stress ms1
TRANSCRIPT
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S T R E S S
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Possible signs of stress
High blood pressure
Insomnia ; hypersomnia
Shortness of breathStiff neck
Upset stomach
Weight gain or lossChanges in menstrual pattern
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Possible signs of stress
Problems with relationships
Nightmares
Smoking
Alcohol drinking
Drug addiction
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THEORIES OF DISEASE CAUSATION
GERM THEORY
Pasteur proposed that a specific microorganismwas capable of causing infectious disease
Antibiotics, vaccinations, and other treatment
were developed as a result of this theory.
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Multi- Causal Theory
A. Selyes theory ( GAS)
a framework to describe how people respondto stress
B. Local Adaptations Syndrome (LAS)
single organ or specific section of the body
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Both syndromes develop in 3 distinct stages
(GAS and LAS)
A)alarm reaction ( fight/flight )
B) resistancec) exhaustion
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Stages of GAS
1. Stage of ALARM (SA)
- the person becomes aware of the presence of threat or
danger
- adaptive mechanisms are mobilized ( fight or flight
reaction)
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Stages of GAS
2. Stage of RESISTANCE (SR)
characterized by adaptationlevels of resistance are increased
the person moves back to homeostasis
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Stages of GAS
3. Stage of EXHAUSTION (SE)
results from prolonged exposure to stress andadaptive mechanisms can no longer persist
unless other adaptive mechanisms will be
mobilized, death may ensue
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B. Lazarus Theory response
The brain, thru ones perception of the
stressor, appears to be the mediating
influence on how the body respond to stress
The degree of resistance to infection depends
on how well a person copes with stress &general life situation
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Stress
is a state produced by a change in the
environment that is perceived as challenging,
threatening or damaging to the persons dynamic
balance or equilibrium
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actual or perceived imbalance in the
persons ability to meet the demands of
new situation
Stress
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Adaptation
Constant
on going process
requires a change in structure, function
and behavior so that the person is better
suited to the environment
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Types of Stressor
Physical
Physiologic
psychosocial
1. day to day daily hassles
2. major complex occurrences
3. involve few people
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According To duration :
Acute stress
Stressor sequence
Chronic intermittent
Chronic enduring
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Homeostasis a state of dynamic equilibrium; stability;balance; uniformity
1. Systemic Physiologic Response to Stress
A. Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary Response
(SAM) or Fight or Flight Response
Stressors : a. physical injury
b. elevated body temp
c. dehydration
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Medulla
Norepinephrine Epinephrine
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Brain : increased alertness ; restlessness
Eyes : dilated pupils; increased visual perception
Mouth : decreased salivary secretion; thirst and
dryness of mouth
Heart : tachycardia; coronary vasodilation
Increased force of cardiac contractilityIncreased cardiac output
Lungs: hyperventilation; bronchodilation
Blood vessels: peripheral vasoconstriction;increased Blood Pressure
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Skin : pallor; diaphoresis
Liver : Increased blood glucose levels
Muscles : increased glycogenolysis
increased muscle tension
GIT : decreased gastric motilitydecreased peristalsis
constipation, Flatulence
Urinary bladder: relaxation of detrusor musclescontraction of the sphincter
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Local Physiologic Response :
inflammation involves mobilization of specific
and nonspecific defense mechanism in response
to tissue injury or infection
Purpose of inflammation :
to localize tissue injury
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Inflammatory Response
Inflammants : physical ( thermal, radiation)
mechanical
chemical
Microbial
Tissue Injury
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Vascular response
transitory vasoconstriction followed by
vasodilation due to release of
histamine
bradykinin
prostaglandin
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Increase capillary permeability
1. Rubor ( redness)
2. Dolor ( pain )
3. Calor ( heat )
4. Tumor ( tumor )
5. Impaired function
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Healing Process ( Reparative Phase )
Regeneration involves replacement of damaged
tissue cells by new cells which are identical in
structure or function
Scar formation involves replacement ofdamaged tissue cells by fibrous tissue formation
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Secondary Intention
occurs when the wound is extensive
great amount of tissue loss
repair time is longer
scarring is greater
Tertiary Intention
delayed surgical closure of infected wound.
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The systemic Manifestation of Inflammation :
a.Fever
Endogenous pyrogens
(prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukin 1)
Hypothalamus
Resetting of the body temp set-point at a higherlevel
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Increasing heat production/decreasing heat loss
(shivering, sweating is inhibited, vasoconstriction)
Increased phagocytic activity
LeukocytosisAnorexiaElevated ESRHeadache
LymphadenopathyFatigue/ malaise
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Nursing Interventions for Clients withInflammation :
Promote rest
Reduce swelling
Position : elevate the affected body part to
promote venous return
Heat and cold application
Relieve pain
Adequate hydration
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Nursing Interventions for Clients with Inflammation :
Provide adequate Nutrition
Pharmacotherapy
Analgesic/Antipyretic Aspirin, Paracetamol,
Mefenamic Acid
NSAIDS
Antimicrobials
Surgery
Incision and drainage
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Physiologic Effects of Heat Application
Vasodilation
increases blood flow to an area
Promotes muscle relaxation and sedative effect
Relieves edema because fluid is easily
absorbed in the area
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Physiologic Effects of Cold Application
Vasoconstriction
controls bleeding
Numbs nerve endings
has local anesthetic effect
relieves pain
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Cold application is done during the 1st 72
hours, heat application follows after
During heat and cold application, check the
area every 15 minutes.
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Methods of Dry Heat Application :
Hot Water Bags/Bottles
Heat Cradle
Disposable hot packs
Heat lamp/ portable lamp
Methods of Moist Heat Application :
Warm moist compressWarm soakSitz bath
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Methods of Dry Cold Application :
Ice collar
Ice cap
Disposable cold pack
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