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Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche “Jean Monnet”

Corso di Laurea in Scienze del Turismo

Lingua Inglese

Study Material

A.A. 2017-2018

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Textbook: Speakout Pre-Intermediate (Pearson Longman) UNIT 1 - Question form

- Past Simple

UNIT 2 - Present Simple - Present Continuous - Adverbs of Frequency - Expressing likes/dislikes

UNIT 3 - Present Continuous/be going to for future

- Questions without Auxiliaries

UNIT 4 - Present Perfect + ever/never - Can, have to, must

UNIT 5 - Past Simple - Past Continuous

- Verb Patterns

UNIT 6 - Present Perfect + for/since - May / might / will

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WHAT IS TOURISM?

The United Nation World Tourism Organization UNWTO (http://www2.unwto.org/en) defines tourism as: “the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”. Some of the myths and realities about tourism can be summarized in the following table:

Myths Realities The majority of tourism in the world is international

Tourism in the world is predominantly domestic (people traveling their own country). Domestic tourism accounts for about 80% of tourist trips

Most tourism journeys in the world are by air as tourists jet-set from country to country

The majority of trips are surface transport (mainly by car)

Tourism is only about leisure holidays Tourism includes all types of purpose of visit, including business, conference and education

Employment in tourism means substantial travel and the chance to learn language.

Most employment in tourism is in the hospitality sector and involves little travel.

Large multinational companies such as hotels chains and airlines dominate tourism

The vast majority of tourism enterprises in every destination are SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises)

Tourism is a straightforward sector demanding little research or planning

Tourism is a complex multi-sectorial industry demanding high-level planning underpinned by research to succeed

There has been a global increase in tourism in the last 60 years for many different reasons among which:

• People have more disposable income; • Employers give more paid holidays than they used to; • Travel has become cheaper (particularly air travel); • Holiday providers now use the Internet to sell their products to people directly, which also

makes them cheaper. Another relevant aspect that also contributed to the increase in tourism is that some areas are becoming more popular than they used to be for the following reasons:

• Improvements in transport (e.g. more airports) have made it quicker and easier to travel to places

• Countries in more unusual destinations such as the middle east and Africa have got better at marketing themselves as tourist attractions. This means more people are aware of them

• Many countries have invested in infrastructure for tourism to make them more attractive to visitors

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READING 1

Top 10 facts about tourism

TODAY is World Tourism Day, celebrating the founding of the United Nations World Tourism Organization on September 27, 1970.

By William Hartston PUBLISHED: 00:01, Tue, Sep 27, 2016

1. Tourism began on July 5, 1841, when Thomas Cook organised a trip from Market Harborough to Loughborough for a temperance meeting.

2. By 1845, Cook’s tourist industry had grown to offering trips to Glasgow for a guinea.

3. His first foreign trip was a six-day stay in Paris in 1861, where the British tourists were greeted by band music and a cannon salute on arrival.

4. The word “tourist” had been in use since 1760, for individuals travelling for recreation.

5. Tourism is worth more than £120billion a year to the UK.

6. The only countries that attract more tourists than the UK are France, USA, Spain, China, Italy, Turkey and Germany.

7. Nearly three million people in the UK are employed in the tourism-related industry.

8. Tourism accounts for five per cent of the world’s economy.

9. Fuels, chemicals and automotive products are the only sectors earning more in global exports.

10. The first space tourist was US businessman Dennis Tito who was reported to have paid $20m for a trip to the International Space Station in 2001.

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TYPES OF TOURISM Tourism can be divided into different categories. This can be on the basis of which types of places people like to visit or the type of activities they like to be involved in.

1. Mass tourism vs. alternative tourism Mass Tourism:

• The organized movement of large groups of people to specialized tourist locations. • A consequence of the increase of people traveling for pleasure; developed to cater to huge

numbers of tourists.

Examples: resort towns, theme parks, tourism business districts, cruises, packaged vacations, all-inclusive resorts, etc. Alternative Tourism:

• Individually planned activities to gain and experience first-hand knowledge about local cultures and environments.

• Focus on secluded areas, occur during non-peak travelling times, can include arranging own flights and accommodations.

• Example: a self-planned biking trip through Vermont, while camping or arranging accommodations “as you go.”

Mass Tourism Alternative Tourism large groups singles, families, friends traditional recent trend fixed program spontaneous decisions focus on “sights” focus on “experiences” little or no background research careful preparation and research little or no background research desire for memories / knowledge purchase items while there bring items to give away may involve loud social activities quiet, low impact snapshots and postcards photography and painting no language preparation learn local language

2. Tourism has been categorized in many different ways, in some cases names overlap definitions, some of these are the following.

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• Pleasure Tourism: To improve the physical or spiritual condition of an individual Examples: yoga workshops, detoxification clinics, spas, etc.

• Recreation Tourism: To escape the routine of daily life, such as camping or going to a beach.

• Beach Holidays: People can relax on the beach or take part in water sports. Example: in Spain and the Maldives.

• Business Tourism: To complete a business transaction or attend a business meeting / conference.

• Cultural Tourism: To experience the history, folklore, and culture of a people. • Example: people like to visit historic sites, art galleries and museums in cities such as Rome

and Paris. • Religious Tourism: Involves visiting a place of spiritual significance. • Health/Mediacal Tourism: To improve one’s health, such as a visit to a health resort or

weight-loss camp. • Social Tourism: Travel that involves the company of others, such as tour-bus travel or

family visits. • Active Tourism: Has a set objective, such as climbing a mountain or learning a new

language. • Sport Tourism: To experience a sport or sporting event, such as ski holidays or the

Olympics. • Adventure Tourism: Involves challenges and adventure, such as trekking through a tropical

rainforest or rock climbing. Example: skiing and walking in the European Alps or the Rocky Mountains of North America.

• Wilderness Tourism: To experience something very different from everyday life in remote wilderness areas.

• Ecotourism: To enjoy a natural setting or wildlife. Example: small numbers of people go trekking in the Amazon rainforest or on whale and dolphin conservation holidays in Scotland. This type of tourism is designed to be sustainable.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM provides tourism opportunities for visitors and jobs for locals while protecting the environment and culture from damaging change. This means that in the future, people will continue to enjoy and benefit from them. One of the slogans used in sustainable tourism is "Take only photographs, leave only footprints".

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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TOURISM Tourism can provide jobs and improve the wealth of an area. Many developing countries are keen to develop tourism in order to become richer and to improve the quality of life for their people. However, when large numbers of visitors go to one place it is called mass tourism. This can have both positive and negative impacts on the area.

POSITIVE EFFECTS

NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Jobs created Jobs are often seasonal and are poorly paid More money for the country

Most money goes out of the area to big companies, not locals

Local traditions and customs are kept alive because tourists enjoy traditional shows e.g. Flamenco dancing

Culture and traditions change as outsiders arrive

Money from tourists can be used to protect the natural landscape

Damage to the natural environment e.g. footpath erosion, litter, habitats destroyed to build hotels

New facilities for the tourists also benefit locals, e.g. new roads

Overcrowding and traffic jams

Greater demand for local food and crafts

Prices increase in local shops as tourists are often more wealthy than the local population

Tourism can create lots of different types of jobs. Most of these are TERTIARY JOBS. This is because they involve providing a service to other people.

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READING 2

History of tourism

People have been travelling for pleasure since ancient times. In ancient Egypt, religious festivals attracted people from the whole Nile Valley. Ancient Greeks travelled regularly to the site of their gods. Romans travelled to Greece, Sicily and other places in the empire. Wealthy Romans had second homes near the sea where they spent the summer.

During the Renaissance educated Europeans embarked on what was called the Grand Tour, a trip to several European countries to enjoy art and architecture and get educated.

In the 19th century the invention of the steam engine made it possible for people to travel by boat and train. Regular passenger services from Europe to America started in the 20th century. The invention of the automobile made it possible to travel larger distances by car.

In the 1960s going on holidays by plane became affordable for many. Jumbo jets of the early 1970s were capable of carrying over 400 passengers and reducing costs of travelling to other continents even further.

Importance of tourism for countries

Tourism is a worldwide industry. In many countries it is the most important largest source of income. Global tourism is growing at a rate of 4% a year.

The tourist industry provides jobs and brings foreign currencies to the country. Many groups profit from tourism: travel agencies, store owners, airports and airlines, hotels, restaurants, etc.

However, mass tourism, can also lead to environmental problems. It can pollute beaches or create noise in otherwise quiet regions. Popular tourist attractions must be controlled by authorities.

 

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THE LANGUAGE OF TOURISM The English language used in tourism texts is defined in linguistics as ESP (English for specific purposes). In fact, it has peculiar aims and the linguistic constructions used in tourism text are built specifically to respond to the goal of advertising a tourist site or location. “The language of tourism has different levels of expression: on the one hand, this language represents an instance of highly specialized discourse used by experts in the field of tourism to communicate to one another; on the other, when it is adopted in interactions between specialists and non-specialists, it tends to be more similar to general discourse. In the former case, the shared knowledge and standardised procedures are reflected in the specific expressions and in the codified textual genres adopted in the professional domain. In the latter case, the topic dealt with may still be traced to the vocabulary items specifically related to it.” (Gotti, 2006) Some of the most salient linguistic features of ESP are:

• MONOREFERENTIALITY: only one meaning for each term;

• NON-EMOTIONALITY: words have denotative meaning;

• REFERENTIALITY: each term has to have an immediate meaning;

• TRANSPARENCY: enables rapid decoding of the meaning;

• CONCISENESS: to express ideas in the shortest form possible.

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TOURISM AS A SPECIALIZED DISCOURSE As said in the previous pages a first broad classification of the language of tourism is between: A) SPECIALIZED TEXTS ADDRESSED TO EXPERTS IN THE TOURIST FIELD (e.g. papers on the marketing of tourism, on the sociology and psychology of tourism, on the language peculiarities of tourist texts) B) PROMOTIONAL TEXTS ADDRESSED TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC (i.e. to potential tourists) In the book Translating Tourism. Linguistic / cultural representations edited by Palusci and Francesconi in 2006, Maurizio Gotti wrote a chapter entitled: “The Language of Tourism as Specialized Discourse”, in this chapter some of the major text genres written for tourism are listed. Among them:

• TOURIST GUIDES: aimed at the traveller or visitor, they usually contain descriptions of places (history, monuments, etc.) as well as practical information (means of transport, times of opening of museums, shopping advice, typical restaurants, accommodation facilities, maps, etc.).

• ARTICLES IN SPECIALIZED JOURNALS: Besides giving information about places (as in tourist guides), they also provide details of various offers for the same destination comparing prices, services offered and their quality. Compared to tourist guides, their descriptions tend to be more subjective.

• BROCHURES: Their main aim is to attract the holidaymaker/ traveller in order to sell

tourist ‘products’, such as flights, package holidays, hotel accommodation, etc. Although these materials are also highly informative, their main aim is persuasive.

• ITINERARIES: Travel agents are often called upon to draw up an itinerary. A typical

descriptive leaflet provides detailed information about the places to be visited, the activities offered during a package tour organized for a specific group or customer.

• PROFESSIONAL CORRESPONDANCE: This is used not only between agencies and

customers, but also by individual agencies, tour operators, hotels, airlines, etc. (From Gotti, 2006: 31-32) It is also possible to classify tourist text types according to the medium (audio, visual, written, sensory) and to their stage in the tourist cycle (pre/ on,/post trip).

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WHO IS THE TARGET READER OF A TOURISM TEXT? When you write/translate a tourism text, you need to establish WHO your target reader is: • HOW OLD IS HE/SHE? • WHAT TYPE OF HOLIDAY WOULD HE/SHE LIKE? • WHAT TYPE OF LANGUAGE IS HE/SHE GOING TO RESPOND TO? • WHAT TYPE OF IMAGES IS HE/SHE GOING TO RESPOND TO? • WHERE IS THE READER GOING TO ACQUIRE THE INFORMATION (ONLINE/BROCHURE/TRAVEL AGENCY ETC.)? You also need to establish in what REGISTER the text is written: • FORMAL • INFORMAL Linguistic elements used in formal texts:

• Avoids contractions (write out full words – cannot, will not, etc.). • Avoids using colloquial words/expressions (children, man/boy, wonderful, many, etc.) • Use of third person (except in some specific cases). • Avoids addressing readers using second person pronouns (use one, one’s, the reader, the

reader’s, etc.) • Avoids imperative voice (Please refer to…) • Passive voice (ex.. It has been noticed that….) • Longer and more complex sentences. • State your points confidently.

Linguistic elements used in informal texts:

• Colloquial words/expressions (kids, guy, awesome, a lot, etc.) • Contractions (can’t, won’t, etc.). • First, second, or third person. • Address readers using second person pronouns (you, your, etc.) • Imperative voice (ex. Remember) • Active voice (ex. We have noticed that…) • Short and simple sentences.

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Reading 3 What is there to see and do in Miami, Florida thetravelmagazine.net /travel-guide-miami-florida.html Miami Beach dazzles in the sunlight as the palm trees sway slightly in the whisper of the breeze. It’s a lovely scene especially by the gorgeous South Beach, affectionately known as SoBe. The area makes for a gorgeous ramble along two miles of pristine beaches, passing appealing pastel hued Art Deco, architecture that sparkle in the sunshine mingled with wave after wave of seafront restaurants and loud, neon lit nightclubs that light up after sundown. And as Miami turned 100 in 2015 you could say it has history. It emerged onto the party scene as recently as the mid-90’s when several Art Deco hotels were restored and remodeled. In came Madonna, Demi Moore and Ricki Martin who fell in love with Miami. And of course everyone else followed. And stayed. Was this city really created out of a swamp a mere century ago? Art Deco and Ocean Drive on South Beach Ocean Drive has amazing restaurants and cafes with music blasting out of every outlet. Many have live music like Katrina and Oceans Ten. As you pass it’s a bit like having the radio change channel with every step. This is a long stretch and Thursday to Sunday, it seems everyone is out enjoying the evening air, and nightlife. But probably its most interesting quality is its architecture. There are plenty of Art Deco examples, but there is also the Mediterranean Revival and Miami Modern (MiMo) architecture that appeared on the streets in the 1950s. To explore, start at 728 Ocean Drive where now stands the 1950s inspired Johnnie Rockets hamburger bar. Originally it was the location for Irene Marie Models, a model agency – the first in Florida. They were pivotal in bringing the beautiful people to South Beach. What’s more, this spot between two art deco hotels – the Beacon and the Colony – also has a claim to fame as the location of the Sun Ray Apartments where Al Pacino’s chainsaw scene in the 1983 film Scarface took place. If you make it to 1250 Ocean Drive you will see the retro-futuristic facade of the Carlyle, where The Birdcage was filmed. On the way you will pass Gianni Versace’s former villa, Casa Casuarina and its stylish and un-missible black and gold tipped gates. The eminent fashion designer was shot and killed in front of it in 1997 at point blank range while returning from buying a newspaper at the 24/7 News Cafe opposite. The property has since been turned into a luxury 10-bedroom boutique hotel and restaurant called The Villa by Barton G. Inside is a spa and glamorous mosaic-tiled swimming pool designed by Versace with much Italian flare. But be warned: You may find that when walking the length of Ocean Drive the buzzy restaurants and cafes are too much of a distraction to keep walking. SoFi – South of Fifth For a change of scene and for a much quieter ambience head for 5th Street. You will find a lovely triangular enclave called SoFi (South of Fifth) – it starts at Fifth to the end of the island at the 17-acre beautifully landscaped South Pointe Park. You may find a photo shoot happening or at least glamorous people milling around. If you want more of that you could go to Nikki Beach restaurant for brunch. There is no doubting the sumptuous and appetizing food served, yet it’s hard to eat when toned, tanned bodies pass you on their way to nearby sunbeds. If you are with the kids try breakfast at The Big Pink, very retro, very pink, family-style restaurant

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with hefty portions that are easy on the pocket. Wynwood and the Miami Design District Once a rundown area the walls of Wynwood is very much the haunt of hipsters thanks to property developer Tony Goldman who had a vision of “museum of the streets”. More than 50 artists have transformed 80,000 square feet of walls into artworks and words like “edgy” and “artsy” are often thrown at it. There are plenty of art galleries too (70 at the last count) but don’t miss the contemporary art of the Rubell Family collection with works by Andy Warhol and Keith Haring. Separated by 1-95 highway overpass is the Miami Design District. This is where designer shops, high end restaurants, art galleries all converge to offer a stylish day out. Lincoln Road This is quite an extraordinary outdoor mile-long shopping and chilling out area. It’s a complete contrast to the rest of Miami offering 60 high end shops in the futuristic architecture. Big names include the likes of Tom Ford, Fenci and Marc Jacobs. There’s even a triple story Hermes as well as six home design stores. Gucci has recently come on board and so has the high-end Cuban restaurant by Emilio and Gloria Estefan. There’s also the Romero Britton gallery which is a celebration of Miami’s home grown artists. Plenty of dining options on Lincoln Road from a casual drink or full-blown dinner. Or even some cafe culture with the chance to people-watch along the long tropical styled broadwalk. Try the Meat Market has become a hotspot offering sizzling steakhouse style dishes and a energy to match. Or if sushi is more your bag this offers alfresco dining and an indoor lounge where you can dine to the backdrop of a mural by California-based street artists Aaron de la Cruz. Little Havana The Cuban legacy is very much part of Miami’s DNA. Places like El Titan de Bronze still roll cigars by hand every day and locals play dominoes at Domino Park. You’ll soon get into the swing of it all especially on Calle Ocho (Southwest Eighth Street) on the main drag when all your senses become alert to the myriad Cuban experiences; the stucco houses, the street art, the sounds Samba music that escape from music stores and restaurants, rum is easy to come by, fruit markets energise the air with citrus aromas and food around these parts is pretty rustic and includes a repertoire of chicken, rice and platanos – fried sweet bananas. Whether or not you choose to explore, the beauty of Miami is that you can just be and enjoy the cosmopolitan vibe and a wonderful beach lifestyle surrounded by as much beauty as a city can muster. Taking the kids? Ditch the Art Deco hotels as you may find their rooms a tad small. So check out Ritz-Carlton South Beach at One Lincoln Road as it has a great kid’s facility called Ritz Kids. Part of the offering is a choice of full or half-day supervision on the beach and poolside activities for children from 5 to 12. There’s also family-focused Loews Miami Beach Hotel at 1601 Collins Avenue where children are the focus. Fun things to do include Watson Island and the tropical zoo called Jungle Island where you can enjoy the beauty of tropical birds, wild cats and monkeys and plenty of close-up experiences. There’s also the Enchanted Forest Elaine Gordon Park at 1725 NE 135th Street in North Miami. There are two playgrounds, 22 acres of nature trails and supervised horse back riding all day long. Best time to go The busiest time is from November to April. This is when Americans holiday here. During the day temperatures hover min the mid 20s°C, though the odd chill should be expected. Summer months see temperatures rise to around 30°C but tend to be more humid. In fact this is low season and hotel rates tumble – the best bargains can be had in August and September. Get there in December for the Miami Beach Art Basel art fair. It’s North America’s biggest and buzziest.

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LEXICAL ASPECTS OF TOURISM AS A SPECIALIZED DISCOURSE LEXIS Lexis is the most visible feature of specialized discourse. It is mainly through lexis that a particular specialized language can be set apart both from general language and from other specialized languages. We can divide specialized lexis into three categories:

• specific vocabulary (i.e. highly specialized terms) e.g. late-perpendicular architecture • common specific vocabulary (i.e. common words which have been subjected to semantic

restriction) e.g. package tour

• general vocabulary (i.e. common words which have not been subjected to semantic restriction) e.g. hotel

Contrary to other fields, the language of tourism is not shared by a restricted group of specialists. Its promotional and persuasive function makes it an accessible register (most of the time). However, all lexical choices are carefully made (use of selected keywords as away, adventure, dream, imagination, pleasure, escape to comply with the tourist’s expectations about holidaying). Another commonly employed technique is the use of “key words” referring to one of the following psychological themes: - ROMANTICISM, REGRESSION, REBIRTH - HAPPINESS, HEDONISM, HELIOCENTRISM - FUN, FANTASY, FAIRY TALES - SEA, SEX, SUN, SOCIALIZATION In the field of tourism the vast majority of specific vocabulary is ascribable to the many disciplines which characterize it (history, geography, art, etc).

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FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE (from: http://languagearts.mrdonn.org/figurative.html) Simile A simile uses the words “like” or “as” to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: busy as a bee Metaphor The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are something. Example: You are what you eat. Personification A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Alliteration The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. Hyperbole An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all. Idioms According to Webster's Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasn't me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Example: Monday week for "the Monday a week after next Monday"

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Find figurative language in the following texts: The Balearic Islands – Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera Floating between Spain and the North African coast, the Balearic Islands offer the perfect location for a fantastic holiday. There are four main islands for you to choose from, each with their own special atmosphere. The gorgeous climate boasts more than 300 days a year of guaranteed sunshine, making the islands the ideal setting for a beach holiday. The long hot summer stretches from May to October, with temperatures around 27°C – just right for relaxing and getting a tan. The islands offer a number of attractions for tourists. Sun-seekers will love the fabulous beaches. Fun-seekers will enjoy the exciting nightlife – the clubs and discos of Ibiza provide plenty of entertainment for young people. But there’s more to these islands than sun and fun. You can also enjoy wonderful architecture (the Gothic cathedral at Palma is well worth visiting), hilltop villages, olive groves, great food, and hidden beaches. You can take a relaxing fishing or sailing trip, or go to one of the many festivals. If you go in June, don’t miss the spectacular Fiesta of San Juan at Ciutadella on Minorca. Whatever you want from a holiday the Balearics will help you find it. Incredible India Welcome to Incredible India! A journey into mysticism through the land of the unexpected. Bounded by the majestic Himalayan mountains in the north and by an endless stretch of golden beaches, India is a vivid kaleidoscope of landscapes, magnificent historical sites and royal cities, misty mountain retreats, colorful people, rich cultures and festivities. Its ancient monuments are the backdrop for the world’s largest democracy. If you’re planning a holiday to India, looking for hotels and accommodation and events information or simply interested in India as a country you are sure to find many insights on the multifaceted travel options to India here. The timeless mystery and beauty of India can be experienced only by visiting this ancient jewel. There’s just one thing you’ll need to travel through 5000 years of culture and tradition - A comfortable pair of shoes.

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READ AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TEXTS: • USE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE WHERE NEEDED • THINK ABOUT THE TARGET READER OF EACH TEXT • THINK ABOUT THE TYPE OF LANGUAGE USED IN THE TEXTS • THINK ABOUT THE “KEYWORDS” USED IN THE TEXTS Sydney (from www.australia.com) Discover Sydney, Australia’s famous harbour city and the capital of New South Wales. Plan your Sydney holiday using our three-day itinerary, which takes in the amazing attractions around Sydney Harbour, beaches and inner-city areas. Learn about other places to visit in New South Wales and scenic journeys you can take from Sydney. Drive the Pacific Coast Touring Route north to Brisbane past the Hunter Valley, Port Stephens and bohemian Byron Bay. Or head south to Melbourne to see the wide white beaches of Jervis Bay. Check out Australia’s other cities and get ideas for the rest of your Australian holiday. Melbourne, the Great Ocean Road and Australia’s Red Centre are all possible in a threeweek holiday from Sydney. For more Sydney holiday ideas, read our articles on the Hunter Valley, Sydney’s sparkling beaches, the Bondi to Bronte walk and the annual Sydney to Hobart yacht race. Guildford (from www.visitsoutheastengland.com) Picturesque Guildford is a only short trip from London, but it's surrounded by tranquil unspoilt countryside. It's got bright new modern facilities but it's also filled with amazing architecture. Set around the River Wey, Guildford was historically an important trade point between Portsmouth and London. Today you can walk along the riverside or take a gentle cruise in a riverboat. Guildford is also a hugely popular shopping destination. The cobbled streets and historic alleys are home to hundreds of shops – from high-street favourites to independent craft, book and clothing stores. In the evenings you can choose from dozens of restaurants and bars before heading out to the cinema or to the excellent Yvonne Arnaud Theatre for a great performance. Of course, Guildford is also the ideal base for exploring the Surrey Hills, as well as discovering nearby attractions and lively and lovely local villages. Montreal Explore centuries-old French heritage, the Latin Quarter, see artwork in the Metro: Montreal is a unique treasure. Walk or cycle along the paths in Mount Royal Park. Below, on Île Notre-Dame, Casino de Montréal is a jewel, offering the dazzle of haute cuisine, a swank cabaret and 120 gaming tables. Relive the city’s vibrant French past along the cobbled streets of Old Montréal. Soft lamps glow from inside a row of grand Victorian mansions overlooking Square Saint-Louis. Blue 10 and gold colors, wood and stained glass mark the magnificent interior of Basilique Notre- Dame de Montréal. Celebrated modern architects have left their mark on the city, too: I.M. Pei built Galerie Place Ville Marie. And in 2006 Montréal was recognized as a “UNESCO City of Design,” one of only six in the world. Even the Montréal Metro is a stage for public art.

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The Louvre The world's largest museum is also its most visited, with an incredible 8.8 million visitors in 2011. It is a city within the city, a vast, multi-level maze of galleries, passageways, staircases and escalators. It's famous for the artistic glories it contains within, but the very fabric of the museum is a masterpiece in itself - or rather, a collection of masterpieces modified and added to from one century to another. And because nothing in Paris ever stands still, the additions and modifications continue into the present day, with the opening of a major new Islamic Arts department 2012, and the franchising of the Louvre 'brand' via new outposts in Lens (www.louvrelens.fr) and Abu Dhabi. If any place demonstrates the central importance of culture in French life, this is it. Some 35,000 works of art and artefacts are on show, split into eight departments and housed in three wings: Denon, Sully and Richelieu. Under the atrium of the glass pyramid, each wing has its own entrance, though you can pass from one to another. Treasures from the Egyptians, Etruscans, Greeks and Romans each have their own galleries in the Denon and Sully wings, as do Middle Eastern and Islamic art. The first floor of Richelieu is taken up with European decorative arts from the Middle Ages up to the 19th century, including room after room of Napoleon III's lavish apartments. The main draw, though, is the painting and sculpture. Two glass-roofed sculpture courts contain the famous Marly horses on the ground floor of Richelieu, with French sculpture below and Italian Renaissance pieces in the Denon wing. The Grand Galerie and Salle de la Joconde (home to the Mona Lisa), like a mini Uffizi, run the length of Denon's first floor with French Romantic painting alongside. Dutch and French painting occupies the second floor of Richelieu and Sully. Jean-Pierre Wilmotte's minimalist galleries in the Denon wing were designed as a taster for the Musée du Quai Branly, with art from Africa, the Americas and Oceania.

READ AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TEXTS. NOTICE THE DIFFERENCES IN STYLE, REGISTER, LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC CHOICES. The Uffizi (from: www.italia.it) Art from the 14th Century and the Renaissance art lives here, hoisted onto the walls of one of the most famous museums in the world, known for its outstanding collection of paintings and antique statues: the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Other 16th-Century buildings are no match for the Uffizi, thus testifying to the greatness of a singular, fruitful epoch. Built under the will of the Grand Duke Francesco the First, and by the hand of the great architect Giorgio Vasari, the Gallery is like a crown at the top floor of this majestic building of the Uffizi (the name itself, “offices” in Italian, is a homage to the original function of the structure, having been used as administrative office of Medici family). This loggia, enriched year by year with masterpieces, is the proof of love for art by the numerous representatives of the Medici family, whose members were passionate collectors of paintings, sculptures, and various objects. They were succeeded by the Lorena Family and then by the Italian State and both, over the centuries, have continued the great work of valorization and expansion of the Florentine museum. The visit in the spacious halls of the Gallery is a constant source of wonder: classical sculptures, tapestries, furnishings and, above all, masterpieces of painting (from 14th- Century to Renaissane Art, all the way to the 18th Century). The Uffizi Gallery (from: www.visitflorence.com) Like a very precious treasure, the Uffizi Gallery will grant itself to visitors after some trials: initial incertitude on where to get tickets, lines to get inside, lines at the metal detector, lots of stairs before the access to the top loggia and then… the Gallery will unveil its stunning frescoed ceilings and a long labyrinth of amazing works of art exposed chronologically. This “U” shaped Renaissance building was actually not created as a museum. Cosimo de’ Medici had entrusted his favorite architect Giorgio Vasari to create a grandiose building to host the magistrates, the seats of the Florentine Guilds, a vast theatre and judiciary offices (hence the name “Uffizi” which means officesin Italian). This is so you understand that these spaces were not "born" as a museum nor inteded to welcome up to 10.000 people a day, which they do now. The halls of the Uffizi at first were only accessible to the Grand Ducal family, servants and only a few selected guests. Guests were welcomed in the top floor of the Uffizi to admire the grandiose collection of Roman sculptures the Medici loved to collect. The art-fond Medicis also collected for centuries manuscripts, gems, coins, cameos and, with Francesco I, there is the first private room dedicated to “any kind of wonder” which includes interesting objects. Buontalenti created for Francesco I an octagonal shaped Tribune to host Francesco’s favorite works of art and jewels. The Tribune is considered the most ancient and precious heart of the Uffizi, still maintaining its original shape from its 1584 construction. The concept of “museum” will be developed by Pieter Leopold of the Lorraines in 1769, when he opened the Uffizi Gallery and its treasures to the public. He would have never imagined that it would become one of the most frequented museums in the world. Serious art lovers should visit the Uffizi at least twice to see all of