study of hebrews notes part 1 - fall...

S T U D Y N O T E S

“Our one need is, to know Jesus better; the one cure for all our feebleness, to look to Him on the throne of heaven, and

really claim the heavenly life He waits to impart.” –Andrew Murray

Chris Eller First Family Church Ankeny, IA 50021

More Resources, Sermons, and Notes Online

www.ffclife.com/hebrews

F I R S T F A M I L Y C H U R C H

Study of Hebrews

Part 1

Fall 2014 Week 1: Hebrews 1:1-3 Jesus–God’s Final Word (Part 1)

Week 2: Hebrews 1:1-3 Jesus–God’s Final Word (Part 2)

Week 3: Hebrews 1:4-14 Why Jesus Is Better Than Angels

Week 4: Hebrews 2:1-13 The Danger of Drifting and the Need to Pay Attention

Week 5: Hebrews 2:14-18 Why Jesus Became A Man

Week 6: Hebrews 3:1-6 Why Jesus Is Better Than Moses

Week 7: Hebrews 3:7-19 The Danger of Hard-Heartedness and the Need to Hold Fast

Week 8: Hebrews 4:1-13 The Gift of God’s Rest

Week 9: Hebrews 4:14-5:10 Why Jesus Is Our High Priest

Recommended commentaries

While there are seemingly countless commentaries on the book of Hebrews from a wide variety of authors and theological backgrounds, below is a list of suggested commentaries that provide solid, meaty teaching without digging too deeply into the technical aspects of the text.

Brown, R. (1988). The message of Hebrews: Christ above all. Leicester, England;

Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

Bruce, F. F. (1990). The Epistle to the Hebrews (Rev. ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

Cockerill, G. L. (2012). The Epistle to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge, UK: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Guthrie, D. (1983). Hebrews: An Introduction and Commentary (Vol. 15). Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

O’Brien, P. T. (2010). The Letter to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids, MI; Nottingham, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Technical commentaries The commentaries below provide a much more technical perspective on the biblical

text, and are useful for solid exegesis and study in the original Greek. Allen, D. L. (2010). Hebrews. Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group.

Ellingworth, P. (1993). The Epistle to the Hebrews: a commentary on the Greek text. Grand Rapids, MI; Carlisle: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press.

Greenlee, J. H. (2008). An Exegetical Summary of Hebrews (2nd ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.

Lane, W. L. (1998). Hebrews 1–8 (Vol. 47A). Dallas: Word, Incorporated. Lane, W. L. (1998). Hebrews 9–13 (Vol. 47B). Dallas: Word, Incorporated.

F I R S T F A M I L Y C H U R C H

Jesus: Loud and Clear, Front and Center A Study of Hebrews

Selected Bibliography: Achtemeier, Paul J., Harper & Row and Society of Biblical Literature. Harper’s Bible

Dictionary. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985.

Allen, David L. Hebrews. The New American Commentary. Nashville, TN: B & H Publishing Group, 2010.

Archer, Gleason, Jr. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. 3rd. ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1994.

Arnold, Clinton E. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary: Hebrews to Revelation. Vol. 4. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002.

Barclay, William, ed. The Letter to the Hebrews. The Daily Study Bible Series. Philadelphia: The Westminster John Knox Press, 1975.

Barry, John D., and Lazarus Wentz, eds. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2012.

Barton, Bruce B., David Veerman, Linda Chaffee Taylor, and Philip Wesley Comfort. Hebrews. Life Application Bible Commentary. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1997.

Brand, Chad, Charles Draper, Archie England, Steve Bond, E. Ray Clendenen, Trent C. Butler, and Bill Latta, eds. Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 2003.

Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Revised. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1979–1988.

Brown, Raymond. The Message of Hebrews: Christ Above All. The Bible Speaks Today. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1988.

Bruce, F. F. The Epistle to the Hebrews. Rev. ed. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1990.

Calvin, John. Hebrews. Electronic ed. Calvin’s Commentaries. Albany, OR: Ages Software, 1998.

Calvin, John, and John Owen. Commentary on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2010.

Carpenter, Eugene E., and Philip W. Comfort. Holman Treasury of Key Bible Words: 200 Greek and 200 Hebrew Words Defined and Explained. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2000.

Chrispin, Gerard. The Bible Panorama: Enjoying the Whole Bible with a Chapter-by-Chapter Guide. Leominster, UK: Day One Publications, 2005.

Cockerill, Gareth L. Hebrews: a Bible Commentary in the Wesleyan Tradition. Indianapolis, IN: Wesleyan Publishing House, 1998.

Criswell, W. A., Paige Patterson, E. Ray Clendenen, Daniel L. Akin, Mallory Chamberlin, Dorothy Kelley Patterson, and Jack Pogue, eds. Believer’s Study Bible. Electronic ed. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991.

Darby, J. N. Synopsis of the Books of the Bible: Colossians to Revelation. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2008.

deSilva, David Arthur. An Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods and Ministry Formation. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2004.

Dockery, David S., Trent C. Butler, Christopher L. Church, Linda L. Scott, Marsha A. Ellis Smith, James Emery White, and Tenn.) Holman Bible Publishers (Nashville. Holman Bible Handbook. Nashville, TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 1992.

Drane, John William. Introducing the New Testament. Completely rev. and updated. Oxford: Lion Publishing plc, 2000.

Drane, John William. Introducing the Old Testament. Completely rev. and updated. Oxford: Lion Publishing plc, 2000.

Dunnett, Walter M. Exploring the New Testament. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2001. Easley, Kendell H. Holman QuickSource Guide to Understanding the Bible. Nashville,

TN: Holman Bible Publishers, 2002. Easton, M. G. Easton’s Bible Dictionary. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893.

Ellingworth, Paul. The Epistle to the Hebrews: a Commentary on the Greek Text. New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI; Carlisle: W.B. Eerdmans; Paternoster Press, 1993.

Ellingworth, Paul, and Eugene Albert Nida. A Handbook on the Letter to the Hebrews. UBS Handbook Series. New York: United Bible Societies, 1994.

Elwell, Walter A., and Philip Wesley Comfort. Tyndale Bible Dictionary. Tyndale Reference Library. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2001.

Eubanks, David L., and Robert C. Shannon. Hebrews: Unlocking the Scriptures for You. Standard Bible Studies. Cincinnati, OH: Standard, 1986.

Evans, Louis H., Jr, and Lloyd J. Ogilvie. Hebrews. Vol. 33. The Preacher’s Commentary Series. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Inc, 1985.

Everett, Gary H. Introduction to the Holy Scriptures. Study Notes on the Holy Scriptures. Gary Everett, 2011.

Everett, Gary H. The Epistle of Hebrews. Study Notes on the Holy Scriptures. Gary Everett, 2010.

Freedman, David Noel, Gary A. Herion, David F. Graf, John David Pleins, and Astrid B. Beck, eds. The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Freeman, James M., and Harold J. Chadwick. Manners & Customs of the Bible. North Brunswick, NJ: Bridge-Logos Publishers, 1998.

Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. The Messianic Jewish Epistles: Hebrews, James, First Peter, Second Peter, Jude. 1st ed. Tustin, CA: Ariel Ministries, 2005.

Gaebelein, Arno C. The Annotated Bible: Philippians to Hebrews. Vol. 8. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2009.

Gaebelein, Frank E., Leon Morris, Donald W. Burdick, Edwin A. Blum, Glenn W. Barker, and Alan F. Johnson. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: Hebrews through Revelation. Vol. 12. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1981.

Geisler, Norman L., Paul D. Feinberg, and Paul D. Feinberg. Introduction to Philosophy: a Christian Perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1980.

Gingrich, Roy E. Introduction to the General Epistles. Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 1989.

Gingrich, Roy E. Introduction to the New Testament. Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 1998.

Gingrich, Roy E. Introduction to the Pauline Epistles. Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 2008.

Gingrich, Roy E. Introduction to the Whole Bible. Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 2004.

Gingrich, Roy E. The Book of Hebrews. Memphis, TN: Riverside Printing, 2004. Greenlee, J. Harold. An Exegetical Summary of Hebrews. 2nd ed. Dallas, TX: SIL

International, 2008. Gromacki, Robert G. New Testament Survey. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1974.

Guthrie, Donald. Hebrews: An Introduction and Commentary. Vol. 15. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1983.

Guthrie, Donald. New Testament Introduction. 4th rev. ed. The Master Reference Collection. Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1996.

De Haan, M. R. Studies in Hebrews. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1996. Hacking, Philip H. Opening up Hebrews. Opening Up Commentary. Leominster: Day

One Publications, 2006. Harris, R. Laird. Exploring the Basics of the Bible. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2002.

Hayford, Jack W., ed. Spirit Filled Life Study Bible. Electronic ed. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997.

Hayford, Jack W., Thomas Nelson Publishers. Hayford’s Bible Handbook. Nashville, TN; Atlanta, GA; London; Vancouver: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1995.

Hays, J. Daniel, and J. Scott Duvall, eds. The Baker Illustrated Bible Handbook. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2011.

Hinson, David Francis. The Books of the Old Testament. Vol. 10. SPCK International Study Guide. London: SPCK, 1992.

Hughes, R. Kent. Hebrews: An Anchor for the Soul. Preaching the Word. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1993.

Ironside, H. A. Studies in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Neptune, NJ: Loizeaux Brothers, 1932.

Isaacs, Marie E. Reading Hebrews and James: a Literary and Theological Commentary. Reading the New Testament Series. Macon, GA: Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 2002.

Joseph, Oscar L. The Expositor’s Bible: Ephesians to Revelation. Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll. Vol. 6. Expositor’s Bible. Hartford, CT: S.S. Scranton Co., 1903.

Kistemaker, Simon J., and William Hendriksen. Exposition of Hebrews. Vol. 15. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1953–2001.

Knowles, Andrew. The Bible Guide. 1st Augsburg books ed. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg, 2001.

Lange, John Peter, Philip Schaff, Paul Kleinert, Otto Schmoller, George Bliss, Talbot W. Chambers, Charles Elliott, John Forsyth, J. Frederick McCurdy, and Joseph Packard. A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Introduction to the Minor Prophets. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2008.

Lange, John Peter, Philip Schaff, Carl Bernhard Moll, and A. C. Kendrick. A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Hebrews. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2008.

Lauersdorf, Richard E. Hebrews. The People’s Bible. Milwaukee, WI: Northwestern Pub. House, 1986.

Lea, Thomas D. Hebrews, James. Vol. 10. Holman New Testament Commentary. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1999.

Lenski, R. C. H. The Interpretation of the Epistle to the Hebrews and of the Epistle of James. Columbus, OH: Lutheran Book Concern, 1938.

Lucado, Max. Life Lessons from the Inspired Word of God: Book of Hebrews. Inspirational Bible Study Series. Dallas, TX: Word Pub., 1987.

MacArthur, John. The MacArthur Bible Handbook. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2003.

MacArthur, John F., Jr. Hebrews. MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983.

Manser, Martin H., ed. Collins Bible Companion. London: Collins, 2009.

Manser, Martin H. Dictionary of Bible Themes: The Accessible and Comprehensive Tool for Topical Studies. London: Martin Manser, 2009.

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible Commentary: The Epistles (Hebrews 1-7). Vol. 51. Electronic ed. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991.

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible Commentary: The Epistles (Hebrews 8-13). Vol. 52. Electronic ed. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991.

Miller, Jeffrey E. Study, Apply, Share: Hebrews. Edited by Elliot Ritzema. Pastorum Series. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2012.

Miller, Stephen M., and Paul Gross. How to Get into the Bible. Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1998.

Myers, Richard. Images from A Standard Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2012.

Myers, Richard. Images from Helps to the Study of the Bible. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2012.

Myers, Richard. Logos Bible Images. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2012. Nicoll, W. Robertson. The Expositor’s Greek Testament: Commentary. Vol. 4. New

York: George H. Doran Company, n.d. Nicoll, W. Robertson, ed. The Expositor’s Greek Testament: Text. Vol. 4. New York:

George H. Doran Company, n.d. O’Brien, Peter T. The Letter to the Hebrews. The Pillar New Testament Commentary.

Grand Rapids, MI; Nottingham, England: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2010.

Packer, J.I., Merrill Chapin Tenney, and William White Jr. Nelson’s Illustrated Manners and Customs of the Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1997.

Pentecost, J. Dwight, and Ken Durham. Faith That Endures : a Practical Commentary on the Book of Hebrews. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 2000.

Pierce, Larry. Tense Voice Mood. Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, n.d. Pink, Arthur Walkington. An Exposition of Hebrews. Swengel, PA: Bible Truth Depot,

1954. Powell, Mark Allan, ed. The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary (Revised and Updated).

New York: HarperCollins, 2011. Radmacher, Earl D., Ronald Barclay Allen, and H. Wayne House. The Nelson Study

Bible: New King James Version. Nashville: T. Nelson Publishers, 1997. Redford, Doug. The New Testament Church: Acts-Revelation. Vol. 2. Standard Reference

Library: New Testament. Cincinnati, OH: Standard Pub., 2007. Ryken, Leland, Jim Wilhoit, Tremper Longman, Colin Duriez, Douglas Penney, and

Daniel G. Reid. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2000.

Sacks, Stuart. Hebrews through a Hebrew’s Eyes: Hope in the Midst of a Hopeless World. Baltimore, MD: Messianic Jewish Publishers, 1995.

Schaff, Philip, ed. Saint Chrysostom: Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and Epistle to the Hebrews. Vol. 14. A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, First Series. New York: Christian Literature Company, 1889.

Simeon, Charles. Horae Homileticae: 2 Timothy to Hebrews. Vol. 19. London: Holdsworth and Ball, 1833.

Smith, Marsha A. Ellis, June Swann, Trent C. Butler, Christopher L. Church, and David S. Dockery. Holman Book of Biblical Charts, Maps, and Reconstructions. Nashville, TN: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1993.

Smith, Stelman, and Judson Cornwall. The Exhaustive Dictionary of Bible Names. North Brunswick, NJ: Bridge-Logos, 1998.

Smith, William. Smith’s Bible Dictionary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1986.

Spence-Jones, H. D. M., ed. Hebrews. The Pulpit Commentary. London; New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1909.

Stanley, Charles F. The Charles F. Stanley Life Principles Bible: New King James Version. Nashville, TN: Nelson Bibles, 2005.

Stedman, Ray C. Hebrews. The IVP New Testament Commentary Series. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1992.

Swaggart, Jimmy. Jimmy Swaggart Bible Commentary: Hebrews. Baton Rouge, LA: World Evangelism Press, 2001.

Thomas Nelson, Inc. The Woman’s Study Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1995. Thomas Nelson Publishers. Nelson’s Complete Book of Bible Maps & Charts: Old and

New Testaments. Rev. and updated ed. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1996. Thomas, Robert L. New American Standard Hebrew-Aramaic and Greek Dictionaries :

Updated Edition. Anaheim: Foundation Publications, Inc., 1998. Tozer, A. W., and Gerald B. Smith. Jesus, Author of Our Faith. Camp Hill, PA.:

WingSpread, 1988. Tozer, A. W., and Gerald B. Smith. Jesus, Our Man in Glory: 12 Messages from the

Book of Hebrews. Camp Hill, PA.: WingSpread, 1987. Utley, Robert James. The Superiority of the New Covenant: Hebrews. Vol. Volume 10.

Study Guide Commentary Series. Marshall, Texas: Bible Lessons International, 1999.

Vine, W. E., Merrill F. Unger, and William White Jr. Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words. Nashville, TN: T. Nelson, 1996.

Vine, W.E. Vine’s Complete Expository Dictionary Topic Finder. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1996.

Water, Mark. Bible Study Made Easy. The Made Easy Series. Alresford, Hampshire: John Hunt Publishers Ltd, 1998.

Water, Mark. The Book of Genesis Made Easy. The Made Easy Series. Alresford, Hampshire: John Hunt Publishers Ltd, 2000.

Water, Mark. The Books of the Bible Made Easy. The Made Easy Series. Alresford, Hampshire: John Hunt Publishing, 2001.

Water, Mark. The Gospel of John Made Easy. The Made Easy Series. Alresford, Hampshire: John Hunt Publishers Ltd, 2000.

Westcott, Brooke Foss, ed. The Epistle to the Hebrews the Greek Text with Notes and Essays. 3d ed. Classic Commentaries on the Greek New Testament. London: Macmillan, 1903.

Wilkinson, Bruce, and Kenneth Boa. Talk Thru the Bible. Nashville: T. Nelson, 1983.

Willmington, H. L. Willmington’s Bible Handbook. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 1997.

Wood, D. R. W., and I. Howard Marshall. New Bible Dictionary. Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996.

Youngblood, Ronald F., F. F. Bruce, and R. K. Harrison, Thomas Nelson Publishers, eds. Nelson’s New Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1995.

King James Version Study Bible . Electronic ed. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1997.

Nelson’s Teaching Outlines of the Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1987. The NKJV Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2007.

Visual Survey of the Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1995. Word in Life Study Bible. Electronic ed. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 1996.

Standard Bible Dictionary. Cincinnati: Standard Publishing, 2006.

Jesus: Loud and Clear; Front and Center (A Study of Hebrews) Page 1 These study notes are produced to coordinate with the weekly teaching series “Jesus: Lound and Clear; Front and Center (A Study of Hebrews)” by First Family Church, Ankeny, IA. More resources on this series are available at ffclife.com. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0.

WEEK 1

Jesus: Loud and Clear, Front and Center A Study of Hebrews

God Has Spoken November 2, 2014

Overview of the Book of Hebrews 23Let us hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering, for he who promised is faithful. 24And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, 25not

neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near. – Hebrews 10:23-25

Many Jewish believers, having stepped out of Judaism into Christianity, wanted to reverse their course in order to escape persecution by their countrymen. The writer of Hebrews exhorts them to “press on” to maturity in Christ. His appeal is based on the superiority of Christ over the Judaic system. Christ is better than the angels, for they worship Him. He is better than Moses, for Moses was created by Him. He is better than the Aaronic priesthood, for His sacrifice was once for all time. He is better than the Law, for He mediates a better covenant. In short, there is more to be gained by suffering for Christ than by reverting to Judaism. Pressing on to maturity produces tested faith, self-discipline, and a visible love seen in good works.1

Historic Context As stated below, the Epistle to the Hebrews was most likely written between 64-68 a.d. R.C.H.

Lenski provides a vivid account of what life for Jewish Believers would have been like in the 60s:

Early in 64 Paul returned from Nicopolis to Rome on his way to Spain. Peter had come to Rome. It is agreed that Peter’s stay in Rome was about a year in duration. Thus Paul met Peter in Rome in the spring of 64. Paul hastened on to Spain and left Peter in Rome, who certainly also taught in the Christianized synagogues in Rome. In this same year, in July, 64, Rome went up in flames. The rumor spread that Nero himself had fired the city. To avert this suspicion Nero and his adherents accused the Christians in Rome of this incendiarism. By October, 64, many had been crucified, thrown to wild dogs, daubed with pitch, tied to stakes, and converted into torches in Nero’s gardens while he drove by in his chariot and enjoyed the 1 Wilkinson, B., & Boa, K. (1983). Talk thru the Bible (p. 453). Nashville: T. Nelson.

Jesus: Loud and Clear; Front and Center (A Study of Hebrews) These study notes are produced to coordinate with the weekly teaching series “Jesus: Lound and Clear; Front and Center (A Study of Hebrews)” by First Family Church, Ankeny, IA. More resources on this series are available at ffclife.com. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 3.0.

evening. Peter himself was crucified. Still worse, Christianity, which was now clearly distinguished from Jewry, became a religio illicita in Rome and then in the provinces. To be a Christian became a capital crime. Paul was in Spain. When Peter, who was in Rome, saw what was coming he wrote his first epistle to all the churches in the provinces mentioned in 1 Pet. 1:1. He acted for Paul in this capacity. On the data involved see the introduction to Paul’s letters to Timothy and to Titus and to Peter’s first letter.

Nero, and the Burning of Rome.

At this point some are confused in regard to Hebrews. They place all of Paul’s Jewish

converts in Rome into the old, original congregation and thus have difficulty in explaining 10:32–34 and 12:4. Paul’s converts, this entire body of Jewish Christians in Rome, remained in their own synagogues. They remained a body apart. The authorities in Rome and the general populace still considered the people in these Christianized synagogues as Jews. Nero’s blow fell only on the old, original congregation, a number of whose members belonged to Nero’s own household; see the exposition of Rom. 16:10b, 11b, and of Phil. 4:22. The martyrs came from this old congregation; the Jewish Christians escaped.

We may now read 10:32–34 and 12:4 with a fuller understanding. The Jewish Christians, who were unaccused by Nero, sympathized with their brethren of the old congregation who were thrown into dungeons to be made martyrs by terrible deaths. They sought to help these poor victims. For this effort they, too, had to suffer. The populace resented this sympathy and this help. Rowdies, hoodlums attacked the bazars


and the homes of the Jewish Christians, wrecked and looted these places, and attacked the owners. Yet none were arrested by the authorities, none suffered martyrdom (12:4). The persecutions instigated by Nero finally died down. One bad effect remained: Christianity had become and remained an illicit, criminal religion. This entire body of Jewish Christians in Rome remained under this black pall.

Then Paul, the spiritual father of this Jewish missionary work in Rome, returned from Spain, was arrested, was thrown into a vile dungeon, and was executed. Like Peter, being a chief exponent of this hateful religio illicita, his case was hopeless from the beginning. Paul perished late in 66 or early in 67.

We are now able to understand Hebrews. The Jewish Christians stood unshaken during the terror of 64—see the exposition of 10:32–34. But now, since Peter was dead, since even Paul, their spiritual father, had been removed, since Christianity was permanently branded as criminal, since there was no other apostle to stiffen their courage, some of these Jewish Christians began to weaken. Voices were raised which advocated a return to Jewry. If their synagogues became Jewish as they had been a few years ago they would be safe like the other Jewish synagogues, for Judaism continued to remain a religion that was legally approved in Rome and in the empire. Arguments were put forward that were derogatory to Christ and to Christianity—our epistle treats them in detail—arguments extolling Judaism—our epistle answers them in detail.2

The Purpose of Hebrews Hebrews 13:22 tells us, “But I urge you, brethren, bear with this word of exhortation, for I

have written to you briefly.” Hebrews is an epistle, and its purpose is to serve as a “word of exhortation.” What is

exhortation? Here is a definition from the Tyndale Bible Dictionary:

Exhortation–Translation of a Greek word literally meaning “a calling of someone alongside to help.” Its primary meaning in the NT is the urging of someone to do something—particularly some ethical course of action. In some contexts, the same Greek word may also include the idea of comforting and consoling. The given context will determine which meaning to use.

A passage that most clearly illustrates “exhortation” in the sense of inciting or spurring people on to action is Luke 3:7–18. John the Baptist exhorts his Jewish hearers to bring forth fruits in keeping with repentance, to stop resting on descent from Abraham as protection from punishment for sin, and to share clothing and food. He exhorted tax gatherers to collect no more money than they had a right to take, and soldiers not to take money from anyone by force, not to accuse anyone falsely, and to be content with their wages.

2 R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of the Epistle to the Hebrews and of the Epistle of James

(Columbus, OH: Lutheran Book Concern, 1938), 19–21.


The ability to exhort is said to be a spiritual gift that God has given to some in the church for the benefit of the whole (Rom 12:8). In addition, exhortation is one of the results of a proper use of the gift of prophecy, as seen in 1 Corinthians 14:3, 31. It was also one of the responsibilities that Paul commanded of Timothy: “Give attention to the public reading of Scripture, to exhortation and teaching” (1 Tm 4:13, NASB). The writer to the Hebrews also refers to an exhortation addressed to the readers lest they regard lightly the discipline of the Lord or “faint” when they are reproved (Heb 12:5, KJV).

In 2 Corinthians 1:3–7 the Greek word for exhortation is used in the sense of consolation or encouragement. The context is one in which serious suffering for Christ is evident. Paul said that God encourages us in our times of testing so that we may be able to do the same for those experiencing similar trials. Acts 15:31 refers to the encouragement and consolation that came to the church at Antioch when the decree of the Jerusalem Council was read in their hearing. They had been fearful that the Judaizers might have their way and that Christians would be required to become circumcised in order to be saved. Another clear illustration of this word meaning “comfort” is in 1 Thessalonians 4:18, where Paul instructs the believers that those who die in Christ will not miss out on the blessings of the day of Christ; he then exhorts them to “comfort one another with these words.”3

No verse in Hebrews provides a better word picture of exhortation than 10:23-25:

23Let us hold fast the confession of our hope without wavering, for he who promised is faithful. 24And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, 25not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near.

For many, church has become me-focused. Pastors develop five and six part sermon series with catchy self help titles like “How To Be Happy in Six Easy Steps,” and “How To Put Fire Into Your Marriage,” and “How To Get Rich By Giving.” Yes, these promote well, and they draw a crowd, but these seeker sensitive sermons seem to fall short of what the writer of Hebrews is driving at throughout the epistle. Let us stir up one another to love and good works, encourage one another.

I can imagine the writer sitting in a quiet room, candles burning brightly to provide light, with a quill in his hand. He pauses in his writing as the words from Isaiah 35 drift through his mind:

3Strengthen the weak hands, and make firm the feeble knees. 4Say to those who have an anxious heart, “Be strong; fear not! Behold, your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God. He will come and save you.” – Isaiah 35:3–4

3 Walter A. Elwell and Philip Wesley Comfort, Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Tyndale Reference

Library (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers, 2001), 453–454.


As we study the epistle to the Hebrews, let these words of exhortation lead you to become an encourager of others. If each one of us found only one other person in which we could be an encourager, imagine the strength this would bring to the body of Christ!

All the Way My Savior Leads Me

All the way my savior leads me; What have I to ask beside? Can I doubt His tender mercy, Who thro’ life has been my guide? heav’nly peace divinest comfort, Here by faith in Him to dwell! For I know whate’er befall me, Jesus doeth all things well; For I know whate’er befall me, Jesus doeth all things well;

All the way my Savior leads me; Cheers each winding path I tread, Gives me grace for ev’ry trial, Feeds me with the living bread; Tho’ my weary steps may falter, and my soul athirst may be, Gushing from the Rock before me, Lo! a spring of joy I see; Gushing from the Rock before me, Lo! a spring of joy I see;

All the way, my Savior leads me; Oh, the fullness of His love! Perfect rest to me is promised In my Father’s house above: When my spirit, clothed immortal, Wings its flight to realms of day, This my song thro’ endless ages: Jesus led me all the way; This my song thro’ endless ages: Jesus led me all the way;

–Fanny J. Crosby


Organization of the Book of Hebrews


Survey of Hebrews Introduction and Title—Many Jewish believers, having stepped out of Judaism into

Christianity, want to reverse their course in order to escape persecution by their countrymen. The writer of Hebrews exhorts them to “go on to perfection” (6:1). His appeal is based on the superiority of Christ over the Judaic system. Christ is better than the angels, for they worship Him. He is better than Moses, for He created him. He is better than the Aaronic priesthood, for His sacrifice was once for all time. He is better than the Law, for He mediates a better covenant. In short, there is more to be gained in Christ than to be lost in Judaism. Pressing on in Christ produces tested faith, self-discipline, and a visible love seen in good works.

Although the King James Version uses the title “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews,” there is no early manuscript evidence to support it. The oldest and most reliable title is simply Pros Ebraious, “To Hebrews.”

Author—Like the ancestry of Melchizedek, the origin of Hebrews is unknown. Uncertainty plagues not only its authorship, but also where it was written, its date, and its readership. The question of authorship delayed its recognition in the West as part of the New Testament canon in spite of early support by Clement of Rome. Not until the fourth century was it generally accepted as authoritative in the Western church, when the testimonies of Jerome and Augustine settled the issue. In the Eastern church, there was no problem of canonical acceptance because it was regarded as one of the “fourteen” epistles of Paul. The issue of its canonicity was again raised during the Reformation, but the spiritual depth and quality of Hebrews bore witness to its inspiration, despite its anonymity.

Internal evidence must be the final court of appeal, but here too, the results are ambiguous. Some aspects of the language, style, and theology of Hebrews are very similar to Paul’s epistles, and the author also refers to Timothy (13:23). However, significant differences have led the majority of biblical scholars to reject Pauline authorship of this book: (1) The Greek style of Hebrews is far more polished and refined than that found in any of Paul’s recognized epistles. (2) In view of Paul’s consistent claims to be an apostle and an eyewitness of Christ, it is very doubtful that he would have used the phraseology found in chapter 2, verse 3: “which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed to us by those who heard Him.” (3) The lack of Paul’s customary salutation, which includes his name, goes against the firm pattern found in all his other epistles. (4) While Paul used both the Hebrew text and the Septuagint to quote from the Old Testament, the writer of Hebrews apparently did not know Hebrew and quoted exclusively from the Septuagint. (5) Paul’s common use of compound titles to refer to the Son of God is not followed in Hebrews, which usually refers to Him as Christ, Jesus, and Lord. (6) Hebrews concentrates on Christ’s present priestly ministry, but Paul’s writings have very little to say about the present work of Christ. Thus, Hebrews appears not to have been written by Paul although the writer shows a Pauline influence. The authority of Hebrews in no way depends upon Pauline authorship, especially since it does not claim to have been written by Paul.

Tertullian referred to Barnabas as the author of Hebrews, but it is unlikely that this resident of Jerusalem (Acts 4:36–37) would include himself as one of those who relied on others for eyewitness testimony about Jesus (2:3). Other suggestions include Luke, Clement of Rome, Apollos, Silvanus (Silas), Philip, and even Priscilla. Some of these are possibilities, but we must


agree with the third-century theologian Origen who wrote: “Who it was that really wrote the Epistle, God only knows.”

Date and Setting—Because of the exclusive use of the Septuagint (Greek translation of the

Hebrew Old Testament) and the elegant Greek style found in Hebrews, some recent scholars have argued that this book was written to a gentile readership. However, the bulk of the evidence favors the traditional view that the original recipients of this letter were Jewish Christians. In addition to the ancient title “To Hebrews,” there is also the frequent use of the Old Testament as an unquestioned authority, the assumed knowledge of the sacrificial ritual, and the many contrasts between Christianity and Judaism, which are designed to prevent the readers from lapsing into Judaism.

Many places have been suggested for the locality of the readers, but this letter’s destination cannot be determined with any certainty. In the past, Jerusalem was most frequently suggested, but this view is hindered by four problems: (1) It is unlikely that a book addressed to Palestineans would quote exclusively from the Septuagint rather than the Hebrew Old Testament. (2) Palestinean believers were poor (Rom. 15:26), but these readers were able to financially assist other Christians (6:10). (3) Residents of Jerusalem would not be characterized by the description in chapter 2, verse 3, because some would have been eyewitnesses of the ministry of Christ. (4) “You have not yet resisted to bloodshed” (12:4) does not fit the situation in Jerusalem. The majority view today is that the recipients of Hebrews probably lived in Rome. The statement “Those from Italy greet you” seems to suggest that Italians away from Italy are sending their greetings home (13:24).

The recipients of this letter were believers (3:1) who had come to faith through the testimony of eyewitnesses of Christ (2:3). They were not novices (5:12), and they had successfully endured hardships because of their stand for the gospel (10:32–34). Unfortunately, they had become “dull of hearing” (5:11) and were in danger of drifting away (2:1; 3:12). This made them particularly susceptible to the renewed persecutions that were coming upon them (12:4–12), and the author found it necessary to check the downward spiral with “the word of exhortation” (13:22). While there is disagreement over the specific danger involved, the classic position that the readers were on the verge of lapsing into Judaism to avoid persecution directed at Christians seems to be supported by the whole tenor of the book. Hebrews’ repeated emphasis on the superiority of Christianity over Judaism would have been pointless if the readers were about to return to Gnosticism or heathenism.

The place of writing is unknown, but a reasonable estimate of the date can be made. Hebrews was quoted in a.d. 95 by Clement of Rome, but its failure to mention the ending of the Old Testament sacrificial system with the destruction of Jerusalem in a.d. 70 indicates that it was written prior to that date. Timothy was still alive (13:23), persecution was mounting, and the old Jewish system was about to be removed (12:26–27). All this suggests a date between a.d. 64 and 68.

Theme and Purpose—The basic theme of Hebrews is found in the use of the word “better”

(1:4; 6:9; 7:7,19,22; 8:6; 9:23; 10:34; 11:16,35,40; 12:24). The words “perfect” and “heavenly” are also prominent in describing the superiority of Christ in His person and work. He offers a better


revelation, position, priesthood, covenant, sacrifice, and power. The writer develops this theme to prevent the readers from giving up the substance for the shadow by abandoning Christianity and retreating into the old Judaic system. This epistle was also written to exhort them to become mature in Christ and put away their spiritual dullness and degeneration. Thus, it places heavy stress on doctrine, concentrating on christology and soteriology (salvation).

Keys to Hebrews—

Key Word: Superiority of Christ Key Verses (4:14–16;12:1–2 “Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside

every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who for the joy that was set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God” (12:1–2).

Key Chapter (11)—The Hall of Fame of the Scriptures is located in chapter 11 and records those who willingly took God at His word even when there was nothing to cling to but His promise. Inherent to all those listed is the recognition that “without faith it is impossible to please Him, for he who comes to God must believe that He is, and that He is a rewarder of those who diligently seek Him” (Heb. 11:6).

Christ in Hebrews—Christ is our eternal High Priest according to the order of Melchizedek.

He identified with man in His incarnation and offered no less a sacrifice than Himself on our behalf.

Survey of Hebrews—Hebrews stands alone among the New Testament epistles in its style and approach, and it is the only New Testament book whose authorship remains a real mystery. This profound work builds a case for the superiority of Christ through a cumulative argument in which Christ is presented as “better” in every respect. In His person He is better than the angels,


Moses, and Joshua; and in His performance He provides a better priesthood, covenant, sanctuary, and sacrifice. Evidently, the readers are in danger of reverting to Judaism because of the suffering they are beginning to experience for their faith in Christ. However, by doing so, they would be retreating from the substance back into the shadow. In addition to his positive presentation of the supremacy of Christ, the writer intersperses five solemn warnings about the peril of turning away from Christ (2:1–4; 3:7–4:13; 5:11–6:20; 10:19–39; 12:25–29). These parenthetical warnings include cautions against neglect (2:1–4) and refusal (12:25–29). After using the Old Testament to demonstrate the superiority of Christ’s person (1:1–4:13) and the superiority of Christ’s work (4:14–10:18), the writer applies these truths in a practical way to show the superiority of the Christian’s walk of faith (10:19–13:25).

The Superiority of Christ’s Person (1:1–4:13): Instead of the usual salutation, this epistle immediately launches into its theme—the supremacy of Christ even over the Old Testament prophets (1:1–3). Christianity is built upon the highest form of divine disclosure: the personal revelation of God through His incarnate Son. Christ is therefore greater than the prophets, and He is also greater than the angels, the mediators of the Mosaic Law (1:4–2:18; see also 2:2; Acts 7:53). This is seen in His name, His position, His worship by the angels, and His incarnation. The Son of God partook of flesh and blood and was “made like His brethren” in all things (2:17) in order to bring “many sons to glory” (2:10). Christ is also superior to Moses (3:1–6), for Moses was a servant in the house of God, but Christ is the Son over God’s household. Because of these truths, the readers are exhorted to avoid the divine judgment that is visited upon unbelief (3:7–4:13). Their disbelief had prevented the generation of the Exodus from becoming the generation of the conquest, and the rest that Christ offers is so much greater than what was provided by Joshua. The readers are therefore urged to enter the eternal rest that is possessed by faith in Christ.

The Superiority of Christ’s Work (4:14–10:18): The high priesthood of Christ is superior to the Aaronic priesthood (4:14–7:28). Because of His incarnation, Christ can “sympathize with our weaknesses,” having been “in all points tempted as we are, yet without sin” (4:15). Christ was not a Levite, but He qualified for a higher priesthood according to the order of Melchizedek. The superiority of Melchizedek to Levi is seen in the fact that Levi, in effect, paid tithes through Abraham to Melchizedek (7:9–10). Abraham was blessed by Melchizedek, and “the lesser is blessed by the better” (7:7). The parenthetical warning in 5:11–6:20 exhorts the readers to “go on to perfection,” (6:1), by moving beyond the basics of salvation and repentance.

By divine oath (7:21), Christ has become a permanent and perfect High Priest and “the Mediator of a better covenant” (8:6). The New Covenant has made the old covenant obsolete (8:6–13). Our Great High Priest similarly ministers in “the greater and more perfect tabernacle not made with hands, that is, not of this creation” (9:11). And unlike the former priests, He offers Himself as a sinless and voluntary sacrifice once and for all (9:1–10:18).

The Superiority of the Christian’s Walk of Faith (10:19–13:25): The author applies what he has been saying about the superiority of Christ by warning his readers of the danger of discarding their faith in Christ (10:19–39). The faith that the readers must maintain is defined in chapter 11, verses 1–3, and illustrated in chapter 11, verses 4–40. The triumphs and accomplishments of faith in the lives of Old Testament believers should encourage the recipients of “something better” (11:40) in Christ to look “unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith” (12:2). Just as Jesus endured great hostility, those who believe in Him will sometimes have to endure divine discipline for the sake of holiness (12:1–29). The readers are warned not to turn away from


Christ during such times, but to place their hope in Him. The character of their lives must be shaped by their dedication to Christ (13:1–19), and this will be manifested in their love of each other through their hospitality, concern, purity, contentment, and obedience. The author concludes this epistle with one of the finest benedictions in Scripture (13:20–21) and some personal words (13:22–25).4

Key Verses in Hebrews

“God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. And He is the radiance of His glory and the exact representation of His nature, and upholds all things by the word of His power. When He had made purification of sins, He sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high” (Heb 1:1–3 NASB).

“Seeing then that we have a great High Priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us fold fast our confession. For we do not have a High Priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but was in all points tempted as we are, yet without sin. Let us therefore come boldly to the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy and find grace to help in time of need” (Heb. 4:14–16).

“We have this hope as an anchor for the soul, firm and secure. It enters the inner sanctuary behind the curtain, where our forerunner, Jesus, has entered on our behalf. He has become a high priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek” (Heb 6:19–20 NIV).

“Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen. For by it the people of old received their commendation” (Heb 11:1–2 ESV).

“Therefore, since we have so great a cloud of witnesses surrounding us, let us also lay aside every encumbrance and the sin which so easily entangles us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, fixing our eyes on Jesus, the author and perfecter of faith, who for the joy set before Him endured the cross, despising the shame, and has sat down at the right hand of the throne of God. For consider Him who has endured such hostility by sinners against Himself, so that you will not grow weary and lose heart” (Heb 12:1–3 NASB).

4 Wilkinson, B., & Boa, K. (1983). Talk thru the Bible (pp. 458–459). Nashville: T. Nelson.


Outline of Hebrews

OUTLINE ONE (HEBREWS 1) Hebrews opens with a discussion of Christ as the selected one and the superior one.

I. CHRIST, THE SELECTED ONE (1:1–3): The Father has chosen his Son to minister in four all-important areas. A. Revelation (1:1–2a)

1. In the Old Testament, God revealed himself through his messengers (1:1). 2. In the New Testament, God revealed himself through his Messiah (1:2a).

B. Creation (1:2b–3) 1. The Son made the universe (1:2b). 2. The Son maintains the universe (1:3b).

C. Representation (1:3a): Jesus is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of God’s being.

D. Purification (1:3c): Jesus died to cleanse us from our sins.

II. CHRIST, THE SUPERIOR ONE (1:4–14): Christ is superior to the angels in three important ways. A. In regard to his relationship (1:4–7): The Father has declared Jesus to be his unique

Son. B. In regard to his reign (1:8–12)

1. It will be a righteous reign (1:8–9). 2. It will be an eternal reign (1:10–12).

C. In regard to his reward (1:13–14): The Father has promised to make Jesus’ enemies his footstool.

SECTION OUTLINE TWO (HEBREWS 2) This chapter contains a warning from Christ against drifting away from the faith and a discussion of the work of Christ.

I. THE WARNING FROM CHRIST (2:1–4): This warning has to do with God’s salvation. A. The command (2:1–2)

1. Don’t drift from God’s message of truth (2:1). 2. Don’t disobey God’s message of truth (2:2).

B. The communicators (2:3): This salvation was preached by both Jesus and his apostles.

C. The confirmation (2:4): The gospel message was confirmed by signs and wonders.

II. THE WORK OF CHRIST (2:5–18) A. His sovereign ministry (2:5–8a)

1. Christ created all people (2:5–6a). 2. Christ cares for all people (2:6b–7).


3. Christ commissioned all people (2:8a): Adam was put in charge of God’s original creation.

B. His submissive ministry (2:9a): Christ agreed to come to earth and become “lower than the angels.”

C. His saving ministry (2:8b–10) 1. The rebellion (2:8b): Sin caused people to forfeit their control over nature. 2. The redemption (2:9b–10): Christ died on the cross for everyone.

D. His sanctifying ministry (2:11–13): Christ now lives to make us holy. E. His subduing ministry (2:14–15): By his death Jesus broke the power of Satan, who

once held the power of death. F. His sympathizing ministry (2:16–18): Having once suffered, Jesus is now able and

willing to help those who are suffering.

SECTION OUTLINE THREE (HEBREWS 3) Jesus is compared to Moses and is declared to be greater than Moses. A warning is given from the Holy Spirit against the sin of unbelief.

I. THE WORTHINESS OF THE SAVIOR (3:1–6): Jesus is compared and contrasted to Moses. A. The comparison (3:2)

1. Jesus was faithful to God (3:2a). 2. Moses was faithful to God (3:2b).

B. The contrast (3:3–6) 1. Moses was a faithful servant in God’s house (3:5). 2. Jesus is the faithful son over God’s house (3:3–4, 6).

C. The conclusion (3:1): Jesus is greater, so fix your eyes on him.

II. THE WARNING BY THE SPIRIT (3:7–19): This warning has to do with the terrible sin of unbelief. A. The example of unfaithfulness (3:9–11, 16–19)

1. Israel’s sin in the wilderness (3:9–10): They allowed unbelief to turn their hearts against God.

2. Israel’s sentence in the wilderness (3:11, 16–19): An entire generation died in the desert and did not enter the Promised Land.

B. The exhortation to faithfulness (3:7–8, 12–15) 1. When you hear God’s Word, heed God’s Word (3:7–8, 15). 2. Encourage one another daily (3:12–14).

SECTION OUTLINE FOUR (HEBREWS 4) God promises rest for his people.

I. THE PROMISE OF GOD (4:1–11): This promise involves the rest that God has prepared for his people. A. The whereabouts (4:3b, 5–6, 8–10)

1. God’s Old Testament rest (4:3b, 5–6): This was the Promised Land, which Israel


failed to enter due to unbelief. 2. God’s New Testament rest (4:8–10): This is the place of his perfect will, which is

available for all believers. B. The way (4:2–3a): “Only we who believe can enter his place of rest.” C. The witnesses (4:4, 7)

1. Moses spoke of these rests (Gen. 2:2) (4:4). 2. David spoke of these rests (Ps. 95:11) (4:7).

D. The wisdom (4:1, 11): Guided by godly fear, we are to do our utmost to enter into this rest.

II. THE POWER OF GOD (4:12–13) A. What it is (4:12a-b)

1. Its definition (4:12a): It is the spoken and written Word of God. 2. Its description (4:12b): It is living, active, and sharper than any double-edged sword.

B. What it does (4:12c–13) 1. It exposes all thoughts and desires (4:12c). 2. It exposes all humankind (4:13).

III. THE PRIEST OF GOD (4:14–16) A. Who he is (4:14a): He is Jesus, the Son of God. B. What he is (4:14b–15): He is our great High Priest.

1. He once was tempted in all areas (4:15). 2. He now can help us in any area (4:14b).

C. Where he is (4:16): At the very throne of grace.

SECTION OUTLINE FIVE (HEBREWS 5) Christ, the great High Priest, is compared to Aaron, the first high priest.

I. THE REQUIREMENTS IN REGARD TO THE PRIESTS (5:1–10): The author of Hebrews compares and contrasts the high priestly ministries of both Aaron and Christ. A. Comparisons (5:1–4)

1. Both were selected by God from among men (5:1a, 4). 2. Both were appointed to represent people before God (5:1b). 3. Both were to pray and offer up sacrifices (5:1c). 4. Both were to demonstrate compassion (5:2a). 5. Both experienced infirmities of the flesh (5:2b–3).

B. Contrasts (5:5–10) 1. Only Christ is called God’s Son (5:5). 2. Only Christ was given an everlasting priesthood (5:6a). 3. Only Christ was made a priest after the order of Melchizedek (5:6b, 9–10). 4. Only Christ cried out to God in Gethsemane “with a loud cry and tears, to the one

who could deliver him out of death” (5:7–8).

II. THE REBUKE IN REGARD TO THE PEOPLE (5:11–14)


A. The frustration (5:11–12a) 1. The author has much to say, but his readers are slow to learn (5:11). 2. They should be teachers but instead need to be taught (5:12a).

B. The food (5:12b–14) 1. Baby believers can be fed only milk (5:12b–13). 2. Mature believers can easily digest solid food (5:14).

SECTION OUTLINE SIX (HEBREWS 6) The author of Hebrews challenges his readers to strive for spiritual maturity and writes about how such maturity may be obtained.

I. THE APPEAL FOR SPIRITUAL MATURITY (6:1–12) A. The author’s challenge (6:1–3): The writer of Hebrews issues a twofold challenge to

his readers. 1. Don’t go backward (6:1–2): He urges them to stop going over the same old ground

again and again. a. In the importance of turning from sin and toward God (6:1) b. In the importance of baptism, the laying on of hands, the resurrection, and

judgment (6:2) 2. Do go forward (6:3): Push on to maturity in Christ.

B. The author’s concern (6:4–8): He warns in regard to a dreadful situation. 1. The impossibility in this situation (6:4–6)

a. The who (6:4b–5): Those who have tasted the heavenly gift, who have shared in the Holy Spirit and have tasted of God’s Word.

b. The what (6:6a): After experiencing this, they turn from God. c. The why (6:4a, 6b): These people cannot be brought back to repentance, for they

crucify the Son of God all over again. 2. The illustration for this situation (6:7–8): The author refers to a piece of land to

illustrate his point. a. When the land is fruitful, it is blessed (6:7). b. When the land is fruitless, it is cursed (6:8).

C. The author’s confidence (6:9–12): He is confident his warning does not apply to his readers.

II. THE ANCHOR FOR SPIRITUAL MATURITY (6:13–20): This desired maturity is assured. A. Because of the Father’s promise (6:13–18)

1. God promised to bless Abraham, and he did (6:13–15). 2. God promised to bless us, and he will (6:16–18).

B. Because of the Savior’s priesthood (6:19–20)

SECTION OUTLINE SEVEN (HEBREWS 7) The author identifies and equates the priesthood of Jesus with that of Melchizedek.

I. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (7:1–3)


A. The person of Melchizedek (7:1a, 2b–3) 1. Who he was (7:2b): His name means “king of justice,” and he was also the “king of

peace.” 2. What he did (7:1a): He was both priest and king over the city of Salem. 3. Where he came from (7:3): There is no record of either his birth or his death.

B. The preeminence of Melchizedek (7:1b–2a) 1. The battle (7:2a): Following the defeat of his enemies, Abraham met Melchizedek

and paid tithes to him. 2. The blessing (7:1b): Melchizedek blessed Abraham.

II. A THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (7:4–28): The author lists the various characteristics of Jesus, who, according to the Father’s decree, is to be a priest after the order of Melchizedek (see Ps. 110:4). Thus, his priesthood would be: A. Royal (as was that of Melchizedek) (see 7:1) B. Superior (7:4–10)

1. To whom? (7:5–7): To Levi, founder of the levitical priesthood. 2. Why? (7:4, 8–10)

a. Abraham was the ancestor of Levi (7:9). b. The yet unborn Levi thus tithed to Melchizedek while still in the loins of

Abraham (7:4, 8, 10). C. Independent (7:11–15)

1. Independent of the law (7:11–12). 2. Independent of the tribe of Levi (7:13–15): Christ came from the tribe of Judah.

D. Everlasting (7:16–17) E. Guaranteed (7:20–22): The Father himself took an oath concerning this. F. Continuous (7:23) G. Permanent (7:24) H. Holy (7:26) I. All-sufficient (7:18–19, 25, 27) J. Flawless (7:28)

SECTION OUTLINE EIGHT (HEBREWS 8) The author discusses the threefold security of the New Covenant over the Old Covenant.

I. ITS SANCTUARY IS SUPERIOR (8:1–2). A. The place is better (8:1): It is located in the heavenly sanctuary. B. The priest is better (8:2): Jesus himself ministers in this sanctuary.

II. ITS SACRIFICE IS SUPERIOR (8:3–4). A. The levitical priests offered up animals in the earthly sanctuary (8:4). B. The Lamb of God offers up himself in the heavenly sanctuary (8:3).

III. ITS SECURITY IS SUPERIOR (8:5–13). A. The old agreement was mediated by Moses (8:5, 7–8a).


1. It was ruined by Israel’s sin (8:7–8a). 2. It was written on dead stones (see Ex. 32:15).

B. The new agreement is mediated by Christ (8:6, 8b–13). 1. It is restored by Jesus’ sacrifice (8:6, 8b–9). 2. It is written on living hearts (8:10–13).

SECTION OUTLINE NINE (HEBREWS 9) The features that relate to both the earthly and heavenly sanctuaries are discussed in this chapter.

I. THE REVIEW OF EACH SANCTUARY (9:1–15) A. The earthly sanctuary (9:1–10)

1. The information (9:1–7) a. The objects in the Tabernacle (9:1–5): The author describes the location of the

gold lampstands, the incense altar, etc. b. The overseers of the Tabernacle (9:6–7): The duties of both priests and the high

priest are listed. 2. The illustration (9:8–10): The Holy Spirit used the many regulations surrounding the

use of the Tabernacle to illustrate the fatal weakness of the earthly Tabernacle—namely, its sacrifices could not cleanse the hearts of the people.

B. The heavenly sanctuary (9:11–15): This sanctuary is superior to the earthly one in four areas. 1. The person offering the sacrifice (9:11): It is Jesus Christ himself. 2. The preciousness of the sacrifice (9:12b): He offered his own blood. 3. The permanence of the sacrifice (9:12a): It was done only once and will last for all

time. 4. The power of the sacrifice (9:12c–15): It brings about eternal redemption.

II. THE RATIFICATION OF EACH SANCTUARY (9:16–28): Both sanctuaries had to be purified and ratified by the blood of a sacrifice. A. The earthly sanctuary (9:16–22)

1. The sprinkler of this blood (9:16–19a): Moses. 2. The source of this blood (9:19b): An animal. 3. The summary of this blood (9:20–22): It could never take away sins.

B. The heavenly sanctuary (9:23–28) 1. The sprinkler of this blood (9:23): Christ. 2. The source of this blood (9:25–26a): Himself. 3. The summary of this blood (9:24, 26b–28): Here the author gives us a threefold

summary of the Savior’s work. a. He once appeared to die for us (9:26b–28a). b. He now appears to pray for us (9:24). c. He will appear to rule over us (9:28b).

SECTION OUTLINE TEN (HEBREWS 10) This chapter begins with a comparison and concludes with a challenge.


I. THE COMPARISON (10:1–18): Here the blood of earthly lambs is compared with the blood of the heavenly Lamb. A. The inferiority of earthly lambs (10:1–4, 11)

1. The frequency of these sacrifices (10:1–3, 11a): The priest had to offer up animals again and again.

2. The failure of these sacrifices (10:4, 11b): They could never take away sin. B. The superiority of the heavenly Lamb (10:5–10, 12–18)

1. The purpose (10:5–10): Jesus came for one purpose—namely, to offer up himself. 2. The permanence (10:12, 14): His offering was once for all time, never to be repeated. 3. The patience (10:13): “He waits until his enemies are humbled as a footstool under

his feet.” 4. The purification (10:15–18): Someday he will purify the hearts of unbelieving Israel.

II. THE CHALLENGE (10:19–39): This challenge is in the form of a fourfold exhortation. A. Approach the throne of God (10:19–22): Christ’s sacrifice allows us to boldly petition

God’s throne. B. Advance the people of God (10:23–25): Believers are to be kind and helpful to each

other. C. Avoid the judgment of God (10:26–31).

1. The contrast (10:26–29) a. A reminder of how God once punished those who rejected the law of Moses

(10:26–28) b. A reminder of how God will punish those who reject the Lamb of God (10:29)

2. The certainty (10:30–31): We are assured God will judge his people. D. Acknowledge the faithfulness of God (10:32–39).

1. His past faithfulness (10:32–34): The author urges believers not to forget God’s care for them during a former period of suffering.

2. His permanent faithfulness (10:35–39): Whatever the present and future holds, they can depend on his continuous care.

SECTION OUTLINE ELEVEN (HEBREWS 11) This is the famous faith chapter.

I. THE EXPLANATION OF FAITH (11:1–3, 6) A. Its nature (11:1–2)

1. “It is the confident assurance that what we hope for is going to happen” (11:1a). 2. “It is the evidence of things we cannot yet see” (11:1b).

B. Its necessity (11: 3, 6) 1. With it people in the Old Testament were approved by God (11:2). 2. With it we are able to believe the power of God (11:3): This is especially true in

regard to his creative power. 3. Without it we are unable to please the person of God (11:6).

II. THE EXAMPLES OF FAITH (11:4–5, 7–40)


A. Who they were (11:4a, 5a, 7a, 8a–11a, 12, 17–18, 20a, 21a, 22a, 23a, 24, 27a, 28a, 31a, 32): Sixteen people of faith are named, and many others are referred to as well. 1. Abel (11:4a) 2. Enoch (11:5a) 3. Noah (11:7a) 4. Abraham (11:8a, 9, 12, 17–18) 5. Sarah (11:11a) 6. Isaac (11:20a) 7. Jacob (11:21a) 8. Joseph (11:22a) 9. Moses’ parents (11:23a) 10. Moses (11:24, 27a, 28a) 11. The people of Israel (11:29a, 30a) 12. Rahab (11:31a) 13. Gideon (11:32a) 14. Barak (11:32b) 15. Samson (11:32c) 16. Jephthah (11:32d) 17. David (11:32e) 18. Samuel (11:32f) 19. All the prophets (11:32g)

B. What they did (11:4b, 5b, 7b, 8b, 11b, 19, 20b, 21b, 22b, 23b, 25, 27b, 28b–30, 31b, 33–35a) 1. Abel gave the Lord an acceptable offering (11:4b). 2. Enoch left the earth without dying (11:5b). 3. Noah survived the great Flood (11:7b). 4. Abraham inherited a land (11:8b). 5. Sarah bore a son through a barren womb and began a nation (11:11b). 6. Abraham believed that God could raise the dead (11:19). 7. Isaac and Jacob both predicted the future (11:20b, 21b). 8. Joseph anticipated the Exodus long before it happened (11:22b). 9. Moses’ parents defied the king of Egypt (11:23b). 10. Moses forsook the pleasures of sin (11:25). 11. Moses left the land of Egypt and was not afraid of the king (11:27b). 12. The people of Israel kept the Passover (11:28b). 13. The people of Israel crossed the Red Sea (11:29). 14. The people of Israel shouted down a city (11:30). 15. Rahab protected some Hebrew spies (11:31b). 16. The prophets and judges subdued kingdoms, shut the mouths of lions, quenched

flames, escaped the sword, exchanged weakness for strength, put enemy armies to flight, and a few even raised the dead (11:33–35a).

C. What they endured (11:35b–38) 1. Terrible torture (11:35b) 2. Ridicule (11:36a) 3. Cruel flogging (11:36b)


4. Imprisonment (11:36c) 5. Stoning (11:37a) 6. Being sawn in two (11:37b) 7. Death by the sword (11:37c) 8. Extreme poverty (11:37d–38)

D. Why they endured (11:10, 13–15, 16b, 26, 35c) 1. They saw the invisible City of God (11:10, 13–15, 16b). 2. They believed that suffering for the sake of Christ was better than having all the

riches of this world (11:26). 3. They looked forward to their own resurrection (11:35c).

E. What they received (11:16a, 39–40) 1. In the past (11:16a, 39): The earthly and temporary approval of God. 2. In the future (11:40): The heavenly and eternal approval of God.

SECTION OUTLINE TWELVE (HEBREWS 12) The author compares a godly life to a great race and explains to his readers the reasons behind God’s discipline. He again warns against the sin of unbelief.

I. THE CONTEST (12:1–4) A. The race (12:1): We are to faithfully run the spiritual race God has marked out for

each of us. B. The role model (12:2–3)

1. Who he is (12:2a): We are to fix our eyes on Jesus, the start and finish of our faith. 2. What he did (12:2b–3): He endured the opposition of sinners and died on the cross. 3. Why he did it (12:2c): Because of the joy he knew would be his. 4. Where he is now (12:2d): At God’s right hand.

C. The reassurance (12:4): The readers are informed they have not suffered as Christ suffered.

II. THE CHASTENING (12:5–13): Divine discipline is the theme of this passage. A. The relationship (12:7b–10)

1. The disciplinarian (12:9–10): The heavenly Father himself. 2. The disciplined (12:7b–8): All believers. As earthly fathers discipline their children,

so the heavenly Father disciplines his children. B. The reminder (12:5a): The readers have forgotten Solomon’s words concerning this

in Proverbs 3:11–12. C. The reaction (12:5b–5c, 7a): Believers are urged to respond positively to discipline.

1. Negative reactions (12:5b–5c) a. “Don’t ignore it when the Lord disciplines you” (12:5b). b. “Don’t be discouraged when he corrects you” (12:5c).

2. Positive reaction (12:7a): “Remember that God is treating you as his own children.” D. The reasons (12:6)

1. To prove we are his children (12:6b) 2. To prove his love (12:6a)


E. The rewards (12:11) 1. Discipline produces righteousness (12:11b). 2. Discipline produces peace (12:11a).

F. The renewal (12:12–13) 1. “Take a new grip with your tired hands and stand firm on your shaky legs” (12:12). 2. “Mark out a straight path for your feet” (12:13).

III. THE CHALLENGES (12:14–17) A. The author’s exhortation (12:14–15)

1. “Try to live in peace with everyone” (12:14a). 2. “Seek to live a clean and holy life” (12:14b). 3. “Watch out that no bitter root of unbelief rises up among you” (12:15).

B. The author’s example (12:16–17): Esau is held up as a tragic example of what not to do. 1. He was immoral (12:16a). 2. He was godless (12:16b). 3. He despised his birthright (12:16c–17).

IV. THE CONTRASTS (12:18–24): Two mountains are contrasted. A. Mount Sinai (12:18–21)

1. The person (12:21): Moses. 2. The principle (12:18–20): The law of God.

B. Mount Zion (12:22–24) 1. The person (12:24a): Christ. 2. The principle (12:22–23, 24b): The grace of God.

V. THE CAUTION (12:25–27): The author solemnly warns his readers about the terrible results of unbelief.

VI. THE CONSUMING FIRE (12:28–29) A. Our God is a coming King (12:28). B. Our God is a consuming fire (12:29).

SECTION OUTLINE THIRTEEN (HEBREWS 13) The writer of Hebrews concludes with words about love, leaders, legalism, and lordship.

I. A WORD ABOUT LOVE (13:1–6) A. Positive (13:1–4): Whom we are to love.

1. Each other (13:1) 2. Strangers (13:2) 3. Prisoners (13:3) 4. Our spouse (13:4)

B. Negative (13:5–6)


1. What we are not to love (13:5a): Money. 2. Why we are not to love it (13:5b–6): We are to be satisfied with what we have.

a. God has promised never to forsake us (13:5b). b. God has promised to be our helper (13:6).

II. A WORD ABOUT LEADERS (13:7, 17–19, 22–25) A. The author tells his readers to honor and obey the spiritual leaders of their church

(13:7, 17). 1. Let them serve as role models (13:7). 2. Submit to their authority (13:17).

B. The author tells his readers to pray for the spiritual leaders outside their church (13:18–19, 22–25). 1. He refers to himself (13:18–19, 22). 2. He refers to Timothy (13:23–25).

III. A WORD ABOUT LEGALISM (13:9–11): What altar and sacrifice should the believer be associated with? A. Negative (13:11): Not the altar in the Tabernacle. B. Positive (13:9–10): The altar at Calvary.

IV. A WORD ABOUT LORDSHIP (13:8, 12–16, 20–21) A. The Shepherd of the fold (13:8, 12, 20–21)

1. Who he is (13:8): He is Jesus Christ, who is the same yesterday, today, and forever. 2. What he has done (13:12, 20–21)

a. He once redeemed us (13:12, 20). b. He now equips us (13:21).

B. The sheep in the fold (13:13–16) 1. We are to live for him down here (13:13, 15–16).

a. We are to suffer for him (13:13). b. We are to sacrifice to him (13:15–16).

(1) The sacrifice of our words (13:15) (2) The sacrifice of our works (13:16)

2. We are to look forward to living with him up there (13:14): This world is not our home.5

5 Willmington, H. L. (1999). The Outline Bible (Heb 1–13:14). Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House

Publishers.

study of hebrews notes part 1 - fall...

Documents