Study Guide Chapter 14

1. Describe the four basic types of volcanoes. Give two examples of each volcano type.

2. What is a caldera? Give an example of a caldera.3. What is the Ring of Fire. Where is it located? What

causes the Ring of Fire.4. What is a batholith and laccolith.5. How are layers organized in a sedimentary rock. (Are

layers on top younger or older than bottom layers?)6. What is warping?7. What is an anticline and syncline? What causes

recumbent and overthrust folds.

Study Guide continued

8. Identify a normal, reverse, and strikeslip fault on a block diagram.

9. What is a fault scarp?10.What type of fault is the San Andreas?11.What is a graben. Give a well known example of a

graben.12.Where is the focus of an earthquake?13.What is the epicenter.14.What is the correlations between volcanic and

earthquake locations. 

Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Landforms and Tectonic

Landforms• Volcanism

• Plutonism

• Materials from volcanoes– Aa lava, blocky lava– Pahoehoe, ropy lava– Pryoclastic material: bombs, volcanic ash,

cinders.

Fig. 14-6, p. 397

Volcanoes

• Four different types of volcanoes– Composite cone or stratovolcano– Shield – Plug dome – Cinder cone

Volcanoes

• Stratovolcano• Mix of lava flow and

pyroclastic material. Examples: Mt. St. Helens and Mount Vesuvius, Mount Rainier, Mount Shasta.

• Shield • Lots of lava, gas,

and little ash. Gentle cones that emit basaltic lava. Builds broad structures with gentle slopes. Examples: Hawaii

Fig. 14-12b, p. 400

Volcanoes

• Plug dome • Steep sided volcanoes

with broad summits composed of solid lava. Example is Figure 14.2-Mt. Lassen in Northern California.

• Cinder cone

• Smallest type of volcano. Little lava and mostly pyroclastic material. Examples include Sunset Crater in Arizona and some cinder cones in California and Nevada deserts.

Fig. 14-14, p. 401

Cinder Cone

Calderas

• Composite volcano

• Violent eruptions, summit collapses into empty magma chamber

• Fills with water.

• Crater Lake in Oregon

Caldera

Plutons

• Intrusive igneous bodies that are deep seated. After millions of years of erosion some of these forms are exposed.

• The largest plutonic feature is a batholith.

• Laccolith

Batholith

• Larger than 100 square kilometers

• Usually granite

• Plutons that digest each other

• Core of mountain ranges

• Sierra Nevada or Rocky Mountains

Laccolith

• Mushroom shape

• Blister below Earth’s surface

• Also forms core of mountain ranges and hills.

Fig. 14-16, p. 403

Fig. 14-24, p. 408

Earthquakes

• Vibrations of the Earth that occur when accumulating strain of slow crustal deformation is suddenly released by displacement along a fault.

• Focus- Point where earthquake occurs.

• Epicenter-Point on surface above focus.

Faulting

• Lateral faults– Right lateral strike slip fault – Left lateral strike slip fault

• Reverse faults

• Normal faults

Fig. 13-34, p. 384

Fig. 14-27, p. 410

Normal Faultslide

slide

Geology Concepts

• Warping

• Laying of sediments– Oldest to youngest

• Graben– Death Valley

Fig. 14-31, p. 412