of policy
• Speeches on questions of fact
• Speeches on questions of value
• Speeches on questions of policy
Slide 8Slide 8
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Question of FactQuestion of Fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
Slide 9Slide 9
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on
the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.
Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake.
II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen
soon.
III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on
the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.
Main Points: I. California is long overdue for a major earthquake.
II. Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen
soon.
III. Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.
Slide 10Slide 10
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Question of ValueQuestion of Value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.
Slide 11Slide 11
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on aQuestion of Value
Persuasive Speech on aQuestion of Value
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatcapital punishment is morally and legally wrong.
Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.”
II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatcapital punishment is morally and legally wrong.
Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shalt not kill.”
II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”
Slide 12Slide 12
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Question of PolicyQuestion of Policy
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
Slide 13Slide 13
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy
Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatour state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.
Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.
II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience thatour state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.
Main Points: I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.
II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.
Slide 14Slide 14
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Fact, Value, or Policy?Fact, Value, or Policy?
• To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.
• To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.
• To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.
• To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.
Slide 15Slide 15
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Fact, Value, or Policy?Fact, Value, or Policy?
• A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.
• If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.
• A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.
• If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.
Slide 16Slide 16
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy
Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy
• Speeches to gain passive agreement
• Speeches to gain immediate action
• Speeches to gain passive agreement
• Speeches to gain immediate action
Slide 17Slide 17
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Speech to Gain Passive Agreement
Speech to Gain Passive Agreement
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
Slide 18Slide 18
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
• To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides.
• To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.
• To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement-park rides.
• To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.
Slide 19Slide 19
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Speech to Gain Immediate ActionSpeech to Gain
Immediate Action
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
Slide 20Slide 20
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
• To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.
• To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.
• To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.
• To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.
Slide 21Slide 21
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Basic Issues of Policy Speeches
Basic Issues of Policy Speeches
• Need
• Plan
• Practicality
• Need
• Plan
• Practicality
Slide 22Slide 22
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
NeedNeed
Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
Slide 23Slide 23
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Demonstrating NeedDemonstrating Need
Slide 24Slide 24
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Demonstrating NeedDemonstrating Need
Slide 25Slide 25
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
PlanPlan
If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Slide 26Slide 26
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
PracticalityPracticality
• Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?
• Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?
• Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?
• Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?
Slide 27Slide 27
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Demonstrating PracticalityDemonstrating Practicality
Slide 28Slide 28
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Organizing Speeches (and Essays) on Questions of Policy
Organizing Speeches (and Essays) on Questions of Policy
• Introduction
• NEED:
Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable)
• PLAN:
Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work)
Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem)
Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable)
• PRACTICALITY:
Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section)
• Conclusion
• Introduction
• NEED:
Description of the problem (do not let this section/paragraph take over your essay; include past solutions if applicable)
• PLAN:
Description: The details of the proposal (the meat of the sandwich; can cover several paragraphs; describes how the proposal will work)
Justification: Benefits of the proposal (you may have covered some of this in the above section, but here's where you stop and lay out why this proposal will help solve the problem)
Competing Solutions (other ideas besides yours that yours is superior to, if applicable)
• PRACTICALITY:
Costs of the proposal (not just in money, but in effort, downsides, etc.; this is the counter-argument section)
• Conclusion
Slide 29Slide 29
McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Stephen E. Lucas C H A P T E R McGraw-Hill© 2004 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. 5 Analyzing…
Stephen E. Lucas C H A P T E R McGraw-Hill © 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved. 12 Delivery