subject / course english
TRANSCRIPT
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E-Content Instructional Media Centre
Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 32
T.S. India
Subject / Course – English Paper : Aspects of Language
Module Name/Title : Teaching English Language Skills Part-I
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
CONTENT Dr. K. Nagendra
PRESENTATION Dr. K. Nagendra
PRODUCER M. Mohammed Ghouse
Instructional Media Centre
Maulana Azad National Urdu University
Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 32
T.S. India
//imcmanuu
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INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE SKILLS
Teachers tend to talk about the way we use
language in terms of four skills-Reading,
Writing, Speaking and Listening.
These are often divided into two types.
They are as follows;
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1. Receptive Skills is a term used for
reading and listening, skills where
meaning is extracted from the discourse.
2. Productive skills is the term for speaking
and writing, skills where students have to
produce language themselves.
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There is some concern about separating skills in
this way, especially since they are seldom
separated in real life.
We might also want to question a once commonly-
held view that receptive skills are somehow
passive, whereas productive skills are in some
way more active.
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It is certainly the case that when we speak
or write we are producing language, and no
one would argue with the idea that
language activation takes place when we
are doing this.
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But reading and listening also demand
considerable language activation on the part
of the reader or listener.
We cannot access meaning unless our brains
are fully engaged with the texts we are
interacting with.
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In other words, we have to think to
understand, using any or all of our
language knowledge to get meaning from
what we are seeing or hearing.
But in any case, whether we are reading or
speaking we often mix what we are doing
with other skills.
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SKILLS TOGETHER
It makes little sense to talk about skills in
isolation since, as Eli Hinkel points out,
‘in meaningful communication, people
employ incremental language skills not
in isolation, but in tandem’ (Hinkel
2006:113).
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When we are engaged in conversation, we are
bound to listen as well as speak otherwise we
could not interact with the person we are speaking
to.
Teachers frequently rely on notes they have
written previously, and people listening to
teachers often write notes of their own.
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Even reading, generally thought of as a private
activity, often provokes conversation and
comment.
Writing too, is rarely done in isolation. Much of
today’s communication is electronic for example;
via emails, text messages and social networks
etc.
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We read what people send to us and then replay
fairly instantly. And even when we are writing
on our own, we generally read through what we
have written before we send it off.
Sometimes, of course, this is not the case when
dealing with emails and text messages, but
writers and texters often regret sending their
messages in haste!
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Clearly, therefore, if skill use is multi-layered
in this way, it would make no sense to teach
each skill in isolation. We will, therefore, look
at how input and output are connected in the
classroom, how skills can be integrated, and
how skill and language work are connected.
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Input and Output of Language Skills
Receptive skills and productive skills feed off each
other in a number of ways. ‘What we say or write
is heavily influenced by what we hear and see’.
Our most important information about language
comes from this input. Thus the more we see and
listen to comprehensible input, the more English we
acquire, notice or learn.
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This input takes many forms: teachers provide
massive language input, as does audio material
in the classroom and variety of reading texts that
students are exposed to.
Students may read extensively or listen to
podcasts. They may interact with other English
speakers both inside and outside the classroom.
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But students get other input too, especially in
relation to their own output. When a student
produces a piece of language and sees how it
turns out, that information is fed back into the
acquisition process.
Output –and the students' response to their own
output-becomes input.
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Such input or feedback can take various
forms. Some of it comes from ourselves,
whether or not we language learners.
We modify what we write or say as we go
along, based on how effectively we think
and what we are communicating.
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Feedback also comes from the people we
are communicating with. In face-to-face
spoken interaction, our listeners tell us in a
number of ways whether we are managing
to get our message across.
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On the telephone, listeners can question us
and/or show through their intonation, tone
of voice or lack of response that they have
not understood us.
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Teachers can, of course, provide feedback,
too, not just when a student finishes a
piece of work, but also during the writing
process, for example, or when acting as a
resource, they offer ongoing support.
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Let us have a look at dynamic
relationship between input and output
Teacher’s
Feedback
Other
student’s
feedback
Other
Students
participate
Student
modifies
his/her
understanding
Student
sees how
it turns
out
INPUT
Audio/video tapes
Native speakers in person
Native speaker media
Reading and Pedagogic texts
The Teacher
Language Student
OUTPUT
Speech
Writing
The Circle of input & output (p-266, Harmer Jermey)
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Integrating skills
Speaking as preparation and motivation
Texts as models
Texts as preparation and motivation
Integrated Tasks
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RECEPTIVE SKILLS
T
directs
feedback
T directs
Comprehension
task
SS read
/listen for
task
Lead-in T directs text-
related task
T directs
Comprehension task
T directs feedback
SS read /listen for
task
TYPE 1 TASKS
TYPE (1) 2
TASKS
A basic Methodological model for teaching Receptive Skills (P-271, Harmer Jermey)
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The Language issues in Receptive Sills
Pre-teaching vocabulary
Extensive reading & listening
Authenticity
COMPREHENSION TASKS
Testing & Teaching
Appropriate Challenge
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PRODUCTIVE SKILLS
T gives
feedback T sets the task T Monitors
the task Lead-in Task related
follow-up
T sets the task
T gives the feedback
T Monitors the task
A basic Model for teaching Productive Skills (P-276, Harmer Jermey)
SS have all the
information they need
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Structuring Discourse in Productive Skills
Writing: Coherent and Cohesive are very important in
Writing Skills.
Coherent writing makes sense because you can follow
the ‘sequence of ideas and points’.
Cohesion is a more technical matter since it is here that
we concentrate on the various linguistic ways of
connecting ‘ideas across phrases and sentences’
Examples: pronouns, lexical repetition and synonymy.
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Examples of Linkers
Addition: also, moreover etc.
Contrast: although, however, still, etc.
Cause & effect: therefore, so, etc.
Time: then, afterwards, etc.
Organizing Markers: Firstly, secondly and finally.
Successful Communication, both in Writing and in
Speaking, depends on ‘knowing rules.
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Interacting with Audience
Speaking proficiency depends upon our ability
to speak differentially, depending upon our
audience and upon the we absorb their reactions
and respond to them.
Writing skills depends upon our ability to
change our style and structure to suit the person
or people we writing for.
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Dealing with Difficulty of Language
Improvising: Students feel difficult with
words/phrases.
Discarding: Learners can’t find words what they
want to say.
Foreignising: Speakers use first language for
pronouncing L2 words.
Paraphrasing: Learners face problems with lexicon
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The Language issue
Learners engaged in Productive Task can
become very frustrated when they just don’t
have the words or the grammar they need to
express themselves.
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Step-1: Supply key language: Check
knowledge of their vocabulary ( Grammatical,
lexical or phrasal).
Step-2: Plan activities in advance: plan
production activities that will provoke the use
of language which they have had a chance to
absorb at an earlier stage.
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PROJECTS
Project work is a popular in EFL/ESL
teaching and learning too, though its use
naturally constrained by the amount of
time available for its implementation.
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How do we manage projects
The briefing/the choice: selecting the topic
(teacher or students)
Idea/language generation: finding the sources
of material.
Data gathering: making use of different sources.
For examples: media, internet, textbooks and
library.
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Planning: final draft model and chapter division.
Drafting and editing: first draft, self edited, fellow
students.
The result: aiming has been reached. Example: big
report.
Consultation/Tutorial: Teachers will need to be
available as tutors, advising, helping and prompting
students to help them progress.
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Importance of Receptive & Productive Skills
Listening
Speaking
Reading,
Writing,
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LISTENING SKILLS
Listening is our primary communication activity.
Objectives
To enable students to develop their
listening skill so that they may
appreciate its role in the LSRW skills
approach to language and improve their
pronunciation
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To equip students with necessary
training in listening so that they can
comprehend the speech of people
of different backgrounds and
regions.
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Practice in listening to the sounds of
the language to be able to recognize
them.
To distinguish between them to mark
stress and recognize and use the
right intonation in sentences.
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LISTENING & HEARING
Listening:
"Listening," therefore, is an act of will.
Hearing:
"Hearing" can simply happen without
desire or intention or interest or preference.
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TYPES OF LISTENING
Extensive Listening: Listening for
general content
Intensive Listening: Listening for
specific information
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SPEAKING SKILLS
Objectives
To make students aware of the role of speaking
in English and its contribution to their success
and also enable students to express
themselves fluently and appropriately in
social and professional contexts.
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Speaking Activities
Oral practice
Describing objects/situations/people
Role plays
Group Discussions
Individual/Group activities
Just A Minute(JAM) Sessions
Debate
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READING SKILLS
Objectives
To develop an awareness in the students
about the significance of silent reading and
comprehension.
To develop the ability of students to guess the
meanings of words from context and grasp the
overall message of the text, draw inferences etc.
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TECHNIQUIES OF READING
Skimming: Understanding the gist of an
argument
Scanning: Identifying the topic sentence
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TYPES OF READING
Intensive Reading
Extensive Reading
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“Reading makes Full Man,
Conference makes Ready Man, but
Writing makes an Exact Man”
-By Francis Bacon
WRITING SKILLS
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Objectives
To develop an awareness in the students about
writing as an exact and formal skill
To equip them with the components of
different forms of writing, beginning with the
lower order ones.
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Writing Activities
Writing sentences
Use of appropriate vocabulary
Paragraph writing
Coherence and cohesiveness
Narration / description
Note Making
Formal and informal letter writing
Editing a passage