structure of the solar system
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Structure of the Solar System. Where and why it is what it is. Laws of motion. Planets move around Sun Not always a given, Anthropic Earth-centered Ptolomaic cosmology Copernicus published his seminal work on his deathbed (1543) A case of publish and perish - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Structure of the Solar System
Where and why it is what it is
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Laws of motion
Planets move around SunNot always a given,
Anthropic Earth-centered Ptolomaic cosmology
Copernicus published his seminal work on his deathbed (1543)
A case of publish and perishDe revolutionibus orbium celestium
Conservation of angular momentumv1r1 = v2r2 = constant (for constant mass)
The two body problem
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Kepler’s Laws
Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits, with Sun as one of the foci
A radius vector sweeps out equal area in equal time
Squares of the periods of the revolutionof the planets are proportional to the cubes of their distance from the Sun
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Titius-Bode Law
Distances of planets from Sun0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 2.8, 5.2, …Can be formulated
R = 0.4 + 0.3kK = 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 320.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 2.8, 5.2, …
Titius 1729-1776, Bode 1747-1826
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Titius-Bode Law
Planet missing between Mars and JupiterAt 2.8 au
Ceres discovered in 1801 at 2.77 auPallas, Juno, Vesta by 1804
Exploded planetNo common origin point
Failed planet
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Titius-Bode Law
Okay for Uranus, not so good for Neptune (38 predicted vs 30 actual au)
No other correlation with planetary propertiesSecondary effect after formationRelated to stable resonances of orbital
periodsPlanets have moved
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Asteroids
Total mass less than 5% of Moon1-2 Million asteroids with size > 1km
Asteroid beltGaps/concentrations due to resonances
with Jupiter (Kirkwood Gaps) Gaps at 2:1 (3.28 au) and 3:1 (2.50 au)Concs at 1:1 3:2 (3.97 au) 4:3 (4.2 au)
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Vesta, Ceres, Moon
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Orbital resonances
Fractional orbital periods have greater orbital stability to perturbationConstructive or destructive
interferenceGaps or concentrations
1:1 2:1 3:2
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Asteroids
Resonances and gaps
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AsteroidsTrojan AsteroidsLagrange points
Gravitation = centripetal L4 and L5 ± 60°
Equal gravity to Jup & Sol
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L1, L2, L3 unstable; L4,L5 stable
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Asteroids
Several hundred thousand discovered26 > 200 kmSolid rock bodiesRubble piles
Visits by NEAR, HayabusaNEAR landed on ErosHayabusa landed on ItokawaPlus flybys of other missions on way to
Jupiter
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Asteroid Spectral Classes
Definition Based on light reflectance (Albedo) Spectral features
Spectral shapeMineralogical features
e.g. olivine, pyroxene, water, …
Chapman 1975 3 types (C-carbonaceous, S-stony, and U)
Tholen 1984 used spectra 0.31-1.06 µm
Types A-X (23)
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C-type (Most abundant 75 %) Low albedo (0.03-0.10) Strong UV absorption below 0.4 µm Longer wavelengths featureless Reddish Water feature at 3 µm Type 10-Hygeia
4th largest asteroid
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Mathilde
Spectral Class
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S Class (17%)Moderately brightAlbedo 0.10-0.22Metallic Fe-Ni + magnesium silicateSpectrum has steep slope < 0.7µm
Absorption features around 1 and 2 µmLargest is 15 Eunomia (330 km diam)
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Ida + Dactyl
Spectral Class
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Spectral Class
M class (3rd abundant)Metallic Fe-NiModerately bright (0.10-0.18)Spectrum is flat to reddish
Absorption features at 0.55 and 0.75 µm16 Psyche (330 km)
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16 Psyche
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AsteroidsCompositional trends?
Igneous inside 2.8 au (S class)Metamorphic around 3.2 au (M class)Primitive outside 3.4 au (C class)
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Origin of asteroid belt
Failed planetMeteorites
Iron meteorites from corePallasites show mantle olivineIgneous achondritesCrustal carbonaceous chondrites
But not from single bodyOxygen isotopes, chemistry
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Origin of asteroid belt
Planetoids form in early SSCoalesce to form planets
Presence of JupiterPumped up the eccentricitiesLimits growthMany small bodies
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Near-Earth asteroids
Apollos, Atens and ArmorsFew thousand > 1km
107 10-100m1036 Ganymed, 433 ErosSource of meteorites?
Eros could survive 50-100 Myr5% chance of hitting Earth
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Spectrophotometric Paradox
Most common meteorites are chondritesParent body apparently absent
3628 Boznemcová8km body with Ord-chondrite spectrum
Of 35 NEA, 6 have Ord-chondrite spectraPlus 10% of Main Belt asteroids of size ≈1km
Chondrites dominate meteorites,But not asteroids
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Asteroids to Meteorites
Relative frequency of meteorites depends on efficiency of deliveryMeteorites unlikely to be sourced from
deep within asteroid beltAsteroids must be close to resonances to
supply meteorites into Earth-crossing orbit
6 Hebe near 3:1(2.50 au)Source of H-Chondrites + IIE Irons
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Missing Olivine Meteorites
Iron MeteoritesCores
PallasitesCore-mantle
Achondrites, ChondritesCrust
Where’s the mantle olivine?
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Individual asteroids
1 CeresLargest 933 km diameter 2.7 g/cm32.77 auC class9/13 largest asteroids similar
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Individual asteroids4 VestaIrregular shape (460 km across)3.7 g/cm3Intact differentiated crust (basalt)Source of HED meteorites (4.560 Gyr)
460 km crater, 13 km deepTwo more
large craters (100 km+)
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Individual asteroids
433 ErosS class2nd largest NEA33x13x13 kmDensity 2.5 ± 0.8 km
Coherent rather than rubble pile
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Individual asteroids
NEAR Lands on Eros - 2001Boulders on surface from 250 m
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5 m
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Individual asteroids25143 Itokawa (1998)
S class500 m long2.0 g/cm3
Rubble pile
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Hayabusa (Muses-C)
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Individual asteroids
Visits to Mathilde, Gaspra, IdaIda has satellite (Dactyl)
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NEAR Mission
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Interplanetary dust
SourcesAsteroids (5 km/s)Comets (20-60 km/s)Interstellar grains?
10,000 tons/year to EarthFluffy grains can survive
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Moving Giant PlanetsJupiter moved sunwards depleting
asteroid belt beyond 4 auSaturn, Uranus, Neptune move out
Saturn now in 2:1 resonance with JupiterProduced by bombardment of centaurs
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Centaurs
Between Saturn and Uranus2060 Chiron - 1977
182 kmDark-grey-black object (albedo 0.1)Similar in size and colour to Phoebe (Sat Moon)Orbit 8.5 - 19 auFits definition of comet
5145 Pholus - 1992185 km, red
Nessus, Asbolus, Chariklo
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Moving Giant Planets
Neptune plows into and depletes inner zone of Kuiper Belt (30-35 au)Pluto swept into a 3:2 orbital
resonance at high eccentricity and inclination
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Moving Giant Planets
can throw KBO out to the Oort CloudOnly few % retained from JupiterRest lost5-10% from Saturn10-40% from Uranus40% from Neptune
Can throw out Rocky and Icy bodiesOort cloud primitive?
Throws objects inThe late heavy bombardment for inner SS
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Solar System
DynamicMany time scales4 Vesta has survived 4.56 Gyr
But Exposure ages of HED meteorites 5-80 Myr
Survival time of some asteroids 50,000 years
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Near Earth Asteroid Orbits
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/orbits/