1

Submitted to UNDP

2

Acknowledgment

The author would like to express special thanks to everyone who provide input and support,

and coordination for making this report happened.

The author would like to extend special thanks and appreciation to the Chinese government

through UNDP Cambodia for its generous funding support to CARDI.

Very special thanks to Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fishery, especially thanks to HE

Mom Thany, National Project Director for providing all the supports and leadership in

conducting the study.

The authors are very thankful to Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute

(CARDI) for encouraging, directing, and reviewing the report and critical comments and this

credit to Dr. Ouk Makara (Director of CARDI) and Dr. Seng Vang (Deputy Director of

CARDI).

Thanks to Mr. Ung Sopheap (Deputy Head Office of Agronomy and Farming System,

CARDI) for his value comments and feedbacks. At the same time, thanks to Socio-Economic

Team Survey and students from Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) for data collection

and data entry.

In addition, many thanks to Dr. Tin Maung Aye (Consultant CIAT-Vietnam), who provided

inputs, critical comments and constructive feedbacks.

Thanks to Dr. Prum Somany, who provided critical comments and feedbacks. A special note

and thanks to Dr. Ly Proyuth (UNDP) for critical comments and prompt coordination among

the donor.

Last but not least, the author are indebted to cassava growers, exporters/traders, and key

informants and provincial facilitators (in Kampong Cham: Mr. Katam Sonavann and Mr.

Phann Pich; and in Pailin: Mr. Dara) who were involved in interviewed or ask for

collaboration during data collection. A special thanks to Dr. Preap Visato (GDA) who is not

only Key informant interview but providing update statistics and related document on

agricultural figures in Cambodia. Their willingness to be involved was a valuable

contribution. This study would not have been possible without that assistance.

Sinath Srey

Phnom Penh, February 2014

3

Executive Summary

Agricultural sector in Cambodia plays significant roles to the economy growth creating largest

share of employment, promoting local production growth and thus contributing to poverty

alleviation. Driven by an increasingly strong global market demand for both fresh and processed

cassava especially from China, cassava in Cambodia has recently become the second largest

agricultural crop after rice. Despite its rapid increase of production, there is little technical support

provided to the sector. Within the framework of Cambodia-China-UNDP Trilateral Cooperation

Cassava Project Phase II, this need assessment of cassava production, processing and marketing in

Cambodia was carried out in order to understand the current situation of the cultivation practices

and processing of Cambodian cassava and identify gaps which farmer processors or traders

encountered in the cycle of cassava production and trade so that a specific intervention in terms of

capacity development can be designed and provided to cassava farmers, processors and traders to

address all those challenges and constraints. Two main specific objectives for this study are: 1).

To assess the current situation of production, processing, and marketing of cassava smallholders

in upland farming systems in Cambodia; and 2). To identify need for improved sustainable cassava production and quality that meet requirements for export market to China.

Two main cassava growing provinces, Pailin (North West) and Kampong Cham (East) were

selected for this study. Mixed methodology was employed in the study. Data collection was

carried out between January-February 2014 in Kampong Cham and Pailin provinces. Cassava

training for surveyors on questionnaire was done in January 2014. As a result, 126 farmers were

asked to participate in survey questionnaire divided in three categories small, medium and big size

growers; 12 processors/exporters were asked to participate in semi-structure interview and 12 key informants were asked in guided questions.

Results of the study show that 50% of total member (equal to 2 or 3 members in each household)

involves in crop production while there is no significant between male and female. Children in

employment [age 7-14] in crop production compose of 2% total member. Majority of households

has necessary farming assets for cassava production such as spade, shovels, and hoe; insecticide

sparyer. Generally, farmers in Pailin have more farming assets than in Kampong Cham such as

bag, plastic basket, net, and NGam while in Kampong Cham all of these items farmers have less

than 30%. Average cassava land per household of Kampong Cham is 3 times less that of Pailin

3.72 ha. In contrast more than 80% of household in Kampong Cham have soybean and rice land.

Kampong Cham has a long history of growing cassava while the average year of growing was 8

years and in Pailin just 3 years. Dominant variety in Kampong Cham is Malay and most popular

used variety in Pailin is Kor Tol variety. In Kampong Cham province, cassava land has been used

for soybean, mungbean, and sesame production; while maize crop were mostly grown in Pailin

province before planting cassava. More than 50% of cassava growing land in Kampong Cham

was steep and very steep while nearly 50% in Pailin was the same condition. Most of the farmers

in Kampong Cham province plant cassavas stem cuttings horizontally while all farmers in Pailin

province grow them vertically. The planting space was similar in both provinces, which is

normally between 60 cm and 80 cm. Most cassava soil type in Kampong Cham was rocky most

cassava soil type in Pailin is clayey and sandy. Normally cassava can be harvest after maturity of

8-12 month. In 2013, the average yield in Kampong Cham was about 20.13t/ha, average price was

about 303.42 Riel/kg for cassava fresh root. However, the yield in Pailin is higher, which is

29.27t/ha on average and the average price was about 248.09 Riel/kg. The average price of dried

chip was about 795 Riel/kg and 674 Riel/kg in Kampong Cham and Pailin, respectively. Total

production cost of cassava in Kampong Cham was 685$/ha while it was 861.25$/ha in Pailin. It is

noted that about 84.30% of farmers in Kampong Cham and 97.8 in Pailin depend on cassava as a

primary source of their household income and they can generate cross income of $841/ha and

$954.08/ha respectively.

4

Even though cassava can generate good profit, internal weakness have been reported by farmers

for poor price intervention (Kampong Cham 56.2%, Pailin 68.9%); low technology for

processing (Kampong Cham 39.3%, Pailin 53. 3%); high petrol price (Kampong Cham

36.0%, Pailin 44.4%); lack of pest control (Kampong Cham 48.3%, Pailin 15.6%); no farming

contract (Kampong Cham 27.0%, Pailin 53.3%); lack of transportation (Kampong Cham

12.4%, Pailin 42.2%); and Other (rain, break, tax on export) (Kampong Cham 3.3%, Pailin

6.7%). There should be solutions to external constrains pest/disease damage (Kampong Cham

79.8%, Pailin 4.4%); too much rain (kampong Cham 49.4%, Pailin 71.1%); drought (Kampong

Cham 71.9%, Pailin 80.0%); lack of local labor (Kampong Cham 7.9%, Pailin 60.0%); infertile

soil (Kampong Cham 46.1%, Pailin 33.3%); and competition of private sector effects farm gate

price (Kampong Cham 6.7%, Pailin 37.8%). There are some main recommendations which

should be proposed for the future research to improve cassava production, processing,

marketing and exporting in Cambodia. These recommendations also build upon the national

workshop on “Sustainable Cassava Production and Utilization for Rural Poverty Alleviation

in Cambodia” which should be focused on: (i) improvement of cassava production in Cambodia,

(ii) improvement of cassava processing in Cambodia (iii) improvement of cassava marketing in

Cambodia and, (iv) improvement of cassava exports from Cambodia.

5

Table of Content

Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................... 2

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 3

Table of Content ......................................................................................................................... 5

Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 9

Disclaimers ............................................................................................................................... 10

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 11

1.1 Cambodia Facts .............................................................................................................. 11

1.2 Role of agriculture and exciting smallholder agriculture system ................................... 11

2. CASSAVA’S TRENDS ......................................................................................................... 12

2.1 Importance of cassava .................................................................................................... 12

2.2 Production trends (Global, Regional and National) ....................................................... 13

2.3 Demand (Global, Regional and National – current and future) particular in China ...... 16

2.4 Current and potential export ........................................................................................... 17

2.5 Utilization of cassava ..................................................................................................... 19

2.5.1 On-farm utilization for smallholder farmers ........................................................... 19

2.5.2 Domestic consumption ............................................................................................ 19

3. OVERALL OBJECTIVE AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ................................................. 20

4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 20

4.1 Data collection ................................................................................................................ 20

4.2 Site selection .................................................................................................................. 20

4.3 Sample size selection ..................................................................................................... 21

5. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY ............................................................................................. 22

5.1 Household Profile ........................................................................................................... 22

5.2. Cassava production in Cambodia .................................................................................. 26

5.2.1 Cassava varieties ..................................................................................................... 26

5.2.2 cassava cultivation systems and practice in Cambodia ........................................... 27

5.2.3 Planting material production techniques ................................................................. 29

5.2.4 Current agronomic practices ................................................................................... 31

5.2.5 Production costs and gross margin .......................................................................... 35

5.2.6 SWOT analysis in Cassava production ................................................................... 38

5.3 Cassava processing in Cambodia ................................................................................... 39

5.4 Future potential .............................................................................................................. 43

5.5 Proposed Next Step (Recommendations) ....................................................................... 43

5.5.1 Improvement of cassava production in Cambodia .................................................. 43

5.5.2 Improvement of cassava processing in Cambodia .................................................. 44

5.5.3 Improvement of cassava marketing in Cambodia ................................................... 44

5.5.4 Improvement of cassava exports from Cambodia ................................................... 44

6

References ................................................................................................................................ 45

Appendices: .............................................................................................................................. 46

Appendix 1: Time frame for research .................................................................................. 46

Appendix 2: Likely Constraints to Agricultural Development in Cambodia ....................... 46

Appendix 3: Research pictures activities ............................................................................. 47

Appendix 4: Farmer/Processor Questionnaire ..................................................................... 50

Appendix 5: Exporter Questionnaire ................................................................................... 60

Appendix 6: List of registered processor and exporter of tapioca chip from Cambodia to

China at GDA ....................................................................................................................... 65

7

List of tables Table 1: Selected Key Economic Indicator, 2007-2012 ........................................................................ 11 Table 2: World cassava production 2009-2012 ..................................................................................... 14 Table 3: Area of four major crops trend in Cambodia from 2003 to 2012 (hectare) ............................ 15 Table 4: Cassava Statistic in 2012 by Provinces in Cambodia.............................................................. 16 Table 5: Cassava export into different countries in 2013 ...................................................................... 18 Table 6: Destinations of Cassava Exports (2000-2012) ........................................................................ 18 Table 7: Sample size of the of the study in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces .............................. 21 Table 8: Descriptive data on family member and age of household head ............................................. 22 Table 9: Economically active population (n=645) ................................................................................ 22 Table 10: Level of education by sex (n=637) ........................................................................................ 22 Table 11: Percentage of cassava role play as major households’ income (n=134) ............................... 22 Table 12: Primary and secondary job of household members (n=643) ................................................. 23 Table 13: cross tabulation of sex and crop involvement (N=641) ........................................................ 23 Table 14: Involvement of animal raising by different groups of age (n=644) ...................................... 24 Table 15: Percentage of common animal raising in both provinces (n=134) ........................................ 24 Table 16: Percentage of household’s farming assets for cassava production (n=134) .......................... 24 Table 17: Land assets for all crop production....................................................................................... 25 Table 18: Cassava varieties used in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces and recent cultivated area

(ha) ........................................................................................................................................................ 26 Table 19: Reasons for choosing cassava good variety in kampong Cham and Pailin (n=134) ............. 27 Table 20: Years of growing cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin ..................................................... 27 Table 21: Percentage of increasing cassava land uses in Kampong Cham and Pailin .......................... 27 Table 22: Percentage of land uses before growing cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin .................. 28 Table 23: Percentage of land types of cassava production in Kampong Cham and Pailin ................... 28 Table 24: Percentage of intercrop planting times in relation to cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin 29 Table 25: Percentage of cassava soil types in Kampong Cham and Pailin ........................................... 29 Table 26: Percentage of cassava stake source in Kampong Cham and Pailin (n=134) ......................... 29 Table 27: Duration of cassava stem stored before planting (n=134) ..................................................... 30 Table 28: Places of cassava stem storage in Kampong Cham and Pailin .............................................. 30 Table 29: Percentage of cassava stems growing techniques in Kampong Cham and Pailin ................. 30 Table 30: Percentage of space between cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin ................................... 31 Table 31: Percentage of cassava cutting per hill in Kampong Cham and Pailin ................................... 31 Table 32: Percentage of land preparation, planting, ridging and planting time methods of cassava

production in Kampong Cham and Pailin ............................................................................................. 32 Table 33: Application of fertilizers ....................................................................................................... 33 Table 34: Gross margin of cassava production in Kampong Cham and Pailin 2013 ............................ 35 Table 35: SWOT analysis in cassava production .................................................................................. 38 Table 36: Current situation of cassava processing in small, medium and large scales in Kampong

Cham and Pailin Provinces.................................................................................................................... 39

8

List of Figures Figure 1: Top ten cassava producing countries in 2012 (USD, ton) ..................................................... 13 Figure 2: Cassava area (hectare) and cassava production (ton) trend during 10 years .......................... 15 Figure 3: International cassava prices 2009-2012 ................................................................................. 17 Figure 4: Map of the study area ............................................................................................................. 21 Figure 5: Cassava production system in Pailin Province, Cambodia .................................................... 34 Figure 6: Cassava average yield, average price, average dried yield, average dried price and average

total area in Kampong Cham and Pailin Province between 2010 and 2013 .......................................... 36 Figure 7: Smallholder Cassava dried chips processing by hand in Pailin Province .............................. 40 Figure 8: Cassava Cutting Machine processing in Pailin Province ....................................................... 41

9

Acronyms

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

CARDI Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute

CDC/CIB Council for Development of Cambodia/Cambodian Investment Board

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FAOSTAT The Statistics Division of the FAO

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GDA General Directorate of Agriculture

GDCE General Department of Customs and Excise of Cambodia

GDP Gross domestic product

ha Hectare

Kg Kilogram

MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

MoC Ministry of Commerce

SCG General Conditions for Certification Services

SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

t Ton

TBT Technical Barriers to Trade

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

VAT Value Added Tax

WTO World Trade Organization

10

Disclaimers

The research report is to update current situation analysis of cassava industry in Cambodia:

technology, production, processing, marketing, transportation and postharvest handling within

selected provinces of Pailin and Kampong Cham under The China-Cambodia-UNDP

Trilateral Cooperation Cassava Project.

All intellectual property rights (including copyright) in the work to be performed under this

agreement shall be jointly vested in MAFF and UNDP, including, without any limitations, the

right to use, publish, translate, sell or distribute, privately or publicly, any item or part thereof.

Neither the Recipient Organization nor its researchers shall communicate to any other person

or entity the terms of this agreement nor shall it use this information to private or company

advantage. However, the findings and interpretations expressed in this report are of the

author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of MAFF or UNDP.

Should you have any doubts about the report, please contact CARDI. Comments and

feedbacks are welcome.

For further information please contact:

Ms. Sinath Srey (Researcher &Socioeconomic Team leader, CARDI)

E-mail: 855sinath@gmail.com

11

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Cambodia Facts

Cambodia is located in Southeastern Asia on the coast of the Gulf of Thailand and has a total

area of 181 035 km2 bordering by Thailand in the west, Lao People’s Democratic Republic in

the north and Vietnam in the east.

Cambodia’s climate is known as tropical wet and dry and dominated by monsoons: the dry

season from November to April associated with the northeast monsoon, and the wet season

from May to October derived from the southwest. Average temperature of the year is 270C

ranging from 21º C to 35° C, although they can over 40 °C in the month of April.

As estimated in 2011, the total population was 14.3 million and nearly 80 percent live in rural

areas. In the same year population density is 79 inhabitants/km2 while annual population

growth rate during the period 2010-2015 is an estimated 1.2 percent (United Nations

Statistics Division, 2013).

Cambodia’s economy has been performing well between 2004 and 2012 but it was downward

during the global economic crisis in 2008-09. The revised data from government revealed

GDP growth upward to 7.3% in 2012 and expected to grow at around 7.1 percent in 2013,

driven by strong exports, private investment and agriculture, and underpinned by a solid

macroeconomic position. Diversifications of agricultural product include rice, cassava and

rubber into global market over the past few years was a key factor to sustain economic

growth.

Table 1: Selected Key Economic Indicator, 2007-2012

Key Economic Indicator 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GDP

Current million

US$

8,639.16 10.351.83 10,401.94 11,242.27 12,8129.54 14,038.38

Annual % growth 10.21 6.69 0.09 5.96 7.07 7.26

Per capita

(current US$) 628.43 742.57 735.42 782.62 878.38 944.41

Per capita

annual % growth 8.67 5.21 -1.35 4.34 5.30 5.39

Agriculture

Land (% of land

area)

30.90 31.46 31.46 32.03 32.03 32.03

Value added (%

GDP)

31.88 34.85 35.65 36.01 36.68 35.60

Value added

annual % growth

5.02 5.71 5.41 3.95 3.08 4.30

Employment

(% of total

employment)

Agriculture - 72.20 57.60 54.20 55.80 51.00

Industry - 8.60 15.90 16.20 16.90 18.60

Services - 19.20 26.50 29.60 27.30 30.40

Source: (World Bank, 2013)

1.2 Role of agriculture and exciting smallholder agriculture system

Agricultural sector played significant roles to the economy absorbing largest share of

employment: 54.2% in 2010 and 55.8% in 2011 of total employment (United Nations

Statistics Division, 2013). Average annual agricultural value added was 4.6% between 2007-

11 and contribute to approximate 35% of GDP (Cambodochine, 2013).

12

Approximately 25% of its total country area is cultivated area 4.63 million ha in 2009 and in

which 4.055 is total cultivated area. Of cultivated area, 96.2 percent is for annual crop and the

rest is for permanent crops (FAO, 2011).

Rice is a main agricultural product; Cambodia farming systems are just for self-sufficient

even though they can exports surplus. Insufficient investment of agriculture results in poor

production even though Cambodia has long historical rice cultivation and other crops

(Socheth, 2012). In 2009 among 7.4 million active population who actively in economy, 4.9

million is actively engage in agriculture; of these 51% were women (FAO, 2011).

Since 2005, foreign investment in agriculture has expanded (Socheth, 2012). Between 2000

and 2010 there was a small investment of agriculture (around 6%) despite the growing interest

during this period from investors from countries such as Thailand, China, Vietnam, Korea,

and other countries (Hang, Socheth, Chandarany, Dalis, & Dorina, 2012). However, foreign

direct investment (FDI) in agriculture and agricultural processing reached the highest value of

US$1.5 billion in 2012, which rose 10% of the total investments in 2009 to 25% by end-2012

(CDC/CIB) (Cambodochine, 2013).

Cambodian government has been focused on agriculture and promoting the sector by relaxing

taxes related to agricultural products and developing rural infrastructure such as roads and

irrigation (Hang et al., 2012). It is seen that this sector can promote local production growth,

job creation, and thus contributing to the poverty alleviation. Yet, Cambodia needs to fulfill

international requirements, for example Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), and have proper

support to trade-related institutions to increase the exports of agricultural products to be over

10% of total exports (Cambodochine, 2013). Understanding that one of a key driver for

economic growth is agriculture, Cambodia need to set up market mechanism to promote trade

and agricultural product channel to both local and international market. Soft infrastructure

such as rule of law, regulations, bureaucratic procedures and cost of doing business has been

improved to be more competitive. At the same time attracting investment in energy sector is

one of key consideration as the price of electricity in Cambodia is still high compared to other

countries in the region (Hang et al., 2012).

2. CASSAVA’S TRENDS

2.1 Importance of cassava

Cassava is currently an important crop for Cambodian agriculture sector. In terms of the total

production, cassava has now become the second most important crop in Cambodia after rice.

This crop is not only used for family consumptions but it is also a large majority used for

commercial consumptions. High demand in using final products of cassava and fresh roots of

cassava have been increasing; therefore some companies have been joint venture for their

business investment.

FAO believe cassava is one of the few staple crops that can be produced efficiently on a small

scale by low-income or smallholder farmers, since it can be produced without the need for

mechanization or purchased inputs, and in marginal areas with poor soils and unpredictable

rainfall (Howeler, Lutaladio, & Thomas, 2013).

Cassava plays vital role in improving the family economic income of farmers and it becomes

a very interesting crop for the business sector. In 2007, cassava created job of some 4000

workers followed by soybean and maize 16500 and 12500 respectively (Hang et al., 2012).

13

Although cassava could help improve household income and livelihoods opportunities and

benefits to smallholder famers in Cambodia, there are serious concerns about the fluctuation

of prices that recently the market in Cambodia has still been depending on the trader in

neighbouring country, market stability, land degradation, illegal forest clearing, and

maintaining sustainability of cassava production to benefit smallholder famers and industries

in Cambodia. Hence, the information of the current cassava production and processing and its

marketing are valuable.

2.2 Production trends (Global, Regional and National)

Cassava is grown in many tropical countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. In 2012 the

world’s largest producer of cassava was Nigeria followed by other top producers: Indonesia,

Thailand, the Democratic republic of Congo and Angola, Ghana, Brazil, Vietnam, India and

Mozambique. Nigeria, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia and the Congo Democratic Republic are

the dominant supplier to world market accounting for 60 percent of the world production.

Figure 1: Top ten cassava producing countries in 2012 (USD, ton)

Cassava production has increased around 100 million tons every year since 2000 as demand

by Asia for dried cassava and starch for livestock feed and industrial application and demand

by Africa for food products (Howeler et al., 2013). In 2012, this production reach 282 million

tons, an increase of 7% from 2011 (FAO, 2012). Cassava is expected to grow more in Africa

as it is a strategic crop for food security and poverty alleviation but not clear for Asia since the

production will depend largely on ethanol related production (FAO, 2012). Another prospect,

current world average yield of cassava is just 12.8 tons per hectare, so there is great potential

for further production increase as cassava can reach yield of 80 tons/ha under optional

conditions (Howeler et al., 2013).

According to FAOSTAT 2012, Cambodia was ranked 14th

world largest cassava producing

country and 5th

in Asia after Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and China, with production

of 4,750,000 tons).

14

Table 2: World cassava production 2009-2012

World cassava production 2009 2010 2011* 2012**

(000 tons)

WORLD 242 002 242 023 263 303 281 718

Africa 123 675 130 535 145 040 153 751

Nigeria 36 822 42 533 52 403 57 564

Congo, Democratic Republic of 15 055 15 050 15 195 15 495

Ghana 12 231 13 504 14 910 15 463

Angola 12 828 13 859 14 334 14 825

Mozambique 9 100 9 331 10 133 10 549

Tanzania, United Republic of 5 916 4 392 4 700 5 029

Uganda 2 952 3 017 2 712 2 654

Malawi 3 823 4 001 4 259 4 300

Benin 3 996 3 596 4 100 4 092

Cameroon 2 950 3 024 3 100 3 178

Rwanda 2 020 2 377 2 798 3 293

Madagascar 3 020 3 009 2 702 3 132

Côte d'Ivoire 2 262 2 307 2 352 2 399

Other Africa 10 701 10 535 11 341 11 779

Latin America 32 742 33 217 33 900 34 710

Brazil 24 404 24 524 25 330 26 035

Paraguay 2 610 2 624 2 638 2 652

Colombia 2 202 2 364 2 264 2 170

Other Latin America 3 525 3 705 3 667 3 853

Asia 85 387 78 087 84 177 93 068

Thailand 30 088 22 006 21 912 26 601

Indonesia 22 039 23 918 25 957 28 170

Vietnam 8 530 8 596 9 898 10 294

India 9 623 8 060 8 743 8 870

China, mainland 8 700 8 000 9 000 10 000

Cambodia 3 497 4 247 5 158 4 750

Philippines 2 044 2 101 2 210 2 967

Other Asia 865 1 159 1 298 1 415

* Estimate

** Forecast

Source: (FAO, 2012)

Evident-based statistics of main agricultural crops in Cambodia revealed fast and stable

growth of maize, cassava, soybean and mungbean between 2003 and 2012. The main reason

of increasing was from relatively price and high demand for domestic consumption and for

export to Thailand and Vietnam (Hang et al., 2012). MAFF 2013 revealed that cassava

gradually increases from 2003 and reaches to a maximum production in 2011 with the total

cultivated areas of 391,714 ha but it was slightly dropped in 2012.

15

Table 3: Area of four major crops trend in Cambodia from 2003 to 2012 (hectare)

Crop 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Maize 93,362 91,203 90,732 108,836 142,391 163,106 206,058 213,622 174,257 216,330

Cassava 25,740 22,749 30,032 97,918 108,122 179,945 160,326 206,226 391,714 361,854

Mungbean 44,940 39,089 60,570 85,140 65,261 45,605 49,599 69,206 68,111 66,850

Soybean 53,064 84,886 118,760 75,053 76,981 74,413 96,388 103,198 70,584 71,337

Total 217,106 237,927 300,094 366,947 392,755 463,069 512,371 592,252 704,666 716,370

Source: MAFF, 2013

The figure below suggests that cassava production experiences rapidly expansion between

2005 and 2011 attributing by increase of both cultivated area and higher productivity. The

total cultivated area reached 400,000 ha in 2011, about sixteen times larger than the area in

2005.

Based on data from MAFF and FAO, there is huge different of cassava production in

Cambodia, since FAO record only official data while MAFF include official and unofficial

data.

Figure 2: Cassava area (hectare) and cassava production (ton) trend during 10 years

Source: (MAFF, 2013)

Kompong Cham was the second largest production area in 2012, with harvested area of

45,996 ha and production of 970,558 tons; the average yield in this province was high at 21

tons per ha. Pailin was the six largest cassava producers, followed by Battambang, Kampong

Cham, Banteaymeanchey, Kratie and Kampong Thom. The total production in the top six

provinces represents about 76 percent of the total national production.

Productivity varies significantly across provinces, the highest yield being 35.5 tons per ha and

the lowest 6.5 tons in 2012. Battambang had the highest productivity (35.5 tons/ha), followed

by Pailin and Kratie 35 and 22.3 tons/ha respectively. The lowest productivity was in

Kompong Chhnang (7.1 tons/ha then followed by Kandal (6.5 tons/ha).

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Are

a (h

a)

Years

Area (ha)

Production(tone)

Pro

du

ctio

n (

t)

16

Table 4: Cassava Statistic in 2012 by Provinces in Cambodia

Province-city Total cultivated area Total harvested area Total production Average yield

Battambang 57,064 56,413 2,003,801 35.5

Kampong Cham 67,427 45,996 970,558 21.1

Bantheaymeanchey 46,951 44,979 911,994 20.3

Kratie 33,136 33,136 737,625 22.3

Kampong Thom 29,270 29,270 420,883 14.4

Pailin 20,160 20,160 705,600 35.0

Stung Treng 16,840 16,840 303,120 18.0

Ratanakiri 14,577 14,577 322,005 22.1

Udor Meanchey 14,470 14,470 315,340 21.8

Svay Rieng 12,766 12,766 239,840 18.8

Siem Reap 10,265 10,265 154,929 15.1

Preah Vihea 10,135 10,135 121,620 12.0

Mondulkiri 9,391 9,391 145,240 15.5

Kampong Speu 7,171 7,171 107,482 15.0

Prey Veng 3,977 3,977 44,809 11.3

Pursat 2,795 2,795 49,363 17.7

Kampong Chhnang 1,854 1,854 13,080 7.1

Kampot 1,453 1,453 19,809 13.6

Takeo 937 937 8,433 9.0

Preah Shihanuk 560 560 8,400 15.0

Koh Kong 317 317 6,397 20.2

Kep 224 224 2,487 11.1

Kandal 57 57 372 6.5

Total 361,797 337,743 7,613,187 23

Source: (MAFF, 2013)

2.3 Demand (Global, Regional and National – current and future) particular in China

There is a space for cassava to grow, even though it reached the world production record in

2012 for its price advantage over maize as a source of starch (Howeler et al., 2013). There

have been high demand of maize and cassava is a substitute product. The trade of world

cassava production is only some 10% (UNCTAD, 2012). Albeit there was very strong

demand, the international price of chips and starch did not change much (Howeler et al.,

2013).

Asia shared 30% of global cassava production where Thailand and Indonesia accounted for

60% of the regional production. Since 2008 China and Vietnam shown their strong growth in

the region with production of 8 and 9 million tons a year (UNCTAD, 2012). FAO expected

that Asia cassava production in 2013 did not increase much but it changed to the development

of cassava crops for industrial and energy purposes (Howeler et al., 2013).

China is a major customer in the Asia representing more than 92% of Asian imports

(UNCTAD, 2012), for example between 2000-2009 the import of dried cassava increased

more than 23 times from 256,000 tons to more than 6 million tons while cassava starch

increased more than double, to 1.2 million tons (Howeler et al., 2013). China increased the

import of chips and pellets to fulfill the need of ethanol growing sector (FAO, 2012). The

17

world production of bio-ethanol will be double of 2011 production reaching 155 billion litres

in 2020 while China is the third producer in this field after the United States and Brazil

(UNCTAD, 2012).

In addition to its import, China cassava production could reach 10 million tons. To fulfill the

demand of feedstock and ethanol sector, China recently has been investing more money to its

nearby countries such as Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam (FAO, 2012). Yet, in 2012

Cambodia cassava production fell by 8% due to short international demand resulting in price

downturn consequently (FAO, 2012; MAFF, 2013).

2.4 Current and potential export

Under the agreement of ASEAN

Free Trade Agreement-Common

Effective Preferential Tariff for

ASEAN members and the Early

Harvest Programme, and ASEAN-

China Free Trade Agreement;

Cambodia shall reduce and eliminate

tariff and non-tariff barriers on

agricultural products in exchange for

wider market access for agricultural

exports in its partners’ markets (Hing

& Thun, 2009).

It is generally recognized that

increases or decreases in production

of a crop normally reflects farmers’

responses to market demand and

prices. In 2012 Cambodia’s

agricultural products were affected

by Thailand price pledging scheme

while the country did not administer

domestic price supports. It is no

doubt that the production fall nearly

10% and it will affect the new

season.

However, international price of cassava chips and starch remained high although there was

very strong demand (Howeler et al., 2013). The growing demand of cassava offers

opportunities to growers in tropical nation to intensify production as well as generate more

information and boost food supply (Howeler et al., 2013). It has been hope that new domestic

cassava processing companies attracted farmers’ perspective in growing cassava. In addition,

high productivity resulted from good seed from Thailand and Vietnam has also attracted the

foreign direct investment from China and South Korea into commercial plantation in

Cambodia (Hing & Thun, 2009). China, Vietnam and Thailand are key buyers of Cambodian

cassava. In Cambodia, there are around 40 companies registered with MAFF for the export of

cassava chips to China (Appendix 6). Of the 40 companies, 12 companies have already

exported tapioca chip from Cambodia to China, with a total export volume of about 55,202

tons of dried chips.

Source: (FAO, 2012)

Figure 3: International cassava prices 2009-2012

18

According to the current statistics from GDA, in 2013, Cambodia exported about 1.27 million

tons of dry chips and about 0.75 million tons in the form of fresh roots to international

markets, mainly to Vietnam (50% of the total exported dry chips and 99% of the fresh root)

and Thailand (46% of the total exported dry chips and 1% of the fresh root) (Table 5).

Table 5: Cassava export into different countries in 2013

China Thailand Vietnam Slovakia France Korea Sweden Total (t)

Cassava sliced (t) 55202 581230 633210 11 - - - 1,269,653

Fresh Cassava (t) - 9000 741450 - - - - 750,450

Tapioca Starch (t) 1705 - - - 11850 7925 17 21,497

Source: (GDA, 2013)

The destination of Cambodia cassava export to other countries has varied year by year- for

example, Thailand is the largest trading partner in 2009, China is the largest in 2012 and

Vietnam is the largest in 2013. However, it is observe that there is increasing trend of cassava

export of during last 10 year 2000-2012 (MAFF, 2013).

Table 6: Destinations of Cassava Exports (2000-2012)

Year HK. China China Thailand Vietnam Australia Japan Total (US$)

2000

2001

2002 3,496 3,496

2003 53,058 7,367 39 60,464

2004 6,922 6,922

2005 69,875 69,875

2006

2007 1,038 1,734 317,344 257,571 577,687

2008 1,408 2,012 489,859 493,279

2009 30 940,109 940,139

2010 439,479 439,479

2011 2,251,309 2,251,309

2012 3,316,258 28,606 3,344,864

Source: (GDCE, 2012).

Kompong Cham and Pailin, the second and sixth-largest producers in 2012, are potential for

future export. However, to reap full benefits, policymakers still are concerned over how

small-scale cassava grower improve production (Howeler et al., 2013). The Cambodia’s

Diagnostic Trade Integration Strategy (2013-2018) identified cassava as one of the 10

products with export potentials. The excerpt of the whole strengths and opportunities of the

cassava sector is presented below:

Strengths Opportunities

Cassava is adaptable to diverse climates

and soil varieties-offering potential

income source to farmers on marginal

land.

Cambodia has some of the highest yields

for cassava roots in the world-average 22

MT/ha.

Cassava farming can provide higher

returns that other crops and produce

significant welfare enhancing benefits.

Cambodian farmers tend to plant only

one yearly crop. Other countries may

plant as many as three crops per year.

Mechanization of on-farm cassava

19

Cassava can be grown as a single crop or

inter cropped-offering an additional

income source.

Rising prices have encouraged increased

plantings and improved returns to

farmers.

Cassava offers farmers the flexibility to

time harvest with suitable market

conditions.

Cassava is a very easy plant to grow and

requires very little labour input.

Cassava has many end used and is widely

used in the global food, animal feed, bio-

fuel, and semi-industrial sectors.

Substitution of cassava for corn in

Chinese bio-fuel industry has opened up

a new market offering attractive returns

for dried cassava.

Attracting FDI from South Korea and

China to establish large commercial

plantations and dedicated processing

facilities (for bio-fuels).

Cambodia’s cassava exports enjoy tariff

preference advantages in ASEAN, EU,

and China.

chipping would significantly lower

seasonal labor costs, reduce wastage

from perished stock and improve

farmer’s margins.

Development of local processing

capacity near main production areas

would increase competition for cassava

crop and improve farm-gate prices.

Increase in local processing capacity

would significantly boost sectors overall

prospects and support parallel agro-

processing sector.

Scope to diversify export destinations of

semi-processed cassava to other Asian

markets-especially China, Korea,

Indonesia and Malaysia.

Cambodia-China MoU offer and

important platform to facilitate technical

exchanges and exports of up to million

MT of dried cassava per year.

Recent agreement between Thailand and

Cambodia to establish special trade zone

for cassava and corn.

Source: (MoC, 2013)

2.5 Utilization of cassava

2.5.1 On-farm utilization for smallholder farmers

Actually, the exact statistic of cassava utilization on farm has not been produced. There are

two main varieties that grown in Cambodia; local variety is commonly used for human

consumption and imported variety is commonly used for industrial and feed purpose (Jie et

al., 2007). Human beings can eat cassava roots and leaves and they are important source of

carbohydrates proteins and minerals (FAO, 2012). In some rural areas of Cambodia, cassava

plays significant roles in family household’s food, employment, and income as well as

reducing migrant labor. Fresh leave and root can be foiled for a snack (Ath, Chhay, Nuth, &

Sok, 2012).

2.5.2 Domestic consumption

In Cambodia, there is a change of role of cassava from food crop to industrial crop for

multiple purpose use including animal feed, a source of starch, processed food and for ethanol

production. The crop has become the important source of cash income for resource –poor

farmers of Cambodia (Sopheap & Patanothai, 2011). Surging demand of non food and feed

usage at global level has been grown. The growth has been witnessed in markets for cassava

starch and the demand for cassava from ethanol sector (FAO, 2012).

20

3. OVERALL OBJECTIVE AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to deliver a report on "current situation of the cultivation and

processing of Cambodian cassava and identify gaps" which farmer processors or traders

encountered in the cycle of cassava production and trade. There are two main specific

objectives for this study:

1. To assess the current situation of production, processing, and marketing of

cassava smallholders in upland farming systems in Cambodia; and

2. To identify need for improved sustainable cassava production and quality that

meet requirements for export market to China.

4. METHODOLOGY 4.1 Data collection

The data collection was done through both semi-structured and structured interview with

farmers and guided questions with processors/exporters and other key informants such as

active farmers, commune or village chief, cassava exporter, and provincial agricultural

officers. Data collection was carried out between January-February 2014 in Kampong Cham

and Pailin provinces. The training to surveyors on questionnaire was done in January 2014.

Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected about the current knowledge of cassava

production, processing, marketing, price fluctuations, and the way of their exporting,

customer satisfaction on cassava products, gaps of farmers’ knowledge in their production

which should be recommended to improve. These gaps was also identified by using SWOT

analysis, being part of the questionnaire surveys such as (strength, weakness, opportunity, and

threats) of farmers in their current production practices from the ground to market, especially

to identify need for improved sustainable cassava production and quality that meet

requirements for export market.

Reviewing of existing data on cassava in Cambodia and relevant information were also

gathered to backup and argue within report.

4.2 Site selection

Two main cassava growing provinces, Pailin (North West) and Kampong Cham (East) were

selected for this study. These provinces were chosen based on the annual statistic review

published by MAFF. They have relatively large area planted to cassava in Cambodia; it also

has long history of cassava production. The soil in these provinces is quite fertile but the

knowledge of farmers is limited in the cassava production. These two provinces have

significant trade flow of cassava to Vietnam and Thailand as they share border with Vietnam

(Kampong Cham) and Thailand (Pailin). Those market are reflected by the Cambodian-traders

across borders but they are not a directly export traders.

The districts and commune of the survey were selected after the consultation with provincial

officers and commune chiefs in both provinces. Three communes were selected for the study,

namely Sralob Commune (Nikum Leu and Sralob villages) in Tbong Khmum District and

Kandaol Chrum Communes (Deuk Por and Cheung Ang villages) in Ponhear Kraek District,

Kampong Cham province. In Pailin province, Pailin commune was selected and the study

21

covered four villages in that commune, namely Suon Ampov Khanglech, Suon Ampov

Khangkeut, Teuk Tla and Ta Ngaen Leu.

Figure 4: Map of the study area

Cassava production is

different from one place

to another. These

locations were selected

during the pre-testing

questionnaires according

to the potential of the

geography and pattern of

the crops of each which

was recommended by

each local authority in the

target area and by direct

investigation of the

researcher during site

selection, especially

commune and village

selection and farmer crop

patterns.

4.3 Sample size selection

In quantitative method, the study used stratified sampling method to determine number of

interviewees based on regions and size of farming. As the result 126 survey samples were

conducted with 3 categories of farmers both in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces.

Processors were classified into three groups: small, medium and large scale. Twelve

processors /exporters were selected and interviewed by using semi-structured and structured

interview. In-depth interview was also conducted with 12 key informants. For cassava

exporters, since they do not always reside in both locations as they can be people from other

locations but buy cassava from farmers in these provinces and trade it to different places in

Cambodia or to other countries; we also conducted the interviews with exporters based in

Phnom Penh. The number of samples per categories of farmers, processors, exporters, and key

informants by provinces are detailed in table 7.

Table 7: Sample size of the of the study in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces

Province District

Number of samples

Total Farmers

Processors/exporters Key

informants Small

size

Medium

size

Big

size

Kampong

Cham

Tboung

Khmum 17 15 10 3 4 49

Ponhea Kraek 17 15 10 3 3 48

Pailin Pailin 17 15 10 4 3 49

Phnom Penh 2 2 4

Total 51 45 30 12 12 150

22

5. RESULTS OF THE SURVEY

5.1 Household Profile

There were 134 interviewees participated in the survey representing of 645 members. The

household family member is extended with average family member of 5 people. Of 134

household heads, women represent for one-tenth (10.4%). Ninety-five percent of household

head age between 24-68 (2 Std).

Table 8: Descriptive data on family member and age of household head

n Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Family members 134 1 8 5.0 1.36

Age of household head 134 23 70 46 10.98 Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Almost three-fourth (71.16%) of total family member in is the economically active population

while children aged between [7-14] accounts for nearly 15%.

Table 9: Economically active population (n=645)

Age group Frequency Percent

0-6 61 9.46

7-14 93 14.42

15-60 459 71.16

60+ 32 4.96

Total 645 100

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

There is no significant difference between male and female in education level in the studies

areas starting from no education to high school level. Interestingly, the study found that

women can access to higher education. Majority of people is low educated represent of more

than 72%.

Table 10: Level of education by sex (n=637)

Level of education Sex Total

Educational level Male Female

No education 74 (11.61) 92 (14.44) 166 (26.1)

Primary school 156 (24.49) 143 (22.45) 299 (46.9)

Secondary school 57 (8.9) 51 (8.0) 108 (17.0)

High school 33 (5.2) 29 (4.6) 62 (9.7)

Tertiary education 0 (0) 2 (.3) 2 (.3)

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

The study wants to know how many percent of cassava farmers grew cassava as major

income. Base on the analysis in table 11 there was 84.30% of these farmers depend on this

upland crop while there was almost of them in Pailin province.

Table 11: Percentage of cassava role play as major households’ income (n=134)

Province Role play of cassava in households’ income (%)

Primary source Secondary source

K.Cham 84.30 15.70

Pailin 97.80 2.20

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 12 indicates the primary and secondary job of household members. Every member has

their own job except those who is young children and elders. For main job, Chamka (upland

23

farming) compose of big share in primary job (40%) follow by student, rice farmers, and

wage labor with the percent of 23%, 15%, and 7% respectively. To support the living, those

members also depend on secondary job which revolve around agricultural sector such as rice

farming, animal raising and upland crop cultivating with the percentage of 36.39%, 6.69%

and 3.58% respectively.

Table 12: Primary and secondary job of household members (n=643)

Primary Job Secondary Job

Job Frequency Percentage Job Frequency Percentage

Chamka 253 39.35 Rice farmer 234 36.39

Student 148 23.02 Owned business 52 8.09

Rice farmer 105 16.33 Animal Raising 43 6.69

Wage labor 42 6.53 Chamka 23 3.58

Government Officer 12 1.71 Wage labor 22 3.42

Owned business 8 1.24 Government Officer 3 0.47

Other 13 2.02 Other 83 12.91

No 62 9.64 No 183 28.46

Total 643 100 Total 643 100

Table 13 presents crop involvement of both sexes. The different roles of men and women as

well as children in crop production systems involving in the cassava planting, weeding,

harvesting and selling product. Of 641 members, more than 50% fully involved in crop

activities but there is no significant between male and female in crop activities.

Table 13: cross tabulation of sex and crop involvement (N=641)

Sex1

Not involved Partially

involved

Fully involved

Total

Male Frequency 101 49 173 323

% of Total 15.76 7.64 26.99 50.39

Female Frequency 100 59 159 318

% of Total 15.60 9.20 24.80 49.61

Total Frequency 201 108 332 641

% of Total 31.36 16.85 51.79 100

There are about 4 percent of children in employment [7-14] in crop production (0.5% fully

involved and 3.7% partially involved). Similarly, children in employment in animal raising

also low as 2.64% while elder also not involve much. The total actively economic population

in animal raising is 41%. Some informal interview during the survey revealed that usually

incomes from selling crops and animals were control by women but they were commonly

consulted with their husband for general expenditure in their household.

24

Table 14: Involvement of animal raising by different groups of age (n=644)

Age group Not involved Partially

involved

Fully

involved

Total

0-6 Count 61 0 0 61

% of Total 9.47 0.00 0.00 9.47

7-14 Frequency 76 17 0 93

% of Total 11.80 2.64 0.00 14.44

15-60 Frequency 189 141 128 458

% of Total 29.35 21.89 19.88 71.12

60+ Frequency 19 4 9 32

% of Total 2.95 0.62 1.40 4.97

Total Frequency 345 162 137 644

% of Total 53.57 25.16 21.27 100

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 15 shows common animals raised by 134 household during the survey. Chicken, duck,

pig, and cow were commonly raised in both provinces. More than 80% of household raise

chicken while small percentage of household raise buffalo only in Kampong Cham. The

survey did not ask how many of the animals they have or how much they could sell it. The

percentages of household raising animals are shown in the Table 15.

Table 15: Percentage of common animal raising in both provinces (n=134)

Province Chicken Duck Pig Cow Buffalo

Kampong Cham 86.50 39.30 15.70 31.50 3.40

Pailin 75.60 20.00 4.40 17.80 -

Total 82.80 32.80 11.90 26.90 2.20

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 16 describes farming assets for cassava cultivation in both provinces. In general,

majority of household in both provinces have spades, shovels and hoes; insecticide sprayer

and blue plastic. As can be seen from the table, some farming tools are more used in

Kampong Cham such as ox cart, hand tractor, plough and tases. In contrast, some materials

are poplar used in Pailin but less used in Kampong Cham such as bag, plastic basket, net,

Gnam, white plastic, and rickshaw.

Table 16: Percentage of household’s farming assets for cassava production (n=134)

Farming asset Province

Total Kampong Cham Pailin

Spades, shovels and hoe 96.6 93.3 95.5

Insecticide sprayer 71.9 84.4 76.1

Blue plastic 57.3 57.8 57.5

Ox cart 67.4 20.0 51.5

Bag 30.3 80.0 47.0

Plastic basket 16.9 80.0 38.1

Net 16.9 75.6 36.6

Cassava harvesting tools "gnam" 15.7 73.3 35.1

White plastic 21.3 51.1 31.3

25

Hand tractor 40.4 4.4 28.4

Bamboo basket 33.7 - 22.4

Rickshaw 5.6 46.7 19.4

Plough 28.1 - 18.7

Truck transport 14.6 22.2 17.2

Tases 14.6 - 9.7

Knife 5.6 8.9 6.7

Basket 5.6 - 3.7

Cassava chipping machine 2.2 - 1.5

Tractor - 2.2 0.7

Thresher 1.1 - 0.7

Source: CARDI survey, 2014)

Table 17 indicates how farmers use their land for all crop cultivation. Respondents were asked

to answer all kind of cops that they grow last season but there is information on sesame,

mungbean, forage, and vegetable. As clearly seen in the table, vast majority of the household

depend on crop cultivation than rice. Paddy was more grown in Kampong Cham (95.5%) but

less in Pailin (20.5%). Yet, the average land size in Pailin was 1.6 time bigger that of

Kampong Cham. Interestingly, nearly one-fourth (23.6%) of total farmers in Kampong Cham

rent paddy field from other while there was only 6.7% in Pailiin.

Average cassava land owned by household in Kampong Cham was three folds less than Pailin

while percentage of farmers owned maize in Kampong Cham was 5-times less than Pailin. In

contrast 80% of farmers in Kampong Cham own soybean land where as there is no farmer in

Pailin grown this crop.

Table 17: Land assets for all crop production

Type of land Kampong Cham (n=89) Pailin (n=45)

% of

farmers

Mean Min Max % of

farmers

Mean Min Max

Paddy field owned (ha) 95.5 1.15 0.16 10 20.0 1.88 0.5 5

Paddy field rented to

(ha)

1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 4.4 3 1 5

Paddy field rented from

(ha)

23.6 0.9 0.12 4 6.7 2 1 3

Cassava owned (ha) 97.8 1.28 0.1 6 97.8 3.72 0.4 17

Cassava rented to (ha) - - - - - -

Cassava rented from

(ha)

22.5 1.19 0.2 3 11.1 3.42 0.1 11

Maize owned (ha) 7.9 1.41 0.4 3.5 51.1 2.32 0 7

Maize rented to (ha) - - - - 11.1 3.2 2 6

Maize rented from (ha) - - - - 2.2 2 2 2

Soybean owned (ha) 80.9 0.85 0.1 2 - - - -

Soybean rented to (ha) - - - - - - - -

Soybean rented from

(ha)

- - - - - - - -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

26

5.2. Cassava production in Cambodia 5.2.1 Cassava varieties

In some countries especially in African countries, cassava is one of the most important

sources of calories followed after rice and maize. It is not a staple food for Cambodia people

even though it has been grown long time. Usually, sweet varieties are commonly grown as a

supplement crop for home consumption or cash crop and these sweet varieties usually have

low yield while bitter varieties is used for large scale plantation or commercial plantation for

industrial purposes. Sweet varieties are Domlong Mi or Domlong Khmer and they are local

varieties.

As can be seen in table 16, the most popularity of cassava variety in Kampong Cham province

was Malay variety which 85.4 % of this variety has been using in that area where as the

popular cassava variety in Pailin province was also well-known for Kor Tal variety (it is

Khmer name) in English language is short neck variety. The total land area for local varieties

was about 5% comparing to industrial varieties in Kamapong Cham and less than 2% total

cultivated area in Pailiin province.

Most farmers were introduced by traders for their varieties and these varieties were producing

in high yield and high starch content and least the price was also good. It was recommended

by them because the quantity and quality of high starch content was tested by Thai or

Vietnamese traders. Usually farmers can feel that the starch level in the fresh cassava roots

much more than other variety. They were also looking at the well-dried compound in the fresh

root of cassava (which means that cassava root does not content much water or wet in the

roots when they cut it). However, farmers have no choice for variety uses, if they do not

growing this variety which recommended by traders, they will have no market for their

products.

Table 18: Cassava varieties used in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces and recent

cultivated area (ha)

Kampong Cham

Province

Variety use Percentage Total cultivated area (ha)

Malay 85.4 93.302

VN 5.6 7.0

Dom Long Mi 6.7 5.44

Don't know 2.2 1.16

Pailin Province Variety use Percentage Total cultivated area (ha)

Kor Tal variety 77.8 133.5

Don't know 6.7 26.0

VN 2.2 2.0

Mix Variety 2.2 5.0

Rakyong 4 2.2 4.0

Malay 4.4 6.0

DOMLONGTUK 2.2 4.0

Huy Bung 2.2 2.5

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

27

Choosing cassava variety was depending on different reasons. The study offers more than one

reason to choose when it is applied to farmers’ situation. In Kampong Cham province easy to

grow, high yield, and high starch content are major reason to choose as present in percentage

83.10%, 64.00%, and 42.7%. It was quite different from Kampong Cham, farmers in Pailin

paid more attention to high starch content, high yield, and easy to grow with the distribution

of 91.10%, 73.30%, and 26.70%.

Table 19: Reasons for choosing cassava good variety in kampong Cham and Pailin (n=134)

Province Reason for choosing cassava variety (%)

High yield High starch Good tasted Easy to grow

K.Cham 64.00 42.70 2.20 83.10

Pailin 73.30 91.10 - 26.70

Note: multiple responses

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

5.2.2 cassava cultivation systems and practice in Cambodia

There was significant different between years of growing cassava in both provinces.

Kampong Cham province that is close to Vietnam border have more experience of growing

cassava than Pailin province where the average in Kampong Cham was 8 years and in Palin

was 3 years. Farmers have been sensitive to variation of market demand and price of maize,

soybean, sesame, peanut and cassava.

Table 20: Years of growing cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Years of growing cassava (Year) (n=134)

Minimum Maximum Mean

Kampong Cham 1 20 8

Pailin 1 6 3

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Noticeably, the period of growing cassava in each province was long, but it was also indicated

that the percentage of increasing land used of cassava has steadily increased. Of total farmers,

less than 8 percent expanded their productions in both provinces.

Table 21: Percentage of increasing cassava land uses in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Increasing cassava land uses (%)

No Yes

Kampong Cham 60 6.67

Pailin 25.93 7.41

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 22 illustrates the change of crop before planting cassava. As can be seen, Kampong

Cham farmers mostly cultivated soybean, mungbean and sesame a year before cultivating

cassava. In contrast, farmers in Pailin province stop to grow maize and sesame. Some farmers

plan mixed crop or single crop on the same land.

28

Table 22: Percentage of land uses before growing cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Land uses before growing cassava (%)

Soybean Mungbean Sesame Maize Peanut Cashew

Kampong Cham 79.80 22.50 21.30 9.00 3.40 3.40

Pailin 4.40 - 22.20 95.60 - -

Note: multiple responses

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

There are four different sorts of cassava land types both Kampong Cham and Pailin provinces

such as very steep, steep, gently sloping and flat land types. According to analysis, where

some farmers have more than one plot of land, farmers in Kampong Cham grew on steep and

very steep were 57.30% and Pailin were 46.60 % requiring agricultural specialists and

economists to study more on sustainable agricultural production. Different negative impacts

such as soil erosion could be affected soil fertility when there were rains; cassava can be

damaged or broken when there was strong wind or heavy rain. Moreover, crops maintenance

were physically difficult especially weeding clearance, insecticide/pesticide spraying, digging

a hole for cassava growing, cassava harvesting by hand and hoe and cassava carrying to the

truck or hand tractor (see Table 23).

Table 23: Percentage of land types of cassava production in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Cassava land type (%)

Very steep Steep Gently sloping Flat

Kampong Cham 7.90 49.40 18.00 27. 00

Pailin 4.40 42.20 40.0 15.60

Note: Multiple recomposes

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

The survey data shows that cassava was grown as mono-crop in Kampong Cham 53.7% and

Pailin 95.6%. The potential intercropping of cassava were rubber, soybean, mungbean, maize,

and sesame and Kampong Cham province was the area where these crops has been produced.

Rubber plantation is the most popular intercropping of cassava while this crop will provide

gross profit to producers after the next seven years. There are two cases of rubber

intercropping: First, cassava can be intercropped with rubber plantation or vice-versa. When

cassava growers know that the price of rubber will increase and have more demand, especially

the foreseeing of this crop will be risen in the next few years, farmers plant rubber intercrop

with cassava. Second, whenever the rubber plantation has already been grown and the cassava

was being marketable, the spread of cassava intercrop will be applied in the rubber plantation.

When farmers intercrop with other crops is present in the table 22 below six categories such

as more than 2 weeks before cassava planting, by 2-weeks before cassava growing, 1-week

before cassava growing, or it can be grown at the same time with cassava, 1-week after

cassava, and by two weeks or more than two weeks after growing cassava. In both province

around 50% of cassava growers intercrop 2-week before cassava growing.

29

Table 24: Percentage of intercrop planting times in relation to cassava in Kampong Cham and

Pailin

Province Intercrops planting time in relation to cassava (%)

>2weeks

before

cassava

2-weeks

before

cassava

1-week before

cassava

at the same time

with cassava

1-week after

cassava

>2 weeks after

cassava

K.Cham 56.20 3.10 9.40 15.60 12.50 12.50

Pailin 50.00 50.00 - - - -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

To understand what types of cassava soil in both provinces, the research team asked

respondents to classify four types of soil (sandy, loamy, clayey, and rocky) by each plot they

have. More than three-fourth of soil type in Kampong Cham is rocky while most soil type in

Pailin are clayey and loamey. Even though cassava can be grown in most soil type, the best

used is loamy soils with flat or gentle slopes whereas stony soils are not suitable for cassava

production.

Additionally, in Kampong Cham 53.9% of soil type is color red, 25.8%, 27% and 7.9% are

color grey, black and white in respect order. In Palilin, 84.4% is color red, 11.1% is grey,

26.7% is black, and 4.4% is white. (Note: multiple responses).

Table 25: Percentage of cassava soil types in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Cassava Soil Types (%)

Sandy Loamy Clayey Rocky

K.Cham 11.2 18.0 1.1 78.7

Pailin 4.4 42.2 68.9 11.1

Note: Multiple responses

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

5.2.3 Planting material production techniques

In Kampong Cham province, most Cassava stakes were taken from their own source (89.90%)

Farmers didn’t keep cassava stake for selling purpose but enough cultivated production. In

some case they buy stakes from Vietnamese trader or exchange stakes when they wanted to

try a new one.

Unlike Kampong Cham, 50% Pailin cassava farmers need to buy stakes for production as last

year many cassava fields were destroyed by drought and rain.

Table 26: Percentage of cassava stake source in Kampong Cham and Pailin (n=134)

Province Stake source of cassava (%)

Own Neighbor Purchasing

K.Cham 89.90 4.50 5.60

Pailin 42.20 4.40 53.30

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 26 illustrates the duration of cassava stem stored in different duration before planting.

The storage of cassava stem in Kampong Cham province was mostly take place more than 12

weeks while vast majority of cassava growers in Pailin stored in between 5-12 weeks.

30

Table 27: Duration of cassava stem stored before planting (n=134)

Province How long do you store the stem before planting? (%)

<2 weeks 3-4 weeks 5-12 weeks >12 weeks

K.Cham 4.50 9.00 13.50 73.00

Pailin 2.20 15.60 80.00 2.20

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Quality of seed is also important for cassava production. The bellowed table shows how

farmer keep cassava stem before planting. As can be seen vast majority of farmers in Pailin

did not prepare place to keep stem whereas nearly 60% of cassava growers in Kampong Cham

store it in shed. No matter where farmers put the stems in almost of them put cassava stem in

vertical position.

Table 28: Places of cassava stem storage in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Kampong Cham

Store stem in open field (51.7%) Vertical (95.7%)

Horizontal (4.3%)

Store stem in the shade (13.5%) Vertical (100%)

Horizontal (0%)

Store stem in the storage shed (57.3%) Vertical (100%)

Horizontal (0%)

Pailin

Store stem in open field (95.6%) Vertical (100%)

Horizontal (%)

Store stem in the shade (2.2%) Vertical (100%)

Horizontal (0%)

Store stem in the storage shed (2.2%) Vertical (100%)

Horizontal (0%)

Note: multiple response in store stem in open field, in the shade and in the storage shed

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

To provide more specific about cassava stem planting technique, table 29 illustrates farmers’

practical method which has been used during cassava stem planting. As can be seen, in

Kampong Cham province, about 96.7% was applied horizontal technique for their cassava

production while slanted and vertical methods were used in less percentage, 2.20% and 1.10%

respectively. Look at Pailin, it was only vertical method applied for cassava cultivation with a

hundred percent.

Table 29: Percentage of cassava stems growing techniques in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Cassava stems growing technique (%)

Vertical Horizontal Slanted

Kampong Cham 1.1 96.7 2.2

Pailin 100 - -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

According to table 30, general cassava space for both Kampong Cham and Pailin was

between 60-80 cm. It is interesting that nearly 20% of farmers in Palin grow cassava in close

space than in Kampong Cham.

31

Table 30: Percentage of space between cassava in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Space between plants (%)

20-40 cm 40-60 cm 60-80 cm 80-100 cm 100-120 cm

K.Cham - 1.1 80.9 16.9 1.1

Pailin 11.1 6.7 82.2 - -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Table 31 shows that the percentage of cassava cutting stem per hill in Kampong Cham and

Pailin was slightly different. Particularly, the cassava cutting stem per hill was normally

applied one stem per hill in Kampong Cham which indicated in the number of 77.8% and

about 22.2% of farmers were applied two stems per hill. In contrast, there only one cassava

cutting per hill was practical in Pailin Province.

Table 31: Percentage of cassava cutting per hill in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Cutting stem per hill (%)

One Two

K.Cham 77.5 22.5

Pailin 100 -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

5.2.4 Current agronomic practices

Table 32 consolidates of land preparation, planting methods, ridging methods, and planting

time. Land preparation: 4-wheel tractor is become more popular in kampong Cham and it is

become a 100% use in Pailin. Planting methods: Almost of cassava growers in Pailin plant

cassava on top while in Kampong Cham farmers nearly 3/4 grow it after furrowing. Ridging

methods: This method is used in different conditions of land patterns. Around fifty percent of

farmers in both provinces grow in parallel with plot borders. In Pailin, when cassava

production was on the hill or very steep land, the way that farmers make a ridge was up-down

ridging method and it was shown in the percentage number of 48.9%. Similarly, in Kampong

Cham where some 50% land is genteelly, the ridge was contour. Time of planting: Cassava is

normally planted during March-June and harvested in eight to twelve months depending on

market price and harvesting labor. Cultivation practices in Kampong Cham and Pailin was

slightly differentiation between Pailin. Cassava planting time in Kampong Cham started from

April-June, Pailin begin in March. Noticeably, climate conditions and soil were not the same

conditions between Kampong Cham and Pailin, hence this few disparity things make a little

bit changed in cassava planting time. As can be seen in Table 32, in Kampong Cham

province, there were about 87.6% of farmers planting cassava from April to June while 7.90%

were growing from January to March and 4.50% were growing from July to September. On

the contrary, in Pailin, cassava was taken to a ground from January to March 91.10% and

April to June 8.90%.

32

Table 32: Percentage of land preparation, planting, ridging and planting time methods of

cassava production in Kampong Cham and Pailin

Province Land preparation methods (%) Planting methods (%)

Hoe Hand

tractor

4-wheel tractor No tillage On top Furrow Dig a hole

Kampong

Cham

4.5 10.1 82.0 3.4 4.5 74.2 21.3

Pailin - - 100 - 97.8 - 2.2

Province Ridging methods (%) Planting time (%)

Up-down Contour Parallel with plot borders Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep

Kampong

Cham

2.4 45.8 51.8 7.9 87.6 4.5

Pailin 48.9 - 51.1 91.1 8.9 -

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Weeding

Usually in Kampong Cham province, weed cleaning activities was depended on weed

compound in the field. At least weed cleaning was done 3 times per year. First time of weed

cleaning was commencing around 15-30 days after growing cassava. Next following stage

was starting from around 60-90 days after cassava planting. Last but not least, when cassava

plant was about 120-150 days, weed cleaning should be done again, cassava can be destroyed

if farmers did not well control weeds. The labor cost rate for herbicide spraying was about

7.5$/day and 4 persons /day/ha. Herbicide should be applied when cassava was about 1 cm

from the ground and the way they spray should be done in between row to row without touch

any leaf of cassava. If so cassava leaf could be spoiled.

Fertilizer application (organic and mineral fertilizers)

Production improvement was supplemental used by fertilizers. Based on table 33, the

application of fertilizer is mostly used in Kampong Cham and rarely used in Pailin.

In Kampong Cham, organic fertilizer was applied in cassava production especially for top

dressing at the first stage of planting. The farmyard manure is normally from farmers’ own

source, so it does not cost for the farmers. About four kinds of fertilizers were utilized in

Kampong Cham and Pailin provinces such urea, DAP, 15-15-15 and Kbal Krobey fertilizers.

These fertilizers were used in different stages of the cassava production. Urea was applied

when cassava at about 2month and DAP was also put at the age of 3-4 months, it depended on

farmers’ preferences. Sometimes, they used mixed urea and DAP fertilizers. Moreover, 15-15-

15 and Kbal Krobey were applied when cassava at about 4 months. It was a farmer’s choice to

make a decision for their uses, not all fertilizers were used in one production. It was also

depended on farmers’ financial resource.

33

Table 33: Application of fertilizers

Province Name of fertilizers

% of

farmers Average cost ($/ha)

Kampong Cham

Organic fertilizer 3.4 -

Urea 49.1 35.26

DAP 7.9 34.64

15-15-15 21.3 46.63

Other 7.8 33.85

Pailin

Organic fertilizer - -

Urea - -

DAP - -

15-15-15 - -

Other 2.2 120

Harvesting and post-harvest

Harvesting time was normally done when cassava aged between 8 – 12 months; it is a busiest

time for farmer. Harvest time was done fully between December - January in both province

but some farmers did it a bit early or late in this period. To harvest one ha of cassava land,

farmers need labor of 50 people (include family member of 2-3) and the cost of each labor is

$5. Usually, farmers harvested cassava by hand and hoe which the duration of cassava

collection is a little bit long as there was not enough labor for that work. Some farmers used

tractor to harvest but in this case cassava root could be damaged. Lack of labors can be

impacted to cassava production and income. Normally farmers were receiving market

information by phone and by words especially from cassava local traders. If the price

increased, they have to collect it and sell it immediately. Usually after harvested, cassava fresh

roots were sold immediately at the field or farmers’ will directly transport it to traders in

villages, in Vietnam and in Thailand.

34

Figure 5: Cassava production system in Pailin Province, Cambodia

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

35

5.2.5 Production costs and gross margin

Table 28 shows that costs of cassava production were applied in Kampong Cham and Pailin

provinces. A cassava crop is a good cash crop which can be a major income in some

households of farmers. It requires a lot of money to produce cassava per hectare. As can be

seen in Table 34, total production cost in Pailin was higher than in Kampong Cham about

176.25 dollars/ha in average total cost of 861.25$/ha. However, the research on cassava

utilization in Cambodia was conducted by socio-economic team in 2008 shown that average

total production cost of cassava in Cambodia was about 705.96$/ha (El, 2010) which was a

bit higher than in Kampong Cham province but this cost was spent less than average total cost

in Pailin province.

The fluctuation of price in combination with yield per ha can affect profit of farmers. Base on

table 34, farmers in Kampong Cham could earn $842 per ha while in Pailin $954 per ha.

Table 34: Gross margin of cassava production in Kampong Cham and Pailin 2013

Province K.Cham Pailin

Items Man-days/ha

Labour

cost

Total cost ($/ha)

Man-

days/ha

Labour

cost

Total cost ($/ha)

($/day) ($/day)

Land preparation by hand tractor 1hand tractor 30 30 1tractor 100 100

Cutting stake 9 5 45 9 5 45

Planting (digging & planting) 12 5 60 12 5 60

Fertilizer application 3 7.5 15 3 7.5 15

Insecticide spaying 4 7.5 30 4 7.5 30

Herbicide spraying 4 7.5 30 4 7.5 30

Harvesting (root digging & cutting) 50 5 250 50 7.5 375

Carrying 10 5 50 - - -

Drying (Chip cutting & drying) 10 5 50 10 5 50

Transport by truck (6t/truck) 4 trucks 31.25 125 5 trucks 31.25 156.25

Total cost 685 861.25

Yield

20.13

29.27

Price ($/t)

75.85

62.02

Gross income 1526.86

1815.33

Gross margin (2013) 841.86

954.08

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

Average trends of cassava yield, price and cultivated area from 2010 to 2013

Average yield of cassava, price, dried yield, dried price and average area of cassava

cultivation in both provinces are shown in Figure 6. Generally, the average yield of cassava in

studied provinces was steadily decreased between 2010 and 2013. It is noticed that even

though the cassava production yield in Pailin went down from year to year, its yield was quite

high than in Kampong Cham province. There are many reasons behind this; firstly soil

fertility was highly used with the beginning of the diversity crops in that area. Therefore, soil

fertility has not yet been down.

36

The production of dried cassava is related to production of fresh cassava. Usually, the

conversion of fresh root of cassava to dried chip was about half of total fresh root. As can be

seen in figure 6 in the average yield of dried cassava, the average yield of fresh root of 44.55

t/ha in 2010 equivalents to the about 25 t/ha of dried cassava, this is what has been calculated

from farmers and what farmers had been received.

The price of fresh and dried cassava has an upward trend in both provinces, except in Pailin in

2012 that was a related impact of price pledging scheme in Thailand. It is noticed that the

conversion from fresh root to dried chip was ½ of fresh root but the price of dried chip was

2.5 times higher that of fresh root. It could be an added value for those who have ability to

process it.

The analysis of average land area reveals decreasing tendency of cassava land ownership in

both provinces. The decrease of cassava landownership in Kampong Cham is 1/10 less than

Pailin in 2013 (Kampong Cham was decrease by 1% and Pailin decrease by 10%). Base on

table 21 there was about 7% of internal farmer increase their land – this could means that

some farmers sold their land to outsiders and other people in the village.

Figure 6: Cassava average yield, average price, average dried yield, average dried price and

average total area in Kampong Cham and Pailin Province between 2010 and 2013

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

2010 2011 2012 2013

25.32 23.95 21.90

20.13

44.54 41.82

36.33

29.27

Average fresh cassava yield 2010-2013 (t/ha)

Kampong Cham

Pailiin

257.58 261.71 276.58 303.42

186.00 202.89 178.61

248.09

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

2010 2011 2012 2013

Average cassava price 2010-2013 (R/kg)

Kampong Cham

Pailin

37

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

11.90 9.91 10.03

8.15

0.00 0.00

20.00 19.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

2010 2011 2012 2013

Average dried cassava yield (t/ha) 2010-2013

Kampong Cham

Pailin

567.14 634.29

724.29

795.00

0.00

684.00

504.00

674.00

0.00

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

700.00

800.00

900.00

2010 2011 2012 2013

Average dried cassava price (R/kg)

Kampong Cham

Pailin

1.33 1.32 1.29 1.28

4.05 4.33

4.09 3.72

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

2010 2011 2012 2013

Average land area (ha) 2010-2013

Kampong Cham

Pailin

38

5.2.6 SWOT analysis in Cassava production

Farmers and processor were asked to select more than one answer in each SWOT analysis of

cassava production. Each province has its own strengths, opportunities, weakness and threats.

For example the foremost strengths of Kampong Cham are high potential soil, high yield,

high demand and high price while the foremost strengths in Pailin are high yield, high

potential soil, high demand, good variety and high price.

Table 35: SWOT analysis in cassava production

Strengths Opportunities

High potential soil (Kampong Cham

76.4% and Pailin 64.4%)

High yield (Kampong Cham 46.1%,

Pailin 71.1%)

High price (Kampong Cham 33.7%,

Pailin 40%)

High demand (Kampong Cham 37.1%,

Pailin 62.2%)

Good variety (Kampong Cham 12.4%,

40.0%)

Low cost production (Kampong Cham

15.7%, Pailin 24.4%)

Contract farming (Kampong Cham

1.1%, Pailin 0%)

Open market with other countries

(Kampong Cham 56.2%, 68.9%)

Increase domestic foreigner investors

(Kampong Cham 51.7%, Pailin 55.6%)

Marketing information available

(Kampong Cham 39.3%, Pailin 40.0%)

Seasonality suitable for cassava

production (Kampong Cham 21.3%,

Pailin 84.4%)

Good infrastructure (Kampong Cham

10.1%, Pailin 40.0%)

Weaknesses Threats

Poor price intervention (Kampong

Cham 56.2%, Pailin 68.9%)

Low technology for processing

(Kampong Cham 39.3%, Pailin 53. 3%)

High petrol price (Kampong Cham

36.0%, Pailin 44.4%)

lack of pest control (Kampong Cham

48.3%, Pailin 15.6%)

No contract (Kampong Cham 27.0%,

Pailin 53.3%)

Lack of transportation (Kampong Cham

12.4%, Pailin 42.2%)

Other (rain, break, tax on export)

(Kampong Cham 3.3%, Pailin 6.7%)

Pest/disease damage (Kampong Cham

79.8%, Pailin 4.4%)

Too much rain (kampong Cham 49.4%,

Pailin 71.1%)

Drought (Kampong Cham 71.9%, Pailin

80.0%)

Lack of local labor (Kampong Cham

7.9%, Pailin 60.0%)

Infertile soil (Kampong Cham 46.1%,

Pailin 33.3%)

Competition of private sector effects farm

gate price (Kampong Cham 6.7%, Pailin

37.8%)

39

5.3 Cassava processing in Cambodia

Currently cassava processing in Cambodia is more developed in term of construction factories and most farmers have been stopped processing

cassava by hand or by traditional way and sold their cassava roots to factories in their villages or factories nearby especially in Kampong Cham

province. Those factories have been increasing during this few years because of the increase in market demand both locally and internationally.

In Kampong Cham province, it is interesting to note that there is no small scale for cassava enterprise. Currently there have been only farmers

who played role in both producer and processor for cassava growing and selling both fresh roots and dried chip. Dried starch and sago enterprises

were mostly produced in Kampong Cham province, while dried chip enterprise was established in Pailin province. This is the example of

companies that the study team had interviewed with.

Table 36: Current situation of cassava processing in small, medium and large scales in Kampong Cham and Pailin Provinces

Pailin Province Types Name of enterprise Stated year Type of products Product capacity

per year (t)

Waste sold per

year(t)

Export sources

Small Ny Starch Cambodia 2012 Dried chips 2000 - - Thailand

Medium Heng Sspheap 2009 Dried chips 18000 - - Thailand and Phnom Penh (CP company)

Large HUNAN ER-KANG 2013

Dried starch and

dried chips 219000 -

- They will export to China

Kampong Cham Province Types Name of enterprise Stated year Type of products Product capacity

per year (t)

Waste sold per

year(t)

Export sources

Small Farmer processors - Dried chips 15 t/ha -

Sold to factories in the village and to Vietnam

traders.

Medium

Hang Pi (Song Heng)

2004

Dried starch 4800 2.4

Domestic markets (wholesaler and retailer in

Phnom Penh).

Cassava waste sold to farmers in villages.

Ly Hong Leng 1993 Dried starch and

sago 1100 5

- Domestic markets in Phnom Penh)

- Cassava waste sold to farmers in villages

Large Sun Ath 2007 Dried starch 10950 4 Sold to Vietnam and China

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

40

Normally, the enterprise can produce cassava from November to April because this is cassava

harvesting time and the exact processing cassava from June to October. It is expected that the

capacity to produce more dried chips and dried starch will be increasing but currently their

capital was not enough. The total cost of investment was too high and they also needed a lot

of labour to support their processing at least 18-22 persons. Most exporters had their own land

for cassava enterprise which was about 9 hectare in average, and about 30% of exporters were

the ownership private enterprise and the corporation was about 60%. Usually, length of

buying cassava per season started from November to April. Maximum of purchasing fresh

root of cassava was about 35-40 tons per day and Minimum of purchasing fresh root of

cassava was about 10-20 ton per day. A minimum period of purchasing cassava fresh root was

commenced between April and June because it was a rainy season and it made cassava

insufficiently dried. Methods for buying cassava roots was directly delivered by farmers to

enterprise and some of enterprises were purchasing from farmers at the field. In some cases, a

private trader transported it to the enterprise. Yet, cassava contract farming agreement was not

established. There were not any problems with the sanitary and phytosanitary of cassava

products exported to international market.

Figure 7: Smallholder Cassava dried chips processing by hand in Pailin Province

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

41

Figure 8: Cassava Cutting Machine processing in Pailin Province

Source: CARDI survey, 2014

There are different products of cassava which produces by each enterprise, those products

are:

Dried chips: It was selling to Vietnam and Thailand and it was also produced by

famers and factories owners whom bought the fresh root of cassava to made

cassava chips.

Dried starch: cassava starch was transferred to Vietnam and some of them were

selling to domestic markets, mostly in Phnom Penh city.

Sago: it was produced in Kampong Cham province which some farmers around that

area were also beneficial from this kind of products. Because the owner of the

factories did not have enough modern equipment, hence they asked farmers to

made sago by hand and it was paid to farmers.

Animal feed (wet starch from waste): wet starch meant that cassava waste which is

used for animal feed. It was produced by the factories and those will sell it to

farmers in the village in reasonable price. It does mean that the factories can

contribute to the community with farmers’ income improvement.

Fuel alcohol (China factory in Pailin has planned to produce ethanol in Cambodia,

this factories will start soon)

Cassava peel is used for animal feed and fertilizer application for the rubber

plantation especially in Kampong Cham province.

Reasons for farmers stopped processing dried starch in Kampong Cham Province:

Spend too much time in dried starch producing by hand, thus they did not have

enough time to do other jobs.

High cost but less profit in cassava dried starch processing if they sell it to factories,

they can get much more or at least equal to their own processing and saved time.

Industrial sector more developed in their village, so they were just producing the

cassava fresh roots and selling them to those factories.

42

Market problem/barrier for cassava products

There are some problems addressed by processors and exporters of cassava market export:

Tax: it is said by exporters that in Cambodia, there was a government law which

addressed that there was an exceptional tax for agriculture products that export to

oversea, but when the farmers who was a processor or exporters transported their

products to Cambodian-Thailand borders, they had to paid to unofficial customs

check points (which is called a second customs) in high cost of money. It was

explained that they had to pay “(one truck/time/day = 210,000 Riel = 52.5$ when it

was exported to border with full of products, but they had to pay more about

70,000Riel = 17.5$ in one truck/time/day, when the truck returned to the factory.

Moreover, there were a lot of trucks were taken products from each factory. So it

was costs a lot” (Said by exporters in Pailin province). It was also complained by

cassava community key informant about unofficial tax in Cambodia.

The increase in unofficial customs check point paid was also one reason to decrease

the cassava price at farm gate.

Road for cassava export was really important.

There are some solutions which addressed by processors and traders of cassava when the

market price was decreased such as:

Farmers have to harvest cassava before rainy season in order to avoid spoilage and

avoid high moisture in the cassava starch.

Farmers have to access the information about the update cassava price from traders

with an accurate price.

Farmers have changed from selling fresh cassava roots to dried chips because when

a peak harvest of cassava came, trader storage places did not have enough space for

that and their processing cannot well-dried because of lack of labour in their

processing. So their cassava should be decreased. To solve this problem, famers had

to make dried chips for long safety storage.

Some farmers delayed their cassava harvesting for nearly two years, they will

collect it when the price of cassava increases.

43

5.4 Future potential

In Cambodia, the prospects for increase cassava production are very high for the future.

Moreover, the demand of cassava roots has been rapidly rising both locally and

internationally. This is very good opportunity for smallholder famers to produce more cassava

and good technical training knowledge uses for improving their best management cassava

practice commercially. Cassava fresh root demand has been increasing during this few years

both domestic and oversea markets. Future more, dried starch cassava was also boosting for

local consumers consumption and neighboring countries consumption. Additionally, sago

products were commonly used in Cambodia and now this production was rapidly demanding

in Vietnam country, which the exporter has been exported to. More importantly, cassava dried

chips was highly demanding for processing into value-added products at enterprises or

factories in Cambodia and China. Animal feed consumption, peel and fiber have been

increasing for fertilizer usage in rubber plantation or rice field.

5.5 Proposed Next Step (Recommendations)

There are some main recommendations which should be proposed for the future research to

improve cassava production, processing, marketing and exporting in Cambodia. These

recommendation also build upon the national workshop on “Sustainable Cassava Production

and Utilization for Rural Poverty Alleviation in Cambodia” (MAFF, 2012). Those are listed as

follow:

5.5.1 Improvement of cassava production in Cambodia

Improved and new suitable varieties: Cultivation of cassava varies according to

the purposes for which it is grown. The cassava is either planted as a single crop

or intercropped; however, mixed planting reduces the danger of crop loss due to

unfavorable weather conditions and pests. There should be more studies on the

improved and suitable local varieties with high yield and high starch content.

There should also have proper test for imported cassava varieties by MAFF before

introducing for cultivation.

Better agronomy and crop management: moist, fertile and deep loamy sand is the

best favor condition of cassava. It does economic earning in other different types

of soils. Based upon the findings from the study, there is a notion of downward

trend for yield of cassava in both provinces demanding specialist and agronomists

to provide sustainable grow of cassava focusing on the issues of crop rotation,

irrigation and drainage, plant breeding, plant physiology, soil classification, soil

fertility, weed control and insect and pest control etc.

Efficient use of soil and water resources: growing cassava on slopes can cause

serious erosion and as a result reducing yield. Another thing, cassava is drought

resistant; but it does produce better yields when it is regular water or the rainfall is

fairly abundant. There is suggestion to study about cassava production on slope as

well as compare cost-benefit analysis of intercrops, applying water and fertilizer.

Cassava farmer association: Farmers should be encouraged to create association at

their region so that they can help or provide for each other, in terms of money,

planting materials etc.

Full extension services and agents through collating and publication of existing

available technology and widely distribute to farmers through demonstration

fields and other means, especially ready to help farmers for specific technical

issues in productions (MAFF, 2012).

44

Strengthening and widening collaboration with other national, regional and

international research institution to enhance research for cassava production and

utilization (MAFF, 2012).

5.5.2 Improvement of cassava processing in Cambodia

Improved production capacity: processing can be value-added but most farmers

abandoned their cassava processing since processing by hand cost expensive and

take long time. Processing machine and modern technology should be introduced

with simple guideline and instruction in Khmer language.

Improved quality of products: to minimize post-harvest losses, cassava should be

process very close to production areas and processors have to ensure a daily

supply of raw material. Family based or small-scale processing has been an

important strategy to resolve the problems of how to minimize transport costs and

how to avoid post-harvest deterioration.

5.5.3 Improvement of cassava marketing in Cambodia

Price stability of cassava products: improve status of contract farming in

Cambodia under good and close coordination from relevant government officers.

Improved marketing systems: updated information on cassava demand, price and

future trends to farmers through direct and in-direct extension.

Linking producers/processors to appropriate market: through coordination and

facilitation from relevant ministries such as MAFF and MoC, producers and

processor should consolidates its exports of cassava through direct export to

China and lessens its dependency on export of unprocessed tubers to Thailand and

Vietnam.

5.5.4 Improvement of cassava exports from Cambodia

Improved quarantine systems, import/Export regulation and procedure and

enabling environment for traders/exporters have been established in implements

and strengthens policy for the Cassava sector as stated in Cambodia Trade

Integration Strategy 2013-2018 and Trade SWAp Road Map 2013-2018 (See page

20)

45

References

Ath, S., Chhay, K., Nuth, C., & Sok, S. (2012). A Study on Cassava Marketing in Chang

Krang Commune, Chhet Burei District, Kratie Province. International Journal of

Environmental and Rural Development 3(2), 67-71.

Cambodochine, D. (2013). BUSINESS PROCESS ANALYSIS: ON EXPORT OF CASSAVA

AND MAIZE IN CAMBODIA.

El, S. (2010). Result of Cassava Survey in Cambodia. Paper presented at the A New Future for

Cassava in Asia: Its Use as Food, Feed and Fuel to benefit the Poor, Vientiane, Lao

PDR.

FAO. (2011). Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in figures: AQUASTAT Survey – 2011.

FAO. (2012). Food Outlook: Global Market Analysis.

GDA. (2013). Annual report of cassava exporting to different countries 2013.

GDCE. (2012). Statistics Database for first semester in 2012. Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Hang, S. C., Socheth, H., Chandarany, O., Dalis, P., & Dorina, P. (2012). Foreign Investment

in Agriculture in Cambodia.

Hing, V., & Thun, V. (2009). Agricultral Trade in the Greater Mekong Sub-region: The Case

of Cassava and Rubber in Cambodia.

Howeler, R., Lutaladio, N., & Thomas, G. (2013). Save and Grow: Cassava A guide to

sustainable production intensification Retrieved from

http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3278e/i3278e.pdf

Jie, H., Srey, S., Aun, K., Phiny, C., Serey, S., & Yinong, T. (2007). Cassava Production and

Utilization in Cambodia. Paper presented at the Cassava Research and Development

in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop, Bangkok, Thailand.

MAFF. (2012). Sustainable Cassava Production and Utilization for Rural Poverty Alleviation

in Cambodia. Paper presented at the National Workshop on "Sustainable Cassava

Production and Utilization for Rural Poverty Alleviation in Cambodia", Phnom Penh.

http://www.cardi.org.kh/items/screenshot/Report_Cassava.jpg

MAFF. (2013). Annual Report for Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, 2012-2013: Ministry of

Agricultural Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

MoC. (2013). Cambodia Trade Integration Strategy 2013-2018 and Trade SWAp Road Map

2013-2018

Socheth, H. (2012). Foreigh Investment in Agriculture in Cambodia: A survey of recent

trends.

Sopheap, U., & Patanothai, A. (2011). Farmers’ perceptions on cassava cultivation in

Cambodia. KHON KAEN AGR, 39, 279-294.

UNCTAD. (2012). INFOCOMM COMMODITY PROFILE: CASSAVA. Retrieved from

http://www.unctad.info/en/Infocomm/AACP-Products/COMMODIRY-PROFILE---

Cassava/

UNDP. (2007). CAMBODIA’S 2007: Trade Integration Strategy. Phnom Penh.

United Nations Statistics Division. (2013). 2013 World Statistics Pocketbook Country Profile:

Cambodia Retrieved from

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/pocketbook/PDF/2013/Cambodia.pdf

World Bank. (2013). World Development Indicators: Cambodia. Retrieved 18 February 2014

http://data.worldbank.org/country/cambodia

46

Appendices:

Appendix 1: Time frame for research N

o Task Name Dec-13 Jan-14 Feb-14 Mar-14

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

W

1

W

2

W

3

W

4

1

Finalized proposal and

LoA

2 Design questionnaire

3 Testing questionnaire

4

Survey and data

collection

5 Data entry and analysis

6 Completed draft report

7

Consultation on the

draft report

8

Revised and submitted

final report

Appendix 2: Likely Constraints to Agricultural Development in Cambodia

Internal/domestic challenges External constraints/factors

High informal export cost

Lack of irrigation infrastructure and low level of

technology in farming and processing

High input cost and low quality and capacity of

milling/processing

Inadequate storage and grain silos

Lack of low-interest credit

Lack of awareness of new and efficient planting

techniques and lack of motivation to diversify

production

Insufficient or absence of trademarks and

geographical indications

High transportation costs due to infrastructure

problems

Lack of marketing skills and market information

system

No brand name

Deforestation due to the expansion of certain crops,

like soybeans

Many major consumer

countries protect their

markets (e.g. Japan, Korea,

some ASEAN countries)

Few countries offer

preferential market access

for Cambodia

Exports rely largely on

demand and milling

facilities in Thailand and

Vietnam

Importing countries often

require a Special Purpose

Ship Safety Certificate,

which Cambodia lacks

Narrow export markets, i.e.

Thailand and Vietnam,

mostly for informal exports

Source: (UNDP, 2007)

47

Appendix 3: Research pictures activities

Farmer interviewed at Pailin

Questionnaire training at CARDI

Cassava community key informant, K.Cham

Cassava community key informant, Pailin

48

- Key informant interviewed in Pailin (Heng Sopheap Company)

- Key Informant in Pailin with (HUNAN ER-KANG (CAMBODIA) INVESTMENT CO.,LTD)

49

- Interview with Key Informant (NY STARCH CAMBODIA Company), Pailin

50

Appendix 4: Farmer/Processor Questionnaire

"Current situation of the cultivation and processing of

Cambodian cassava and identify gaps."

Questionnaire No.______

CONFIDENTIALITY

Please tell your name and the workplace that you work to the respondent. This

study focuses on current situation of the cultivation and processing of Cambodian

cassava and identifies gaps which called The China-Cambodia-UNDP Trilateral

Cooperation Cassava Project. The purpose of the study is to assess the current

situation of production, processing, and marketing of cassava smallholders in

upland farming systems in Cambodia and to identify need for improved

sustainable cassava production and quality that meet requirements for export

market to China.

Participation is completely voluntary. You are free to ask questions at any time. If

there is any question you intend not to answer, please tell the enumerator. We

assure you that the information collected during this study is confidential, and

will be used exclusively for this study. You answers will not be revealed to your

neighbours or to other parties without your permission.

Following the assessment of this questionnaire, done by computer, neither your

name nor those of your family members will be used for any other purposes.

Does the respondent agree to be interviewed and understand

that the survey is voluntary? () Yes…. or No ….

Starting time:…………………………………….. Ending time: ………………………………

Enumerator name ………………………………

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ....………/…………/……....

Type of respondents () Farmer……. Processor……. Both…….

HOUSEHOLD Identification Number ……………………………..

Respondents / Interviewees Name(s) (include family name) ………………..……………

Gender of respondents () Male….. Female…. Age of respondent ……………

Contact number: ……………………………..

Types of survey Baseline

Village …………………………….

Commune …………………………….

District …………………………….

Province () Kampong Cham……. Pailin…….

Note: If she/he is a processor, please answer the general information the above and skip Q1-Q5 and

continue from Q6-Q8.

51

1. PERSONAL INFORMATION (Using for farmer only)

1.1 Enter the following information for all members usually residing in this household.

Personal Information Education Occupation Level of involvement

Name of household member Gender Age Relationship to the

household head

Level of

education

Primary Secondary

Involved in

growing crops

0: not involved

1: partially involved

2: Fully involved

Involved in

raising animals

0: not involved

1: partially involved

2: Fully involved

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

52

2. LIVELIHOOD ASSETS (Using for farmer only)

Does the household have the following assets?

2.1 FARMING AND HOME GARDEN ASSETS

Items

Do you have the following

assets?

( YES = 1, NO = 0)

Ox-cart

Plough

Insecticide sprayer

Rickshaw/cart

Spades, shovels, hoe, etc.

Hand tractor

Cassava harvesting tools (Gnam)

Cassava chipping machine

Plastic basket

Net

Blue plastic

Write plastic

Bag

Other

(specify)………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………….

2.2 LIVESTOCK ASSETS

Items

Do you have the following assets?

( YES = 1, NO = 0)

Chicken

Duck

Pig

Cow

Buffalo

Other (specify)

3. FARM ACTIVITIES (Using for farmer only)

A)- Land asset includes all the land owned by the household, rented to and rented from other including in

other communes, districts or provinces (all land including away from the village).

Type of crops planted in the last 12 months Owned

Land (ha) Rented to

(ha)

Rented

from (ha)

3.1 What is the total area of your paddy fields?

3.2 What is the total area of your upland cultivation

fields?

53

3.3 What is the total area of your cassava production?

3.4 What is the total area of your maize production?

3.5 What is the total area of your soybean production?

3.6 What is the total area of your sweet potatoes

production?

3.7 What is the total area of your sesame production?

3.8 What is the total area of your mungbean production?

3.9 What is the total area of your forages field?

3.10 What is the total area of your vegetables

production?

3.11 Other ________________________________

3.12 Other ________________________________

3.13 Is cassava a primary income or a secondary income in your family source of income? ()

if a primary income please go to Q3.14 and if not please go to Q4.

Primary source _____ Secondary source _____

3.14 Which crops is a primary source of income? ________________________

4. CASSAVA PRODUCTION (Using for farmer only)

Refers to the total land size of cassava in Q3.3 (no need to take note again)

4.1 How long have you been growing cassava? __________________year

4.2 What was the previous land use before you grow cassava on that land? ______________________

4.3 Have you been increasing land use for cassava production since last few years until now? ()

Yes____ No____

4.4 What type of cassava land is? (if they have many plots, answer could be multiple) ()

1. Very steep______ 2. Steep ______ 3. Gently sloping_____ 4. Flat______

4.5 What area is cassava planted in monoculture ________ ha, and

what area is intercropped _________ ha?

4.6 If you plant intercrops, what kind of crops do you use to intercrop with cassava?

Mention the most common one first.

1. ________ 2. _______ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5. _______

4.7 When you plant intercrops, when do you plant the intercrop in relation to cassava? ()

1. 2-weeks before cassava ________

2. 1-week before cassava _______

3. at the same time with cassava ________

4. 1-week after cassava __________

54

5. 2-weeks after cassava __________

6. >2weeks after cassava __________

4.8 How would you describe the land used for cassava? (single answer) ()

1. Permanently cropped ________ 2. Slash and burn rotations ________

4.9 What type of soil do you use for planting cassava? (if they have many plots answer could

be multiple) ()

1. Sandy________ 2. Loamy ________ 3. Clayey ________ 4. Rocky ______

4.10 What color is the soil? ()

1. red _______ 2. grey _______ 3. black _______ 4. white _______

4.11 How do you prepare your land for cassava? ()

1. By hoe _______ 2. By animal_______ 3. By hand-tractor_______

4. By 4-wheel tractor ______ 5. No Tillage_______

4.12 How do you plant cassava? ()

1. on top of the ridge _________ 2. in furrow ___________ 3. Dig a hole

___________

4.13 Do you make ridges up-and-down the slope, along the contour or parallel to plot borders?

() 1. up-down _______ 2. contour _______ 3. parallel with plot borders ________

4.14 When do you plant cassava? 1. Jan-March ___________

2. April-June ___________

3. July-Sept ___________

4. Oct-Dec ___________

4.15 Where do you get the cassava stakes for planting? ()

1. from own fields ______ 2. from a neighbor or friend _______ 3. buy _______

4.16 How long do you store the stems before planting? ()

1. <2 weeks _____ 2. 3-4 weeks _____ 3. 5-12 weeks _____ 4. >12 weeks ______

4.17 How do you store the stems? () 1. in the open field and tie it ____ a. vertical ______

b. horizontal ___

2. in the shade and tie it _____ a. vertical ______

b. horizontal ____

3. in a storage shed and tie it ___ a. vertical ______

b. horizontal ___

4.18 What are the main reasons for selecting a good variety? (Score in order of importance

1 is most important, 5 is least important) ()

1. high yield _________ 2. high starch content/DC _________

3. good taste _________ 4. easy to grow _________ 5. other __________

4.19 What kind of planting method do you use? ()

1. Vertical________ 2. Horizontal________ 3. Slanted _______

55

4.20 How many stem cuttings per hill? ()

1. one ________ 2. two _________ 3. three _________

4.21 How much space between plants in the row (cm)? ()

1. 60-80 ____ 2. 80-100 ____ 3. 100-120 ____ 4. >120 cm ____

4.22 What is the yield of cassava in the last few years?

2013 2012 2011 2010

Yield……………T/ha

Yield…………….T/ha Yield….……….T/ha Yield………….T/ha

Price………..…Riel/Kg

Price…………Riel/Kg

Price…………Riel/Kg Price…………Riel/Kg

Area……………ha

Area……………ha

Area………….ha Area…………ha

4.23 What cassava varieties are you planting now and what is the yield you expect to get?

Name of Variety

(or description)

Area Planted

(m2)

Time of Production Will continue planting?

Planting Harvesting Yield (t/ha) Yes () No ()

1 Local

2

3

4.24 What do you use the roots of the cassava varieties for?

Name of variety

Portion of ROOTS (%)to be used for:

Animal Feed (%) Food at Home (%) Market Sale (%)

1

2

4.25 Labor input and cost of various activities in cassava production in 2013. (Must be converted to

hectare, calculator is needed)

Items Unit/ (ha) Cost/(ha) Total (ha) Others

Land preparation - By hand tractor time/ha - By cattle time/ha

Cutting stakes - Own stem - Buy stem

Planting (Ridge + Planting ) - Hire labor man/day - Own labor man/day

Fertilizer application When they use

it? - Amount of Urea used $/kg

56

- Amount of DAP used $/kg - Amount of 15-15-15 used $/kg

……………………………… $/kg - Labor for Urea used man/day - Labor for DAP used man/day - Labor for 15-15-15 used man/day ………………………………… man/day

Manure application When they use

it? - Amount of manure used $/kg - Labor for application man/day

Insecticide/pesticide used When they use

it? - Amount of insecticide used litter/ha - Labor for spraying man/day

Herbicide used When they use

it? - Amount of herbicide used litter/ha - Labor for spraying man/day

- Hand weeding man/day

Harvesting man/day - Hire labor man/day - Own labor man/day

Carrying roots man/day - By ox-chart time - By hand tractor time - By truck time - By tractor (Kulethorng) time

*Note: (If she/he is not a processor, please skip to Q6, but if she/he is a processor or she/he plays role in both

producer and processor please continue to Q5)

57

5- CASSAVA PROCESSING (Using for processor only)

5.1 Do you own fresh cassava for processing dried cassava? ()

Yes_____(pls go to Q5.2) No_____(pls skip to Q5.4)

5.2 If yes, how many kilogram of fresh cassava do you process?.........................kg

5.3 How many dried cassava did you get from this processing? ………………kg

5.4 Do you buy fresh cassava for processing dried cassava? ()

Yes______ (pls go to Q5.5) No______ (pls skip to Q5.6)

5.5 If yes, how many kilograms did you buy once? ______________ kg

5.6 How much of fresh cassava per kilogram? ________________ Riel/kg

5.6 How long do you dry cassava? ()

1-2 day ___ 2-3days ____ 3-4days ____ 4-5days ____ 5-6days ____

5.7 Where does he/she store dried cassava? ()

At home and covered by tan____ Under the house which covered by plastic bag ____

At warehouse under the house____ At warehouse on the house ______

5.8 What materials do you use for dried cassava packaging? ()

Plastic bag ____ Bag _____ Others (Pls specify: ___________________ )

5.9 What is the total cost of dried cassava processing? ____________________ Riels

6- CASSAVA MARKET (using both farmer and processor)

6.1 Where do you sell dried cassava? () (If she/he sells it at the market, please go to Q6.2, but if she/he

sells it at home or at the field where she/he dried cassava please skip to Q6.4)

At home ____ at the market ____ at the field where he/she dried cassava ____

6.2 Do you transport it by your own?

Yes _____ No _____

6.3 If yes, what kind of transportation do you use?

Truck ____ Hand tractor _____ Motorbike ________

6.4 What kind of cassava do you sell? ()

Fresh Cassava _____ Dried Cassava _____ both fresh & dried cassava _____

6.5 How much do you sell cassava per kilogram?

Fresh Cassava…………………Riel/kg Dried Cassava……………….Riel/kg

6.6 Who do you sell cassava to? ()

Collector from other villages ____ Processor in the village ____ Trader/exporters ____

58

6.7 How can you grade fresh cassava for being marketable? Multiple answer ()

1- High starch content _____

2- High yield _____

3- No black spot on cassava _____

4- Some part of rough on the root _____

5- Good color of cassava root _____

6- Others (pls specify:__________________________________________________ )

6.8 What are the two main priorities for the customers in grading the fresh and dried cassava? Please ()

and give a percentage of the two main things)

Fresh Cassava (%) Dried Cassava (%)

1- High starch content (DC) _____

2- High yield _____

3- No black spot on cassava _____

4- Some part of rough on the root _____

5- Good color of cassava root _____

6- Others (pls

specify:_______________________________

___________________ )

7- Others (pls

specify:_______________________________

___________________ )

1- High starch content (DC) _____

2- High yield _____

3- No black spot on cassava _____

4- Some part of rough on the roots_____

5- Good color of cassava root _____

6- Others (pls

specify:______________________________

____________________ )

7- Others (pls

specify:______________________________

____________________ )

6.7 Do you have any contract cassava selling (paper agreement) with other traders outside your village? () Yes ____ No ____

6.8 If yes, where are they coming from?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

7- STRENGTHENING, WEAKNESS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS OF CASSAVA CROP

(using both farmer and processor)

7.1 What are strengthening of cassava production and cassava marketing? Multiple answers ()

1- High potential of soil in growing cassava ____

2- High Yield ____

3- High price ____

4- High demand of cassava _____

5- Good varieties ____

6- Low cost of production _____

7- Good quality (high starch content) _____

8- Strongly support in using contract farming agreement _____

9- Others (Pls specify:_____________________________________________________ )

59

7.2 What are weaknesses of cassava production and cassava marketing? Multiple answers ()

1- No contract farming with trader _____

2- Lack of pest control ___

3- Poor intervention on price _____

4- Lack of transportation _____

5- High price of petrol causes to high cost of cassava transportation _____

6- Low technology of cassava processing ____

7- Others (Pls specify: _____________________________________________________ )

7.3 What are opportunities of cassava production and cassava marketing? Multiple answers ()

1- Marketing information available ____

2- Open market with other countries _____

3- Good infrastructure ____

4- Seasonality suitable for cassava production _____

5- Increase domestic foreigner investors ____

6- Others (Pls specify: _________________________________________________ )

7.4 What are threats of cassava production and cassava exporting? Multiple answers ()

1- Pest/disease damage ____

2- Too much rain ____

3- Drought ____

4- Lack of local labor ____

5- Infertile soil ____

6- Competition of private sector effects farm gate price____

7- Others (Pls specify: ______________________________________________ )

Thank you so much for your time!

60

Appendix 5: Exporter Questionnaire

"Current situation of the cultivation and processing of

Cambodian cassava and identify gaps."

Questionnaire No.______

CONFIDENTIALITY

Please tell your name and the workplace that you work to the respondent. This

study focuses on current situation of the cultivation and processing of Cambodian

cassava and identifies gaps which called The China-Cambodia-UNDP Trilateral

Cooperation Cassava Project. The purpose of the study is to assess the current

situation of production, processing, and marketing of cassava smallholders in

upland farming systems in Cambodia and to identify need for improved

sustainable cassava production and quality that meet requirements for export

market to China.

Participation is completely voluntary. You are free to ask questions at any time. If

there is any question you intend not to answer, please tell the enumerator. We

assure you that the information collected during this study is confidential, and

will be used exclusively for this study. You answers will not be revealed to your

neighbours or to other parties without your permission.

Following the assessment of this questionnaire, done by computer, neither your

name nor those of your family members will be used for any other purposes.

Does the respondent agree to be interviewed and understand

that the survey is voluntary? () Yes…. or No ….

Starting time:…………………………………….. Ending time: ………………………………

Enumerator name ………………………………

Date of interview (dd/mm/yyyy) ....………/…………/……....

Type of respondent Exporter

Factory Name ……………………………..

Respondents / Interviewees Name ………………..……………

Gender of respondents () Male….. Female…. Age of respondent ……………

Contact number: ……………………………..

Position …………………………….

Product types ()

Dried Chip…...... Dry Starch……..

Wet starch ……..

Cassava Noodle/tapicoca sago……….

Types of survey Baseline

Village: ………………………. Commune:…………………………….

District …………………………….

Province () K. Cham…. Pailin……. P.Penh……

61

1- Factories / Enterprises of exporter Information

1.1 When did you start your enterprise? _DD___________/Month___________/_Year___________

1.2 What is the purpose of the starting factories or enterprises?_______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

1.2 How many tons of cassava products were sold per year?

Starch/chips/feed (tons/year) Fibre waste, fertilizer, etc (tons/year)

1.3 Who do you sell products to? Multiple answers ()

Starch/chips/feed Fibre waste, fertilizer, etc

Local enterprise___

Vietnam ____

Thailand ____

Other: ________________________

Local enterprise___

Vietnam ____

Thailand ____

Other: ________________________

1.4 How can you grade the quality standards for each product?

Products Grade the quality of product

Dried chip

Dry starch

Wet starch

Cassava Noodle/tapicoca sago

Other (specify)......................

62

1.5 How many conversion rates in kilogram of fresh roots to kilogram of final product?

Fresh roots (kg) Final Product (kg)

..........................................kg Dried chip............................................kg

..........................................kg Starch.................................................kg

..........................................kg Cassava Noodle/tapicoca sago……………………kg

..........................................kg Other (specify)................................................kg

1.6 What is the production capacity or the potential for primary product that this factory or enterprise can

produce?

Primary products

Starch chips feed

Product produced per day

Maximum processing season

Actual processing season

Actual tons of product/season

_________Tons

_________Months

_________Months

_________Tons

_________Tons

_________Months

_________Months

_________Tons

_________Tons

_________Months

_________Months

_________Tons

1.7 Do you plan to expand capacity? () Yes ___ No ___

1.8 If yes, how many tons do you plan to increase the product per day? ______________tons/day

1.9 What is the total cost of the factory or enterprise?

Number of labourers hired during season: _______ (maximum) _______ (minimum)

Cost of investment: (facilities) _________________________ (US $)

Cassava production land -- purchased or leased ______ (ha) _________________ (US $)

1.10 What is the ownership of factory or enterprise? ()

Investors: private_____ corporation_____

63

2. PROCESS OF BUYING FRESH CASSAVA AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

A)- PROCESS OF BUYING FRESH CASSAVA

2.1 Length of buying season --- from: _________ (month) to: ________ (month)

2.2 How many tons of cassava do factory/enterprise purchase per day?

Maximum _________ (tons/day) when? ____________ (month/s)

Minimum _________ (tons/day) when? ____________ (month/s)

2.3 What Methods for buying cassava roots? Multiple answers ()

Farmers deliver directly to factor ______ Factory purchasing agents ______

Private traders _____ Others (pls specify: _____________________________)

2.4 Do the factory/traders have contracts agreement paper with farmers? ()

Yes ___ No ___

2.5 if yes, ask about terms) _________________________________________________________

2.6 Any price guarantees in the contract agreement paper? () Yes ___ No ___

2.7 If yes, how much? _____________________________________________________________

2.8 Did you purchase all yield of cassava roots from the contract farmer? ()

Yes ___ No ___

2.9 Have any contracted farmers broken their contract not selling their product to your factory/enterprise?

()

Yes ___ No ___

2.10 If yes, what the factory/enterprise did on this farmer? ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

B)- WASTE MANAGEMENT

2.11 How do they manage wastes?

Cassava peels ___________________________________________________________

Fibre wastes ____________________________________________________________

Liquid wastes ___________________________________________________________

2.12 Does the factory benefit from waste management technologies? () Yes ____ No ____

64

2.13 If yes, how? __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2.4 Do farmers benefit from the factory waste? () Yes ____ No ____

2.5 If yes, how? ____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

2.6 What are the key issues for the exportation of cassava products to china in terms of sanitary

phytopathology study compliance, and trade facilitation?

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Thank you so much for your time!

Appendix 6: List of registered processor and exporter of tapioca chip from Cambodia to China at GDA

N Company name Registration number Company Address Director Contact number Fax number

1 Angkor Antanue Co., Ltd 1390/1212 GDA.PS dated on 12 December 2012

# 162, St 564, Sangkat Beungkak I,Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. SEM SITHISAK (855) 23 885 486

2

ASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL PROCESSING CO., LTD

09/0113 GDA.PS dated on 04 January 2013

#4, St.118, Sangkat Phsar Thmey I, Khan Daunpenh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. ZHAO QIWEN (855) 92 577 277

3 Black Stone Investment and Trust Co., Ltd

1394/1212 GDA.PS dated on 13 December 2012

#254, Monivong Blvd, Sangkat Boeung Riang, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. KIM MAN SIK

(855) 97 958 1771

4 C.A.D.A Import Export Co., Ltd

1419/1212 GDA.PS dated on December 2012

#11G, Keochenda Street, Sangkat Chroychangva, Khan Russeykeo,Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. THI SARANN (855)11 298 176

5 Cam Agriculture Import Export Ltd

1335/1112 GDA.PS dated on 22 November 2012

#59B, St Sangkat Boeung Kengkang I,Khan Chamkarmorn,Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr.SIM CHEYSITH

(855) 88 5477 666

6

Cambodia Agriculture and Forestry Investment & Development Group Co., Ltd

1337/1112 GDA.PS dated on 22 November 2012

#58, St 337, Sangkat Beungkak II, Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. BI BAOSHAN (855) 12 227 152

7 CAMBODIA FOODSTUFFS & OIL GROUP CO., LTD

10/01113 GDA.PS date on 04 January 2013

#12AB, St.48 Sangkat Beungkak III, Khan Chamkarmorn , Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. LI TAO

(855) 099 451 583

8 CAMBODIAN AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS IMEX Co., Ltd

600/513 GDA.P dated on 27 May 2013

#60, Street 450, Sangkat Toul Tumpong I Khan Cham Karmorn , Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. LI TAO

9 CAMBODIAN CASSAVA COMPANY LIMITED

1244/1013GDA.PS dated on 23 October 2013

#60 D, Street 450, Sangkat Boeng Kak I, Khan Cham Karmorn ,Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. DAN GOLDSHTEIN (855) 23 228 889

10 C-C RICE DEVELOPMENT Co., Ltd

444/413GDA.PS dated on o3 April 2013

Borey Piphop Thmey #41, St.12, Sangkat Toul Sangke,Khan Russey Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. WANG CHENG YONG

11 CHANG AND CHANG GROUP 372/313 GDA.PS date on Attwood #27-29,Russia Union Blvd, Sangkat Mr. VICTOR (855) 023 995694

Co., Ltd 22 March 2013 Teuk Tla Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

WONG WEI KUAN

12

Chung Shing Investment(Import Export)Co.,Ltd

1341/1112GDA.PS dated on 23 November 2012

#28Eo, St 110, Sangkat Phsar Kandal I,Khan Khan Daum Penh, Phnom Penh,Cambodia.

Mr. LIN KUN TUNG (+855)23 883 289

(855)23883246

13 Golden G.M.R.I.G 1374/1212 GDA.PS dated 06 December 2012

#13E, Sangkat Prek Pra, Khan Meanchey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. XU FENG

(855) 11 458 858 97 6903052

14 Golden Rice (Cambodia) Co., Ltd

1375/1212 GDA.PS dated on 06 December 2012

RN51, Oudong District, Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia. Mr. SOK HACH (855) 23 987 941

15 Great Earth Export Co., Ltd 1406/1212 GDA.PS dated on 14 December 2012

#95E0,St 17, Sangkat Choem Chao Khan Pursenchey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Miss. RUCHANEE VEERRAKUL (855) 12 255 266

(855)23 683 0709

16

HOLLEY ECO-INDUSTRIAL(CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

328/313 GDA.PS dated on March 2013

#6 J, St. 366, Sangkat Toul Svay Prey I Khan Cham Karmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. XIAO QI JING

17 HONG THING LOGISTIC Co., Ltd

1156/913 GDA.PS dated on September 2013

#F101 A5, Street 289-516, Sangkat Boeng KaK I, Khan Tuol KoK, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. LI EAV (855) 10 197 629

18 HONG ZHEN GUO JI KONG GU Co., Ltd

110/0113 GDA.PS dated on 22 January 2013

Parkway room. No. 1-30, St. Maosethong, Sangkat Tuol Svayprey I, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. XU FENG (855)099 776 399

19 HUNG HIEP (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

305/313 GDA.PS dated on 07 March 2013

#230 A, Preah Norodom Blvd, Sangkat Tenle Basac Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh , Cambodia Mr.WONG CHIV

20 ILJO CAMBO HOLDINGD Co., Ltd

359/313 GDA.PS dated on 19 March 2013

#69 JE1,St. 355, Sangkat Tuol Sang Ke, Khan Russy Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. KIM JIN

21 INDO AGRICULTURE IMP –EAP Co., Ltd

653/613 GDA.PS dated on 12 June 2013

#945B, Street 45, Sangkat Stoeung Meanchey Khan Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mr. KHAM CHICHHAY

22 JIAN HUO WUZHISHAN GROUP CO., LTD

1480/1212 GDA.PS dated on 27 December 2012

#23CE0E1, St. 430, Sangkat Tomnoub Toeuk, Khan Chamkamorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. GUAN DAOFEI

23 JIN GU GROUP (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

358/313 GDA.PS dated on 19 March 2013

#014539, Banteaydek Commune, Kein Svay District Kandal Province, Cambodia.

Mr. HUANG HAI FAN (855)12 768 268

24 KAKSEKAM KHMER ANGKOR CO., LTD

1446/1212 GDA.PS dated on 27 December 2012

#86A, St. 606,Sangkat II Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Ms. TAING EAP KEA

(855) 011 298 176

25 KAS CAM South Asia Agriculture Co., Ltd

1336/1112 GDA.PS dated on November 2012

#263, St 357, Sangkat Chba Ampov I, Khan Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. OEUNG KEANG

(855) 97 391 55 88

26

KHMER JUNG HE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMPANY LIMITED

443/413 GDA.PS dated on 03 April 2013

Santown Teuktla Plazza 7F1# 702, Russia Union Blvd, Sangkat Teuktla, Khan Sen Sok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Ms. ZHUANG YAN

27 Khmer Legacie Ltd 1333/1112 GDA.PS dated on 22 November 2012

#9, St 337, Sangkat Beungkak I,Khan Tuolkok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. KWORK STANLEY KAR KUEN (855)23 6326 876

28 KIENQUOC ASIA DEVELOPMENT Co., Ltd

187/0213 GDA.PS dated on 06 February 2013

#225E0, National Road 5, Sangkat Km 6 Khan Russey Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. SUOS BUNARITH

(855) 97 74 52 264

29 Kleng Meanchey Co.,Ltd. 0523-0512-Tapioca/GDA Sangkat Slokram,Srok Svaychak,Banteymeanchey Province

Mr. WANG WEIJUN (+855)12864066

30 KONCI R & D (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

186/0213 GDA.PS dated on 06 February 2013

#44A, Borey Tenle Basac, Norodom Blvd Sangkat Tenle Basac, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. CHENG YING YIM

31 L V RUBBER Co., Ltd 353/313 GDA.PS dated on 18 March 2013

#162, St. 564, Sangkat Beungkak I, Khan Tuol kok Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. HE YONG HUA

32 LY YE Rubber Co., Ltd. 0116-1211-Tapioca/GDA

#36Eo,National Road #Borei Sieng Nam,Khnar Village,Chreav Commune,Khan Siem Reap City,Cambodia.

Mr. GAO HONG ZHI (+855)77800717

(+855)23855487

33 MA TE WANG (Cambodia) Co., Ltd

1436/1212 GDA.PS dated on 19 December 2012

# 60 , St 118, Sangkat Mettapheap, Khan 7Makara, Phnom Penh, Cambodia MS. SEEN PISEY (855) 12 858 738

34 MEAS SATAYA GROUP CO., LTD

11/0113 GDA.PS dated on 04 January 2013

#12 E0, St.384, Sangkat Toul Svayprey II, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. MEAS SOTHA

(855) 012 718 050

35 N.P.A.G IMPORT EXPORT CO., Ltd

61/0113 GDA.PS dated on 17 January 2013

#74A, St.385, Sangkat Tuol Svayprey I, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. YANG LIXIN

36

NEW HONG RONG (CAMBODIA) INTERNATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD

0207-0312-Tapioca/GDA dated on 7 March 2012

Borey Peng Huot, #12Eo, St 4, Sangkat Steung Meanchey Khan Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. B Xisia (855) 977777119

37 OUM NARET (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

197/0213 GDA.PS dated on 12 February 2013

#704, National Road 2, Prek Talong Village Sangkat Chak Engre Krom, Khan Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Ms. OU, NARET (855) 12 942 243

38 Pea Pimex Asia Forestry Investment Group Co., Ltd

1435/1212 GDA.PS dated on 19 December 2012

# 60, St 118, Sangkat Mettapheap, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. LIU WEI

(855) 97 7997 777

39 PTS-AUS TRADING CO., LTD 40/0113 GDA.PS dated on 11 January 2013

#5A, St.602,Sangkat Beungkok II,Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Combodia.

Mr. HUANG TONG HU

40 QIL TRADING Co., Ltd 196/0213 GDA.PS date on 12 February 2013

# 162, St 564, Sangkat Beungkok I Khan Tuol Kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mr.JIANG JIANGHONG

41

ROUEN SOVANNARITH ANGKOR CAPITAL GROUP Co., Ltd

551/413 GDA.PS dated on 03 April 2013

#F2, St.289-516, Sangkat Beungkok I,Khan Tuokok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Mr.ROUEN SOVANNRITH

42 SAGGARA CORPORATION 843/713 GDA.PS dated on 18 July 2013

#138,Street 45, Sangkat Beung Keng Kang I, Khan Cham Karmorn,Phnom Penh,Cambodia.

Ms. MARIE EVE SENG (855)23 215 342

43

Seng Kong Cassava Plantation & Purchasing Import Export Co., Ltd

1346/1112 GDA.PS dated on 26 November 2012

# 14DE1,St 464, Sangkat Tuol Tumpong I, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr.Sok YANG

(855) 12 641 564 97 367 9777

44 Solena International Agribusiness Co., Ltd

1338/1112/GDA.PS dated on 22 November 2012

#7Eo, St 420, Sangkat Trabek Khan Chamkakorn, Phnom Penh,Cambodia.

Mr. LY CHAN SOPHEAK (855) 99989899

45 SONTHIM NARITH PEANICH CO., Ltd

12/0113 GDA.PS dated on 04 January 2013

#134B, St. 180, Sangkat Toeuk Laak 2, Khan Tuol Kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. SEM SOTHIM

(855) 012 535 855

List of exported companies of tapioca chip from Cambodia to China at GDA

N Company name Registration number Company Address Director Contact number Fax number

1 Angkor Antanue Co., Ltd 1390/1212 GDA.PS dated on 12 December 2012

# 162, St 564, Sangkat Beungkak I,Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. SEM SITHISAK (855) 23 885 486

2

ASIA PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL PROCESSING CO., LTD

09/0113 GDA.PS dated on 04 January 2013

#4, St.118, Sangkat Phsar Thmey I, Khan Daunpenh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Mr. ZHAO QIWEN (855)092 577 277

3 HONG THING LOGISTIC Co., Ltd

1156/913 GDA.PS dated on September 2013

#F101 A5, Street 289-516, Sangkat Boeng KaK I, Khan Tuol KoK, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. LI EAV (855) 10 197 629

4 HUNG HIEP (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

305/313 GDA.PS dated on 07 March 2013

#230 A, Preah Norodom Blvd, Sangkat Tenle Basac Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh , Cambodia Mr.WONG CHIV

5 JIN GU GROUP (CAMBODIA) Co., Ltd

358/313 GDA.PS dated on 19 March 2013

#014539, Banteaydek Commune, Kein Svay District Kandal Province, Cambodia.

Mr. HUANG HAI FAN (855)12 768 268

6 KAS CAM South Asia Agriculture Co., Ltd

1336/1112 GDA.PS dated on November 2012

#263, St 357, Sangkat Chba Ampov I, Khan Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Mr. OEUNG KEANG

(855) 97 391 55 88

7 Kleng Meanchey Co.,Ltd. 0523-0512-Tapioca/GDA Sangkat Slokram,Srok Svaychak,Banteymeanchey Province

Mr. WANG WEIJUN (+855)12864066

8 MA TE WANG (Cambodia) Co., Ltd

1436/1212 GDA.PS dated on 19 December 2012

# 60 , St 118, Sangkat Mettapheap, Khan 7Makara, Phnom Penh, Cambodia MS. SEEN PISEY (855) 12 858 738

9 Pea Pimex Asia Forestry Investment Group Co., Ltd

1435/1212 GDA.PS dated on 19 December 2012

# 60, St 118, Sangkat Mettapheap, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mr. LIU WEI

(855) 97 7997 777

10 PTS-AUS TRADING CO., LTD 40/0113 GDA.PS dated on 11 January 2013

#5A, St.602,Sangkat Beungkok II,Khan Tuol kok, Phnom Penh, Combodia.

Mr. HUANG TONG HU

11 Ly Tai Meng Co.Ltd

12 Jngwu Internatinal Trading (Cambodia) Co.LTD