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AR L Y B Y Z A NT N

H N an dW I L L I A ME . M T CA F

D I E S

NNU M SMAT CSO C E T

C r e a

t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e

/ h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s_

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I E S

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NT NTS

gangHahnandWill iamE . Metcalf7

fJ ustinI andJ ustinianI , William E .Metcalf19

rdandtheSicilianMonetaAuri underJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I ,

gangHahn29

riunderJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I , 537-578 C ecileMorrisson41

eat ThessalonicaintheF ifthandSi thCenturiesandtheGold

ndDalmatia D. M. Metca lf65

antineC o insinSouthernR ussiaandtheProblemofL ightWeight

y I l l

theMetalContentofSomeE ighth-CenturyCoinsofR omeand

ahn131

rovincialB y antineGoldCoinagefromtheSeventhtoNinth

dy135

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O NS

L ightWeightSolidiandB y antineTradeduringtheSi thandSeventh

8( New York 1957

alogueof the I mperia lB y antineC o insintheB rit ishMuseum 2vo ls.

alogueof theC oinsof theV andals O strogothsandL ombardsinthe

n do n 1 9 11

edesmonnaiesby antinesde laB iblio thi ueNationa le 2 vo ls. (P aris

Grierson eds. C atalogueof theB y antineC o insintheD umbarton

heWhittemoreC ollection 3vo ls. (W ashington D . C . 1966-73

pers

ies

. V . Sutherland eds. . EssaysinR omanC oinagePresentedto

f o rd 1 9 56

ateR omanandB y antineSo lidiF oundinSw edenandDenmark A NSNNM

9 67

n ti n e Co i ns ( L o n do n 1 9 82

ntheA dministrativeB asiso f theB y antineC o inage c. 400-c. 900 and

lu s U n i v e rs i ty o f B i r m in g ha m H i s t or i ca l J o u rn a l 12 2 ( 1 9 71 p p .

ne t a I m p e r ii B y a n ti n i 3 v o ls . ( V i e nn a 1 9 73 - 81

B ibliographyofB y antineC o inHoards A NSNNM67( New York

b y a n ti n es s a le c a ta l og u e ( L u g an o 1 9 30

Sydenham eds. TheR omanI mperia lC o inage( L ondon 1923-

p t io n g en e ra t e de s m on n ai e s by a n ti n es 2 v o ls . ( P a r i s L o n do n 1 8 62

esby antines 4vo ls. ( St. Petersburg 1912-14

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N

ill iamE. Metca lf

implicationsofthelateR omanandB y antinegoldcoinage from

eeighth havemadethisperiodthefocusof agreatdealofresearch

wealthofmaterialawaitscollectionandinterpretation anditisnot

syntheticmonographonallaspectsofthe sub ect.Thisvolumebrings

varioustopicsinthe hopeofdemonstratinghowcurrentprogresshas

worrefined methodsaswellasbythe evidenceofnewfinds.The

marksareintendedtoprovideasummaryofthe currentstateofschol-

oftheproblemsthatremainto besolved.

ns whicharecloselyrelatedtothe politicalhistoryoftheperiod

olume.ThepermanentdivisionoftheempirebetweenArcadiusand

ydifferentdevelopmentsinthecoinagesofthe E astandtheW est.

milatethewesternhalfof theempireduringthesi thandseventh

nd buttheyprovideafertilefield forthestudyofmonetarypolitics.

centurytheempirehadlost mostofitswesterndependencies—

taliane archates—andwiththose lossesprovincialmintsvirtually

dunevenlyatthehandsof numismatists.TheperiodofAnastasiusI ,

asthebeginningof theB y antineco inageproper hasrecentlydraw n

olars butthefifthcenturyhas beenpoorlyservedbymodernstudies

rkthatcouldbeprovidedby R I C10isstill lacking.Theoldstudiesof

dCohenforthe West lackphotographicdocumentationandareinany

cecoinsofthe easternandwesternemperorsarelistedseparatelyand

sthat producedthem.1E asternandwesterncoinsareconfused and

reascribedtothe irhusbands w iththeconse uencethat( fore ample

aP lacidiaandthew esternonesofP ulcheriaareconcea led asisthe

cognitionpiecessoc haracteristicoffifthcenturycoinage.Thedistri-

seswhostruck undermorethanonerulerhas alsobeenobscured.2

asternemperorsiswritteninmuchthe sametraditionandpresentsa

sconfinedmainlyto coinsinhisown collectionandthatinthe H ermi-

encestoSabatier. F ortheWestR obertson srecentcata logueofa

onunfortunatelyfollowsthesameprinciple.3H ahnhasdealtwiththe

o inageof there ignofTheodosiusI I andasim ilarstudycoveringthe

fZ eno isinpreparation butfortheWestthework ofU lrich-B ansa

nein afieldotherwisetilledbyamateurs.4

umremainsthecontinuedaccumulationofnumismaticmaterialto

ossiblestudyof thecoinage.Thesystematiclistingofhoardsand

pt i on h i st o ri u e d es m o nn a ie s f ra p pe e s so u s I ' e m pi r e ro m ai n v o l. 8 ( P a r is 1 8 92 .

essesPulcheria Ga llaP lacidia Eudo ia I I , andA riadne. F orthe lastseeW. H ahn

u r Ae l ia A r ia d ne " F e s t s c hr i ft f u r H . H u n g e r ( V i e nn a 1 9 84 , p p . 10 1 -6 .

omanI mperia lC o insintheH unterC o inC abinet UniversityofGlasgow 5( O x ford 1982 .

o s t li c he G o ld - u nd S i lb e rp r ag u ng u n te r T he o do s iu s I I , " L N V 1 ( 1 9 79 , p p . 10 3 -2 8 W .

pr a gu n g de s R o m i sc h en R e i c h es i m 5 . a h r h un d er t ( i n p re s s . O . U l r ic h -B a n s a M o ne t a

V e n i c e 1 9 49 . F o r a n e a m pl e o f th e l at t er c a te g or y s e e G. L a c am L a f i n de I ' e m pi r e

o r e n I t a l i e ( L u c er n e 1 9 83 .

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cretmarks suddenlyincreasesunderH eraclius whenthegovernment

atesweretwiceintroducedtothe regularsolidiofConstantinople then

5-50 whileatemporarypreponderanceofthefifth andtenthofficinae

a llyaround610 ise pla inedbyC . Morrisson w hopostulatestheconnec-

ithcertainstate departments.12Thehighstandardofweightand

nt wasmaintainedinConstantinoplethroughouttheperiodwithonlya

tansI I andC onstantine I V . 13

ntinopolitangoldcoinsdisplaygreatuniformity:doubtlesstherewere

kingsimultaneouslywithsharedpunches.Thisoftenmakescompari-

ficult.14A broaderrangeofstylecanbe observedwhenasingletype

tyorovera longperiod 15thisisduetochangesoverthecourseof time

enceofdifferenteasternmints.U ndernormalcircumstancestherewere

ntinopleinthe easternprefecture.ThefancifulattributionsofD .

m ed i a C y i c us A n ti o ch 1 a r e un t en a bl e a n d th e a cc e pt a nc e o f Gr i er s on s

th-centurysoliditoAntiochis unfortunate.17

forago ldco inageintheE astisA le andria capita lo f thedioceseof

gbeenisolatedeconomicallyfromtheempireand whichhaditsown

nage. The irregularuseofA A SOB onso lidio f J ustinI o fC onstanti-

emporarygoldproductionwithdies providedbyConstantinople.

ascorrectedtotheprescribeduniversa lmark forgo ld C ONO B pro-

edfor someyears sinceithadto besustainedbylocallycut diesof

andrianso lidio f J ustinI I w hichweredifferentia tedf romC onstanti-

ecretmarks mightbeconnectedwiththepresenceof theemperor s

staliso fE gyptin566. A sim ilarsituation w ithamemberof the imperia l

gypt occurredunderH eraclius w henhiscousinNicetashadtof ight

avebeenshorto fmoney (616-18 . 18Theissueofso lidif romA le andria

aclius( 608-10 , asproposedbyGrierson islesssecure .19

sof q uestionableattribution.One isofCarthaginianstyleandmay

moduleseriesthere( seebelow .20Theothershowsthepeculiarstyle

twhich alsoproducedcoppercoinswithmint marks firstofAle an-

Cypruswasthe properbaseformilitarycampaignsinthe eastern

it isplausiblethatitw asthehomeofane traordinarygo ldminttomeet

vityofthismint beganunderP hocas22andcontinuedwiththeunusual

he9 areferencetoatreasury ( thesauros istempting( M B 3 p. 129 andH endy

n . 5 , p p . 41 1 -1 2 n . 1 69 b u t do e s no t f it i n a ll c a se s .

f o r th e e ar l ie r d at e s f o r th e l at e r da t es M B 3 p p . 86 a n d 12 4 a n d C. M or r is s on " L e t r es o r

R B N 1 1 8 ( 1 9 72 , p p . 2 9 -9 1 .

C. Morrisson " L ' ormonnayedeR omeaB y ance " Comptes- rendusA cad. I nscr.

cline: C. Morrisson( above n. 12 , pp. 54-55.

ever obversedielinkshaveindicatedthata reversediemayhavemovedfromone

. Grierson " C o insmonelaireseto f ficinesa I ' epo uedubas-empire " SM11(1961 , pp.

b ov e n . 1 3 , p p . 39 - 40 W . E . M e tc a lf b e lo w p . 2 5.

a n d Ma u ri c e M B 2 p p . 60 - 61 .

L a m on e ta i o ne a u re a d el l e z e c c he m i no r e bi a n ti n e. . . R o m e 1 9 72 .

33. Griersonnow prefersThessa lonica : seeC oins p. 53.

46 f o r J u s t i n M B 3 p . 9 5 f o r N i ce t as . T he A l e a n dr i an o r ig i n of t h e J u s t i n I I s o li d i

endy Studies( above n. 5 , p. 404 w how asnotaw areof theEgyptianhoard

-8 6 a nd M B 3 p .8 9.

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i l l iamE. Metca lf

eraclii whichweresupplementedbyfractionalissuesinthe nameof

uriceTiberius.Thesolidiaremarkedwith immobili edindictionalor

uenceof the lettersI , I X , o rI TT w hichmayrefertoa lustra lcycle .

ronationtherew erefurtherissues apparently forhisPersiancampaigns.

andtheir dating( upintothe620s arenotuniversallyacceptedand

hasA le andriaorJ erusalem( f romw hichw ek now copperco insf romthe

nmade.23Theevidenceofprovenanceisoflittle helpbecausethefinds

ttoTurk ey correlatew iththee tendedtheatero fw ar.

M

fecture I llyricum haditssmallgold mintatThessalonica.L ittle

etca lf sstudy inthisvo lumee ceptthehopethatuncerta intiesregard-

ossibleissuesofP hocaswillbeelucidatedbyfurther discoveries.24

fthismintis estimatedtobesmallraisesthe q uestionofthee tentto

meettheneedsofthewholeprefectureor whetherithadonlytoserve a

tatThessalonica( perhapsthe idiketrape aof theareapraefecloria * 6I t

ethatdiesprovidedbyConstantinopolitanmintengraverswereused

eotherhand themintshowedrelativeindependenceinmaintaining

-of-datetypologyatleastuntil562 whenitwasbroughtintoline atthe

oppercurrencysystemwasabolished.

agein theAfricanprefecturefromitscreation in534to578 are

n.B eforetheJ ustinianicrecon uestCarthagehadneverstruckgold

eV andalspossessedenoughgoldemanatingfromimperialmintsthat

tthe goldprerogativeoftheemperors.ThenewCarthaginiangold

mint fromwhichweknowonlyafewfractionalissues struckfor

omthetimeofH eracliusonwards.Thecoinswerenormallydatedby

etimesby regna lyearsasw ell( underT iberiusI andMaurice . I t is

D O C 2 p . 3 2 f o r J e r us a le m s e e Gr i er s on C oi n s p . 9 3 a n d H e n d y p p . 41 5 -1 6 . H e n dy

staf fo f theA ntiochenemintbyP hocas genera lB onosusin608 thesty leof the

r showsnoresemblancetothecopperofP hocasf romA ntiochorthato fH eracliusf rom

ew MintforP hocas " NC irc92( 1984 , pp. 256-57 hasassignedtoThessa lonicaunder

shithertogiventoSicily.Thereremains thedifficultyofthecontrastwith Thessaloni-

dw iththeThessa lonicancopperofPhocashimself . Heraclius so lidusM 2should

salonica.ThetremissesofJ ustinianI almostcertainlyhavetobeaugmentedby

eM 19 ascanbeseenf romcomparisonw iththedraw ingsof the imperia lbustand

ssalonicancopper D .M.Metcalf TheCopperCoinageofThessalonicaunderJ ustinan

, p . 2 2 3 a a n d p. 2 4 4 d . To t h is g r ou p b el o ng t h e fo l lo w in g s pe c im en s : B M C V a n da l s p i . 16

9 .1 1 . 49 M e ch i ta r is t c ol l . V i e nn a = M B 1 9 ; R a u ch 3 6 2 0 - 2 2 J a n . 1 9 86 = H a h n co l l. 1 . 48

l un g 9 0 2 M a r . 1 94 3 2 8 K r e ss 1 1 2 2 2 J u n e 19 5 9 9 6 9 H i r s c h 68 1 - 3 J u l y 1 9 70 9 1 6

-7May1955 514 1. 51.

o f theareapraefectoria see J . K arayannopoulos D asF inan w esendesf ruhby antini-

uropa ischeA rbe iten52( Munich 1958 , pp. 80-84 andH endy (above n. 5 , pp. 411-12.

onde1 F . co leF ranca isedeR ome77( 1986 , p. 129 hasadvancedthe ideathatthe

riwasactiveonlyinorder tochecktheweightofthe solidipaidtothetreasury andto

ut infact Thessa lonicanso liditendtobesomewhatlighterinw eight.

u n e n d e s M it t el a lt e rs t r an s . A. P . Z e l l e r ( M u n ic h 1 9 76 , p . 1 6 i l lu s . 2- 3 h i s su p po s ed

Sardinia isverydoubtful. Seea lsoC. Morrisson " L aC irculationdelamonnaied oren

vandale bilandestrouva illeslocales " Melangesdenumismati ueof fertsdP ierreB astien. . .

e tteren 1987 , pp. 325-44.

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alsontheearly so lidiof J ustinianI aredates noto f ficinadesigna-

ngenablesusto followthecurveoftheoutput:i tsfluctuation as

wn canbeconnectedwithlustralta ation.27Technicalconsidera-

u z lingtendency toaglobularfabricf romtheendof thesi thcentury

hammeringtheblanksandspeededtheprocessofstriking forless

nsmallerblank sw ereused.28Theglobularsolidiare how ever accompa-

argerflans andtheirdeviationfromtheusualpattern andtheir

actionsdemonstratetheirspecialceremonialcharacter.

edthatthestrangelookingglobularsolidiwouldnot easilyhaveentered

tsideAfrica andinfactthe evidencefore ternalfindsisscanty.29

eencarefullyrecordedby Morrisson andtosomee tentthesecanbe

events. Especia lly forthe lastyearsofB y antinedomination the

e:theyevenpinpointthedate ofthefirstArab con uestofCarthage

Thesplitting-offoftheSardinianbranchmintantedatesthis event 31

ainuncertain.32AnotherstudybyMorrissonhas shownthattherewas

e ightof theA f ricango ldco insunderC onstansI ( 642-68 , butthatthe

untilthe end.33

tI talianprefecturehasotherantecedents.Theoldcentralmint of

aninstitutionoftheregular administrationfromthetimeofthe

eO strogothicdominionandintoearlyB y antinetimes.Thecourt

rstopenedasamonetacomitativaortravelingmint hadbeenmovedto

ain402.AetiusreactivatedtheMilanmint inca.450for military

rimilitumofthe westernempirehadtheirownmoneysupplyduring

century.I twasonlyherethat O doacercouldmaintainacontinued

elastw esternemperor J uliusNepos w homZ enodemandedthathe

mintin thelate490s perhapsasaresultof histreatywithAnasta-

mperialprerogativesw erenewlydef ined.35Thesamefatebefe llR avenna a

sterncourthadceasedto e ist.Atypologicalcaesurain theI talian

thegradualassimilationtoConstantinopleunderTheodoric.36The

stimationduvolumedesso lidideTibereetMauriceaC arthage " P A C T5( 1981 , pp.

M B 3 p . 9 1. F o r s m a ll e r bl a nk s s e e F . D e l a m ar e P . M on t mi t on n et a n d C. M or r is s on

sofCo inStriking: I tsA pplicationtotheE vo lutionofB y antineGoldSo lidiMintedin

ge " J ournalo fMechanica lWork ingTechnology10(1986 pp. 253-71.

a few intrudersinlaterSicil ianhoards atatimew henSicil iango ldcoinsw erestruck on

ur y s e e C. M o rr i ss o n " L e t r es o r by a n ti n d e So u as s i " B S N 3 7 ( 1 9 8 2 , p p . 21 4 -1 5

isvo lume fortheseventh R . Guery C . Morrisson andH. Slim R ougga letrisorde

n ti n es ( R o m e 1 9 82 , p . 7 1. F o r t he l a st i s su e s ee M B 3 p . 1 67 .

t r e s or d e s ol i di d e C on s ta n ti n I V d e C ar t ha g e " R N 1 9 8 0 p . 1 59 c o nt r as t M B 3 p .

arrandon andP . P o irier " Nouvellesrecherchessurl histoiremoneta ireby antine:

amonnaied oraC onstantinopleetdanslesprovincesd A f ri ueetdeSicile " J O B 33

6 e s p. p p . 27 4 -7 5 .

J uliusNeposandtheF a llo f theWesternE mpire " C orollamemoriaeE. Sivobodadedicata

p p . 14 6 -5 0 a n d W . H a h n " D i e l e t t e n J a h r e d er M e di o la n en s er M u n p r ag u ng v o r de r S ch l ie s -

rchTheoderich " G. Gorini ed. . Laz eccadiMilano. A ttide lconvegno interna ionaledi

o1983(Milan 1984 , pp. 229-40.

a nd H a h n ( a b ov e n . 3 4 , p . 23 5.

78 .

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y so lidiamongthethree I ta lianmints( andafourthatA re late is

ostofthembear mintmarks butthatofthe unsignedfractionsismore

anesetremissesdisplayadistinctivestyle.37The differentiationbe-

ennamustrestona closecomparisonofdieswiththoseof themintmarked

le.Thelack ofamonographinthis fieldiskeenlyfelt.Therecon-

kofthefifth-centurygoldissues ofI talywillprovideimportant

pbetweentheeasternand westerncourts inasmuchasthewestern

berof coinsinthenameof theeasternemperorattimesof mutual

dtheminto fR omew astheonly I ta lianmonetaauriuntil J ustinian s

vedR avenna.While theO strogothickingshadtomovetheirmint

40 andthentoT icinum( 540-52 , theB y antinesreorgani edtheR ome

talianprefecture dividingitintotenofficinae.This corresponds

anmodel.38ThemintsoonfollowedthepraetorianprefecttoR avenna

esecondsiegeofR ome( 545/6 . Thedistinctionbetw eentheR omanand

ldusissuesisproblematic. A lthoughtheR omanpiecesunderB y antine

clearlycutstarofsi rays—differentiatingthemfromtheeastern

dwithastar ofeightrays— thischaracteristicdisappearslaterin

parisonwiththemintmarkedcopperprovidesa guide.Asactivity

rparto f Justinian sre ign the indicationofo f f icinaebecamemeaning-

uestionseemtohavebecomedates.Thedateat whichthisoccurredand

ployedarestill underdiscussion.39E venlessisunderstoodin the

w henthew esternauthorit iescouldnotdecidew hethertocounthisyearsas

gustus.

nageofthelastthree O strogothickings—H ildebad Totila/Ba-

vedmainly topay the irF rank ishau il ia ries andthereforeevok edF rank ish

w ayseasily recogni ableassuch. I nthe lastthirdof thesi th

tributionsneedtobepurgedofsimilar coinswhichshouldbegiven to

erearefurtherdif f icult iesinsortingouttheearlyLombardimitations

nnamodel. I naddit iontotheroya lmintinT icinum severa lsmaller

alityoperatedinthecentersof theduchies.40

of thestrik ingofgo ldseemstoco incidew ithR avenna sgrow ingiso lation.

er period( fromTiberiusI I toH eraclius havehithertobeenvery

omC onstansI onw ardtheybecomemorecoherent: atthist imeR ome s

thoseofR avennainq uantity . F romC onstansI I to J ustinianI I they

hichprobablyrefertochurchtreasuriesor toamagistratewhohad

ge.42I nanycasethere isnoconnectionwiththe papalmonograms

nceonthesmall silvercoinsofR omefromthepontificateofConstan-

. 43

n seeO. U lrich-B ansa MonetaMedio lanensis352-498( V enice 1949 andW. H ahn

o m u nt e r de n K a i s er n J u l iu s N ep o s Z e n o R o m u l us A u gu s tu s u nd B a s i l i sc u s ( 4 7 4 - 91 , "

.

54 .

7 andthecontributionbyN. F a irheadandW. H ahninthisvo lume.

ernareggi / / sistemaeconomicoe lamoneta ionedeiI ^ongobardine ll R a liasuperiore

omparativemateria lfortheunattributedpiecesisassembledinM B 3 pi. 55. Seea lsoP .

urn Medieva lC oinage vo l. 1( C ambridge E ng. 1986 , pp. 55-66.

re a b ou t t he M i no r B y a n ti n e Go l d Mi n ts f r om T i be r iu s I t o H e r a cl i us N Ci r c 8 7 ( 1 9 7 9 ,

a nd 1 54 .

r a a n d I . V e c ch i " A F i n d of B y a n ti n e Si l ve r f ro m t he M i nt o f R o m e fo r t he P e r io d A . D .

1 9 85 , p p . 10 5 -4 0 .

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esof theseventhcenturyathirdI ta liango ldmintemergesattheseatof

ongagroupofmore orlessimitativecoins itsproductsareat first

buttheybecomeinte llig ibleassoonasw ecantracease uenceof issueson

tivemarkscanbeseen tocorrelate.44

characteristicfeatureoftheI taliancoinageisits visibledeclinein

asattractedtheapplicationof newlydevelopedorrefinedmethods

ion:seethecontributionofO ddytothisvolume.I ngeneralashort-

raneanworldaccountsforitslimitedstriking.The fluctuationsinthe

ecoins whichresultedina temporarytokencoinageofcoppersolidi

l ing. Theseco inscanbedatedprecise lyonthebasiso facontinuousse uence

endofthis oldcurrencycamewiththeCarolingianreformin I taly

antinehegemonyoverR ome. ThelatestB y antine issueofcopper

byR . D enk 46datesf rom777/ 8. Theendofgo ldcoinageinR avennahad

rtheL ombardcon uesto f thecity in751 K ingA istwulf continuedto

ch smint 47butunderF rankishpressurehe lostthecity totheP opesand

urt therewasnolongeranyneedto maintainagoldmint.The

ome R avennaandNaplesunderL eo I I I andC onstantineV isless

rydistinctstyleof R omeisalsoseenon thesmallsilvercoinswith papal

bove andalsobecauseamint signatureisoccasionallyused.O nthe

affinitiesbetweencoinsof NaplesandthoseofB eneventum where

oundstrikingcoinswith ducalmonogramsfromabout705onward.48

antinemintinI ta lyw herea lim itedproductionhastobereckonedw ith

sofB y antineterritory insouthernI ta lyw erebynow prov idedwith

dmints underregularadministration thereremainattributionsto

status.Threelocalitiesare considered:theCrimea( Cherson , Spain

dSicily ( Sy racuse . O f theseonly theSpanishandthe laterSicil ianattributions

ecure theC hersoneseandtheearlierSicil ianattributionsareaf fectedbyvarious

postunderB y antinehegemony hadlongreta inedsomesorto fauton-

dby itsanomalouscoppercoinage. U nderHeracliusandC onstansI a

rance butdifferingfromtheConstantinopolitanfabricandmarkedby

ngivententativelytoCherson.50Thelackoffind evidenceforthemis

ostnogold coinshavebeenrecordedasfoundin theCrimeanpenin-

a nd 1 6 9- 7 0 M . D . O ' H a r a " A C u ri o us a n d I n t e r es t in g S ol i du s f or t h e Mi n t of N a pl e s

" N C i rc 9 6 ( 1 9 88 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 .

88 .

r D a t ie r un g d er l e t t e n by a n ti n is c he n M ii n s e ri e n au s R o m " L N V 1 ( 1 9 79 , p p . 1 3 9- 4 3.

b o v e n . 2 6 , p . 4 6 a n d a bo v e ( n . 4 0 , p . 6 5.

orthisseriesseea lsoW. A . O ddy " A na lysiso f theGoldC o inageofB eneventum " NC

dP . GriersonandM. B lack burn( above n. 40 , pp. 66-72.

85 .

e Nu m is m at i c H i s t or y o f Ch e rs o n in E a r ly B y a n ti n e Ti m es : A S ur v ey N Ci r c 86 ( 1 9 78 ,

521-23.TheR ussianspecialistsinthecoinageof Chersonhavenotdiscussedtheattribu-

see I . V . Sok olova Monetiipetshativ i anti sk ogoC hersonesa[ C o insandsea lsof

( L e n in g ra d 1 9 8 3 , p . 2 8 .

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ngissuesareattestedbysinglespecimens 52itseemsthat mostofthem

heelucidationofthesedatesissomewhatproblematical.

B y antinew orld intheWest therewasamilitarydistrictonthe

oselyattachedtothe Africanprefecture.SincethishadbeenV isigo-

undedby theV isigothickingdom wherethetremissiswastheonly

needforthis denominationhadtobemet.Carthagedidnotsupply

tremissismint andwasinanyc aseremote.Theyweretherefore

thebeginningof theB y antinepresenceunderJ ustinianI ( 554 to its

615-24 .Theyhaveapronouncedandpeculiarstyle withreminiscences

r letteringandevenoccasionaltypologicalborrowings.Theevi-

estheirattributionevenmoresecure.Sincethe groupwasfirstidenti-

w holese uenceofemperorsf romJ ustinianI toH eracliusisil lustratedby

hoseof J ustinI andT iberiusI havebeendiscoveredonly recently. 54

nte traordinarygo ldmintw asthatofSicily w hichbecamethe

the empirefromthelaterseventhcenturyonward.U ntilrecently

theentirefirsthundredyearsof itssupposede istenceweremoreor

ularMonte J udicahoard presentedinthisvo lume hasshednew light

angoldcoinage.Thepositionofthis islandhadalwaysbeenof

so it ishardly surprisingto f indthatfora longtimeitw asnotsub ect

onbutwasmore directlycontrolledfromConstantinople.Whenever

capitalwas insufficientoritsmaintenancewasconsideredinadvis-

oserveasasubstitute . I tsproductsw erenot atf irst intendedtorevea l

tanorigin andwehavethesamedifficultiescontemporariesmust

gthem. Thisis incidenta lly a lsopartia lly trueofsi th-centurycopper

olitanaswellasR avennatestylisticinfluenceshindertheattribu-

nofSicilian solidinowseemssecurethroughout( withminore cep-

, 55thef ractionsof ferseriousproblemsf romMaurice intothef irstha lfo f

st inctgroupof them w hichhasbeengivententative ly toSicilybefore610

oThessalonicawithoutsatisfactorilysolvingallthe problemsconnec-

d theuseofspecificadministrativemarksbeginslate inthereignof

atingoccursunderH eracliusandJ ustinianI I . 57Theef fecto f thetempo-

N a k h od ki v i a n ti s k ic h m on e t V I - X I v v v K r i m u | B y a n ti n e co i n fi n ds o f t he s i t h t o

i me a V V 2 9 ( 1 9 69 p p . 25 4 -6 8 .

enslistedinM B 3 pp. 218and242 apiecew hichcameto lightintheSchulten

990 andreappearedinSchw ei erischeK reditanstaltsa le 27A pr. 1984 700 w ith

a c e c a bi a n ti n a en E s p an a " N u mH i s p 4 ( 1 9 56 , p p . 30 5 -1 4 .

B 2 p . 4 1 1 9 a n d W . J . T om a si n i T h e B a r ba r ic T r em i ss i s in S p ai n a nd S o ut h er n F r a n c e

A N SN N M 15 2 ( 1 9 64 , p . 1 71 p i . D , 7 T i be r iu s I I , i n t he m u se u mo f S ev i ll e s e e F .

talogodemonedasymedallasdeoro gabine lenumismaticomunicipal( Sev ille 1980 , p. 29 45.

101-3 hasoncemorebeencla imedforC arthagebyC . Morrisson " Notedenumisma-

op o s de q u e l u e s ou v ra g es r e ce n ts " R N 1 9 8 3 p . 2 18 .

SomeUnusua lGoldC o insofH eracliusandTheirMintA ttribution " NC irc85( 1977 , pp.

d H a h n ( a b o ve n . 4 1 , g r ou p C s e e al s o S. B e n d a ll ( a b ov e n . 2 4 , p p . 25 6 -5 7 .

1 68 a nd 19 3.

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inSy racuse( 663-68 onSicilianco inproductionissti l lamattero f

h theq uestionofatravelingfieldmint accompanyingtheemperor

inageof theusurperMe e iusinSicily theauthenticityofw hichhas

e ightw asreducedby J ustinianI inhisf irstre ign( 685-95 andagain

1-13 followingthewesterntendencytowardlowerweightstandards.59The

gnofLeontius( 695-98 andaf ter butaf tersomef luctuationitw as

inthe730sata leve labout15percentlowerthaninC onstantinople . 60

heirpiecemealoccupationof the island( aprocessw hiche tendedf rom

y antinepresencetherebecamemoreandmore isolated a f ina ldebase-

ssbeganwhichled tocoinsconsistingofone halfcopper.Thefirst

nspioneeredbytheF renchteamhaveshowntheoutlines butmore

owthe developmentindetail.

storyofgoldmintsshouldmakeevidentthe needforfurther

hecorrelationbetweenmonetarycirculationandtransactionsnew

d.R egionalpro ectshavebeeninitiatedto replaceMosser soutdated

fB y antinehoards.AsidefromtheAfricaninventorymentioned

tshavebeenmadeto beginaregionale aminationofallfifthto seventh-

alkans 61withaviewtowardachievinga betterunderstandingofthe

attemptisunderwayinI taly 62wheresmallermuseumsprobably

terial.Allthisworkshouldbe undertakeninlightofnewattributions

arch.U nfortunatelytheeasternempirecannotbee pectedtoreceive

vetorelyonthe occasionaldiscoveryofrecentlyunearthedhoards

ntrollede cavations63butaremainlyknownthroughinformation

ngrecognitionofthe importanceofpreservingprovenancesoffersa

esponsibledealersare tobethankedandencouragedfortheir efforts

rstandingthecoinageis metrologyinitsbroadestsense which

onlyofweightandfineness butofthee changeratesbetweenmetals

priceofgo lde pressedincopperorink ind( adaeratio . A spectsof this

rritoryof theeconomichistorian butthenumismaticimplicationsare

sthemselvesprovidetheevidenceformonetaryreformsordebasements

oductionofnewdenominationssuchas thelightweightsolidus.Since

onthesepeculiarco insof thesi thandseventhcenturies muchnew

e iusinpeccatosuo interiit. K rit ischeB etrachtungenz ueinemNeulinginderMun re ihe

i s er " J O B 2 9 ( 1 9 8 0 , p p . 61 - 70 M B 3 p . 1 59 . T he c o in i n q u e s t io n w as t a ke n a s

C o ins p. 139 andC . Morrissone pressedsk epticismregardingHahn sconclusions(at

rit ishMuseumspecimen in" Notedenumismati ueby antineaproposdequel ues

N 1 9 8 3 p . 2 15 n . 8 .S e e no w P . G r i er s on " A s e mi s si s o f Me e i u s " N C 1 98 6 p p . 23 1 -

mbartonO ak sf romtheco llectionofHay fordP ierce( ac uiredin1946 , omittedfrom

dandtakenassuggestiveof theauthenticityofMe e ius so lidi. Griersonassumesthatthe

butitsharesthe Constantinopolitanstylewiththesolidiandthereforecannotresolve

vementofano lderI ta lianforger( Tardani — seeR I N9[ 1896 , p. 150 cannotbe

7.

b o v e n . 3 3 , p p . 27 5 -7 6 .

opovic B e lgrade.

ipostiglimoneta li inI ta lia documenta ionedeicomplessi w asbegunin1980by the

tichediMilanoandaimsto publishhoardsofallperiods notonlytheB y antine.

ly e ceptions suchasthehoardsofNik erta i( above n. 12 andR ougga( above n.

Morrisson andofH a duck aV odenica inSerbia publishedbyN. Duva landV . P opovic

dk a V o d e ni c a C ol l ec t io n d e l E c o l e F r a n c ai s e de R o r n e 7 5 ( 1 9 8 4 p p . 17 9 -8 2 .

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64sothata newcorpusofdiesmightbe apromisingventure.Mean-

includeinthisvolumea contributiondevotedtooneaspectofthe

ution.Theimportanceofthelight weightsolidiforthereckoningof

narguedinM B : theyenabledthepaymentofvarioussumsincarats.

encoinunitsandunitsof accountisaproblemwhichhas caused

tedtocontemporaryte ts.Twoe amplesrecentlydiscussedinthe

s(i. e . so lidusprices aretheA bydosinscriptionandtheDonoriinscrip-

hsintoB y antineta ationpo licies. Sim ilarproblemsareencountered

ncestopaymentsrecordedinpapyriare usedfornumismaticanaly-

atthe outputofthemintswasdictatedin advancebytheauthorities

n incloseconnectionw ithta ationpo licies. Thisw ouldimply thatthe

lculatedby thee pecteddemands anideathathasnotgoneuncha l-

diaredatedbyyears weshouldbeableto checkthefluctuationsin

ehavecalculatedmorereliableestimatesofoutputthroughdie

hfiscalperiodssuch asta ationcyclesandcensustermsmight also

hefinancingoftheaugustaticum whichwastobepaid bytheemperor

n uennia lanniversaries musthavebeenburdensome sinceA nastasiusI

ustralisauri argentivein498.69R aisingofsuchlargesums seemsto

onetarymeasures suchasalteringe changeratesfromtimetotime.70

nomicsituationoftheempirewill beelucidatedbybetterknowledgeofthe

dincirculationtosupportta ationontheonehandand ontheother

civ ilservants subsidies andtributes. A new compila tionof the

tosuchbudgetfigures wouldbeusefulandwouldfacilitatereference

ce.71

notrecogni edbyA delson butw ere identif iedbyE. L euthold " So lidileggieri

u e d eg l i i mp e ra t or i M au r ic i o F o c a e d E r a c l io " R I N 1 9 60 p p . 14 6 -5 4 f o r th e i nt r od u ct i on o f

oW. H ahn " A proposdel introductiondesso lidilegersde23caratssousMaurice "

p p. 9 6- 97 .

eendiscussedby J . - . C a llu " L etarifd A bydosetlareformemoneta ired A nas-

ndR . W eille r eds. A ctesdu91congresinternationaldenumismali ueB erne sept. 1979

p p. 7 31 -4 0 W . H a h n M B 3 p p. 3 6- 39 a nd J . D u r li at a nd A . Gu il lo u " L e t ar if d A by do s

C H 1 0 8 ( 1 9 8 4 , p p . 58 1 -9 8 . F o r D o n o r i se e J . D u r l i at " T a e s s ur l e n tr e e de s m ar c ha n di s es

ag l ia r i a l e p o u e b y a n ti n e " D O P 3 6 ( 1 9 82 , p p . 1- 1 4.

o nn a ie d o r e t mo n na i e de b r on e d a ns 1 E g y p t e pr o to b y a n t i ne " L e s ' d i va l ua t io n s a

ca ineetimperia le2( H ome 1980 , pp. 253-70 and" C omptesetdepensesenor " M.

ntatestigrecidapapiri le tterarieedocumentariediti inoccasionedelX V I congresso

rlogia( F lorence 1983 , pp. 112-19.

B 3 p . 8 5 n . 5 c h al l en g ed b y D . M . M et c al f " N e wL i g ht o n t he B y a n ti n e Co i na g e

1 9 74 , p . 1 5 .

n. 27 , andbelow pp. 50-51and54-55.

olla lio lustra lisinconnectionw iththeaugustiacumseeR E 4 co l. 371(Seeck ,

o v e n . 2 5 , p p . 12 9 -3 0 a n d H e n dy S t ud i es ( a b ov e n . 5 , p . 6 47 . F o r t h e ab o li t io n o f th i s

nseeT. No ldeck e " D ieA ufhebungdesChrysargy rondurchA nastasius " B Z 13( 1904 ,

i n no v at i on s J . K a r a y an n op o ul o s " D i e C h r ys o te l ei a d er I u g a " B Z 4 9 ( 1 9 56 , p p . 72 -

a ire " R emar uessurlechrysargy reetsaperiodicite " R N1985 pp. 120-29.

n. 65 , pp. 96-97. A lterationsof thee changeratesaredeniedbyH endy Studies

. 4 93 a n d J . D u r li a t " L a v a le u r re l at i ve d e l o r d e l a r ge n t et d u c ui v re d a ns l e m pi r e

N 1 9 8 0 p p . 13 8 -5 4 . Co n tr a st W . H a h n " D a s R o m er r ei c h de r B y a n ti n er a u s nu m is m a-

cheWahrungspolit ik derB y antinerim5. -8. J ahrhundert " SNR 65( 1985 , pp. 175-

inthcenturiesseethedeta iledstudyofW. T . Treadgold TheB y antineSta le

andNinthC enturies( New York 1982 . F ortheearlierperiodonehadtore lyono lder

" Z urby antinischenF inan geschichte " Studienz urGeschichtedesby antinischenWei-

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tionsmayseemtoretardtheprogress ofnumismaticresearch.The

volumehavenothesitatedtoadvancetheirideasand speculations

eirfeelingswhenevertheassemblednumismaticmaterialseemed

ntproblems.Althoughtheydifferin theirstyleofpresentation they

onthenumismaticev idence( ofw hich it ishoped somew illendure

s.

esKa isersJ ustinusI I . undT iberiusC onstantinus( Stuttgart 1919 andB Z 1924 pp.

encestoearlier sometimescontroversia lstudiesaretobefound. Seenow Hendy Studies

p . 16 4 -8 1 .

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19/168

I GNGO L D O F J U ST NI AND J U ST N ANI

Metcalf

ustinI , w hohadruledfornineyears fe ll i l l onA pril1 underpressure

-optedJ ustinian w hosecareerhehadbeenpromotingsincehisow n

er onE asterSunday J ustinianI w ascrow nedby theP atriarchE pi-

toccuredintheD elpha ratherthan asusual intheHippodrome

ustin sil lness. Theo ldemperor(hew as75or77 f ina lly succumbedon

iefj ointreignofJ ustinandJ ustinianhasattractedlittlesystematic

lure.2Theelegantpresentationoftwo enthronedemperorsonthe

ttheotherwisebleakbackgroundofthe si th-centurygold:moreover

n andtherarityofthe coinsrenderthemacontrollablemassand

ageofthepopulationsurvivingabovegroundiseitherpreservedin

tratedin salecatalogues.

madenoattemptatcomprehensiveness wasabletoassemblea corpus

lessthanadecadelaterW. H ahnincreasedthenumberof recorded

o45by1981.3Neithermadeasystematicstudyof thedies althoughboth

wilderingvarietyofobversevariantsandobverse/reversecombina-

tructureforthe coinage.Thepurposeofthisessayis topresenta

edcatalogueofthecoinsincorporatingits e tensivedielinkage.I tis

structurecanbeperceived andindeeditis plausiblethatthat

ulde ludedetectionevenifa lltheco inagesurv ivedtous. B utit ispossibleto

hatfurtherthaneitherB e ll ingerorHahnw asabletodoand ifonecan

perienceofare lative lybrie fepisode intheearlyhistoryof theso lidus to

waywe nowlookatimperialmintorgani ation.

ma orcategoriesfollow thepresentationofH ahninM B 1 w ithnum-

venience. F orvarietiesofhisgroupsI andI I , theobversediesare

numberedseria lly inorderofappearance reversediesarepref i edw iththe

ithineachof ficina numberedseria lly inorderofappearance. I ngroup

es a r e pr e fi e d " C ( c u rv e d ; r e ve r se s c on t in u e th e n um b er i ng o f g ro u ps I a n d I I .

susedare:

rson " TheKy reniaGirdleofB y antineMedallionsandSo lidi " NC 15( 1955 ,

t " D i e u n e di e rt e n by a n ti n is c he n M un e n d es W i e n er M u n k a bi n et t es N Z 7 7

.

tlysummari edinA. A.V asiliev J ustinI .AnI ntroductiontotheE pochof

O S 1 p p . 95 - 96 f o r J u s t i n s d e at h p . 4 14 . F o r A p r il 1 a s t he d a te o f J u s ti n ia n s

. Martinda le P rosopographyof theL aterR omanE mpire2( C ambridge 1980 , s. v .

45-48 esp. 647 andI ustinus4( pp. 648-51 esp. 650 , apparently follow ingthe leadofE .

l. 1 3 26 - 27 s . v .I u s ti n us 1 .

thato fA . R . B e ll inger " B y antineNotes3: TheGoldof J ustinI andJ ustinian

9 6 6 , p p . 90 - 92 . S ee a l so M B 1 p p . 44 - 45 a n d th e Ma t er i al n ac h we i se p . 1 07 .

byH ahnisaugmentedinM B 2 p. 23 and3 p. 32.

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known merelyforthesakeofcompleteness sincetheweightsapproach

ediesseemtobe orientedat6:00withoutvariation.Allcoins areillustrat-

2 9 -3 0 4 1 a n d 43 .

rone

M C 1 4 .4 8.

M C 2 4 . 44 .

M u se o B o t t ac i n 22 0 6 b . B a n k L e u 1 3 4 M a y 19 7 6 4 4 6 4 . 49 .

" S o me U n p u b li s he d B y a n ti n e Go l d Co i ns " N C ir c 7 8 ( 1 9 7 0 , p p .

4 . 46 .

2 4 . 45 b . H e s s - e u 1 2 A pr . 1 96 2 5 4 9 4 . 50 c . I s t an b ul A r ch a eo l o-

C 0 3 / Cp / A/ / 01 4 . 46 ( p i er c ed .

81 31 . 12 3 . 52 ( c l ip p ed ; b . C hr i st i e s 2 2 A pr . 1 98 6 ( G o od a cr e , 6 8

M C 4 4 . 3 9 b . C a n es s a 2 8 J u n e 19 2 3 ( C a r us o , 6 5 7 = H i r sc h 2 4 1 0

b er , 3 0 12 4 . 48 .

8 4. 4= R o ll inandF euardent 20A pr. 1896( Montagu , 1096

r k R o m a n Co i ns o f t he M ed i ev al W o r l d 3 8 3- 1 45 3 A .D . ( J o l ie t I 1 l . 1 9 8 6 ,

d F e u a rd e nt 2 5 A pr . 1 88 7 ( P o n to n d A m ec o ur t , 8 7 3.

M C 5 4 . 50 .

M 1 9 1 8 -5 - 3- 2 e D e w i c k = C h r is t ie s 5 M a y 18 8 5 ( T o m as s in i , 4 . 39 .

= G l en d in i ng 1 6 N ov . 19 5 0 ( H a l l , 2 2 12 = N a vi l le 3 1 6 J u n e 19 2 2

4 . 2 5 b . G le n di n in g 9 M a r. 1 9 31 4 2 4 ( p l u g ge d ; c . K y r e ni a G ir d le

1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 5 8 = B a n k L e u 1 3 3 0 A pr . 1 97 5 5 7 4 4 . 4 8 .

E v a n s c ol l . = S c hu l ma n 2 8 F e b . 1 93 9 9 2 3 . 99 .

13 s e e B e l li n ge r [ a b ov e n . 2 , p . 9 1 2 5 a n d B M C 5 n . .

158.1025 4. 33.

1 3 N ov . 1 97 9 4 5 9 4 . 48 .

. Me d . 43 1 2 N ov . 1 97 0 5 4 1 4 . 07 .

1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 5 9 4 . 4 8 = N A [ 1 , 2 0 M a r . 19 7 5 4 2 7 4 . 47 = N u mi s ma t ic

- 4 ( A u t um n 1 97 4 , G 1 55 .

B M C 6 4 . 48 b . B e r l in 4 0 52 4 . 45 .

2 0 J a n . 19 3 8 ( F a e lt e n , 1 7 1 2 = C an e ss a 2 8 J u n e 19 2 3 ( C a r us o , 6 5 8

7 ( H o r s k y , 4 6 92 c . M ii n h a nd l un g B a s e l F P L 1 3 N o v. 1 9 38

e s s- e u 4 1 2 5 A p r . 19 6 9 7 3 4 4 . 47 .

e d . 52 1 9 J u n e 19 7 5 8 2 3.

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u s t i n I a n d J u s t i ni a n I

N C 0 3 /C p /A f /0 2 4 . 24 b . Mi i n . u . Me d . 12 1 1 J u n e 19 5 3 9 0 9

K e b le c o ll . 4 . 45 .

u b l 3 4 70 ( p i er c ed .

s ee B e l li ng er [ a bo ve n . 2 , p . 91 2 6 a nd B M C 6 n . .

hStra ightB ack

globe nocrossbaronthrone cushions

dleno. 2 pi. 8. 3.

l a 4 . 35 b . G le n di n in g 1 7 J u n e 19 6 4 2 6 5 = G l e nd i ni n g 2 7 M ay 1 9 41

e c . 19 2 2 ( " F o r ei g n P r i n ce [ C an t ac u e n e ) , 4 0 .

4. 5.

t Dreer.

B M C 3 4 . 45 b . K a s t ne r 1 0 1 8 M ay 1 9 76 3 2 0 = S t e rn b er g 2 8 N ov .

n o c ro s sb a r on t h ro n e c u sh i on s

b . l 4 . 48 b . D O C 6 b .2 4 . 22 .

c u s h i on s

cF ineA rts vo l. 3 2-4( A utumn1974 , G154.

Mu n e n 1 2 M a y 19 7 4 8 4 5.

ge r c ol l . 4 . 37 b . T he H a g u e 4 . 47 .

4 . 41 .

gu e t p i . 6 8 9 .

B N C 0 3 / Cp / A/ / 03 4 . 45 b . K r i c h el d or f 2 8 1 8 J u n e 19 7 4 3 3 1.

2170.1 4. 30.

968. 131. 13 4. 34 b. Slocumcoll. 1974 4. 45.

o rf 3 0 A p r. 1 9 76 3 8 2 = K a s tn e r 6 2 6 N ov . 19 7 4 4 3 0. 4 . 19 .

28Nov . 1975 569 4. 45.

B a r do ( E l D j e m .

6 J a n . 19 5 5 ( G i o r gi , 1 2 07 = G l e n di n g 1 4 J a n . 19 5 3 1 8 4 = R a t t o 4 38 .

F r i ed b au m 4 . 47 b . H e s s - e u 2 8 5 M a y1 9 65 5 6 4 = H e s p e ri a A rt

, 8 2 = M i in . u . Me d . 25 1 7 N ov . 1 96 2 6 8 8.

3 N ov . 19 13 5 78 = C a hn F P L 2 4 N ov . 19 12 1 93 8 ( M B " 1 33 8 ) .

wi t h Cu r ve d B a c k

g lo b e c u sh i on s

6 M a y1 9 12 2 0 95 = H i r sc h 2 6 2 3 M ay 1 9 10 8 8 1 4 . 50 b . B a n k L e u

6 2 4 . 47 .

c u sh i on s

4 . 47 = G r ie r so n C o in s p i . 2 1 9 .

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4. 35= R o ll inandF euardent 20A pr. 1896(Montagu , 1095.

4. 25.

G ir d le n o . 4 p i . 8. 2 b . N A 1 8 1 A p r. 1 9 87 6 6 0 4 . 51 .

E S: S N O P S S A ND K E Y T O P L AT S

w oemperors( presumably JustinI onthe le ftandJ ustinianI onthe

acing theseatmaybeinv isibleorpartlyv isible ormay tak etheformof

ck ed throne. Unlessotherw ise indicated theobverse legendisD N

S T N A N P P A V C . " G l o be i n di c at e s th a t a gl o be i s h el d i n th e l ef t h an d o f th e

senceofanotationthat thelefthandis drawnuptothebreast.Notes

cedrefertothe figuresl.andr.respectively:" r.andl.knees indicates

htk neeandtherightf igure sle f tk neeareadvanced " I . k nees thatthe

e advanced andsoon.

rone

l. 1: 1-3.

6 .

ne l. k nees P l. 1: 7.

8 1 0 1 3 P l . 2 : 22 2 4 2 5.

s P l . 1 :9 1 6 P l . 2 : 19 2 8.

1 .

E T I V S T N P P A V C I . kne es P l . 1: 12 P l .2 :1 7 2 3 2 6.

.

: 15 .

2 0 .

. 2 : 21 .

: 27 .

hStra ightB ack

be nocrossbaronthrone cushions

l . 2 : 3 1 3 5 .

l. 2: 32.

l. 2: 33.

l. 2: 34.

n o c ro s sb a r on t h ro n e c u sh i on s

N E T I V S T N AN P P A V C l .k ne es P l . 3: 36 .

c u sh i on s

: 37 .

: 38 .

nnectedvertica lstrok es l. k nees P l. 3: 39.

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:4 0 .

N E T I V S T N AN P P A V C l .k ne es P l . 3: 42 4 9.

: 44 5 0 .

N E T I V S T N A NV S P P A V C I . kn ee s P l . 3: 45 .

:4 6 4 7 .

:5 1 .

wi t h Cu r ve d B a c k

o g l o be c u sh i on s

2 .

c us hi on s D N I V S T N V E T I V S T N A NV S P P A V C

.

. 3: 54.

.

6.

S S

eobversediesarepresentedinincreasingorderofcomple ityof thetype

eadingsaccordingtoad uncts. ThispreservestheessenceofHahn s

ontheshapeof thethrone thepresenceorabsenceofacross and

globe.Thesearebynomeansthe onlydiagnosticsthatmighthavebeen

hof irstdrew attentiontothevarietiesof thronetype a lsonotedthatthe

alfiguresisnot consistentthroughout:eithermayhaveeitherknee

thesameasoroppositeto thatofhispartner.B ellingernoticedthe

endthatareobservedherewithout apparently attachinganysignifi-

gnoredthelegendsentirely.Thepresenceor absenceofacrosshas

ent.4Afteralengthydiscussionof suchvariationsintheobverses

theyarenot theidiosyncrasiesofdieengraversandthat thedivergen-

connected. Heremarked " Wecanonlyconcludethatanumberof

hurry produceddieswhichconformedingeneral tobesure butw hich

dastodeta ils. 5The" hurry factoriso f tenassociatedw ithshort

ofaraswesupposea pressureforimmediatecoinageatanimperialacces-

erighttoremark thatshortre ignsareonly shortinretrospect andthat

dlyhaveforeseentheirbriefduration.6

nte to f supposedhasteandconse uentj umblingofattributes some

ebeenthoughtsignif icant. B e ll inger fore ample supportedWroth s

s1and2 theformercharacteri edbyclaspedhands the latterby the

lingerremarks " O nehesitatestospeak ofase uenceof issuesina

but itmaybesuggestedthatthe superiorma estyofType2wasfelt

appearsbetweentheheadsoftheemperorsonthe obversewascalledbyB ellinger

butif it isproperlypotentata lltheterminio f thecrossareattenuatedatbest. This

ledA . C utler " TheLy re-backedThrone Transf igurations: StudiesintheDynamics

ography (P ennsy lvaniaStateU niversityP ress U niversityPark 1975 toobservethatthe

ringthere ignsof J ustinandJ ustinianseemstobeconfinedtotheco ins butw hile

esintheco inageof J ustiniana lone the j o intre ignso lidiarenotthebestev idencefor

n . 2 , p . 9 2 .

o in s m on e ta i re s e t of f ic i ne s a l e p o u e d u B a s - m p i r e " S M 1 1 ( 1 9 6 1 , p p . 1- 8 e s p. p . 5.

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S S

rse w hichstandsoutaga instthesi thcenturyso lidi thereversetype

onthe issuesof J ustinI w hichwaslatertobecarriedoverintotheso le

terstilladaptedby varyingtheornamentsurmountingthecrossinthe

uick surveyof theco insof thef lankingre ignsof J ustinI andof J ustinian

thereversesof thej ointreignowemoretotheir predecessorsstruck

o insof J ustiniandotoe itherintermsofsty le : bycomparison theco ins

era llymores uatangelw hosew ingsdonotriseashighv isav ishishead:

hless care andtheplacementofthefeetoften suggestsafigurein

lik ely—thatsomereversediesof J ustinandJ ustinianw ereoriginally

re ignof J ustin andthatsomecontinuedinusew henJ ustinian

gustof 527.Acarefulsearchwouldbe tediousbutwouldprobably

otbeenundertakenherebecauseunless suchlinksweretobe foundin

gnificantlyalterthepicture ofthecoinagesuggestedhere.W hatis

ewof theinternalchronologyofthecoinagethan ispossibleinthe

ce.

N I N TO O F F I C NA

ersediesin theB y antinecoinageseemstoattestthemost rigid

bservedinanyancientcoinage.Althoughthe internalstructureof

nderstood it isatleastclearthattheconceptofdiscrete indepen-

opsistobeavoided.Thiswas firstobservedbyGrierson andhas

orcedbytheoccasionaloccurenceofdie linkedsolidiofdifferentoffi-

sharedamongofficinaemustsurelybeashigh asistobe observedin

tn e co i ns . D i e O 1 i s f o u nd w i th r e ve r se d i es f r om B ( 1 A ( 2 , a n d H ( 3 a -b ;

A ( l O a -b , S ( 1 3 , 0 ( 2 2 , a n dI ( 2 4a -b 2 5 ; O 6 w it hV ( 9 a- b a nd S ( 1 6 ; O 8 wi th

1 2 1 7 2 3 a- b 2 6 a- c , a n d so o n .I n t h e pr e se n t sa m pl e t he r e is n o e vi d en c e of a

pairsortripletsof officinae andithasto besupposedthatthedistribu-

rk shopsreflectsthe irdrawinguponacommonpoolo fdies(adiebo )

rses. I t iso fcoursee ua llyplausiblethattheobverses too camef rom

re isnothingw hichw ouldsuggestthe irattachmenttospecif ico ff icinae and

sconstruct growsasobversesbegintoappearlinkedwith diesofthree

eof thesample itmaybew orthyofnotethatthere isnocertain

s tobeobserved eitherwithinoramongofficinaeanddespitethe

thenumberreversed.11

eensupposedthatthese coinswerestruckanywherebutConstanti-

ncefor thee istenceofamint forgoldatThessalonicaforthe em-

formoccursonce inclassI I ( 022 . I tshouldberecogni edthatsuchvariations w hich

incata loguing maybearnore lationtomintorgani ation.

n . 6 p . 4 . F o r d i el i nk s a mo n g of f ic i na e s ee W . E . M et c al f " T h re e B y a n ti n e Go l d

2 5 ( 1 9 8 0 , p p . 87 - 10 8 e s pe c ia l ly h o ar d 2 n o s. 3 a n d 7 4 a n d 6 2 6 a nd 3 6 3 4 a nd 3 9 5 0

sofdif ferentw ork shops C . Morrisson " L etresorby antindeNik erta i " R B N118

esp. 40-43andf ig. 5.

6.

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onwards—sometimesgoldthatwouldonthe basisofitsmarkingshave

nopolitan—butno onetodatehashinted atthee istenceofanon-

riefj ointreign.12

a ly sisiscreditedandthethrone isstrippedof itspictoria ll itera lism and

ediscretenessofthelyre-backedgroup itispossible atleastfornow

eofamintat Thessalonica.F ornoneofthe lyre-backedsolididisplay

essor s uare-backedones whilewithinthosetwogroupsdielinkageis

gmaticinenumeratingstylisticdifferencesonthebasis ofasfewas

eobversediesbut forw hatit isw orth theobversesofgroupI I I

moreverticallyorientedfiguresseatedonthethrone whichisitself

ndconsistencythanthose shownonthecoinswithstraight backof

nthereversemainta insthesameposturethroughout andhisrightw rist

mpossiblylong.Thestar inthefieldis uniformlylarge whilesome

observedoncoinsofthe othertwogroups.Againsttheuse ofstyleasa

ertainfeatureswhich ifnotidentical atleastdisplaythesamekindof

tdingroupsI andI I : f o re ample onobversedieC theoutsidek nees

anced w hileona lltheotherdiestherightonesareforward C a lso

ichispresentona llo therdies. SimilarlyC isw ithouttheglobe w hich

ndithasshort formofobverselegendwhichischaracteristic ofgroupsI

beenabletoe aminetheco insstruck f romthisdie butj ustpossibly the

enrecutfroma rectilinearone.I fso thehypothesisofasecondmint

reof theco inageof J ustinI andJ ustinianI ismorecomplicated

nhadalreadypointedtothefairly fre uentlinkageamongofficinae

nthe e istenceofasystemfor theirnumerationwouldimply his

w ithitsimplicationse tendedintothesi thcentury . Similarlyminor

distributionofattributesandad unctscannotbeseenhere— asthey

here—asthe trademarksofengraversorassecretmarksthat somehow

datetheworkingroutineofthemetropolitanmint.

e forthe" hurry factor evenif " shortre ignsareonly shortin

he il lnessof J ustingavemorethantheusua lurgency toaproclamationco inage

inunusualstepstakentohasten itsproduction.Nonetheless the

singlydisorgani edaspectw hich if itmaybegenera li edtothesi th

reducesthereliabilityofsometime-honoredsimplesolutionsto

ndinvitesthepainstak ingana lysis diebydie o fa forbiddingmassof

eoftheCoinage

videstheopportunityto estimatethenumerofdiesusedfor this

epresentedinthesurvivingsample.Any numberofmethodshave

w hogenerouslymadeava ilabletomephotographsaccumulatedovermanyyears had

oupI I I k now ntohim andmarkedthemwith" A ntioch( ? ) .

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ation buttheformulaappliedhereis thatofCarter

f co insandd= thenumberofdiesobservedandn< 2dor

18 29-30 41 and43 havebeenomittedf romtheca lculationssinceno

leavingatotalof73 piecesfrom37reversesdies.F ortheobverses

adebecauseofuncertaintyregardingthe identityoftheobverseof

thatitis identicaltoanotherknownobverse thesecondassumesthat

ndd2= 33obverses. Carter sformulaey ieldthefo llow ingresults:

ateof47± 4obversedies 2 50± 5obversedies w hilebothy ieldan

sedies.Sincethesetwo calculationsembracethewholecoinage inclu-

a lthatare immiscible( groupsI andI I donotand inthecaseof the

ediesw ithgroupI I I it isperhapssoundermethodo logically toprov idea

roupsI andI I only: thusf rom65co insw ith1 27or2 28obversedies

eresultsareasfollow s: 1 38± 4 2 41± 4obverses and51±6

o ectionstotheactua lnumberofdiesobservedforgroupI I ( w hichis

thodmeaningfully producessatisfactoryconsistency.Anestimateof

tionat ca.50obversesand60 reverseswillnotbefar fromthetruth.

ly17 weeks andthereisno reasontosupposethatthecoinage began

t. E veninthisperiod whichmightwellhavebeenoneof heavy

perialaccession somewhatlessthananobverseadaywas usedifthe

edays.

A Simplif iedMethodforC a lculatingtheO riginalNumberofD iesf romDieL ink

8( 1983 , pp. 195-206 esp. 201-2. Theattractionof theC artermethodisthesimplicity

ciallywherehighprecisiondoesnotyet seemattainable.F orevaluationofthisand

mployedinestimatingsi eofco inage seeW. W . E sty " E stimationof theSi eofa

omparisonofMethods " NC 146( 1986 , pp. 185-215.

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D I CAH O AR D AND TH E S C L I AN

U ND E R J U S T N AN I A ND J U ST N I I

adandWolfgangH ahn

onte J udica intheprov inceC atania Sicily ahoardofsi th-century

oardis essentialforunderstandingtheactivitiesofthesmaller

nthe westernhalfoftheempireand iscomparableonlytothe1948

aterialsformintattributionsin theE ast.Thecoinshadbeenc oncealed

tapotw hich regrettably hassincebeenlost. Thehoardw asimmedi-

meof theco insw eredispersedintradev iaSw it erland. 1Weareare

ndH .B erkforcertaininformationaboutthecoins whichhasledto the

fthehoard.

8

7 5 0 7- 1 8 s o li d us

ed . F P L 4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 1 9

5

5 5 2 7- 3 7 s o li d us

P L 434 J une1981 conta inedsomeco insof thishoard( asindicatedinthecata logue

reditanstalt2 A pril1984 includedothers. Thereferencesgiveninthe latterw eretak en

s articleandinthe courseofrefinement thenumberswerechanged.Thediscovery

medtobe1981bysomeinformants couldnotbeverif ied.

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K A D AND W O L F GA NG I I aH N

s ol id us

r. Kredit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 740

s ol id us

4. 45

t r e m is s is

23 562-65 solidus

4.46

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5 4 7/ 8 s o li d us

1 . I A

2 5 40 -4 2 s ol id us

s ol i du s

ming-Z

1 2 09 0

7 5 49 -6 5 s ol id us

. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 1

edit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 742

. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 3

edit. 2 27-28A pr. 1984 744

27-28A pr. 1984 745

27-28A pr. 1984 746

a v en na , 5 54 /5 , s ol id us

n , 5 4 2 - 65 t r em i ss i s

8

5 5 6 7- 7 8 s o li d us

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gangHahn

a ve nn a , 5 68 /9 s ol id us

n c a . 57 0 s e mi s si s

24

gl.

ictory

. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 4 8

4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 2 0

27-28A pr. 1984 749

27-28A pr. 1984 750

. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 5 1

L 4 34 J u ne 1 98 1 2 2

. 2 2 7 -2 8 A pr . 1 98 4 7 5 2

hehoard hasbeenreconstructedasfullyas possible.The98coinsare

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control andfortheseventhcenturythere isevidenceforbothprac-

how ever the identif icationofSicil iancoinshasbeenslow untilnow .

tylistic comparisonsandprovenances sincethegoldcoinsin q uestion

nstantinopolitanoriginbyanykindof signature.E ventheSicilian

ownmintmarksuntilthe580s.B eforetheMonteJ udicahoard

ointofthe Sicilianserieswasthepartlymint markedcoppercoinageof

ontributionstothe sub ectsoughttoestablishSicilian goldattribu-

iusI I . 3Now w ecanmoveback thedatingintothere ignsof thetw o

ustinianI andJ ustinI I , by referencetoanumberofunusualco insin

abricpreviouslyunrecogni edormisattributed.Therecognitionof

if ficultby itssim ilarity toco insofR avennafabrico f the latersi th

icahoard then providesw elcomecorrectionstothedistinctions

vennago ldco inage. I thasimplicationsa lso forthecopper forw hich

sin theearlierpartofthe periodofB y antinedomination.

nteJ udicahoardischaracteristicof anaccumulationinaregion

hlimitedoutput wasoperating.O nlyamongthecoinsof thelast

wascompleteddothe localissuesoutnumberthoseofConstantinople 4

mongtheprovincialissuesofthe localmint.Thechronologicalpattern

intheyearsnot longbeforethedateofdepositare representedin

d.I nadditiontoConstantinopolitancoinsthehoardcontainse am-

ovincialmints.Theirnumbersreflecttheirpro imitytoSicily:

earerepresentedbyonlytwocoinseach whereastheI talianmints

avenna arerepresentedby12pieces.

Sicilianprovincialgold ofJ ustinianI andJ ustinI I hasbeenfirmly

mismaticresearch.Neverthelessonee pectsnewmaterialtobring

omansolidus63isremarkableforits lackofastar intherightreverse

morethananengraver serror butthesameomissiononatremissiso f

mdate M B 2 pi. 38 N36 isperhapsnoco incidence.

butionoftheMonteJ udicahoardisthegroup of19unusualcoins

75 andJ ustinI I , 85-98. Toshow theSicil ianoriginof thegrouponehasto

f thehoard wherethelocalcoinshavetheir strongestrepresenta-

o f J ustinI I 85-93 hav ingafabricnotk nownbeforeandvariously

ves.Certainfeatures especiallythebulgingrim recalltheR avenna

e amination theemperor sbustissomew hatdif ferentf romthatof thew ell

comparew ith83and84 . Moreovertheterminalle ttero f thereverse

e uenceofB , T A and€ onthenew coins isnototherw iseattestedon

u s t i n I I a p ar t f ro m t he p r ob l em a ti c al M B 3 V 2 0 wi t h A d i sc u ss e d

oubt thattheselettersstandfordates forthelocalmintwas

st offiveofficinae.F urthermorethepreponderanceofAcoins the

pica lo fachrono logica lse uence w hilethe lastyear € , islessheav ily

amongsolidi85-93indicatea highsurvivalratefromalmostcer-

of diesandanobversedieis carriedfromoneyeartothe ne tintwo

ipsyearthree.

a b ou t t he M i no r B y a n ti n e Go l d Mi n ts f r om T i be r iu s I t o H e r a cl i us N C ir c 8 7 ( 1 9 7 9 ,

3 p . 7 1.

oardof1948asrev isedbyW. H ahn " New LightontheThessa lonicanMoneta

f theSi thC entury " NC 141( 1981 , pp. 178-82.

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gangHahn

93

dofdates areconcernediseasilyresolvedin favorofindictional

dio f thef irsttw oregna lyearsof J ustinI shouldhavehadthestaro f the

n567. Thisstarredf irstemissionof J ustinI I k nownf romC onstanti-

isnotfoundinthehoard andtheConstantinopleportiondropsduringthe later

veso lidio f J ustinI f romthemetropo litanmint . U singindictiona l

i85-93canbeassignedtoyears568-72 the latestco ininthehoard

re1September572.Theappearenceofdatedsolidi intheearlyyears

aspara lle ls incidenta lly atC arthage andtherew erea lsoe periments

onstantinople.5

thehoarda lsohasf ractiona lco insof J ustinI I be longingtothe loca l

msses( 95-98 andonesemissis( 94 o f J ustinI I asw ellasonetremissis

, o fa fabricthatw asa lreadyknow nandthathadbeenattributedtoR avenna

B 4 0 .1 a n d 41 . 1 a n d J u s ti n I I , M B 2 4 , w h e re t w o st y li s ti c g r ou p s we r e

plainedbypostulatingtwoengravers.Nowtheproblemisresolvedby

erentmints R avennaandSicily ( See" C omparativeMateria l " P la tes

ationbetweenthemis similartothatseenin thesolidi:theysharethe

versebusthassomedifferencesinits appearence especiallyinthe

paludamentumontheemperor schest.F urthermoretheR avenna

f tensi - rayed onthesemissesit ism issinga ltogether. A sw ellasthe

cahoardthereareseveralother specimenswhichalsobelongtothis

nfabric: therearefourmoresemissesandonetremissiso f J ustinI I .

p i . 56 2 4 b = G l en d in i ng 9 M a r. 1 9 31 4 1 9

unicipalcoll.

cuseArchaeologicalMuseum

M C 29 0 2 .2 0

Ap r . 19 8 0 1 3 20 = H e s s 24 9 1 3 N ov . 19 7 9 4 6 1 2 . 22

fspecialinterest becausetheyhavetheletterA attheendof the

bea datecorrespondingwiththatonsolidi 88-92 butonewonders

semissesoftheotheryearswerein factnotmarkedwithadate and

p . 4 1 C o n s ta n ti n op l e M B 2 p . 3 8.

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sarenotinthehoard. I t istemptingtodismissthe interpretationofA as

onnectthesemisses128-29withanotherproblematiccoin thesolidus

2 0 w h ic h i s re c or d ed t h er e t og e th e r wi t h se mi s si s 1 28 ( M B 2 4 b u n de r

sthereare twospecimens.

e u s 31 1 O c t . / No v . 19 8 4 8 3 3 = L a n 1 6 A p r. 1 9 79 6 9 2 4 . 3 4

neseprivatecoll. 4. 47

oldindictioninthe leftofthereversefieldand canthereforebedated

sapparentlymeaningless itmayhavebeencopied( immobili ed f rom

see72-74of J ustinianI . Sty list ically126and127standbetw eentheseand

tinI I 88-92. A furthercluetotheSicil ianattributionof thestarissue is

etremissis130whichhasthestara lsotothe le f t asaconse uenceof

hownwiththeglobus crucigerandwreathreversed.Thisseemsnot

or becausetheheadlook slef tasontremissis95intheMonte J udica

0 isverysimilarto thatoftheA semisses128-29 itprobably

nominationsingoldfor 565-67.

V 20toSicilymakesthe recentsuggestionsastothe meaningofthe

ontheR avennaso lidi6untenable especia lly sincethepresenceofboth

datesthechangefromZ toP before572. Theearliere planationof these

e7remainspreferableforR avenna.

nI theSicil iangroupw ithinthehoardisrepresentedby fourso lidiand

6offersnoproblems beingcloselyrelatedinstyle toitssuccessors

oreof J ustinian stremissesandsemissesof thisfabricarek now nf romsevera l

movedf romtheR avennaseriesM B 39 40. 1 and41.1leav ingonly

na.

e 55 2 . M B 3 9 = B M C V a n da ls 4 2 p i. 1 6 1 3 2 .1 2

4 5 2 . 25

5 52 . B a s e l M un h d lg . 6 1 8 M ar c h 19 3 6 2 1 32 2 . 24

alcoll.

40. 1= B ucharestA k ademycoll.

5 O c t . 1 98 2 3 4 0 = D o r ot h eu m 2 28 2 6 -2 9 J a n .1 9 60 3 1 . 40

M C V a n d al s 4 3 p i . 16 1 4 1 . 47

u n e 19 5 6 ( Z e n o , 2 4 63 1 . 45

u n e 19 5 6 ( Z e n o , 2 4 62 1 . 45

A pr. 1960 683

eMunicipa lco ll.

4/ C p/ A/ / 31 1. 46

V a n d al s 4 5 p i . 16 1 5 1 . 47

gicalMuseum.

inghamUniversity

ining D ec. 1974 331

nanI , To lsto i536 1. 45 122a. DO C 19. 2 1. 49 122b. C ambridge=

l E u r o pe a n Co i na g e ( C a mb r id g e E n g . 1 9 86 , 2 9 4 1 . 41

67 .

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gangHahn

ereverseof 104-5( M B 39 enablesustodatethe beginningofthis

h en i t w as r e ve r se d t o % ( M B 4 0 . 1 a nd J u s ti n I I , M B 2 4 b . 8

tinianI intheMonteJ udicahoard( 71-74 arenotassimilaras isthe

pieces w ecannotfo llow thestylist icdeve lopmentsoclose ly e ither

solidiwasnot continuousorbecausewemerelydonotknowthe

rencesfromtheR avennasolidi( see67-70 arelikewisetobefoundin

sbust theheadsbeingsomewhatsmallerandneaterin Sicily.The

dif ferentforms: ) inSicily >M inR avenna. A partf romtheMonte

fonlytwo othersolidiinthe Sicilianfabric.

e s tl e p i . 5 B e y e r A k. P a l . 4 0 3 4 . 27 9

2 p i . 38 N 3 7 ( a t t ri b ut e d to R a v e nn a

doubtedlyofthe samefabricas67-70ofthe MonteJ udicahoard butit

thereverse legend A 0 w heretheothershaveT( 67 orA ( 68-70 , and

sefieldinsteadof itsnormalpositionontheright. These uenceand

varietiesdependontheinterpretationoftheletters T A andA0.The

27of J ustinI I , hastheA asw ellasthestarlef to f theA 0issue. The

omthe coppercoins.

henewly identif iedSicil iango ldco inageof J ustinianI andJ ustinI I

thertoveryuncertainattributionsofSiciliancopper.Thereare some

X X X A andC ON butinadif ferentsty le f romthatofC onstanti-

proposedbyH ahn.10We cannowcomparethemwiththeSicilian

samebustandtrif o lium. Threespecimensof J ustinian sA NNO X X X A

der.NaplesNationalMuseum( Santangelocoll.

ngrad510 14. 17

Leningrad511 16. 91

ne( w hichdoesnotseemimprobable theA couldbeanindictiona lyear

hofficinawouldbeonlyapseudo-officinaletterto fillthespace.A

edon31 August556 andthethirteenthregnalyearbeganon 1April

uldrefertothesameindictiona lyear theV w ouldthenbetheyear

tw hatisA 0 I t isevenuncerta inw hetherw eshouldread0oravertica lO;

ense 11w hile0couldbethedate e lucidatedbyA asyear9 orperhaps

y theA e ua ll ing1 andthe0isaseparateadministrative( secret mark

venthcentury.12Thefirstyear ofthisindictionwas552/3 andthe

otharepossibleandtheq uestioncannotberesolvedonthe basisof

ehoarddisplayingtwolettersatthe endofthereverseinscription

w ellk now nf romanumberofotherspecimensandprev iously thoughttobeaproduct

Constantinoplemint.13Thise planationwasbasedontheassumption

rthaginiangoldmintinabout540was donebytwonewlycreated

anmintwhichappliedthemarks I AandI B .Thesesolidistylistically

of t h e us e o f th e s ec r et m ar k s e e M B 1 p . 1 7 a n d 3 p . 2 5.

u n s t u nd B y a n ti n is c he M u n p r dg u ng v o n J u s t i ni a n I ( A t he n s 1 9 64 .

semblancetothee ceptiona lC arthaginiansolidusM 26w ithA OP insteadof

29. Theformof the9w ithapro longedhori onta lbaroccursa lsoonR omancoinsof

B 3 4 .8 .

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dentifiableCarthaginianissuessimilartothe standardtypestruck

nstantinople.Aftera whilethetwelfthofficinawasthoughttohave

inopleandtohavebeenactive strikingsolidiofthetype introducedin

mewhatlater.This hypothesisisapparentlyinvalid asC.Morrisson

attheI AandI B oftheCarthaginiansolidiareindictionalyears.14The

M B 7arecertainlyofC onstantinopo litanfabric andif theybelongtoa

enosignof aneleventhwhichmayhavebeenthesilver officinanot

devenmoreby therecentappearanceofasinglesolidus markedl

egendandofundeniablyConstantinopolitanstyle.O nthiscointhe € was

dyfinisheddie ofthetenthofficinabecausetherewas nospaceleftafterthe I

hadtobecutoverthee erguall ine . I t isdif f iculttoe pla inthecombina-

hemetropolitanmint. J . P . C . K enthassuggestedcooperationbetweentw o

tsimilarcaseof the22carat l ightw eightso lidiw ith0S 15butthe

w hyorunderw hichconditionsw ouldtheyhavecooperated. A nearlye peri-

aldatingon theregularConstantinopolitansolidiisimprobable

ntheyears 12and15.Theassumptionofindictional yearswould

ifthecoinswerestruck inConstantinoplebutintendedforawestern

ily. I nthiscasethe I B w ouldstandfor548/ 9 because l canonlybe551/ 2

hene tindictionbeinglaterthantheendof J ustinian sre ign . A lthough

ceforaSicilianconnectionforthese coinsapartfromthesingle

udicahoard 16it istemptingtoseethemasapre lim inarystage inthe

o ldcoinage. Theyears12( 548/9 and15( 551/2 w ouldhavebeen

pe w hereasthe lateryears3( 554/5 , 4( 555/6 , and9( 560/1 or1

eenstruckin Sicilyitself.Theuseof indictionaldatingsoncoinswhich

dinthe ConstantinoplemintforcirculationintheW estisalsonotable

/ 4 ( M B 9 8 .

everseof follis101leadsusto theq uestionofthehithertovery

erouswestern10-and 5-nummipieceswiththeL atinvaluemarkX

( M B 2 4 6 . H a h n p r op o se d a S ic i li a n mi n t fo r t he m 17 d e sp i te t h e ab s en c e of

rawingoftheemperor sprofilebustis oftensomewhatcrude but

5 whicharestylisticallycomparabletothefractionalgold coins.The

ngthentheSicilianattributionof thecoppers especiallythedelineation

udicahoardthusoffersmoreevidencefor theproductionofcopper

stinianI . I nitsla terdeve lopment i. e . inthe lateryearsof J ustinianI

furthersty list iccomparisionsdonothe lp becausethediesof thecopper

rudeforsimilaritiestobe detected.Morehoardsprovidingsuch

vetheremainingproblems.

lume.

r e v i ew o f Ad e ls o n N C 1 9 ( 1 9 5 9 , p . 2 3 9.

sk now nareA lbania( D O C 278w ithincorrectattributiontoCarthage andPelopon-

ow p. 46 prefersatentativeattributionof theseco instoaprov isiona lmintinthe

b ut se eM B 2 p .4 9.

C r e a



u s e # c c - b y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


38/168

gangHahn

atesontheSicil ianso lidio f J ustinI I theconcea lmentof theMonte

beenin 572orshortlyafterward.W eknowofnothreat toSicilyin

sionhad beenmade20yearsearlierbythe TotilasGoths whilethe

achedthestraits ofMessina.

untsto 93 /6solidi i.e.aboutl /apoundsofgold almoste actly

essalonikihoardof1948 whichamountedto93 /3solidi.Compared

entsmentionedinthe lettersofP opeGregory I ( 590-604 re ferringto

ortune.I sitpossiblethat therewasaJ ewishcommunitythereasthere

ncities ofthistime 19Suchcommunitieswereoftenharrassedby

addit ion 572 theprobableyearthehoardw asclosed w astheendofa

ata ationperiod.

onte J udicaHoard

earsof I ssue

567572

oardshowsarangeofabout 45years omittingtheisolatedspecimen

edintoapplicableperiods21andconvertedintoyearlyindices thecompo-

ghtanomalyduetotheoverrepresentationof J ustinianI ' slustral

6 C onstantinople . Thismightbee pla inedby thecourseofevents

Thenew lyappo intedpraefecluspraetorioperI ta liam Ma imus coming

2w asstuck inSy racuseforaw hile( P rocop. Goth. 7.7. 1-3 andit is

hedR omeatall.

taryunderstandingofthehistoryoftheSiciliangold mintageinthe

ia lo f theMonte J udicahoard i. e . a f

studies in early byzantine gold coinage / ed. by wolfgang hahn and william e. metcalf

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