studying children chapter 1-2. the developing brain brains are made of nerve cells or neurons
TRANSCRIPT
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Studying ChildrenChapter 1-2
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The Developing Brain
• Brains are made of nerve cells or neurons.
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• A newborn brain has about 100 billion neurons.• These neurons have about 50 trillion connections
• During infancy, the connections increase rapidly (up to 3 billion per second)
• By age 3, a child has about 1,000 trillion connections
(twice as many as an adult)
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• The first 3 years are optimal for learning.
• As a child matures, many unused connections are lost.
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Brains develop in response to stimulation: activities that arouse a baby’s senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell)
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Stimulation can improve:
• Curiosity
• Attention span
• Memory
• Nervous system development
Repetition helps to strengthen brain connections.
Children who do not receive enough stimulation may develop learning problems.
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Theories About Development
• Theorists provide insights about how children learn and develop– Some use experiments– Some cannot
Not everyone agrees about how we should apply these findings.
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Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
• One of the first to study child development and recognize how much childhood affected adult life.
• Believed that personality develops through a series of stages
• Much of his work has since been found to be flawed.
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Jean Piaget (1896 - 1980)
• First to study children scientifically
• Focused on learning
•Believed that children go through four stages of learning
•Much of his work still applies today
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Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994)• Believed that personality
develops through 8 stages
• Thought that each stage included a crisis that must be resolved in order to move on
•Believed that caregivers must know how to support children’s needs at each stage
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B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990)
• Believed that learning occurred because of positive and negative reinforcement (reward and punishment)
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What researchers have found
• Although they did not always agree, they have given us much insight about how to nurture and educate children.
• They have found that child development follows five general rules.
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5 Characteristics of development
1. Development is similar for everyone
Children go through the same stages in the same order (but not necessarily as the same speed)
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2. Development builds upon earlier learning
It follows a sequence or an order of steps
3. Development proceeds at an individual rate
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4. The different areas of development are interrelated
• Physical• Cognitive• Social• Emotional
5. Development is a lifelong processIt never stops (although it slows down)
physical cognitive
social emotional
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Influences of Development
• Heredity: the biological transfer of traits from parents to offspring
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• Environment: The people, places, and things that surround you
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Nature vs. Nurture (Heredity) (Environment)
YouAnd how you respond to
your environment
HEREDITY ENVIRONMENT
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Lifelong Growth and Development
• Human Life Cycle: The stages that humans go through during life
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• Developmental Tasks: Challenges that must be met or skills to be acquired during each stage of life
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Development Beyond Childhood
• Adolescence
• Young Adulthood
• The Thirties
• Middle Age
• Late Adulthood
• Very Late Adulthood
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• Self-esteem:– Self-worth – The value that people place on
themselves