SUBJECT INDEX

abrasion index 350 Aegean Sea 229, 234 Aeolian Islands 227, 234-235 Aira Caldera 172-173 Aira-Tn ash 167, 174, 185-186 Akohoya ash 167, 174, 176 Alberta 74 alkalic magmas 258 alpha counting 103

analysis 106 Amatitlan 194, 195, 202 Amatitlan Caldera 205 analytical precision 89 andesite flows 421 antidune structures 427 archaeological sites, Japan 161, 174-176 archaeology 103, 116

application of tephra to 355 Asama, Japan, 1783 eruption 406 Asbyrgi 119, 120 ash-fall deposits 263, 268 ash-flow tuff 458 ash-microprobe analysis 232-232, 238, 241~242 Askja 296, 198

tephra 131 1875 eruption 8

Aso Caldera 167 Atitlan 194-195, 200, 202 Atlantic Basin 255 atomic absorption 85, 88-89 Ayarza 194, 195 Ayarza Caldera 202, 205 Azores 387 back-arc basin 261, 279 Bailey ash 33, 34 banded pumices 352 Bandelier Tuffs 433-434 basaltic tephra 95-101, 110-111, 213, 214, 331 base surge 358 base surge deposits

features 393 Japan 427 Taal Volcano, Philippines 432

bentonites 35 biocoenosis 382 biostratigraphy 281, 290, 307 bioturbation 266

465

466 SUBJECT INDEX

Bishop Ash 24, 140, 153 Bishop Tuff 75, 83, 85, 86, 89, 140, 145 block-and-ash flows 271 bog stratigraphy 382 Borchers Ash 24 Bridge River Tephra 75, 78, 81, 83-84, 103 British Columbia 103 Brunhes Age 70-71 Buena Vista lapilli 365 bush-sickness 9 C-14 dating method 112, 131 Cambio excavation, El Salvador 54 campanian trachytes 228, 231-232, 234-235 Cascade Range 368-369

alluviation 150 glaciation 146-148 paleowind directions 154

Cascade Tephra, rate of deposition 156 cenezoic volcanism 289 Central America 281 Central Mexico 60 Ceren eruption, El Salvador 361 characterisation of tephra 77, 165 chemical characterisation of tephra 96, 259-261, 290 chemical correlation of tephra 290, 300-301 chemical fingerprinting 281 -

of tephra 96, 261 Citara Serrara Tuff (Ischia) 373 Classic Maya 361 climate oscillations, 161, 181-183 climatic effects of eruption 153 cluster analysis 90 co-ignimbrite

airfall ash 358 ashes 325, 340 ash-fall deposit 436 lag-fall deposit 434-435

Coatepeque 194-195 Coatepeque Caldera 195, 205 coefficient of similarity 208 Coleoptera (Beetles) 382 composition of glass

minor and trace elements 85 compositionally-zoned pyroclastic deposits 396 correlation 131

by mineral assemblage 77 of tephra 73 of tephra layers 259

Crater Lake, Oregon 74

SUBJECT INDEX

Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice 169, 185-186 dark tephra 331 dating methods, approximate 49 debris flows, subaqueous 259 deep-sea

cores 255-256, 278, 382, 387 drilling 227 sediments 74 tephra record 289, 299-305

dendrochronology 110 Denmark, Northern 213 detection limit 89 diatomites 213 diatoms 383 dispersal pattern 334 Dominica 262-263, 265, 272-273 DSDP 234, 242

cores 299 site 281-283 drilling 239

dung 387 Eastern Volcanic Zone, Iceland 96-97 Eburru 386 ecology 381, 386 El Salvador 199 electron microprobe analysis 80, 95 Eocene Tephra, Denmark 8 episodic volcanism 256, 283, 305 eruption column collapse 422 eruption colums 269-270 eruption

frequency 282-283 history 112, 449 sequence of pyroclastic deposits 434

etching of phenocrysts 58 Ethiopia 386 Etna 227 evolution of North Atlantic Basin 290-291, 293 explosive eruptions 258, 441

intensity 441, 445 explosive volcanism 255

Cenozoic 289 external detector method, fission track dating 1 Eyjafjallajokull 348 facies model 433, 437-438 Faeroe Islands 3 Faial, rain-flushed ashes 323 farm ruins 116

Iceland 9

467

468

fission track dating 14 population 16 contamination 16 external detector method 16 track fading 20, 23

fission-tracks 80, 89 flash-flood deposits 258 flat volcano 328 fluorine poisoning 6 fluorosis, symptoms of 6, 7 foraminifera assemblages 386 Fort Selkirk tephra 88 Franchthi Ash 55 Franchthi Cave 373

tephra 236, 241 frequency of ash layers 306 frost crack polygons 124-125 Fugi, history 170

volcano 164, 170, 177 geochronology 13 Gering Formation 38 glacial-stratigraphic units 144 glacier chronology 187-189 glacier oscillations 183-186 Glacier Peak 75, 77, 81, 84, 449

tephra 53, 140, 141, 152, 155 Glacier Peak, Washington 29 glacio-tectonic processes 91 glaciology 127-127 glass 209

compositions 79, 80, 300-305 shard morphology, correlation by 77

grain size analysis 215, 333-334 grain size-of-pyroclastic deposits 461

SUBJECT INDEX

grain size populations of pyroclastic deposits 322 gravity flow deposits, subaqueous pyroclastics 255, 270 Greenland 387 Grenada Basin 255, 261, 272, 275, 277, 279 Grey Campanian ash 373 Grey Campanian ignimbrite 233-2~4, 236 Crimsvotn 3, 110, 113, 127 ground layer 327 ground surge 339, 347, 422 Guadeloupe 262-263, 269 Guatemala 59 Guatemalan Highlands 194, 200 H-tephra, Guatemala 200, 203 Hagafellsjokul 128, 131 Hakone Volcano, history 170-171, 177 Hartford Ash 82

SUBJECT INDEX 469

Hatepe phreatomagmatic 324 Hawaiian Islands tephra 136-137, lSI, 155 Hekla volcano 2, 9, 112-114, 116-117, 131, 296-298

1104 AD eruption 2, 10 1300 AD eruption 2

Hellenic Volcanic Arc 227, 377 herbivores 387 Hurculaneum 382 Hokkaido, Holocene tephra 163 Holocene tephra, North Atlantic 296 Hrafnkelsdalur Valley 118 Hueyatlaco ash 362 human occupation, Japan 175 Hvitargljufur 118 hybrids 352 hydration rate 50 ice cores 132 ice-rafted tephra 294-296, 387 Iceland 1, 95, 109, 289, 293, 331, 383, 386-387 Iceland hotspot 293, 311 Iceland, Faeroes Ridge 293, 307 Icelandic soils 1 ignimbrites 255, 258, 271, 338, 347, 434, 441, 458-459, 600

aspect ratio 442 veneer deposit 326, 441

ilmenite 208 Ilopango 194-195 Ilopango Caldera 206 impact energies 407 insects 382 inverse grading 340 inverse volcano 328 Ionian Sea 228-229 Ischia tephra 233-235 isochronous horizons 381 Italy 219 Japan Alps 161, 183-188 Japan, tephra studies 161 jokulhlaups 110-111 jokulsargljufur 118-120 Kanto Plain 177 Kanto, southern 161, 163, 178 Katla volcano 2, 3, 110, 113-115, 117, 131, 383, 387 Katla Caldera 98-99 Katmai tephra 143 Kenya 386 Ketilsstadir 383, 386 Kick'em Jenny Submarine Volcano 278 Kinki District, Japan 164 Kos Plateau Pumice tuff 238, 242-243 Kverkfjoll Volcano 331

470 SUBJECT INDEX

Laacher See, Germany 428 lahar deposits, Glacier Peak 451, 453 Lakagigar 131-132 Lake Bonneville 147-148 lake levels 386 Lake Missoula 148-149 lake sediments 383 Lake Turkana, Kenya 382 laminar flow 342 Landnam tephra layer 117, 122-123, 387 lava domes, Mukaiyama 430 Lesser Antilles Arc 255-256, 264, 421 leucite tephritic ash, Vesuvius 229 lipari 227 Little Ice Age 126 loess soil 122, 129 Lomita Marl Member 37, 39 Longonot 386 Los Chocoyos ash 194, 200, 203, 281 low-aspect ratio 600

ignimbrite 326 lower tephra of Santorini 373 lower Thera pumice 238-241 mafic tephra 331 magma mixing 219 magmatic gas content 344 magnetic polarity time scale 67-69 magnetic polarity zonation 66-69 magnetite chemistry 241 magnetostratigraphy 65, 281, 307 marine sequence, southern Kanto, Japan 179-182 marine tephra 255 marine tephrochronology 255, 305 marker tephras, Japan 165, 167, 181-182 Martinique 262-263, 265, 272, 275 Mayor Island

ignimbrites 339 New Zealand 337

mazama tephra 29, 203, 75-75, 77, 81, 83-87, 141-142, 152 Mediterranean region 227 Menengai 386 Mexico ignimbrites 397 microprobe analysis, of glass 95, 214, 231-233, 238, 241-242, 255,

259-260, 267, 272, 300, 303 mineral analyses by microprobe 208 mineralogical composition of tephra layers 230 Minoan pumice 238 Minoan tephra 240 Minoan Thera pumice 241 Minoan-Santorini tephra 228, 236

SUBJECT INDEX

model for pyroclastic flows 337 Hount St. Helens 29

ash 103, 142-143, 149, 152, 155-156 set Y tephra 75, 77, 80-87

Mt. Pelee 266-267, 271, 382 Mt. Tateyama, Japan 183-186 mud-flow deposits 258 mudflows, field of 394 Mukaiyama Volcano, Nii-Jima Island 427 Nakuru"Basins 383 neutron activation 209 neutron activation, analysis 85, 88 New Zealand 9, 29, 317

Taupo ignimbrite 441 North Atlantic 91, 289 North Sea-Skagerrak area 213-215 Norway 3

ashfall 8 Norwegian and Greenland Seas 290, "292 nuee ardentes 421, 458

deposits features 393 Ogallala Formation 38 Old Crow tephra 75, 78, 85-88 Ontake Pm I tephra 185-187 Orcefajokull 2, 113, 117, 131,296

1362 eruption 2,3 Oruanui ash 325 Osaka group 161 Oshima Volcano, Japan 395 output rate of volcanoes 395 oxygen isotopic records 179, 182 Pacific Northwest 82 Pahala ash 136 palaeoecology 381 palaeoenvironment 381, 383 palaeolandscape 382 palaeomagnetic properties 90 palagonite paleoenvironmental studies 157 paleowind directions 153 palynology 9, 110 Pantelleria 227, 229 Patagonia 8 patterned ground 124 Pearlette ash 24, 41, 81, 138-139, 144, 153

"0" tephra 75, 80, 85-86, 88 "s" tephra 75

Pele's Hair 7 peralkaline ash 228

ignimbrite 337 magmas 347

471

472

phreatomagmatic eruption 334 phreatoplinian deposits 322 phreatoplinian eruption 358-359 Pico Formation 38 Pinos Altos 195, 205 plane beds, Mukaiyama-1 430 plant macrofossils 383 Plateau Tuff of Kos 242 plinian fall deposits 434 plinian pumice fall 258 pollen analysis 9 Pompeii 382 potassium argon dating 30

alteration 32, 35 contamination 32 excess radiogenic 40Ar 32, 36

Protoclassic Maya 359 pumice drifting 131-132, 298 pumice flows 421 pyroclastic debris flows 270 pyroclastic deposits 457

components 462 grain size 461 terminology 457 welding 462

pyroclastic falls 458, 462 deposit features 393

pyroclastic flows 421, 441, 458, 462 deposit features 393 violence in 441

pyroclastic sediment debris flows 270-271 pyroclastic surge 421, 460, 462

deposits 436 deposit features 393

pyroclastic turbidite 275 Quaternary geology, USA 135 Quaternary tephra, North Atlantic 293 Quaternary tephrochronology 13, 227 Quezaltenango Valley 194 radiocarbon dates 450-451 radiocarbon dating 26

accelerator techniques 27 contamination 28 isotope enrichment 25

rain-flushed ashes 323 refractive index of glass shards 79 refractive indices 374-375 reworking 91 phyolitic pyroclastics 317 Ridge Basin of California 70

SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

Rio Dell Formation 38 Roman Potassic Province 236 Roman Province 219, 240 Roman-Campanian Province 228 Roseau debris flow deposit 272 Roseau pyroclastic flow 274-275, 422 Roseau tephra layer 264-265, 272-273 Roteuhu ash 325 Ruwenzori 387 Sakurajima Volcano 172-173 Salmon Springs tephra 30, 75, 78, 88

glaciation 29 San Pedro Formation 37, 39 Santa Maria Volcano 204 Santorini 227, 236-237 Sao Miguel (Azores) volcanism 399 Sao Miguel, output of trachytic volcanoes 396 scablands 148-149 sea level changes, Japan 169, 176-183, 189 seismic profiling 274 Sherwin Till 145 Siete Orejas Volcano 204 similarity coefficient 90 sodium, volatilization of 231 soil erosion 123 soil profiles 331 soils in Iceland 5 Soufriere, St. Vincent 263. 266-267. 269. 271-278 South Island. New Zealand 79 Southern Alaska tephra 138 Southern Ocean 91 Southern Saskatchewan 82 spreading rates 310-312 St. Lucia 262-263. 265, 272. 276 St. Pierre 382 St. Vincent 262-263, 275-276, 405 subduction rates 281-283. 287 Sumpango Group 207 superhydration 50 Suswa 286 Taupo ignimbrite 326

pumice 318 Taupo Volcanic Zone 317 Taupo Zone. output of rhyolitic volcanoes 396 Tenerife landslides 600 tephra

correlation 11 glass compositions 95 hazard 405 in Iceland soils 5

473

474

tephra in soil profiles 331 layer "A" 331 loads on buildings 411

tephra studies, historical aspects 1 tephra, first use of term 1, 10 tephra-hydration dating 50, 369 tephritic tephra 236 tephrochronology 13, 227 tephrochronology, first use of term 1, 10 terminal velocity 406-407 terminology 457 terraces

accumulation 186 marine 177-181 river 186-187

Tetela Brown Mud Pumice 365 textural study 213 Thirty Nine Mile Volcanic Field 32 Thorsmork Ignimbrite 347 Tierra Blanca Joven tephra 206 Tierra Del Fuego 8 Timms Point Silt 39 Tindfjallajokull 348 Tokyo Bay 177-189 trace element data 373, 376-377 Troublesome Formation 38 tuff-ring 430 Tulare Formation 38 turbidites 261, 270, 275 Tuscany Province 240 Tyrrhenian Sea 232, 239 vapor phase crystallisation 351 variation analysis 208 varve chronology 110 Vatnajokull 331 Vatnaoldur 101 vent positions of plinian deposits 318 vertebrate assemblages 382, 386 Vesuvius 382

ash 236 1906 eruption 405-406 leucite of tephritic ash 229

vitrophyre 350 Volcan Fuego, 1971 eruption 406 volcanic bombs, damage on buildings 405 volcanic hazards 398, 425, 449 volcanogenic sediments 256 volume estimation 199 volume of fall deposits 320

SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

Voluspa 1 Vrica, Italy, ash 25 Vulsini area 220 W-tephra, Guatemala 196, 204 Waimihia pumice 318 Wascana Creek ash 82 Wellsch Valley 75, 80, 89-90 Western Canadian Plains 91 Western Caribbean 281 Western USA tephra 138 White River ash 75, 84, 143 whole rock geochemistry 206 wind 255

direction 281, 287, 334 distribution 269, 279 erosion 121 velocity 413

Worzel ash 281 Worzel D 194 X-ray fluorescence 85, 103, 209 XRF method 88 XRF technique 88 Y-5 ash 228, 234, 236, 373 YALI C tephra 236 Yellowstone ash 55

475

ADDRESS LIST

Participants at NATO ASI

(d) = directors, (1) = lecturers, (p) participants

S.O. Agrell (p)

J. Beget (p)

J. Benjamlnsson (p)

R. Blong (p)

R. Bogad6ttir (p)

T.J. Bornhorst (p)

S. Brazier (p)

H.D. Buck (p)

P. Buckland (p)

A.B. Cormie (p)

T.R. Druitt (p)

S. Fine (p)

Department of Hineralogy and Petrology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EW, U.K.

Department of Geology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.

National Energy Authority, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavfk, Iceland

School of Earth Sciences, Hacquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia

National Energy Authority, Grensasvegur 9, 108 Reykjavfk, Iceland

Departmenlf,of Geology, The University of New Hexico, Albuquerque, New Hexico 87131, U.S.A.

Department of Hineralogy and Petrology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EW, U.K.

School of Earth Sciences, Hacquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2113, Australia

Department of Geography, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.

Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6, Canada

Department of Hineralogy and ="etrology, University of Cambridge, Camcridge CB2 3EW, U.K.

Institut for Petrologi, Oster Voldgade 10, 1350 Kobenhavn K., Denmark

477

478

P. Francis (p)

H. Gorton (p)

G. Gudbergsson (p)

H. Haflidason (p)

W.J. Hart, Jr. (p)

G. Heiken (p)

H. Hermelin (p)

K.A. Jorgensen (p)

I. Kaldal (p)

J. Keller (1)

P. Kyle (p)

G. Larsen (p)

H.T. Ledbetter (p)

LIST OF ASI P ARTICIP ANTS

Department of Earth Sciences, The Open University. Milton Keynes. Bucks .• MK7 6M. U.K.

Department of Geology. University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A1, Canada

Agricultural Research Institute, Keldnaholt, V/Vesturlandsveg, 110 Reykjavik, Iceland

Grant Institute of Geology, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JW, Scotland, U.K.

Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers College, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, U.S.A.

Earth Sciences Group, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, U.S.A.

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones, Geologico~Mineras, Carrera 30, No. 51-59, Bogota, Columbia, South America

Institut for Petrologi, Kobenhavns Universitet, Oster Volgade 10, DK-1350, Kobenhavn K., Denmark

National Energy Authority, Grensa:svegur 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland

Mineralogisches Institut, Albert­Ludwigs Universitat, D-7800 Freiburg 1, Albertstrasse 23b, W. Germany

Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, U.S.A.

Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, U.S.A.

LIST OF AS! PARTICIPANTS

L. Lirer (p)

F.W. McCoy (p)

H. Machida (1)

W. Morche (p)

H. Moriwaki (p)

C. W. Naeser (1)

A.K. Pedersen (p)

s.C. Porter (1)

P.A. Riezebos (p)

W.I. Rose, Jr. (1)

N.W. Rutter (p)

H.U. Schmincke (1)

S. Self (d)

Instituto di Geologia e Geofisica, Lago S. Marcellino, 10, 80138 Napoli, Italy

479

Lamont-Doherty Geological Qbservatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A.

Department of Geography, Tokyo Metro­politan University, Fukazawa 2-1-1, Setagaya 158, Tokyo, Japan

Mineralogisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs Universitat, D-7800, Freiburg 1, Al­bertstrasse 23b, West Germany

Department of Geography, Tokyo Metro­politan University, Fukazawa 2-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan

U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Isotope Geology, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, U.S.A.

Geologisk Museum, Kobenhavns Universitet, Oster Volgade 5-7, 1350 Kobenhavn K., Denmark

Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, U.S.A.

Fysisch geografisch en boden kundig laboratorium, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Dapperstraat 115, Amsterdam-Oost, Holland

Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Michigan 49931, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2E3

Institut fur Mineralogie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Universitatsstrasse 150, Postfach 10 21 48, D-4630 Bochum 1, West Germany

Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, U.S.A.

480

H. Sigurdsson (1)

o. Smarason (p)

A.L. Smith (p)

R.S.J. Sparks (d)

V. Steen-McIntyre (1)

E. Thomas (p)

S. Thorarinsson (d)(l)

J.C. Varekamp (p)

K. Vasti (p)

K.L. Verosub (p)

LIST OF ASIPARTICIPANTS

Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 2BP, U.K.

Department of Geology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708

Department of Hinera10gy and Petrology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EW, U.K.

University of Colorado, Box 1167, Idaho Springs, Colorado 80452, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, U.S.A.

Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavfk, Iceland

Departmen~ of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, U.S.A.

Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjav1k, Iceland

Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, U.S.A.

E.G. Vi1mundardottir (p) National Energy Authority, Department of Water Power,Grensasvegur 9,108 Reykjavfk, Iceland

A. Vinci (p)

C.J. Vita1iano (p)

D.B. Vita1iano (p)

Instituto di Petrografia e Giacimenti Hinerari, Universita di Parma, 43100 Parma, Via Gramsci 9, Italy

Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, U.S.A.

LIST OF ASI PARTICIPANTS

G.P.L. Walker (1)

J. Westgate (1)

C.J.N. Wilson (p)

L. Wilson (p)

C.A. Wood (p)

J.V. Wright (p)

R.L. Wunderman (p)

S. Yokoyama (p)

Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Toronto H5S lAl, Canada

481

Department of Geology, Imperial College, London SW7, U.K.

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LAl 47Q, U.K.

NASA, Code 922, Goddard Space Flight Center, G"reenbe1t, Haryland 20771, U.S.A.

Department of Geology, University of Puerto Rico, Hayaguez, Puerto Rico 00708

Hichigan Technological University, Houghton, Hichigan 49931, U.S.A.

Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860, Japan