Study on the Integrated Management System of

Environment Information

Final Report

28th February 2019

ii

Preface

Saudi Arabia aims to achieve the goals of it’s national vision “Saudi Vision 2030”, by following the

three pillars "vibrant society", "thriving economy" and "ambitious nation". One of the six goals under

the pillar of "a vibrant society" is to "provide a healthy and fulfilling life" with the sub-targets "to

guarantee environmental sustainability", and "to reduce all types of contamination".

In order to realize the goals of the Saudi vision, the The General Authority of Meteorology and

Environmental Protection (GAMEP) has begun efforts. In particular, GAMEP is planning to update

and expand the environmental monitoring system, which is the basis of grasping environmental

problems and environmental improvement. We plan to set up a National Environment Monitoring

Center (NEMC), a central organization on environmental monitoring.

Based on the above circumstances, the study team conducted the feasibility study project

(hereinafter referred “FS”) with the aim of proposing GAMEP the introduction of “integrated

environmental monitoring and management system".

The "integrated environmental monitoring and management system" studied in this FS is a system

that forms the basis for GAMEP to accurately grasp the state of the environment in Saudi Arabia and

to plan and execute effective environmental policy.

In this FS, we first surveyed the current situation of environmental policies and regulations and

environmental monitoring in Saudi Arabia. Next, we drafted the concept of system components and

technical specifications necessary for achieving the mission of GAMEP, as well as the concept to

provide package of policy planning and execution know-how.

From this point of view, we proposed to introduce the advanced monitoring technology, advanced

information management system and network of the Air Quality Monitoring Systems of Japanese

companies, and the introduction of Japanese environmental policy know-how as a package .

iii

Table of Contents

1． Environment Policy in Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................ 1

1.1 Basic Information .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 The position of air environment measures in Saudi Vision 2030......................................... 1

1.1.2 Organization ................................................................................................................. 2

1.1.3 Legal system ................................................................................................................. 3

2． Status Quo of the Environment Monitoring in Saudi Arabia ..................................................... 7

2.1 Basic survey on air environment of major cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam) ..................... 7

2.1.1 Confirmation of pollution source of air environment ......................................................... 7

2.2 Status Quo of the Operation of AQMS ............................................................................ 11

2.2.1 Basic Specification of AQMS ....................................................................................... 11

2.2.2 Operation organization ................................................................................................. 13

2.2.3 Management of measurement data ................................................................................ 14

2.2.4 Directions of solutions based on survey results ............................................................... 15

2.3 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS................................................................... 20

2.3.1 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS .................................................................. 20

2.3.2 Efforts made at each business site ........................................................................... 20

2.4 Status Quo of the Emissions from Automobiles .............................................................. 20

2.5 Status of Quo the Integrated environmental information management system ................... 27

2.6 Calculation of CO2 reduction effect of energy origin by implementing this project ........... 29

3． Proposal for the Integrated Monitoring and Management System ......................................... 34

3.1 Introduction System Review ......................................................................................... 34

3.2 Examination of the business size and business profitability of the introduction system ...... 34

3.3 Examination of measures to increase the likelihood of Japanese companies ' orders .......... 34

4． Reporting Meetings ...................................................................................................................... 35

4.1 Final Reporting Meeting in Saudi Arabia ....................................................................... 35

4.2 Final Reporting Meeting in Japan .................................................................................. 35

iv

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 GAMEP structure diagram .......................................................................................... 3

Figure 2-1 Overview of GAMEP’s monitoring stations ............................................................... 9

Figure 2-2 The basic structure of AQMS .................................................................................... 11

Figure 2-3 AQMS system integration configuration ................................................................... 16

Figure 2-4 General Publication Flow of AQMS ......................................................................... 18

Figure 2-5 Proposed ambient air management scheme ............................................................... 19

Figure 2-6 Highway situation of capital Riyadh (taking a picture in January, 2019) ................. 21

Figure 2-7 Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu ......................... 24

Figure 2-8 Vehicle recognition and classification example of Citywide Surveillance................ 24

Figure 2-9 Person detection and headcount example of Citywide surveillance .......................... 25

Figure 2-10 Calculation and display example of CO2 emissions from surveillance footage ..... 26

v

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Issues and initiatives for "Climate Change and Air Pollution" ..................................... 1

Table 1-2 Challenges and initiatives in ”Meteorology” ................................................................ 2

Table 1-3 The Ambient Air Quality Standards .............................................................................. 4

Table 1-4 Emission standards and thresholds from fixed emission sources ................................. 5

Table 2-1 Overview of the MODON-jurisdiction industrial Park ................................................. 7

Table 2-2 Outline of the competent industrial park.................................................................... 8

Table 2-3 Number of measuring stations by area .......................................................................... 9

Table 2-4 Air pollutant concentrations and environmental standards in each area (Values

measured in 2017) ............................................................................................................... 10

Table 2-5 List of how to use environmental monitoring system to reduce CO2 emissions ........ 30

vi

List of Abbrevia t ions

This report uses the following abbreviations.

In this report Meaning

3G 3rd Generation telecommunication standard

5G 5th Generation telecommunication standard

ADA Arriyadh Development Authority

AI Artificial Intelligence

AQI Air Quality Index

AQMS Air Quality Monitoring System

CAPEX Capital Expenditure

CCTV Closed Circuit Television

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CEMS Continuous Emission Monitoring System

CER Certified Emission Reductions

DB Data Base

GAMEP The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental

Protection

HPC High Performance Computing

ICT Information and Communication Technology

ITS Intelligent Transport Systems

MEWA Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture

MODON Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones

MRI Mitsubishi Research Institute, INC

NEMC National Environment Monitoring Center

NES National Environment Strategy

OPEX Operating Expense

PM Particulate Matter

PME General Presidency of Meteorology and Environment Protection

RCJY Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu

SEC Saudi Electricity Company

STC Saudi Telecom Company

SWCC Saline Water Conversion Corporation

VOC Volatile Organic Compound

1

1． Environment Policy in Saudi Arabia

1.1 Basic Information

1.1.1 The position of air environment measures in Saudi Vision 2030

Saudi Arabia aims to achieve the goals of it’s national vision “Saudi Vision 2030”, by following the

three pillars "vibrant society", "thriving economy" and "ambitious nation". One of the six goals under

the pillar of "a vibrant society" is to "provide a healthy and fulfilling life" with the sub-targets "to

guarantee environmental sustainability", and "to reduce all types of contamination".

Saudi Arabia's government has launched the National Environment Strategy (NES), chaired by the

Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture, as one of the measures to achieve the Saudi Vision

2030. The NES aims to conserve and improve the natural environment of Saudi Arabia from four

perspectives: protection of the natural environment, economic sustainability, social welfare, and

international presence. In the early stages of the NES, the government of Saudi Arabia has established

seven priority areas (Domains), investigating the environmental and meteorological efforts in 57

countries in order to understand the situation in the country and to outline environmental strategies. A

short list of twelve countries was created in order to dig deeper into the country's policies and

initiatives, which were judged to be particularly good in any of these areas of focus. Although Japan

has been selected as a good example in the meteorological field, it has not been mentioned as a

reference example in the environmental field.

Regarding "Global Warming and Air Pollution" which is one of the major priority areas of the NES,

the focus was set on the best practices of the five topics (1) shifting to renewable energy, (2)

optimization of road traffic and ground transportation, (3) Reduction of industrial emissions, (4)

Reduction of automobile exhaust gas and (5) Expansion of green area. In addition, in the

"Meteorology" which is another priority area, the focus was set on the three areas (1) The collection

of meteorological data, (2) Modeling and Data Analysis, (3) identification and provision of services

suitable for the needs of the domestic market.

Table 1-1 Issues and initiatives for "Climate Change and Air Pollution"

Challenges Efforts

① Shift to renewable energy ⚫ A phased transition to renewable energy by the development of solar power plants and wind power plants

② Optimization of land transportation

and ground transportation

⚫ Efficiency of transportation and transportation by promoting mass transit methods such as subways and buses

③ Reduction of industrial waste ⚫ Introduction of facilities to reduce emissions from power plants and water stations

⚫ Introduction of incentives to apply more effective measures in the industrial sector

④ Reduction of automobile exhaust gas ⚫ Improving fuel quality ⚫ Providing incentives to use environmentally friendly

equipment

⑤ Expansion of green area ⚫ Allocation of land for parks and forests ⚫ Establishment of Green Belt ⚫ Increase in green space

Source: National Environment Strategy Executive Summary for the Council of Economic and Development Affairs

2

Table 1-2 Challenges and initiatives in ”Meteorology”

Challenges Efforts

① Collecting meteorological data ⚫ Establishment of Meteorological Observatory, Air Quality Observatory and Radar Observatory

⚫ Use of satellite imagery ⚫ Establishment of information management and Analysis

Center

② Modeling and data analysis ⚫ Development of weather forecasting system ⚫ Introduction of equipment for modeling

③ Identifying and providing services

appropriate to the needs of the

domestic market

⚫ Market Analysis for weather services ⚫ Review of Weather Services ⚫ Development of information platforms and electronic

applications to provide weather services to the public and customers

Source: National Environment Strategy Executive Summary for the Council of Economic and Development Affairs

At the NES, the environmental issues of Saudi Arabia were identified by investigations made to

formulate the strategy, and significant progress was made regarding the necessary measures and efforts.

Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia also highlighted that the ability to implement these efforts was not sufficient.

In particular, it points out that there is a lack of capacity to control and monitor the environmental

compliance of, especially business operators.

According to the interview with GAMEP, in order to achieve Saudi Vision 2030 and NES, GAMEP

will set 20 initiatives and focus on it. Details of 20 initiatives are not disclosed, one of which is the

establishment of a monitoring network for the air environment, which shows the utilization rate of

AQMS of 90% as a concrete target figure.

1.1.2 Organization

(1) Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture（MEWA）

The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture has its roots in the Ministry of Agriculture and

the Ministry of Water and Power. In 2016, the Ministry of Water and Power was abolished, and the

role of environment and water resources was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture at that time. In

order to achieve sustainability in the field of environment, water and agriculture, the development and

application of a comprehensive policy and effective strategy are the main roles. It is also one of the

purposes of promoting public-private partnerships in each field.

There are eight directorates in MEWA, including the Directorate of Environment, the Directorate

of Waters and the Directorate of Agriculture.

In the past, the environmental field was covered by the General Authority of Meteorology and

Environmental Protection (GAMEP) described below, but it is positioned as a additional organization

under MEWA since a reorganization of ministries, and some functions and authority are transferred to

MEWA.

(2) The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection（GAMEP）

The predecessor of the General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP),

the General Presidency of Meteorology and Environment Protection was made in 2001 by a large-

scale reconfiguration. The introduction and management of the environmental management system

was put under its jurisdiction at that time. In 2016, the name was changed to the current General

Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection.

3

In the field of meteorology, GAMEP is the national authority responsible for providing weather and

climate monitoring, forecasting and warning information services for other government authorities,

the private sector, the research community and the general public. In the field of environment, they

are given the duty and authority to observe and evaluate the state of the environment, to develop

observation means and tools for collecting information, and to conduct environmental investigations.

In addition, GEMP is permitted to regulate environmental regulations related to the scope of

responsibility and to manage the observance of environmental regulations, standards and guidelines

in cooperation with relevant organizations.

Since the establishment of MEWA, it has been positioned as a lower organization of MEWA, the

review of the jurisdiction has been made, there are many parts that are not currently in doubt. The field

of air environment is currently under the jurisdiction of GAMEP.

Figure 1-1 GAMEP structure diagram

Source: GAMEP website

1.1.3 Legal system

The legal system centering on the governing law system concerning mainly on the air environment

was surveyed.

(1) Air pollution laws and regulations

In Saudi Arabia, in the "Article 32 of the Basic Law of Governance adopted in 1992, "the state We

are committed to environmental protection, protection and development and measures to prevent

environmental pollution. " In 2001, "General Environmental Law" was enacted, and under article 3 of

the Act, the Meteorological Environment Protection Agency (MEPA), the predecessor of GAMEP,

was established as a competent government office. The agency was entrusted with the establishment

of standards for environmental regulation and environmental protection within the affairs jurisdiction

4

range.

The General Environmental Regulations and their Implementation Rules (the Presidency of

Meteorology and Environment: PME), which was established by MEPA and MEPA as the predecessor

of the Meteorological Environment Supreme Conference Environmental regulations and its Rules for

Implementation) "is a concrete set of environmental and emission standards in Appendix 1 (Document

number 1409-01) of the "Implementation Rules". This appendix 1 is "Environmental standards:

General air quality standards (Environmental Standards, Ambient-level): ' ES/Ambient air '" and "

Environmental standards: Emissions management from fixed sources to the atmosphere

(Environmental Standards, control of Emissions to air from Stationary Sources): ' ES/Emission ' has

been revised and enforced since March 24, 2012.

(2) Environmental standards (Ambient Air Quality Standards)

The Ambient Air Quality Standards is as shown in table below, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen

dioxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and 9 kinds of hydrogen sulfide substances

are targeted as air pollutants.

Besides, the number of times that are allowed to exceed the average period of one hour value(s)

except some substances, and the limit values for each are defined.

Table 1-3 The Ambient Air Quality Standards

Air pollutants Limit value

μg/Nm（ppm） Average period

Times of allowable

exceedance

Carbon monoxide 10,000 (8.1) 8 hours None

40,000 (32) 1 hour None

Lead 0.5 (0.00005) 1 year None

Nitrogen dioxide 660 (0.35) 1 hour Twice in 30 days

100 (0.05) 1 year None

Sulfur dioxide

730 (0.28) 1 hour Twice a year

365 (0.14) 24 hours Once in a year

80 (0.03) 1 year None

Benzene 5 (0.0015) 1 year None

PM10 340 24 hours 24 times in a year

80 1 year None

PM2.5 35 24 hours 24 times in a year

15 1 year None

Ozone 235 (0.12) 1 hour Twice in 30 days

157 (0.08) 8 hours Twice in seven days

Hydrogen sulfide 150 (0.1) 24 hours Ten times a year

40 (0.03) 1 year None

Source: Appendix A – Prescribed concentrations and values, Environmental Standards, Ambient

Air Quality, PME

5

(3) Emission standards (Air Pollution Source Standard)

The target substances of emission standards pertaining to fixed emission sources are classified into

specific air pollutants, particularly highly toxic substances, carcinogenic substances, organic

substances, inorganic substances (solids), inorganic substances (gases/vaporizers), volatile organic

compounds (VOC), and the substances are further subdivided into each class1.

As a specific criterion, (a) General emission standards (the Normal Limit Values) and (B) air

pollution for each substance to be discharged is a standard for a serious place (the Degraded airshed

Emission Limits) have been prescribed. In response to these criteria, also the threshold (threshold) is

set for each discharge material, the emission criteria are applied in the case of exceeding this threshold2.

These criteria and thresholds are as shown in the table below.

Table 1-4 Emission standards and thresholds from fixed emission sources

Classification Emission standards (ug/Nm3)

Threshold

values

(g/hr)

Comments

(A) Normal (B) Degraded airsheds

Specific Air

Pollutants

PM10 150 100 500

Over

background

conditions

Particulate matter

(PM2.5) 50 25 100

Over

background

conditions

Dioxins and Furans 0.0001 0.0001

Sox 600 400 1000

NOx 500 350 1000

Extremely toxic

substances

Class I 0.05 0.05 0.02

Class I and II 0.1 0.1 0.5

Carcinogenic

substances

Class I 0.1 0.05 0.5

Class I and II 1 0.5 5

Class I, II and III 3 1 25

Organic substances

Class I 40 20 25

Class I and II 150 100 100

Inorganic substances

1 A list of target substances is shown in the reference material. 2 Article IV – Point source emission controls, 1), d), Environmental Standards, Control of Emissions to Air From

Stationary Sources, PME

6

Classification Emission standards (ug/Nm3)

Threshold

values

(g/hr)

Comments

(solid)

Class I 0.2 0.05 1

Class I and II 1 0.5 5

Class I, II and III 5 1 25

Inorganic substances

(gas/vapor)

ClassI I 3 0.5 10

Source: Appendix A – Prescribed concentrations and values, Environmental Standards, Control of Emissions to Air

From Stationary Sources, PME

7

2． Status Quo of the Environment Monitoring in Saudi Arabia

The status quo of environmental monitoring in Saudi Arabia was surveyed based on the field and

literature survey..

2.1 Basic survey on air environment of major cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam)

The study team surveyed the current air pollution situation in major cities based on the data provided

by GAMEP and visits to relevant organizations.

2.1.1 Confirmation of pollution source of air environment

(1) Industrial structure and location

1）MODON Jurisdiction Industrial Park

There are currently 35 complexes (including those under planning phase) in the MODON (Saudi

Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones) jurisdiction.

The outline of the industrial park was shown in the table below.

Table 2-1 Overview of the MODON-jurisdiction industrial Park

Industrial park Year

established Surface (ha)

Number of

companies/factories incl.

under construction

Riyadh 1st 1934 50 63

Riyadh 2nd 1976 1,900 1091

Riyadh 3rd 2010 100 17

Jeddah 1st 1971 1,200 1,073

Jeddah 2nd 2009 800 271

Jeddah 3rd 2012 8,000 522

Dammam 1st 1973 250 171

Dammam 2nd 1978 250 1051

Dammam 3rd 2012 4,850 160

Makkah Al-Mukarrama 1985 73 73

Al Qassim 1st 1980 150 135

Qassim 2nd 2012 400 25

Al-Ahsa 1st 1981 150 147

Al-Ahsa 2nd 2013 30,000 24

Madina Al-Munawwara 2003 1,700 239

Al-Kharj 2009 9,900 343

Sudair 2009 26,500 304

Al-Zulfi 2010 1,800 14

Shaqraa 2011 1,000 29

Durma 2013 1,150 12

Ha'il 2003 388 101

Tabuk 2003 400 68

Ar'ar 2009 200.0119 14

8

Industrial park Year

established Surface (ha)

Number of

companies/factories incl.

under construction

Al-Jouf 2003 75 N/A

Assir 1990 270 150

Jazan 2009 3,900 56

Najran 2003 760 36

Al-Baha 1st 2012 300 19

Al-Baha 2nd 2012 300 19

Hafr Al-Batin 2012 10,000 15

Wa'ad Al-Shammal In planning 44,000

4.5 billion the investment

of the riyals and planned

development and

construction

Al-Ahsa

(MODON Oasis)3 2013 54.3431 20

Jeddah

(MODON Oasis) 2015 500 24＋24 under construction

Al-Qassim

(MODON Oasis) 2014 74 Under construction

Al-Jouf an Yanbu

(MODON Oasis) N/A 300 6

Source: MODON Website; https://www.modon.gov.sa/en/aboutmodon/Pages/about_modon.aspx

2）RCJY Jurisdiction Industrial Park

In addition to MODON, RCJY (Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu), which is also responsible

for the industrial park in Saudi Arabia, have industrial parks.

The following is an overview of the industrial park of the RCJY jurisdiction.

Table 2-2 Outline of the competent industrial park

Industrial park Year

established Surface（ha）

Number of

companies/factories incl.

under construction

Jubail II 2023 6,200 N/A

Yanbu N/A N/A

Running (129)

Under construction(34)

In planning (34)

In the agreement (8)

(Until the end of

FY2017）

RAS AL-

KHAIR N/A N/A N/A

JAZAN 2006 10,600 N/A

Source: RCJY Website; https://www.rcjy.gov.sa/en-US/Riyadh/Pages/default.aspx

3 A female-only industrial park developed by Modon

9

(2) Status of environmental pollution

In Saudi Arabia, the status of air pollution is grasped by a total of 80 measuring stations, consisting

of 66 fixed stations and 14 mobile stations.

The entire region of Saudi Arabia is divided into eight areas, with approximately 10 measuring

stations in each area.

Table 2-3 Number of measuring stations by area

No. Area Stationary station Mobile station

1 Jeddah 17 3

2 Riyadh 10 4

3 Eastern Province 8 2

4 Mecca 6 1

5 Medina 5 1

6 Tabuk 6 1

7 Quassim 7 1

8 Hail 7 1

Total 66 14

Source: GAMEP Annual Report 2017

Figure 2-1 Overview of GAMEP’s monitoring stations

Comment: Red circles indicate the major monitoring stations

Source: GAMEP website (accessed on 7th Jan. 2019) ;

https://www.pme.gov.sa/ar/Environment/airquality/pages/AQ-Dashboard.aspx

10

5 substances of air pollutants including SO2 (Sulfur dioxide), NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide), PM10

(Particulate matter 10), O3 (Ozone), and CO (Carbon monoxide), are measured. All air pollutants’

concentration, except that of PM10, have declined recently. The concentration of PM10 is still high

and exceeds the regulatory standards (80 micrograms per cubic meter). The cause of high PM10 value

has not been explicitly indicated by GAMEP.

Table 2-4 Air pollutant concentrations and environmental standards in each area (Values measured in

2017) Jeddah Riyadh Eastern

Province

Mecca Medina Tabuk Quassim Hail Regulatory

standards

(Reference)

SO2 27 19 23 33 12 24 13 4 80

NO2 40 44 6 29 28 24 36 49 100

PM10 105 142 - 125 103 96 116 140 80

O3 47 64 57 46 55 60 47 50 -

CO 1.2 1.1 1.4 1 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 -

Unit: micrograms per cubic meter

Source: Created by MRI from GAMEP Annual Report 2017

11

2.2 Status Quo of the Operation of AQMS

For the AQMS which GAMEP is operating and planning to replace and expand in the future, we

surveyed the current management situation.

2.2.1 Basic Specification of AQMS

(1) The existing air environment monitoring network

As shown in .

Table 2-1, in Saudi Arabia, AQMS is divided into 8 (eight) phases, mainly in urban areas, 66 fixed

stations and 14 mobile stations throughout the country, and a total of 80 measuring stations are

operated. Manufacturers of measuring equipment is basically from France and Australia and it seems

that they were delivered by each Saudi local agents.

As a result of interviewing GAMEP and site visit to their some measurement stations, the basic

structure of AQMS introduced at each stage is as shown in the below figure.

Figure 2-2 The basic structure of AQMS

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

following 3 (three) points.

As for these issues and improvement points, we confirmed that they also agreed with the recognition

of GAMEP at the on-site visit.

(2) Measurement items

Based on the documents provided by GAMEP, the results of aggregating the number of arrangement

by observation items are shown in table below. In addition to the 5 (five) items for which

environmental standards reported in GAMEP Annual Report 2017 are set, PM 2.5 (fine particulate

matter), NH 3 (ammonia), H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide), VOCs (volatile organic compound), HC

(Hydrocarbons) air pollutants have been added. In addition, weather 6 elements (wind direction / wind

Fixed Station

Mobile Station

Fixed Station

Fixed Station GAMEP HQ

(Jeddah)

Closed

Network

1) System integration between AQMS introduced in each period has not been done and

centralized management of measurement results has not been completed.

2) Completed drawing of AQMS introduced in each period were not take over , the purpose

of introduction, the grounds for placement / item basis, the timing of introduction, detailed

system configuration are unknown, thus it prevents to system integration and formulation

of maintenance plan.

3) Regarding the number of AQMS allocations, it has not reached the density as developed

countries.

12

speed, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and air pressure) are also observed at all measurement

stations.

Table 2-1 Measurement items Introduction number list

Measuremen

t Item C

O

NO

x /

NO

2

PM

10

PM

2.5

SO

x /

SO

2

O3

NH

3

H2S

/ S

O4

VO

Cs

/ N

MV

OC

s

Hy

dro

carb

on

s

Met

eoro

log

y

Number

introduced

80 80 80 10 80 80 70 76 70 70 80

Introduction

rate

100

%

100

%

100

%

13

%

100

%

100

%

88

%

95

%

88

%

88

%

100

%

Standard of

Environment ✔

✔

NO2 ✔ N/A ✔ ✔ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Source) GAMEP provided information

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

following 2 (two) points.

As for these issues and improvement points, we confirmed that they also agreed with the recognition

of GAMEP at the on-site visit.

1) While the purpose and evidence are unclear, there are tendencies to introduce many types

of measuring instruments and there is room for cost reduction

2) In recent years, the establishment of the monitoring system of PM 2.5 where environmental

standards are introduced in each country has been delayed.

13

2.2.2 Operation organization

(1) Maintenance of AQMS

As a result of interviewing GAMEP on the maintenance and management organization of AQMS,

they adopted a method of entrusting it to a private company. A three-year contract with collective

maintenance of 80 measuring stations has been started since September 2018. Also, with the

arrangement of GAMEP, we visited the measuring stations (Bani-Malik Fixed Station and Mobile

Station) near the HQ of GAMEP, we were able to interview about the maintenance method,

management method and how to manage quality record with old trustee (name unknown) and the

current trustee (AEC: Advanced Electronics Company).

Although the content of the contract concluded by the contractor is unknown, as a result of

interviewing both sides, we have confirmed the essential issues in terms of quality control, shown in

the table below.

Table 2-2 Main results of AQMS maintenance management organization

Question Answer from GAMEP Answer from trustee

Number of staff at 80 AQMS

6 people in each of the 7 branch

of GAMEP, in total 42 people

required

5 (Five) people with 1(one)

leader and 4(four) technicians

Quality audit implementation

status Once a year required [[Not grasp the situation]]

Calibration method According to the manual

According to the manual

※Standard gas is made by

Allah Hashim Company

Maintenance record N/A Submit hard copy in the past,

and submit online currently

Recognition issue Support of instrument

manufacturer

Supply of parts is slow or

unavailable them

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

following 2 (two) points.

Based on the results of the field confirmation, GAMEP recognizes that problems are occurring in

terms of quality control, but it is not possible to find a solution to that problem for GAMEP. It can be

said that the quality and capacity of GAMEP itself has room for improvement both in quality and

quantity.

1) The management system of GAMEP itself has not been developed and ownership as an

project owner has not been implemented. As a result, supervision and guidance to the

contractor is stalled.

2) Since the trustee is not an official agent of the measuring equipment maker, the

troubleshooting ability is limited. In addition, the concern of maintenance concentrates on

the mechanical and electrical behavior of measuring instruments, and the understanding of

the measurement result of air pollutants is lacking.

14

(2) Operation ratio of AQMS

33 Measuring station (48%), something has occurred. It seems that due to insufficient maintenance

and management system, the restoration work is not catching up.

Currently, GAMEP plans a data acquisition rate of 90%. On the other hand, in both cases, it is

considered to be a very high level challenge under the current maintenance and management system,

and it can be said that it is necessary to firstly look at feasible lines when setting the target.

Table 2-3 Current operating status of measuring instruments

Type of troubles Communication

problem

AQM not in

Operation

Analyzer under

maintenance

Number of

stations

2 / 69 6 / 69 25 / 69

Trouble ratio 3% 9% 36%

Source) Created based on GAMEP provided information

2.2.3 Management of measurement data

(1) Flow of data collection to publication

Regarding the measurement result of AQMS, there is a system in which content to which Air Quality

Index is mapped is published from time to time on the GAMEP website. Meanwhile, it is not in a

mechanism that makes the results of all measurement stations be published in real time, and the

contents of the public announcement fluctuate each time it accesses.

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

following 2 (two) points.

In consideration of the significance of AQMS, it is essential that the mechanism for announcing the

results of measurement at real-time contributes to the benefits of residents, and it is necessary to raise

GAMEP's awareness about the security of its mechanism.

(2) Efforts to secure the reliability of data

Air pollution data obtained by AQMS contains error values due to various factors, and it is essential

to ensure data reliability by appropriately excluding them. As an example, in Japan, according to the

air pollution continuous monitoring manual published by the Ministry of the Environment Japan,

maintenance records, past statistical information, data screening based on a comparison between

adjacent measurements stations are performed as essential tasks. These fundamental mechanisms are

in place in all developed countries

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

1) As a result of confirming the GAMEP publication site several times, it seems that there is a

factor of instability in the collection system of the measurement result, not the application

software system.

2) There is no system for GAMEP to regularly confirm the publication status of measurement

results.

15

following 2 (two) points.

As a goal of GAMEP, it is very meaningful to have an intention to build a reliable AQMS with a

data exchangeable level of international air pollution. For that purpose, GAMEP needs to maintain the

data management system reliably.

2.2.4 Directions of solutions based on survey results

(1) Organization of AQMS management issues and GAMEP requests

Table 2-9 shows the issues of the results of investigating the operational situation of AQMS and the

results of organizing the requests of GAMEP, through the interviewing with GAMEP, organizing

information provided, organizing AQMS on-site inspections.

Table 2-4 list of AQMS management issues and GAMEP requests

Area Issues raised by GAMEP

1) The existing air environment

monitoring network

a. Whole integration of AQMS is not done

b. Technical specifications of AQMS are not inherited

c. The number of AQMS from the viewpoint of national land and

population is smaller than that of developed countries

2) Measurement Item a. Many measuring instruments are uniformly introduced

b. Monitoring system of PM 2.5 is not maintained

3) Operation Organization a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place

b. GAMEP has challenges to contractor quality

4) Flow of data collection to

publication

a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place

b. GAMEP has challenges on the system stability of the

publication site

5)Efforts to secure the reliability

data

a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place

b. GAMEP does not have procedures for data quality control

(2) Direction of solution

1） The existing air environment monitoring network

As mentioned above, AQMS in GAMEP is procured separately in the 8 phases, but since integration

between these systems is not done, troubles have occurred in the management of daily AQMS,

GAMEP recognizes it as a challenges for them. As a solution to these problems, it is rational to

construct an environmental information management system that considers each AQMS procured

separately in the 8 phases as a subsystem, and it should be integrated management system on the upper

level.

1) It is necessary to develop a mechanism related to data management, such as data screening

method and error value exclusion criteria.

2) GAMEP does not have a system for data screening.

16

Figure 2-3 AQMS system integration configuration

Next, in the procurement of AQMS, delivery specifications or finished drawing books are delivered

from manufacturers of any measurement equipment. Since these are usually paid in hard copy, when

the person in charge of GAMEP changes, the management of this book can not be handled and

technical specifications are not inherited. Regarding these issues, it is important to electronically

manage such as introduction of electronic delivery systems and soft copy storage of various books in

the GAMEP site.

Finally, with regard to the number of installed AQMS, GAMEP intends to prepare density as

developed countries. However, there are no international standards on the number of placements. Here,

as a reference, the below table shows the result of comparing the number of AQMS installed in some

developed countries.

Table 2-5 Number of AQMS installed in developed countries

Number

of AQMS

Number of installed

AQMS per

population

Source

Japan(2005) 2,101 1 station/60,000

Review of air environment monitoring

approach Committee: On the way of air

environmental monitoring - Report -, Heisei

era 2005

US(2008) Apx.4,000 1 station/75,000

Concept and practicality of proper placement

of real-time monitoring stations Heisei era

2008, Noritaka, Kataya

Germany(1997) 467 1 stations /175,000 AIR POLLUTION MONITORING IN

EUROPEPROBLEMS AND TRENDS

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-

9167-058-8 (1997) France(1997) 875 1 station /66,000

Saudi

Arabia(2018) 80*1) 1 station/412,000 Based on GAMEP provided information

*1) Number of AQMS under the direct control of GAMEP. Excludes AQMS owned by local governments and

industrial estate.

AQMS is established mainly from the viewpoint of preventing the influence of air pollutants on

human health. Therefore, paying attention to the ratio with the population, there are variations among

countries in developed countries, one station is installed at approximately 100,000 people. With this

installation density as the standard, in Saudi Arabia with a population of 32 million people it is

Future Development Scope

Integrated Environment Management System

Application Interface

DB DB DB

･･･ 2nd Phase AQMS 1st Phase AQMS 8th Phase AQMS

17

necessary to set up more than 300 stations together with AQMS owned by each municipality and

industrial estate in order to achieve the AQMS installation density as comparable to developed

countries . It is necessary to increase a considerable number of stations even under the direct control

of GAMEP.

2） Measurement Items

In most of the AQMS currently operated by GAMEP, most measurement equipment are uniformly

introduced. In general, the type of measurement equipment is different depending on its installation

purpose, and there is room for improvement even in view of maintenance and management cost. There

are three categories in Japan: Ambient station, Roadside air pollution station and characteristic station.

In the EU there are four categories: Urban Background, Traffic Hot-spot, Industrial Hot-spot (Urban

or Rural), and Regional. Measurement equipment to be introduced is selected according to the purpose

of each installation.

Therefore, in GAMEP, it is necessary to segment the purpose of installation first. Next, when

selecting an update or a new installation, select measurement equipment. As a result, it can be expected

to improve the cost-effectiveness of AQMS. In addition, concerning PM 2.5, there is concern about its

health effects globally in recent years, according to GAMEP, an increase in asthma patients is also

reported in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, even in GAMEP, it is desirable to preferentially introduce

measurement equipment of PM 2.5 at the time of renewal or new installation.

3）Operation Organization

As mentioned above, there is still room for improvement in the operating organization of GAMEP’s

AQMS, and although it is recognized that GAMEP needs improvement, there is no appearance that

some activity is underway at present. To maintain AQMS properly, guidelines for guaranteeing plan

and quality, and budget for supporting it are essential. The below table lists examples of activities that

should be improved as GAMEP.

Table 2-6 Example of AQMS operation organization improvement activity

Phase Example of activity

PLAN

a. Maintenance of air pollution continuous monitoring manual for Saudi Arabia

b. Introduction of a certification system for measuring instruments

c. Introduction of engineer training program and certification system

DO a. Securing operation staff and technical education

b. Direct support contract from measuring equipment manufacturer

CHECK

a. Improvement of audit capacity of supervisory staff of GAMEP, enhancement of audit

system

b. Construction of standard substance control system

c. Reliable preservation of quality records, review

ACTION a. Organizing a quality assessment/review meeting for continuous improvement

b. Securing the next budget

4）The flow of data collection to publication

Data measured by AQMS are gathered from the stations to the center, then informed to the residents

18

in real time, reports are made to the policy planning authorities after undergoing verification work for

sustainable air quality management.

In Saudi Arabia, a basic framework from data collection to publication has already been established.

As a next step, it is necessary to effort the enhancement of each stage, specifically the stabilization of

the public system and the quality improvement of the final report value by standardization of the data

verification process. For that purpose, it is essential to secure the number of staff and technical

education and to strive to secure the budget that supports it.

Figure 2-4 General Publication Flow of AQMS

5）Efforts to secure the reliability data

As mentioned above, the air pollution data acquired by AQMS contains error values due to various

factors, and it is essential to ensure data reliability by appropriately excluding it. For reference, the

Japan Air Pollution Real-time Monitoring Manual is required to conduct verification work from

roughly three viewpoints. These operations are called a screening operation.

Table 2-7 AQMS data screening work in Japan

Phase Example of activity

Inspection

result

screening

Automatic calibration work, inspection work for maintenance, reliable, missing

processing of time attributable to measuring instruments, implementation of data

completion processing

Confirm whether operation parameters of measuring devices have been within the

permissible range

Statistical

screening

When the measurement data of AQMS are subjected to statistical processing at regular

intervals, periodicity associated with seasons and time variations can be seen.

Therefore, a threshold value is set from the past data and statistical verification

processing such as whether or not the threshold value is exceeded is performed

Regional

screening

Measurement data of AQMS depends not only on the source but also on the regional

weather conditions. The relationship between neighboring measuring stations or

between other items of the same station is found beforehand, and a verification

On the Website

Integrated Environment Management System

DB (Raw Data)

Real-time Publishing

(Raw Data)

All AQMSs

Validation process

DB (Validated Data)

To Senior Authorities

Official Publishing

(Validated Data)

19

process is carried out from the viewpoint of whether or not deviating from the

relationship

As far as the interview survey to GAMEP, verification work as described above is not clearly stated

in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the introduction of the data screening process described above is

indispensable to construct reliable AQMS at a level that contributes to international air pollution data

exchange. It is necessary for the GAMEP staff to educate themselves concerned about this point.

6）Development of air environment management scheme

According to the information provided by GAMEP, the establishment plan of the National

Environment Monitoring Center (NEMC) is being considered for strengthening and maintaining the

management system of AQMS. Meanwhile, GAMEP has not yet examined the functions to be

provided, the quality and quantity of necessary human resources, the type of equipment, and many

discussions are still needed to realize it.

Here, we propose the scheme shown in the figure below on the role that NEMC should take in order

to support appropriate air quality management administration from the Japanese knowledge. This is a

model of a system that unified takes the measures listed in each item of 1) to 5).

Figure 2-5 Proposed ambient air management scheme

CEMSs(Biz. Sector)

AQMSs(Outsourcing)

Enhancement;

Regulation, Criteria,

Technical Support,

Incentive, etc.

GAMEP NEMC Monitoring Team

Data Data

Au

dit

Au

dit

CEMS & AQMS Operation Guideline (including Technical Std. Manual);

Standardization of Monitoring & Analysis Method, Std. Substance & QA/QC

Lab., Cert. System of Technician & Analyzer, Data Com. Protocol & API, etc.

Data ---> Simulation

Simulation Model (WRF | CMAQ) Meteorological Observation Data

GAMEP NEMC Modeling Team

MEWA

National Env. Vision,

Master Plan, etc.

Status Report (by Monitoring),

Strategic Scenario (by Modeling), etc.

Result

Optimization;

Regulation, Criteria,

Monitoring Location &

Item, etc.

20

2.3 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS

GAMEP is planning to mandate private sectors to install CEMS in the future to monitor

continuously emitted air pollutants from each business site. Investigation of what will be required will

be decided throughout meetings with GAMEP and business sites.

2.3.1 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS

To enforce regulations, evaluating the system integration and improving regulations between

GAMEP`s system and the system on the business operator`s side are to be considered. At present, as

there are no obligations to submit monitored values of fixed sources, business operators will be

requested to submit data in order to have an accurate grasp of the current situation. From April 2019

onwards, regulations will be implemented and Real-Time Monitoring will be carried out.

2.3.2 Efforts made at each business site

To confirm the situation at each site, we visited Saudi Electricity Company Shoaiba Power Plant

（SEC）, Saline Water Conversion Corporation Jeddah Plant（hereafter SWCC）, MODON (Industrial

Estate Authority), Jeddah 2nd Industrial City located in the suburbs of Jeddah and MODON Riyadh

2nd Industrial City located in Riyadh.

2.4 Status Quo of the Emissions from Automobiles

The railway and the public transportation infrastructure maintenance are rapidly advanced in Saudi

Arabia. The car, the microbus, and the large-scale truck are the majority for the movement of the

person in the city and between the urban areas and the distribution of goods. The number of vehicles

for each population and the traffic of capital Riyadh and the major city (ex. Jeddah, Mecca, Dammam)

show the tendency to increase. Therefore air pollution with car's (private and commercial) traffic jams

and the exhaust gases is made a social problem in the urban area. The applicability of a new monitoring

methodology of the exhaust gas a large-scale transportation sector, especially in the arterial highway

(expressway etc.) in the major city part is investigated here. The method is to do the analysis of data

that uses the AI technology based on the surveillance footage. The exhaust gas estimation model

making is done to the number of vehicles, the vehicle type of the car, and the exhaust gas calculation

the function and making various specs of the car that is related (fuel and fuel cost coefficient) a

coefficient.

(1) Research of vehicle traffic amount data and CO2 emission

1） Traffic and congestion situation of Saudi major city part

The image that took a picture of the traffic jam situation of the capital Riyadh in the highway when

the research is executed in several days, the numbers or places is shown below. All lanes, cars, and

taxis are running in a high density in the place where the research execution was done though about

the confluence part on the expressway (elevated line) in three lanes (six lanes in total) in one way

where the influence of the pedestrian in the signal and the crosswalk, etc. is not received and roads.

The car becomes remarkable by the time zone (morning and evening) on the weekday the traffic jam

in the town and exists in the situation in which it stops and it stays in the same place in some time

21

fixed time.

Figure 2-6 Highway situation of capital Riyadh (taking a picture in January, 2019)

Traffic (transport rate of the car) according to a day of the week and the time of capital Riyadh was

interviewed to the person in charge of ADA. Moreover, it researched while actually moving in the

town by car in the locale. In the Middle East nations including Saudi Arabia, the business day is to

Thursdays from Sunday. Friday and Saturday are holiday. Moreover, business hours in the government

office is from about 8 AM to 3:30 PM in the weekday as for the business hour of Saudi Arabia. Though

it was not possible to acquire up to a detailed number of vehicles (ratio of each vehicle type) while

local staying, Sunday morning (Around 7 AM ~ 10AM) when the week dawned and information of

being likely intense traffic and the traffic jam in the Riyadh urban area, and to require about three

about twice-times at the time that was able usually to be moved on the afternoon (Around 2 PM ~ 4

PM) of weekend (Thursday) was obtained in the hearing from ADA. The traffic jam obtained

information that the car was able to be moved at few steady speeds on the other hand at the time zone

at the morning of holiday (Friday and Saturday). The number of vehicles that passes obviously was

able to be a little on the weekend (Friday and Saturday), to recognize the traffic jam in get congested

intense on Sunday morning while not possible even to be crossed road, and to recognize easing in the

place where it is not only capital Riyadh but also is a similar situation in the major city part, and Jeddah

where it stayed while visiting GAMEP.

2） The method of calculating the CO2 emission of the car

The following formula for calculation can be used as a method of calculating the CO2 emission from

the transportation sector of the urban area according to the document of the municipality in Japan.

22

CO2 Emission（KgCO2）＝

Σ｛Traffic（Number of vehicle）×Moving distance（km）

×CO2 Emission intensity（KgCO2/Number of vehicle・km）｝

In addition, the CO2 emission can be calculated by using the parameter coefficient (The unit:

KgCO2/L) that is called fuel efficiency of the movement car of each one (Fuel Efficiency: unit km/L)

and emission factor when paying attention to the CO2 emission intensity.

CO2Emission（KgCO2）＝

Σ｛Traffic（Number of vehicle）×Moving distance (km)

×Emission factor（KgCO2/L）÷ Fuel Efficiency (km/L）｝

Therefore, when the CO2 emission is requested by the above-mentioned calculation method, the

number of motor vehicles count and the vehicle ride distance a day (mean running speed) are needed.

Moreover, the numerical value that the movement car of each one manufacturer has opened the fuel

cost efficiency to the public by the specification of the model and each manufacturer of the car exists.

A new technology application to calculate the CO2 emission of the car by adopting the average fuel

cost coefficient of "Car (compact car and van)", "Bus", "Track", and "Motorcycle" as a classification

so that this research may request the CO2 emission calculation of the car as a rough estimate is

researched.

(2) Examination of method of calculating CO2 emission of car by surveillance camera image

analysis

1） Traditional vehicle counting system

It is necessary to understand the number of vehicles as traffic for the CO2 emission calculation of

the car. It is a main current to count the number of vehicles by setting up apparatus for dedicated device

(infrared ray sensor etc.) in the ceiling in the building and on the road pole so far for the count of the

number of vehicles in traffic and the transportation sector. As for these apparatus for uses, the new

product and service are provided as each manufacturing vender the market price of the product

generates work and a cost respectively special in consolidating, the management of data acquired from

the material and the sensor for the equipment installation, and the maintenance of measuring apparatus

though is advanced the price cutting. In this research, it focus to the image analysis (AI technology)

that grow up the main current of the digital society in the future different from a traditional

technology,

2） Trend of surveillance camera market in city and transportation sector

Small surveillance camera (CCTV: Closed Circuit Television) is installed in a lot of places in the

23

city (in the buildings and outside, the road, the shop, and the station). Those have been used for crime

prevention, disaster prevention, to measure, and to record.

As for the use purpose of the surveillance camera, security that secures the resident's safety and

safety by the public institution, the municipality, and the local operation person is to focus on. It is

assumed the grasp of traffic and congestion and records when the incident is generated the traffic

accident and is used in the transportation sector. The surveillance camera is installed with a case almost

current in the intersection, and the charge payment gate of the main arterial highway.

3）Surveillance image analysis using AI technology

In the situation where many surveillance cameras are installed throughout the cities around the

world, we will research and examine methods to enable calculation of automobile CO 2 emissions

using surveillance camera images Fujitsu who is the ICT vender is offering smart city surveillance

solution "FUJITSU Technical Computing Solution GREENAGES Citywide Surveillance V2

(Hereinafter abbreviated as Citywide Surveillance)" for Japan-domestic and the overseas branch.

Citywide Surveillance has recognition and the attribute sorting function concerning "Vehicle" and

"Person" to the image and the image of which the surveillance camera installed in the town. It explains

the function related to "Vehicle" of Citywide Surveillance in the beginning. The vehicle recognition

and classification function of Citywide Surveillance is to recognize vehicles from camera images and

images and classify and record the car attributes (car, Bus, Truck, Motorcycle etc.), car

type/manufacturer, the vehicle it can. It also has a vehicle number plate recognition and analysis

function in Japan / overseas. Furthermore, it has a function to realize the number of vehicles by

recognizing stagnation/passage in areas/places (lines) set in advance on the road for roads/intersections.

There are various types of vehicles and manufacturers that run in major cities of Saudi Arabia, and

number plates (character and figures) are different in each country/region. In order to improve

recognition rate (accuracy) of vehicle/car type, it is necessary to adjust functions (customization) on

software according to a fixed learning amount/time using Deep Learning and view angle/resolution of

camera image, however AI Image analysis using technology is a technology expected to penetrate and

standardize in the future in the future as well as automatic driving technology.

It explains the function concerning "Person detection" of Citywide Surveillance next. It has the

function to recognize and to classify a person's clothes, color, and the attribute of the face after

"Person" is recognized from the camera image in Citywide Surveillance. The number of people who

exceed on a certain line in the space-specific of the area of certain can be counted by using these

functions. A rough number of people (number of head counts) in the car can be acquired by this using

"Person count in the area" function (Though it depends on the condition like the resolution and the

distinction etc. between the camera image and the image). There is a "carpooling countermeasure" that

regulates single ride as one of regulations and measures to alleviate traffic congestion and congestion,

and carpooling cases have already been reported in the United States. I think that the "person detection"

and "person count" functions of Citywide Surveillance are technologies that can be practically used as

one tool to be utilized for a countermeasure against carpooling using surveillance camera images.

24

Figure 2-7 Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu

Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

Figure 2-8 Vehicle recognition and classification example of Citywide Surveillance

Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

Detection/ counting Attribute sorting Individual/vehicle identification

Area-specificcongestion detection

Barrier entry/ exit detection

Person classificationClothing type/ color

Face recognitionAutomatic seat position estimation

Area-specificcongestion detection

Barrier entry/ exitdetection

Vehicle classificationType/Make/Model/Color

License plate recognition

Position estimation

People

Vehicles

Patent Application Filed

FUJITSU Technical Computing Solution <GREENAGES Citywide Surveillance V2>

25

Figure 2-9 Person detection and headcount example of Citywide surveillance

Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

4）Research and examination of the calculation method of automobile CO2 emissions using

AI technology

The AI image analysis software from the surveillance footage recognizes the vehicle, classifies, and

can obtain the number of counts of vehicles between by Citywide surveillance as shown in those

mentioned above. Next, to calculate the CO2 emissions of a car, a fuel efficiency factor (Fuel

Efficiency) is necessary. However it depends on the type of cars Citywide surveillance identifies (①

Car, ② Van, ③ Bus, ④ Truck etc.) Prepare appropriate fuel coefficient parameters (in a state

where they can be changed appropriately) and set them from the outside. With respect to the travel

distance (km) of the vehicle, tracking by multi-point monitoring using multiple cameras can be

considered, but at the time of investigation / examination, the distance traveled distance (km) per car

according to the city characteristics is set according to the vehicle type ①②③④ By defining the

travel distance parameter (km), the above-mentioned automobile CO2 emission amount (approximate

value) can be automatically calculated as follows.

26

CO2 Emission（KgCO2）＝

Σ｛Traffic（Number of Vehicle）⇒ The number of vehicles is counted

from the surveillance footage.

×Moving distance（km） ⇒ The distance parameter is set according

to the model and the city

characteristic classified from the

surveillance footage.

×Emission factor（KgCO2/L）⇒ The value is adopted from opening

to the public and the technical

document.

÷Fuel Efficiency（km/L）｝ ⇒ Coefficient setting according to model

( ① Car ② Van ③ Bus ④ Track)

obtained from surveillance footage

When calculating the CO2 emissions of automobiles by the above method, it is intuitively easy to

understand information on CO2 emissions by cars by combining with the dashboard (software)

displayed together with the surveillance camera image and surrounding map status, it is also necessary

to have a mechanism and so on.

Figure 2-10 Calculation and display example of CO2 emissions from surveillance footage

Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

CO2 Emission

０．８Kg／Day

27

2.5 Status of Quo the Integrated environmental information management system

GAMEP collects and manages meteorological data and air environment data, and introduces

infrastructure related to these information systems (ICT) (network equipment, PCs, servers, storage,

etc.). In this section, we surveyed the current infrastructure improvement situation and the issues for

future management system improvement centering on the air monitoring system managed and

operated by the GAMEP monitoring department.

1） Current status of operation of GAMEP air environment monitoring system

As mentioned above, GAMEP manages and operates AQMS (including mobile stations) of about

80 stations at present. GAMEP has HQ in Jeddah and 7 branch offices in KSA, and about 80 AQMS

stations are established in each branch area including HQ. As a result of interview with air monitoring

department, air monitoring data was not integrated into one data center (Server group), and obtained

information of being managed with 4 (four) servers (Laptop PC). Currently data of 80 stations are

collected through network (3G) . Furthermore, the data managed by the 4 (four) servers are managed

as individual (expressed as separate). Although detailed information on the current 4 (four) server

management methods (classification) could not be gathered, in order to expand the number of installed

AQMS (including mobile stations) including each branch office, distributed management of

monitoring data is efficiently, master data (original data) of all stations should be managed centrally

at 1 (one) data center efficiently, each branch station (each area) manages the data of the own area

(own station) on that basis.

2）Current status of GAMEP air monitoring system network

In GAMEP, AQMS (including mobile station) and GAMEP HQ (or branch office) are connected

with a carrier line in Saudi Arabia (3G / 4G line). However, as mentioned above, due to problems with

the network, data transmission / reception is still disrupted at several stations. In addition, it was rare

case in the process of operation that the network state became disconnected / not connectable and data

transmission / reception cannot be done. In Saudi Arabia with a large land area it requires a lot of

measures to secure a stable Internet line (3G / 4G), however network communication situation (carrier

base station is nearby), AQMS studio building We monitor the network equipment (connection router,

SIM insertion device, connection PC etc.) within the AQMS station building and prepare for periodic

automatic refresh (service reboot) , It is necessary to have an operation design that can perform

recovery processing after recovering from the network. Below is the state of the network equipment

and the PC terminal at the time of visiting the facilities in the AQMS station building of GAMEP.

28

3）Operation status of ICT equipment (Server/Storage) of GAMEP

We visited the ICT server room (data center) in the GAMEP head office and conducted interviews

with ICT person in charge. For entering the data center, security management and management were

adequate as a data center called security pledge writing and cannot take photo inside of data center.

We could not collect explanations of GAMEP side up to detailed use of ICT equipment, but server

equipment related to meteorological department is deployed and system related to air environment

monitoring is planned to be developed (being promoted) It was a comment with. In the GAMEP data

center room, it is arranged in a dedicated rack such as server equipment, storage equipment and

network equipment of prominent vendors in the ICT industry, and the operation and maintenance staff

(ICT dedicated staff) are arranging 30 persons in total, Professional engineers were introduced and

operated from the situation inside the room and the dedicated rack (the wiring state of the power cable

and the network cable). The storage capacity to store data is 200 TB (1 TB ≈ 1000 GB) in the GAMEP

data center and uses the STC cloud of Saudi Telecom Company (STC), Saudi Arabia's leading

telecommunications company, and in the future 70% of their resource to the cloud side that GAMEP

has a track record of creating a new platform concept with US ICT vendors with their consultant team.

4）Current status of air monitoring data management and data sharing

The GAMEP air monitoring department is in a situation where the monitoring data is managed

individually by the 4 (four) PC servers, and operational rules of data management, that is, data

collection / storage, data screening, data validation, and data disclosure are performed according to a

unified standard it was not seem to be determined. As mentioned in Chapter 2.2, the GAMEP public

site (see figure below) has a site that displays air monitoring data as AQI (Air Quality Index), however

it does not publish real-time (immediacy) data, also browses the site as far as it is concerned, it is an

operation that publishes data of 1(one) day ago (data of all sites are not available for viewing).

Regarding data management and data disclosure, policies differ between countries and agencies, so it

cannot be said unconditionally, as an example in Japan, "Ministry of the Environment Air

Environmental Regional Observation System (AEROS): Soramame-Kun" operated by the National

Institute for Environmental Studies and the Ministry of the Environment Japan operates an hourly

report value (not a fixed value) of 1 hour that it has released the previous values. In the future it is

though that there is a need to systematically build a structure and platform/infrastructure to manage

data management and data disclosure.

(2) Confirmation of air monitoring data analysis and air pollution prediction needs of GAMEP

We conducted a interview and survey on ICT department concerning the necessity of HPC (High

Performance Computing; generally representing supercomputer) together with the needs of GAMEP's

air environment data analysis and air pollution / diffusion prediction model (simulation). GAMEP has

already developed and operated several numerical simulation models for example meteorological

model (WRF-ARW), the ocean simulation model, and a biotechnology chemical model, also they has

been operated these calculation resources were used GAMEP data center and external Cloud (for

example STC Cloud ) . Similarly, when conducting interview concerning the needs of the air

monitoring department, they has been consided that air pollution and chemical substance

transportation to grasp the influence of pollutants from Saudi Arabia domestic and peripheral

(boundary) using air environment measurement data and weather data are necessary. However, they

29

don’t have own (currently) the person in charge and technical skills that can plan and carry out these

practices, and furthermore, it seems that calculation resources and data sharing are not done between

the meteorological department and the air monitoring department currently.

As mentioned above as for GAMEP, the NEMC (National Environmental Monitoring Center)

construction is planned in the future, and the human resource expansion such as the engineer,

consultants, and engineer of ICT who are related to the environmental field from the outside agency

to say nothing of the GAMEP staff is expected. It is recognized that it is a strategy that expanding the

elemental technology and contents of the analysis of data and the air prediction and simulation

(model development) with the maintenance of the data management described in Chapter 2.2 in the

NEMC plan should promote as GAMEP air environment monitor department.

(3) The Proposal of Integrated Environment Information Management System

Based on the information about the operational scheme concerning data management by air

monitoring department and ICT facility situation, it would be organized the policies and proposals on

how to build Integrated Environmental Information Management System for GAMEP. As a basic

policy, it is desirable to manage the master data one by one because of the efficiency of data

management. Because the monitoring data that AQMS currently acquires is managed by several

servers (places) currently. Furthermore, in addition to AQMS data, integrated management of data

from CEMS and other data than air measurement substances (climate change, water quality, waste,

energy, transportation, etc.) is expected in the future. Resource design that can collect and manage data

of these other areas is required. Also, in the integration environmental information management system

construction, it is necessary to plan each phase separately in 5 years

The target systems are: (1) Infrastructure platform (network, server / storage) of NEMC (National

Environment Monitoring Center) and various software selection and customization. ② Data transfer

and installation of 80 existing AQMS stations and data collection and management of AQMS 70 newly

stations, ③ Development of software for data collection function (network) and data processing /

reporting tools for CEMS, ④ Development of other tools owned and operated by GAMEP (Early

Warning System, Numerical Weather Forecast System), it is necessary to advance integrated design

and implementation step by step.

2.6 Calculation of CO2 reduction effect of energy origin by implementing this project

The development of monitoring data will be provided by the reform of the environmental

monitoring system planned by the Saudi Arabia government. Environmental monitoring is an effort to

be positioned as the basis for all environmental measures, including CO2 countermeasures, but of

course the environmental monitoring system itself will not be able to achieve CO2 reduction effects.

In accordance with the introduction of the new environmental monitoring system and the

introduction of possible measures, the energy-derived CO2 reduction effect was calculated.

When combining image analysis using Japan advanced IT technology (especially AI), it can be

expected that it will contribute to the formulation of legislation to reduce the energy-derived CO2

reduction effect. These technologies are likely to be considered as measures to promote the conversion

to high-efficiency vehicles by road pricing and traffic flow countermeasures such as congestion

mitigation. We will consider the case where such measures were realized by the implementation of the

monitoring and information processing system.

As a concrete item, it is as follows.

30

(1) Feasibility study of monitoring system for policy

We will consider the possibility of utilization of data obtained from environmental monitoring

systems and policies that combine it technologies.

As a result of the consideration among the operators, as a method of utilizing the environmental

monitoring system envisioned in this project to reduce CO2 emission reduction measures, measures

as shown in table 212 can be considered.

Table 2-5 List of how to use environmental monitoring system to reduce CO2 emissions

Measures Overview/How to use the technology to keep in mind

Road Pricing ▪ The image recognizes the vehicle's

size and number, and reflects the toll

on the specific road. This encourages

the use of vehicles with a good fuel

economy level.

▪ The target of image recognition

becomes an issue. Large

vehicles are generally fuel-

efficient, but depend on the

vehicle type.In addition, it is

difficult to sharply the engine

between different vehicles

(such as models where ICV and

HV exist) in the same form.

▪ Therefore, it is desirable to

recognize the number, and a

method to identify the vehicle

from there.

Traffic flow

Restrictions

(Model

Regulations)

▪ A car model that passes through a

certain area is less than or equal to a

certain scale.

▪ The same problems as

described above exist. For

example HV, PHV, if the EV

and the like limited, it is

assumed to be more efficient to

identify with the number or the

like.

Traffic flow

restrictions

(traffic

control

▪ When the vehicle that passes through

the region reaches a certain number,

the vehicle (size) and the number are

recognized by the image, and the

traffic of more vehicles is prohibited.

The congestion is expected to be eased

by this.

▪ Emergency vehicles, it is

desirable to provide an

exception such as construction

vehicles.

Speed limit ▪ Identify vehicles running beyond the

speed limit and notify them at a later

date.

▪ Must be coordinated with

traffic regulations.

Car pooling ▪ Impose regulations (prohibition of

entry, billing, etc.) for single-ride

vehicles

▪ Identify the number and number of

passengers by image recognition

technology, or take measures such as

charging separately for vehicles on a

▪ By applying the current image

recognition technology, it is

possible to monitor in a remote

place.

▪ On the other hand, the

application to the precise rule

becomes a problem (when the

31

Measures Overview/How to use the technology to keep in mind

single ride.

▪ This leads to a reduction in the

number of vehicles in order to

encourage multiple rides. In addition,

because the number of vehicles

decreases, it contributes to the

congestion mitigation (efficiency due

to an increase in average speed).

recognition of the back seat and

the shading film are pasted)

(2) Energy-derived greenhouse gas emissions reduction estimates

1） Method of calculation

The calculation method of such a project is considered to conform to the Recage calculation method

(equation 16) of the CDM methodology ACM0016.

𝐸𝑅𝐶𝐴,𝑦 =∑10−6 × 𝑁𝐼𝑍𝑖,𝑦 × 𝑇𝐷𝐼𝑍𝑖,𝑦 × (𝐸𝐹𝑃𝐽,𝑖,𝑦 − 𝐸𝐹𝐵𝐿,𝑖)

𝑖

where,

ERCP,y Reduction of emissionsby car pooling for the year y （t-CO2/yr）

NIZi,y Number of model i driving in the Regulation section in Year y

TDIZi,y The average mileage of the model i running in the Regulation section in

Year y (km)

EFPJ,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in year y（g-CO2/km）

EFBL,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in the base year（g-CO2/km）

Here, for parameters, 𝑁𝐼𝑍𝑖,𝑦 and 𝑇𝐷𝐼𝑍𝑖,𝑦 , CDM methodology ACM0016 is requesting

monitoring after project implementation. Methods are based on electronic or visual tracking, and no

specific methods are described. For the application of image recognition technology, for example, a

method of capturing as a difference between the entry and exit into the area compared with the time

when the number of vehicles seems to be the fewest (such as before dawn), the camera is installed

everywhere in the area, The method of calculating the density of the road area and the vehicle of the

area is considered. As for the emission rate, the general rule that the ratio of the fuel consumption rate

in urban driving is proportional to the negative 0.7 power of the ratio of the rate (European Air

Emission Inventory System: CORINAIR) is applicable, The methodology ACM0016 and similar bus

transportation systems (BRT) have been applied to the methodology AM0031. Specifically expressed

as follows.

𝐸𝐹𝑃𝐽,𝑖,𝑦

𝐸𝐹𝐵𝐿,𝑖= (

𝑉𝑃𝐽𝑉𝐵𝐿

)−0.7

where,

EFPJ,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in year y（g-CO2/km）

32

EFBL,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in the base year（g-CO2/km）

VPJ Average speed after project execution（km/hr 等）

VBL Average speed of the base year（km/hr, etc.）

That is, if the running speed rises to 22km from 20km per hour, the fuel consumption rate is,,,

(22

20)−0.7

, that is about 6.5% decrease. Here, the numerical value of 20km per hour recalled that the

travel speed at the time of congestion in the Japan metropolitan area often falls below 20km per hour4.

Although there are not many case studies on energy saving caused by the speed increase caused by the

congestion mitigation, example of improved to about 15km/h that the speed at the time of congestion

was lowered to 8 km/h by traffic demand management (Niigata City5), travel speed is 20% by road

maintenance

There is an example of improvement (Aichi Prefecture6), it can be assumed that such a setting is

not excessive as the effect of the congestion relaxation by introduction. Due to factors such as the

increase in vehicle ownership due to the increase in population, many projects may not explicitly show

the effects of emission reductions before and after implementation of countermeasures.

It is thought that such an event does not occur when the number of vehicles in the target area is

absolutely limited.

2）Calculation of emission reduction effect

Based on the above calculation method, the effect of reducing the emission of such projects is

calculated. 10,000 vehicles in the area, the mileage per day is 300km (approximately the same as the

route bus, taxi), the CO2 emission rate of the reference year is 130g-CO 2/km, assuming that the

vehicle running speed was improved by 10%, the reduction rate is about 6.5%, Emission reduction

amount is calculated as about 7, 600t-CO2.

Here, the reduction rate as the effect of traffic congestion measures was estimated to be 6.5%, but

in the case of various measures described in table 2-13, there is more than 10%.

As with the car pooling project, the CO2 emission rate for the base year is a very conservative

setting (130G-CO 2/km = 17.7 km/l) based on the catalog spec in the EU, and is assumed in Saudi

Arabia It is assumed that the discharge rate is even larger when based on the assumption that running

the air conditioner is operated by a large vehicle. According to EU statistics, the CO2 emission rate of

SUVs with gasoline engines of about 3 liters of displacement is around 200g-CO 2/km7. This is

assumed that the discharge rate in the case of operating the constant air conditioning under intense

heat conditions is further higher (thus the emission reduction amount due to the project is also

increased proportionally).

However, since the application of such actual driving-based discharge rate requires additional

monitoring, it is considered to conform to the catalog spec as a simple and conservative value.

As an issue, if you are regulating entry into some areas, there may be a traffic jam in the route that

bypasses the region, and a substantial emission reduction effect can be eliminated, so whether such

infrastructure is maintained The point is that it is desirable to introduce at a point that has already been

4 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, understanding traffic conditions and countermeasures for

congestion (http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/000987228.pdf) 5 http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/management-e/e_pdf/0403_3.pdf 6 http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-perform/h18/07.pdf 7 EU, Monitoring of CO2 emissions from passenger Cars website (HTTPS://WWW.EEA.EUROPA.EU/DATA-

AND-MAPS/DATA/CO2-CARS-EMISSION-13) see data, etc.

33

developed but is not used.

(3) Conclusion

As an example of application of image recognition technology, we assumed the car pooling and

congestion mitigation effect, and examined the calculation method of emission reduction amount and

calculated the amount of emission reduction. The project assumed here is not a large scale, such as a

main road and a city area, but it is inferred that the amount of emission reduction is assumed to be a

scale of several thousand T-co2. Although this is classified as a small part of the CDM, there are only

two projects where credit was issued based on the bilateral credit system, exceeding the size of the

annual emissions reductions shown above (10 MW scale in Mongolia).

When the project envisioned in this study is assumed to be a bilateral credit system (JCM) project,

there is a possibility that the scale is likely to fall into a large category.

The benefits associated with this project include mitigating air pollution and enabling monitoring

in remote places such as offices. Other possibilities include the traffic information-based signal

measures. As an example, the road side is green light only when it detects a vehicle, turn left sensitive

to adjust the time of the left direction in accordance with the number of vehicles (in the case of Keep

right), a method of controlling the traffic information in the central completion Center. In the Japan,

there is a report that the improvement of such a traffic signal has reduced the total 7.5 million T-co2

to five years of 2008-2012 years (the Kyoto Protocol No. 1 promise period)8.

This is equivalent to about 0.01% of the origin emissions of the Japan transportation sector, but will

be a higher ratio when confined to urban traffic.

8 Takagi, 2015, global warming countermeasures by Traffic management

(http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sankoushin/sangyougijutsu/chikyu_kankyo/yakusoku_souan_wg/pdf/005_06_00.p

df)

34

3． Proposal for the Integrated Monitoring and Management System

1. and 2. Based on the results of the survey, we examined the strategy for Japanese companies to

take orders for the environmental Monitoring System renovation project of GAMEP.

3.1 Introduction System Review

For the Integrated Environmental Monitoring management system proposed to GAMEP, (1)

Structure: establishment of system and measures for appropriate monitoring, and (2) Monitoring:

Aqms (Air Quality Monitoring System) to build an integrated environment monitoring and

management systems, (3) Capacity building: A comprehensive proposal from three layers of skills

development to achieve sustained monitoring.

3.2 Examination of the business size and business profitability of the introduction system

3.1. (1) Framework: establishment of systems and measures for appropriate monitoring, and (2)

monitoring: establishing an integrated environmental monitoring and management system using

AQMS (Air Quality Monitoring System)

, (3) Capacity building: The cost required to implement the three skills development to achieve

sustained monitoring is estimated.

The cost estimates the initial cost (CAPEX) and running Cost (OPEX) for a total of five years.

Note that this cost is a cost including items to be carried out in the GAMEP side, such as O&M of

AQMS, not the cost limited to the scope of the consortium is implemented.

3.3 Examination of measures to increase the likelihood of Japanese companies ' orders

According to the interview with GAMEP, the order scope that GAMEP considered before the

implementation of this FS was a form separating the planning work related to the maintenance of

AQMS and the equipment procurement and maintenance work of AQM.

This FS includes capacity building for management in order to manage sustainable atmospheric

environment by GAMEP, from the formulation of policies and plans for air quality management, in

addition to the actual improvement of AQMS. It is confirmed that this scope conforms to the needs of

the GAMEP side. And in order to cope with the scope, it cannot be done by the manufacturer alone,

and the strength of the consortium by the think tank, measurement equipment maker, system integrator.

According to the interview with GAMEP, their emphasis is placed on human resources development

such as nurturing officials at NEMC (National Environment Monitoring Center) scheduled to be

established. In Japan, local governments in large cities mainly have facilities and systems that manage

AQMS and related analyzes, and have accumulated relevant knowledge since the 1970s. In order to

develop human resources in Saudi Arabia in the future, it is desirable to transfer technology in

intergovernmental efforts to utilize the knowledge of local public organizations in Japan and related

public interest corporations. In Saudi Japan Vision 2030, efforts are made to promote exchanges in the

environmental field. Training will be carried out for GAMEP staff as a result of arrangements with

GAMEP and MEWA of the upper government office with the Japanese side As a result, superiority

will be demonstrated in the competition with foreign companies.

35

4． Reporting Meetings

The final reporting meeting of the findings was held in Saudi Arabia and in Japan.

4.1 Final Reporting Meeting in Saudi Arabia

The study team held a reporting meeting to report to the stakeholders on Saudi Arabia side including

GAMEP the findings of this FS in February 2019. At the meeting for the deputy secretary for GAMEP,

an integrated environmental monitoring and management system was constructed and the operation

project proposal was explained. O & M, installation of measurement equipment, O & M, introduction

of a system that realizes comprehensive management of measurement data, O & M, policy advisory

to effectively utilize data and to take effective policy, as a package. The content of the proposal got

very high evaluation from GAMEP.

4.2 Final Reporting Meeting in Japan

We held a briefing session for stakeholders on the Japanese side concerning the results of this FS

and the response of the report meeting held during the last visit to the site.

Study on the Integrated Management System of Environment

Information Final Report

February, 28th 2019

Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.

TEL +81- 3-5157-2111

（様式２）

頁 図表番号3 Figure 1-124 Figure 2-7

24 Figure 2-8

25 Figure 2-9

26 Figure 2-10

Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu

Vehicle recognition and classification example of Citywide Surveillance

二次利用未承諾リスト

平成３０年度質の高いエネルギーインフラの海外展開に向けた事業実施可能性調査事業

サウジアラビア国・統合的環境モニタリング・マネジメント事業

株式会社三菱総合研究所

タイトル

Person detection and headcount example of Citywide surveillance

Calculation and display example of CO2 emissions from surveillance footage

GAMEP structure diagram