subpart f—powered platforms, manlifts, and vehicle … · the installation meets the require- ......

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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.66

they become inoperative, a definite fire haz-ard exists. Again employees and supervisorsshould be aware of the specific type of con-trol devices on equipment involved withcombustible materials in the workplace andshould make sure, through periodic inspec-tion or testing, that these controls are oper-able. Manufacturers’ recommendationsshould be followed to assure proper mainte-nance procedures.

[45 FR 60714, Sept. 12, 1980]

Subpart F—Powered Platforms,Manlifts, and Vehicle-Mount-ed Work Platforms

AUTHORITY: Secs. 4, 6, and 8 of the Occupa-tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29U.S.C. 653, 655, and 657); Secretary of Labor’sOrder No. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), or 1–90 (55 FR 9033),as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.

§ 1910.66 Powered platforms for build-ing maintenance.

(a) Scope. This section covers poweredplatform installations permanentlydedicated to interior or exterior build-ing maintenance of a specific structureor group of structures. This sectiondoes not apply to suspended scaffolds(swinging scaffolds) used to servicebuildings on a temporary basis andcovered under subpart D of this part,nor to suspended scaffolds used for con-struction work and covered under sub-part L of 29 CFR part 1926. Buildingmaintenance includes, but is not lim-ited to, such tasks as window cleaning,caulking, metal polishing and re-glazing.

(b) Application—(1) New installations.This section applies to all permanentinstallations completed after July 23,1990. Major modifications to existinginstallations completed after that dateare also considered new installationsunder this section.

(2) Existing installations. (i) Perma-nent installations in existence and/orcompleted before July 23, 1990 shallcomply with paragraphs (g), (h), (i), (j)and appendix C of this section.

(ii) In addition, permanent installa-tions completed after August 27, 1971,and in existence and/or completed be-fore July 23, 1990, shall comply with ap-pendix D of this section.

(c) Assurance. (1) Building owners ofnew installations shall inform the em-

ployer before each use in writing thatthe installation meets the require-ments of paragraphs (e)(1) and (f)(1) ofthis section and the additional designcriteria contained in other provisionsof paragraphs (e) and (f) of this sectionrelating to: required load sustainingcapabilities of platforms, building com-ponents, hoisting and supporting equip-ment; stability factors for carriages,platforms and supporting equipment;maximum horizontal force for move-ment of carriages and davits; design ofcarriages, hoisting machines, wire ropeand stabilization systems; and designcriteria for electrical wiring and equip-ment.

(2) Building owners shall base the in-formation required in paragraph (c)(1)of this section on the results of a fieldtest of the installation before beingplaced into service and following anymajor alteration to an existing instal-lation, as required in paragraph (g)(1)of this section. The assurance shallalso be based on all other relevantavailable information, including, butnot limited to, test data, equipmentspecifications and verification by aregistered professional engineer.

(3) Building owners of all installa-tions, new and existing, shall informthe employer in writing that the in-stallation has been inspected, testedand maintained in compliance with therequirements of paragraphs (g) and (h)of this section and that all protectionanchorages meet the requirements ofparagraph (I)(c)(10) of appendix C.

(4) The employer shall not permitemployees to use the installation priorto receiving assurance from the build-ing owner that the installation meetsthe requirements contained in para-graphs (c)(1) and (c)(3) of this section.

(d) Definitions.Anemometer means an instrument for

measuring wind velocity.Angulated roping means a suspension

method where the upper point of sus-pension is inboard from the attach-ments on the suspended unit, thuscausing the suspended unit to bearagainst the face of the building.

Building face roller means a rotatingcylindrical member designed to ride onthe face of the building wall to preventthe platform from abrading the face of

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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.66

the building and to assist in stabilizingthe platform.

Building maintenance means oper-ations such as window cleaning, caulk-ing, metal polishing, reglazing, andgeneral maintenance on building sur-faces.

Cable means a conductor, or group ofconductors, enclosed in a weatherproofsheath, that may be used to supplyelectrical power and/or control currentfor equipment or to provide voice com-munication circuits.

Carriage means a wheeled vehicleused for the horizontal movement andsupport of other equipment.

Certification means a written, signedand dated statement confirming theperformance of a requirement of thissection.

Combination cable means a cable hav-ing both steel structural members ca-pable of supporting the platform, andcopper or other electrical conductorsinsulated from each other and thestructural members by nonconductivebarriers.

Competent person means a person who,because of training and experience, iscapable of identifying hazardous ordangerous conditions in powered plat-form installations and of training em-ployees to identify such conditions.

Continuous pressure means the needfor constant manual actuation for acontrol to function.

Control means a mechanism used toregulate or guide the operation of theequipment.

Davit means a device, used singly orin pairs, for suspending a powered plat-form from work, storage and rigginglocations on the building being serv-iced. Unlike outriggers, a davit reactsits operating load into a single roofsocket or carriage attachment.

Equivalent means alternative designs,materials or methods which the em-ployer can demonstrate will provide anequal or greater degree of safety foremployees than the methods, materialsor designs specified in the standard.

Ground rigging means a method ofsuspending a working platform start-ing from a safe surface to a point ofsuspension above the safe surface.

Ground rigged davit means a davitwhich cannot be used to raise a sus-

pended working platform above thebuilding face being serviced.

Guide button means a building faceanchor designed to engage a guidetrack mounted on a platform.

Guide roller means a rotating cylin-drical member, operating separately oras part of a guide assembly, designed toprovide continuous engagement be-tween the platform and the buildingguides or guideways.

Guide shoe means a device attachedto the platform designed to provide asliding contact between the platformand the building guides.

Hoisting machine means a device in-tended to raise and lower a suspendedor supported unit.

Hoist rated load means the hoist man-ufacturer’s maximum allowable oper-ating load.

Installation means all the equipmentand all affected parts of a buildingwhich are associated with the perform-ance of building maintenance usingpowered platforms.

Interlock means a device designed toensure that operations or motionsoccur in proper sequence.

Intermittent stabilization means amethod of platform stabilization inwhich the angulated suspension wirerope(s) are secured to regularly spacedbuilding anchors.

Lanyard means a flexible line of rope,wire rope or strap which is used to se-cure the body belt or body harness to adeceleration device, lifeline or anchor-age.

Lifeline means a component con-sisting of a flexible line for connectionto an anchorage at one end to hangvertically (vertical lifeline), or for con-nection to anchorages at both ends tostretch horizontally (horizontal life-line), and which serves as a means forconnecting other components of a per-sonal fall arrest system to the anchor-age.

Live load means the total staticweight of workers, tools, parts, andsupplies that the equipment is designedto support.

Obstruction detector means a controlthat will stop the suspended or sup-ported unit in the direction of travel ifan obstruction is encountered, and willallow the unit to move only in a direc-tion away from the obstruction.


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Operating control means a mechanismregulating or guiding the operation ofequipment that ensures a specific oper-ating mode.

Operating device means a device actu-ated manually to activate a control.

Outrigger means a device, used singlyor in pairs, for suspending a workingplatform from work, storage, and rig-ging locations on the building beingserviced. Unlike davits, an outriggerreacts its operating moment load as atleast two opposing vertical componentsacting into two or more distinct roofpoints and/or attachments.

Platform rated load means the com-bined weight of workers, tools, equip-ment and other material which is per-mitted to be carried by the workingplatform at the installation, as statedon the load rating plate.

Poured socket means the method ofproviding wire rope terminations inwhich the ends of the rope are held ina tapered socket by means of pouredspelter or resins.

Primary brake means a brake designedto be applied automatically wheneverpower to the prime mover is inter-rupted or discontinued.

Prime mover means the source of me-chanical power for a machine.

Rated load means the manufacturer’srecommended maximum load.

Rated strength means the strength ofwire rope, as designated by its manu-facturer or vendor, based on standardtesting procedures or acceptable engi-neering design practices.

Rated working load means the com-bined static weight of men, materials,and suspended or supported equipment.

Registered professional engineer meansa person who has been duly and cur-rently registered and licensed by an au-thority within the United States or itsterritories to practice the profession ofengineering.

Roof powered platform means a work-ing platform where the hoist(s) used toraise or lower the platform is locatedon the roof.

Roof rigged davit means a davit usedto raise the suspended working plat-form above the building face beingserviced. This type of davit can also beused to raise a suspended working plat-form which has been ground-rigged.

Rope means the equipment used tosuspend a component of an equipmentinstallation, i.e., wire rope.

Safe surface means a horizontal sur-face intended to be occupied by per-sonnel, which is so protected by a fallprotection system that it can be rea-sonably assured that said occupantswill be protected against falls.

Secondary brake means a brake de-signed to arrest the descent of the sus-pended or supported equipment in theevent of an overspeed condition.

Self powered platform means a work-ing platform where the hoist(s) used toraise or lower the platform is mountedon the platform.

Speed reducer means a positive typespeed reducing machine.

Stability factor means the ratio of thestabilizing moment to the overturningmoment.

Stabilizer tie means a flexible lineconnecting the building anchor and thesuspension wire rope supporting theplatform.

Supported equipment means buildingmaintenance equipment that is held ormoved to its working position bymeans of attachment directly to thebuilding or extensions of the buildingbeing maintained.

Suspended equipment means buildingmaintenance equipment that is sus-pended and raised or lowered to itsworking position by means of ropes orcombination cables attached to someanchorage above the equipment.

Suspended scaffold (swinging scaffold)means a scaffold supported on wire orother ropes, used for work on, or forproviding access to, vertical sides ofstructures on a temporary basis. Suchscaffold is not designed for use on aspecific structure or group of struc-tures.

Tail line means the nonsupportingend of the wire rope used to suspendthe platform.

Tie-in guides means the portion of abuilding that provides continuous posi-tive engagement between the buildingand a suspended or supported unit dur-ing its vertical travel on the face of thebuilding.

Traction hoist means a type of hoist-ing machine that does not accumulatethe suspension wire rope on the hoist-ing drum or sheave, and is designed to


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raise and lower a suspended load by theapplication of friction forces betweenthe suspension wire rope and the drumor sheave.

Transportable outriggers means out-riggers designed to be moved from onework location to another.

Trolley carriage means a carriage sus-pended from an overhead track struc-ture.

Verified means accepted by design,evaluation, or inspection by a reg-istered professional engineer.

Weatherproof means so constructedthat exposure to adverse weather con-ditions will not affect or interfere withthe proper use or functions of theequipment or component.

Winding drum hoist means a type ofhoisting machine that accumulates thesuspension wire rope on the hoistingdrum.

Working platform means suspended orsupported equipment intended to pro-vide access to the face of a building andmanned by persons engaged in buildingmaintenance.

Wrap means one complete turn of thesuspension wire rope around the sur-face of a hoist drum.

(e) Powered platform installations—Af-fected parts of buildings—(1) General re-quirements. The following requirementsapply to affected parts of buildingswhich utilize working platforms forbuilding maintenance.

(i) Structural supports, tie-downs,tie-in guides, anchoring devices andany affected parts of the building in-cluded in the installation shall be de-signed by or under the direction of aregistered professional engineer experi-enced in such design;

(ii) Exterior installations shall be ca-pable of withstanding prevailing cli-matic conditions;

(iii) The building installation shallprovide safe access to, and egress from,the equipment and sufficient space toconduct necessary maintenance of theequipment;

(iv) The affected parts of the buildingshall have the capability of sustainingall the loads imposed by the equip-ment; and,

(v) The affected parts of the buildingshall be designed so as to allow theequipment to be used without exposingemployees to a hazardous condition.

(2) Tie-in guides. (i) The exterior ofeach building shall be provided withtie-in guides unless the conditions inparagraph (e)(2)(ii) or (e)(2)(iii) of thissection are met.

NOTE: See Figure 1 in appendix B of thissection for a description of a typical contin-uous stabilization system utilizing tie-inguides.

(ii) If angulated roping is employed,tie-in guides required in paragraph(e)(2)(i) of this section may be elimi-nated for not more than 75 feet (22.9 m)of the uppermost elevation of thebuilding, if infeasible due to exteriorbuilding design, provided an angulationforce of at least 10 pounds (44.4 n) ismaintained under all conditions ofloading.

(iii) Tie-in guides required in para-graph (e)(2)(i) of this section may beeliminated if one of the guide systemsin paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(A), (e)(2)(iii)(B)or (e)(2)(iii)(C) of this section is pro-vided, or an equivalent.

(A) Intermittent stabilization sys-tem. The system shall keep the equip-ment in continuous contact with thebuilding facade, and shall prevent sud-den horizontal movement of the plat-form. The system may be used togetherwith continuous positive building guidesystems using tie-in guides on thesame building, provided the require-ments for each system are met.

(1) The maximum vertical intervalbetween building anchors shall be threefloors or 50 feet (15.3 m), whichever isless.

(2) Building anchors shall be locatedvertically so that attachment of thestabilizer ties will not cause the plat-form suspension ropes to angulate theplatform horizontally across the face ofthe building. The anchors shall be posi-tioned horizontally on the buildingface so as to be symmetrical about theplatform suspension ropes.

(3) Building anchors shall be easilyvisible to employees and shall allow astabilizer tie attachment for each ofthe platform suspension ropes at eachvertical interval. If more than two sus-pension ropes are used on a platform,only the two building-side suspensionropes at the platform ends shall requirea stabilizer attachment.

(4) Building anchors which extend be-yond the face of the building shall be


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free of sharp edges or points. Where ca-bles, suspension wire ropes and lifelinesmay be in contact with the buildingface, external building anchors shallnot interfere with their handling or op-eration.

(5) The intermittent stabilizationsystem building anchors and compo-nents shall be capable of sustainingwithout failure at least four times themaximum anticipated load applied ortransmitted to the components and an-chors. The minimum design wind loadfor each anchor shall be 300 (1334 n)pounds, if two anchors share the windload.

(6) The building anchors and sta-bilizer ties shall be capable of sus-taining anticipated horizontal andvertical loads from winds specified forroof storage design which may act onthe platform and wire ropes if the plat-form is stranded on a building face. Ifthe building anchors have differentspacing than the suspension wire ropeor if the building requires different sus-pension spacings on one platform, onebuilding anchor and stabilizer tie shallbe capable of sustaining the wind loads.

NOTE: See Figure 2 in appendix B of thissection for a description of a typical inter-mittent stabilization system.

(B) Button guide stabilization sys-tem.

(1) Guide buttons shall be coordi-nated with platform mounted equip-ment of paragraph (f)(5)(vi) of this sec-tion.

(2) Guide buttons shall be locatedhorizontally on the building face so asto allow engagement of each of theguide tracks mounted on the platform.

(3) Guide buttons shall be located invertical rows on the building face forproper engagement of the guide tracksmounted on the platform.

(4) Two guide buttons shall engageeach guide track at all times except forthe initial engagement.

(5) Guide buttons which extend be-yond the face of the building shall befree of sharp edges or points. Where ca-bles, ropes and lifelines may be in con-tact with the building face, guide but-tons shall not interfere with their han-dling or operation.

(6) Guide buttons, connections andseals shall be capable of sustainingwithout damage at least the weight of

the platform, or provision shall bemade in the guide tracks or guidetrack connectors to prevent the plat-form and its attachments from trans-mitting the weight of the platform tothe guide buttons, connections andseals. In either case, the minimum de-sign load shall be 300 pounds (1334 n)per building anchor.

NOTE: See paragraph (f)(5)(vi) of this sec-tion for relevant equipment provisions.

NOTE: See Figure 3 in appendix B of thissection for a a description of a typical but-ton guide stabilization system.

(C) System utilizing angulated ropingand building face rollers. The systemshall keep the equipment in continuouscontact with the building facade, andshall prevent sudden horizontal move-ment of the platform. This system isacceptable only where the suspendedportion of the equipment in use doesnot exceed 130 feet (39.6 m) above a safesurface or ground level, and where theplatform maintains no less than 10pounds (44.4 n) angulation force on thebuilding facade.

(iv) Tie-in guides for building inte-riors (atriums) may be eliminatedwhen a registered professional engineerdetermines that an alternative sta-bilization system, including systems inparagraphs (e)(2)(iii) (A), (B) and (C), ora platform tie-off at each work stationwill provide equivalent safety.

(3) Roof guarding. (i) Employeesworking on roofs while performingbuilding maintenance shall be pro-tected by a perimeter guarding systemwhich meets the requirements of para-graph (c)(1) of § 1910.23 of this part.

(ii) The perimeter guard shall not bemore than six inches (152 mm) inboardof the inside face of a barrier, i.e. theparapet wall, or roof edge curb of thebuilding being serviced; however, theperimeter guard location shall not ex-ceed an 18 inch (457 mm) setback fromthe exterior building face.

(4) Equipment stops. Operational areasfor trackless type equipment shall beprovided with structural stops, such ascurbs, to prevent equipment from trav-eling outside its intended travel areasand to prevent a crushing or shearinghazard.

(5) Maintenance access. Means shall beprovided to traverse all carriages and


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their suspended equipment to a safearea for maintenance and storage.

(6) Elevated track. (i) An elevatedtrack system which is located four feet(1.2 m) or more above a safe surface,and traversed by carriage supportedequipment, shall be provided with awalkway and guardrail system; or

(ii) The working platform shall be ca-pable of being lowered, as part of itsnormal operation, to the lower safesurface for access and egress of the per-sonnel and shall be provided with a safemeans of access and egress to the lowersafe surface.

(7) Tie-down anchors. Imbedded tie-down anchors, fasteners, and affectedstructures shall be resistant to corro-sion.

(8) Cable stabilization. (i) Hanging life-lines and all cables not in tension shallbe stabilized at each 200 foot (61 m) in-terval of vertical travel of the workingplatform beyond an initial 200 foot (61m) distance.

(ii) Hanging cables, other than sus-pended wire ropes, which are in con-stant tension shall be stabilized whenthe vertical travel exceeds an initial600 foot (183 m) distance, and at furtherintervals of 600 feet (183 m) or less.

(9) Emergency planning. A writtenemergency action plan shall be devel-oped and implemented for each kind ofworking platform operation. This planshall explain the emergency procedureswhich are to be followed in the event ofa power failure, equipment failure orother emergencies which may be en-countered. The plan shall also explainthat employees inform themselvesabout the building emergency escaperoutes, procedures and alarm systemsbefore operating a platform. Upon ini-tial assignment and whenever the planis changed the employer shall reviewwith each employee those parts of theplan which the employee must know toprotect himself or herself in the eventof an emergency.

(10) Building maintenance. Repairs ormajor maintenance of those buildingportions that provide primary supportfor the suspended equipment shall notaffect the capability of the building tomeet the requirements of this stand-ard.

(11) Electrical requirements. The fol-lowing electrical requirements apply to

buildings which utilize working plat-forms for building maintenance.

(i) General building electrical instal-lations shall comply with §§ 1910.302through 1910.308 of this part, unlessotherwise specified in this section;

(ii) Building electrical wiring shall beof such capacity that when full load isapplied to the equipment power circuitnot more than a five percent drop frombuilding service-vault voltage shalloccur at any power circuit outlet usedby equipment regulated by this sec-tion;

(iii) The equipment power circuitshall be an independent electrical cir-cuit that shall remain separate fromall other equipment within or on thebuilding, other than power circuitsused for hand tools that will be used inconjunction with the equipment. If thebuilding is provided with an emergencypower system, the equipment powercircuit may also be connected to thissystem;

(iv) The power circuit shall be pro-vided with a disconnect switch thatcan be locked in the ‘‘OFF’’ and ‘‘ON’’positions. The switch shall be conven-iently located with respect to the pri-mary operating area of the equipmentto allow the operators of the equip-ment access to the switch;

(v) The disconnect switch for thepower circuit shall be locked in the‘‘ON’’ position when the equipment isin use; and

(vi) An effective two-way voice com-munication system shall be providedbetween the equipment operators andpersons stationed within the buildingbeing serviced. The communicationsfacility shall be operable and shall bemanned at all times by persons sta-tioned within the building wheneverthe platform is being used.

(f) Powered platform installations—Equipment—(1) General requirements.The following requirements apply toequipment which are part of a poweredplatform installation, such as plat-forms, stabilizing components, car-riages, outriggers, davits, hoisting ma-chines, wire ropes and electrical com-ponents.

(i) Equipment installations shall bedesigned by or under the direction of aregistered professional engineer experi-enced in such design;


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(ii) The design shall provide for aminimum live load of 250 pounds (113.6kg) for each occupant of a suspended orsupported platform;

(iii) Equipment that is exposed towind when not in service shall be de-signed to withstand forces generatedby winds of at least 100 miles per hour(44.7 m/s) at 30 feet (9.2 m) above grade;and

(iv) Equipment that is exposed towind when in service shall be designedto withstand forces generated by windsof at least 50 miles per hour (22.4 m/s)for all elevations.

(2) Construction requirements. Boltedconnections shall be self-locking orshall otherwise be secured to preventloss of the connections by vibration.

(3) Suspension methods. Elevatedbuilding maintenance equipment shallbe suspended by a carriage, outriggers,davits or an equivalent method.

(i) Carriages. Carriages used for sus-pension of elevated building mainte-nance equipment shall comply with thefollowing:

(A) The horizontal movement of acarriage shall be controlled so as to en-sure its safe movement and allow accu-rate positioning of the platform forvertical travel or storage;

(B) Powered carriages shall not ex-ceed a traversing speed of 50 feet perminute (0.3 m/s);

(C) The initiation of a traversingmovement for a manually propelledcarriage on a smooth level surfaceshall not require a person to exert ahorizontal force greater than 40 pounds(444.8 n);

(D) Structural stops and curbs shallbe provided to prevent the traversingof the carriage beyond its designed lim-its of travel;

(E) Traversing controls for a poweredcarriage shall be of a continuous pres-sure weatherproof type. Multiple con-trols when provided shall be arrangedto permit operation from only one con-trol station at a time. An emergencystop device shall be provided on eachend of a powered carriage for inter-rupting power to the carriage drive mo-tors;

(F) The operating controls(s) shall beso connected that in the case of sus-pended equipment, traversing of a car-riage is not possible until the sus-

pended portion of the equipment is lo-cated at its uppermost designed posi-tion for traversing; and is free of con-tact with the face of the building orbuilding guides. In addition, all protec-tive devices and interlocks are to be inthe proper position to allow traversingof the carriage;

(G) Stability for underfoot supportedcarriages shall be obtained by gravity,by an attachment to a structural sup-port, or by a combination of gravityand a structural support. The use offlowing counterweights to achieve sta-bility is prohibited.

(1) The stability factor against over-turning shall not be less than two forhorizontal traversing of the carriage,including the effects of impact andwind.

(2) The carriages and their anchor-ages shall be capable of resisting acci-dental over-tensioning of the wireropes suspending the working platform,and this calculated value shall includethe effect of one and one-half times thestall capacity of the hoist motor. Allparts of the installation shall be capa-ble of withstanding without damage toany part of the installation the forcesresulting from the stall load of thehoist and one half the wind load.

(3) Roof carriages which rely on hav-ing tie-down devices secured to thebuilding to develop the required sta-bility against overturning shall be pro-vided with an interlock which will pre-vent vertical platform movement un-less the tie-down is engaged;

(H) An automatically applied brakingor locking system, or equivalent, shallbe provided that will prevent uninten-tional traversing of power traversed orpower assisted carriages;

(I) A manual or automatic braking orlocking system or equivalent, shall beprovided that will prevent uninten-tional traversing of manually propelledcarriages;

(J) A means to lock out the powersupply for the carriage shall be pro-vided;

(K) Safe access to and egress fromthe carriage shall be provided from asafe surface. If the carriage traversesan elevated area, any operating area onthe carriage shall be protected by aguardrail system in compliance withthe provisions of paragraph (f)(5)(i)(F)


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of this section. Any access gate shallbe self-closing and self-latching, or pro-vided with an interlock;

(L) Each carriage work station posi-tion shall be identified by locationmarkings and/or position indicators;and

(M) The motors shall stall if the loadon the hoist motors is at any time inexcess of three times that necessary forlifting the working platform with itsrated load.

(ii) Transportable outriggers. (A)Transportable outriggers may be usedas a method of suspension for groundrigged working platforms where thepoint of suspension does not exceed 300feet (91.5 m) above a safe surface. Tie-in guide system(s) shall be providedwhich meet the requirements of para-graph (e)(2) of this section.

(B) Transportable outriggers shall beused only with self-powered, groundrigged working platforms.

(C) Each transportable outriggershall be secured with a tie-down to averified anchorage on the building dur-ing the entire period of its use. The an-chorage shall be designed to have a sta-bility factor of not less than fouragainst overturning or upsetting of theoutrigger.

(D) Access to and egress from theworking platform shall be from and toa safe surface below the point of sus-pension.

(E) Each transportable outriggershall be designed for lateral stabilityto prevent roll-over in the event an ac-cidental lateral load is applied to theoutrigger. The accidental lateral loadto be considered in this design shall benot less than 70 percent of the ratedload of the hoist.

(F) Each transportable outriggershall be designed to support an ulti-mate load of not less than four timesthe rated load of the hoist.

(G) Each transportable outriggershall be so located that the suspensionwire ropes for two point suspendedworking platforms are hung parallel.

(H) A transportable outrigger shallbe tied-back to a verified anchorage onthe building with a rope equivalent instrength to the suspension rope.

(I) The tie-back rope shall be in-stalled parallel to the centerline of theoutrigger.

(iii) Davits. (A) Every davit installa-tion, fixed or transportable, rotatableor non-rotatable shall be designed andinstalled to insure that it has a sta-bility factor against overturning of notless than four.

(B) The following requirements applyto roof rigged davit systems:

(1) Access to and egress from theworking platform shall be from a safesurface. Access or egress shall not re-quire persons to climb over a building’sparapet or guard railing; and

(2) The working platform shall beprovided with wheels, casters or a car-riage for traversing horizontally.

(C) The following requirements applyto ground rigged davit systems:

(1) The point of suspension shall notexceed 300 feet (91.5 m) above a safesurface. Guide system(s) shall be pro-vided which meet the requirements ofparagraph (e)(2) of this section;

(2) Access and egress to and from theworking platform shall only be from asafe surface below the point of suspen-sion.

(D) A rotating davit shall not requirea horizontal force in excess of 40pounds (177.9 n) per person to initiate arotating movement.

(E) The following requirements shallapply to transportable davits:

(1) A davit or part of a davit weighingmore than 80 pounds (36 kg) shall beprovided with a means for its trans-port, which shall keep the center ofgravity of the davit at or below 36inches (914 mm) above the safe surfaceduring transport;

(2) A davit shall be provided with apivoting socket or with a base that willallow the insertion or removal of adavit at a position of not more than 35degrees above the horizontal, with thecomplete davit inboard of the buildingface being serviced; and

(3) Means shall be provided to lockthe davit to its socket or base before itis used to suspend the platform.

(4) Hoisting machines. (i) Raising andlowering of suspended or supportedequipment shall be performed only by ahoisting machine.

(ii) Each hoisting machine shall becapable of arresting any overspeed de-scent of the load.


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(iii) Each hoisting machine shall bepowered only by air, electric or hy-draulic sources.

(iv) Flammable liquids shall not becarried on the working platform.

(v) Each hoisting machine shall becapable of raising or lowering 125 per-cent of the rated load of the hoist.

(vi) Moving parts of a hoisting ma-chine shall be enclosed or guarded incompliance with paragraphs (a)(1) and(2) of § 1910.212 of this part.

(vii) Winding drums, traction drumsand sheaves and directional sheavesused in conjunction with hoisting ma-chines shall be compatible with, andsized for, the wire rope used.

(viii) Each winding drum shall beprovided with a positive means of at-taching the wire rope to the drum. Theattachment shall be capable of devel-oping at least four times the rated loadof the hoist.

(ix) Each hoisting machine shall beprovided with a primary brake and atleast one independent secondary brake,each capable of stopping and holdingnot less than 125 percent of the liftingcapacity of the hoist.

(A) The primary brake shall be di-rectly connected to the drive train ofthe hoisting machine, and shall not beconnected through belts, chains,clutches, or set screw type devices. Thebrake shall automatically set whenpower to the prime mover is inter-rupted.

(B)(1) The secondary brake shall bean automatic emergency type of brakethat, if actuated during each stoppingcycle, shall not engage before the hoistis stopped by the primary brake.

(2) When a secondary brake is actu-ated, it shall stop and hold the plat-form within a vertical distance of 24inches (609.6 mm).

(x) Any component of a hoisting ma-chine which requires lubrication for itsprotection and proper functioning shallbe provided with a means for that lu-brication to be applied.

(5) Suspended equipment—(i) Generalrequirements. (A) Each suspended unitcomponent, except suspension ropesand guardrail systems, shall be capableof supporting, without failure, at leastfour times the maximum intended liveload applied or transmitted to thatcomponent.

(B) Each suspended unit componentshall be constructed of materials thatwill withstand anticipated weatherconditions.

(C) Each suspended unit shall be pro-vided with a load rating plate, con-spicuously located, stating the unitweight and rated load of the suspendedunit.

(D) When the suspension points on asuspended unit are not at the unitends, the unit shall be capable of re-maining continuously stable under allconditions of use and position of thelive load, and shall maintain at least a1.5 to 1 stability factor against unitupset.

(E) Guide rollers, guide shoes orbuilding face rollers shall be provided,and shall compensate for variations inbuilding dimensions and for minor hor-izontal out-of-level variations of eachsuspended unit.

(F) Each working platform of a sus-pended unit shall be secured to thebuilding facade by one or more of thefollowing methods, or by an equivalentmethod:

(1) Continuous engagement to build-ing anchors as provided in paragraph(e)(2)(i) of this section;

(2) Intermittent engagement to build-ing anchors as provided in paragraph(e)(2)(iii)(A) of this section;

(3) Button guide engagement as pro-vided in paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(B) of thissection; or

(4) Angulated roping and buildingface rollers as provided in paragraph(e)(2)(iii)(C) of this section.

(G) Each working platform of a sus-pended unit shall be provided with aguardrail system on all sides whichshall meet the following requirements:

(1) The system shall consist of a topguardrail, midrail, and a toeboard;

(2) The top guardrail shall not be lessthan 36 inches (914 mm) high and shallbe able to withstand at least a 100-pound (444 n) force in any downward oroutward direction;

(3) The midrail shall be able to with-stand at least a 75-pound (333 n) forcein any downward or outward direction;and

(4) The areas between the guardrailand toeboard on the ends and outboardside, and the area between the midrailand toeboard on the inboard side, shall


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be closed with a material that is capa-ble of withstanding a load of 100 pounds(45.4 KG.) applied horizontally over anyarea of one square foot (.09 m2). Thematerial shall have all openings smallenough to reject passage of life linesand potential falling objects whichmay be hazardous to persons below.

(5) Toeboards shall be capable ofwithstanding, without failure, a forceof at least 50 pounds (222 n) applied inany downward or horizontal directionat any point along the toeboard.

(6) Toeboards shall be three and one-half inches (9 cm) minimum in lengthfrom their top edge to the level of theplatform floor.

(7) Toeboards shall be securely fas-tened in place at the outermost edge ofthe platform and have no more thanone-half inch (1.3 cm) clearance abovethe platform floor.

(8) Toeboards shall be solid or withan opening not over one inch (2.5 cm)in the greatest dimension.

(ii) Two and four-point suspendedworking platforms. (A) The workingplatform shall be not less than 24inches (610 mm) wide and shall be pro-vided with a minimum of a 12 inch (305mm) wide passage at or past any ob-struction on the platform.

(B) The flooring shall be of a slip-re-sistant type and shall contain no open-ing that would allow the passage of lifelines, cables and other potential fallingobjects. If a larger opening is provided,it shall be protected by placing a mate-rial under the opening which shall pre-vent the passage of life lines, cablesand potential falling objects.

(C) The working platfrom shall beprovided with a means of suspensionthat will restrict the platform’s in-board to outboard roll about its longi-tudinal axis to a maximum of 15 de-grees from a horizontal plane whenmoving the live load from the inboardto the outboard side of the platform.

(D) Any cable suspended from abovethe platform shall be provided with ameans for storage to prevent accumu-lation of the cable on the floor of theplatform.

(E) All operating controls for thevertical travel of the platform shall beof the continuous-pressure type, andshall be located on the platform.

(F) Each operating station of everyworking platform shall be providedwith a means of interrupting the powersupply to all hoist motors to stop anyfurther powered ascent or descent ofthe platform.

(G) The maximum rated speed of theplatform shall not exceed 50 feet perminute (0.3 ms) with single speedhoists, nor 75 feet per minute (0.4 ms)with multi-speed hoists.

(H) Provisions shall be made for se-curing all tools, water tanks, and otheraccessories to prevent their movementor accumulation on the floor of theplatform.

(I) Portable fire extinguishers con-forming to the provisions of § 1910.155and § 1910.157 of this part shall be pro-vided and securely attached on allworking platforms.

(J) Access to and egress from a work-ing platfrom, except for those that landdirectly on a safe surface, shall be pro-vided by stairs, ladders, platforms andrunways conforming to the provisionsof subpart D of this part. Access gatesshall be self-closing and self-latching.

(K) Means of access to or egress froma working platform which is 48 inches(1.2 m) or more above a safe surfaceshall be provided with a guardrail sys-tem or ladder handrails that conformto the provisions of subpart D of thispart.

(L) The platform shall be providedwith a secondary wire rope suspensionsystem if the platform contains over-head structures which restrict theemergency egress of employees. A hori-zontal lifeline or a direct connectionanchorage shall be provided, as part ofa fall arrest system which meets therequirements of appendix C, for eachemployee on such a platform.

(M) A vertical lifeline shall be pro-vided as part of a fall arrest systemwhich meets the requirements of ap-pendix C, for each employee on a work-ing platform suspended by two or morewire ropes, if the failure of one wirerope or suspension attachment willcause the platform to upset. If a sec-ondary wire rope suspension is used,vertical lifelines are not required forthe fall arrest system, provided thateach employee is attached to a hori-zontal lifeline anchored to the plat-form.


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(N) An emergency electric operatingdevice shall be provided on roof pow-ered platforms near the hoisting ma-chine for use in the event of failure ofthe normal operating device located onthe working platform, or failure of thecable connected to the platform. Theemergency electric operating deviceshall be mounted in a secured compart-ment, and the compartment shall be la-beled with instructions for use. Ameans for opening the compartmentshall be mounted in a break-glassreceptable located near the emergencyelectric operating device or in anequivalent secure and accessible loca-tion.

(iii) Single point suspended workingplatforms. (A) The requirements ofparagraphs (f)(5)(ii) (A) through (K) ofthis section shall also apply to a singlepoint working platform.

(B) Each single point suspendedworking platform shall be providedwith a secondary wire rope suspensionsystem, which will prevent the workingplatform from falling should there be afailure of the primary means of sup-port, or if the platform contains over-head structures which restrict theegress of the employees. A horizontallife line or a direct connection anchor-age shall be provided, as part of a fallarrest system which meets the require-ments of appendix C, for each employeeon the platform.

(iv) Ground-rigged working platforms.(A) Groundrigged working platformsshall comply with all the requirementsof paragraphs (f)(5)(ii) (A) through (M)of this section.

(B) After each day’s use, the powersupply within the building shall be dis-connected from a ground-rigged work-ing platform, and the platform shall beeither disengaged from its suspensionpoints or secured and stored at grade.

(v) Intermittently stabilized platforms.(A) The platform shall comply withparagraphs (F)(5)(ii) (A) through (M) ofthis section.

(B) Each stabilizer tie shall beequipped with a ‘‘quick connect-quickdisconnect’’ device which cannot beaccidently disengaged, for attachmentto the building anchor, and shall be re-sistant to adverse environmental con-ditions.

(C) The platform shall be providedwith a stopping device that will inter-rupt the hoist power supply in theevent the platform contacts a sta-bilizer tie during its ascent.

(D) Building face rollers shall not beplaced at the anchor setting if exterioranchors are used on the building face.

(E) Stabilizer ties used on intermit-tently stabilized platforms shall allowfor the specific attachment lengthneeded to effect the predetermined an-gulation of the suspended wire rope.The specific attachment length shallbe maintained at all building anchorlocations.

(F) The platform shall be in contin-uous contact with the face of the build-ing during ascent and descent.

(G) The attachment and removal ofstabilizer ties shall not require the hor-izontal movement of the platform.

(H) The platform-mounted equipmentand its suspension wire ropes shall notbe physically damaged by the loadsfrom the stabilizer tie or its buildinganchor. The platform, platform mount-ed equipment and wire ropes shall beable to withstand a load that is at leasttwice the ultimate strength of the sta-bilizer tie.

NOTE: See Figure II in appendix B of thissection for a description of a typical inter-mittent stabilization system.

(vi) Button-guide stabilized platforms.(A) The platform shall comply withparagraphs (f)(5)(ii) (A) through (M) ofthis section.

(B) Each guide track on the platformshall engage a minimum of two guidebuttons during any vertical travel ofthe platform following the initial but-ton engagement.

(C) Each guide track on a platformthat is part of a roof rigged systemshall be provided with a storage posi-tion on the platform.

(D) Each guide track on the platformshall be sufficiently maneuverable byplatform occupants to permit easy en-gagement of the guide buttons, andeasy movement into and out of its stor-age position on the platform.

(E) Two guide tracks shall be mount-ed on the platform and shall providecontinuous contact with the buildingface.

(F) The load carrying components ofthe button guide stabilization system


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which transmit the load into the plat-form shall be capable of supporting theweight of the platform, or provisionshall be made in the guide track con-nectors or platform attachments toprevent the weight of the platformfrom being transmitted to the platformattachments.

NOTE: See Figure III in appendix B of thissection for a description of a typical buttonguide stabilization system.

(6) Supported equipment. (i) Supportedequipment shall maintain a verticalposition in respect to the face of thebuilding by means other than friction.

(ii) Cog wheels or equivalent meansshall be incorporated to provide climb-ing traction between the supportedequipment and the building guides. Ad-ditional guide wheels or shoes shall beincorporated as may be necessary toensure that the drive wheels are con-tinuously held in positive engagementwith the building guides.

(iii) Launch guide mullions indexedto the building guides and retained inalignment with the building guidesshall be used to align drive wheels en-tering the building guides.

(iv) Manned platforms used on sup-ported equipment shall comply withthe requirements of paragraphs(f)(5)(ii)(A), (f)(5)(ii)(B), and (f)(5)(ii) (D)through (K) of this section coveringsuspended equipment.

(7) Suspension wire ropes and rope con-nections. (i) Each specific installationshall use suspension wire ropes or com-bination cable and connections meet-ing the specification recommended bythe manufacturer of the hoisting ma-chine used. Connections shall be capa-ble of developing at least 80 percent ofthe rated breaking strength of the wirerope.

(ii) Each suspension rope shall have a‘‘Design Factor’’ of at least 10. The‘‘Design Factor’’ is the ratio of therated strength of the suspension wirerope to the rated working load, andshall be calculated using the followingformula:

F =S(N)

W

Where:

F = Design factorS = Manufacturer’s rated strength of one

suspension ropeN = Number of suspension ropes under loadW = Rated working load on all ropes at any

point of travel

(iii) Suspension wire rope grade shallbe at least improved plow steel orequivalent.

(iv) Suspension wire ropes shall besized to conform with the required de-sign factor, but shall not be less than 5/16 inch (7.94 mm) in diameter.

(v) No more than one reverse bend insix wire rope lays shall be permitted.

(vi) A corrosion-resistant tag shall besecurely attached to one of the wirerope fastenings when a suspension wirerope is to be used at a specific locationand will remain in that location. Thistag shall bear the following wire ropedata:

(A) The diameter (inches and/or mm);(B) Construction classification;(C) Whether non-preformed or

preformed;(D) The grade of material;(E) The manufacturer’s rated

strength;(F) The manufacturer’s name;(G) The month and year the ropes

were installed; and(H) The name of the person or com-

pany which installed the ropes.(vii) A new tag shall be installed at

each rope renewal.(viii) The original tag shall be

stamped with the date of theresocketing, or the original tag shallbe retained and a supplemental tagshall be provided when ropes areresocketed. The supplemental tag shallshow the date of resocketing and thename of the person or company thatresocketed the rope.

(ix) Winding drum type hoists shallcontain at least three wraps of the sus-pension wire rope on the drum whenthe suspended unit has reached thelowest possible point of its verticaltravel.

(x) Traction drum and sheave typehoists shall be provided with a wirerope of sufficient length to reach thelowest possible point of vertical travelof the suspended unit, and an addi-tional length of the wire rope of atleast four feet (1.2 m).

(xi) The lengthening or repairing ofsuspension wire ropes is prohibited.


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(xii) Babbitted fastenings for suspen-sion wire rope are prohibited.

(8) Control circuits, power circuits andtheir components. (i) Electrical wiringand equipment shall comply with sub-part S of this part, except as otherwiserequired by this section.

(ii) Electrical runway conductor sys-tems shall be of a type designed for usein exterior locations, and shall be lo-cated so that they do not come intocontact with accumulated snow orwater.

(iii) Cables shall be protected againstdamage resulting from overtensioningor from other causes.

(iv) Devices shall be included in thecontrol system for the equipmentwhich will provide protection againstelectrical overloads, three phase rever-sal and phase failure. The control sys-tem shall have a separate method,independent of the direction controlcircuit, for breaking the power circuitin case of an emergency or malfunc-tion.

(v) Suspended or supported equip-ment shall have a control systemwhich will require the operator of theequipment to follow predeterminedprocedures.

(vi) The following requirements shallapply to electrical protection devices:

(A) On installations where the car-riage does not have a stability factor ofat least four against overturning, elec-trical contact(s) shall be provided andso connected that the operating devicesfor the suspended or supported equip-ment shall be operative only when thecarriage is located and mechanicallyretained at an established operatingpoint.

(B) Overload protection shall be pro-vided in the hoisting or suspension sys-tem to protect against the equipmentoperating in the ‘‘up’’ direction with aload in excess of 125 percent of therated load of the platform; and

(C) An automatic detector shall beprovided for each suspension point thatwill interrupt power to all hoisting mo-tors for travel in the ‘‘down’’ direction,and apply the primary brakes if anysuspension wire rope becomes slack. Acontinuous-pressure rigging-bypassswitch designed for use during riggingis permitted. This switch shall only beused during rigging.

(vii) Upper and lower directionalswitches designed to prevent the travelof suspended units beyond safe upwardand downward levels shall be provided.

(viii) Emergency stop switches shallbe provided on remote controlled, roof-powered manned platforms adjacent toeach control station on the platform.

(ix) Cables which are in constant ten-sion shall have overload devices whichwill prevent the tension in the cablefrom interfering with the load limitingdevice required in paragraph(f)(8)(vi)(B) of this section, or with theplatform roll limiting device requiredin paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C) of this section.The setting of these devices shall be co-ordinated with other overload settingsat the time of design of the system,and shall be clearly indicated on ornear the device. The device shall inter-rupt the equipment travel in the‘‘down’’ direction.

(g) Inspection and tests—(1) Installa-tions and alterations. All completedbuilding maintenance equipment in-stallations shall be inspected and test-ed in the field before being placed ininitial service to determine that allparts of the installation conform to ap-plicable requirements of this standard,and that all safety and operatingequipment is functioning as required. Asimilar inspection and test shall bemade following any major alteration toan existing installation. No hoist in aninstallation shall be subjected to a loadin excess of 125 percent of its ratedload.

(2) Periodic inspections and tests. (i)Related building supporting structuresshall undergo periodic inspection by acompetent person at intervals not ex-ceeding 12 months.

(ii) All parts of the equipment includ-ing control systems shall be inspected,and, where necessary, tested by a com-petent person at intervals specified bythe manufacturer/supplier, but not toexceed 12 months, to determine thatthey are in safe operating condition.Parts subject to wear, such as wireropes, bearings, gears, and governorsshall be inspected and/or tested to de-termine that they have not worn tosuch an extent as to affect the safe op-eration of the installation.

(iii) The building owner shall keep acertification record of each inspection


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and test required under paragraphs(g)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. The cer-tification record shall include the dateof the inspection, the signature of theperson who performed the inspection,and the number, or other identifier, ofthe building support structure andequipment which was inspected. Thiscertification record shall be kept read-ily available for review by the Assist-ant Secretary of Labor or the AssistantSecretary’s representative and by theemployer.

(iv) Working platforms and theircomponents shall be inspected by theemployer for visible defects beforeevery use and after each occurrencewhich could affect the platform’s struc-tural integrity.

(3) Maintenance inspections and tests.(i) A maintenance inspection and,where necessary, a test shall be madeof each platform installation every 30days, or where the work cycle is lessthan 30 days such inspection and/ortest shall be made prior to each workcycle. This inspection and test shallfollow procedures recommended by themanufacturer, and shall be made by acompetent person.

(ii) The building owner shall keep acertification record of each inspectionand test performed under paragraph(g)(3)(i) of this section. The certifi-cation record shall include the date ofthe inspection and test, the signatureof the person who performed the in-spection and/or test, and an identifierfor the platform installation which wasinspected. The certification recordshall be kept readily available for re-view by the Assistant Secretary ofLabor or the Assistant Secretary’s rep-resentative and by the employer.

(4) Special inspection of governors andsecondary brakes. (i) Governors and sec-ondary brakes shall be inspected andtested at intervals specified by themanufacturer/supplier but not to ex-ceed every 12 months.

(ii) The results of the inspection andtest shall confirm that the initiatingdevice for the secondary braking sys-tem operates at the proper overspeed.

(iii) The results of the inspection andtest shall confirm that the secondarybrake is functioning properly.

(iv) If any hoisting machine or initi-ating device for the secondary brake

system is removed from the equipmentfor testing, all reinstalled and directlyrelated components shall be rein-spected prior to returning the equip-ment installation to service.

(v) Inspection of governors and sec-ondary brakes shall be performed by acompetent person.

(vi) The secondary brake governorand actuation device shall be tested be-fore each day’s use. Where testing isnot feasible, a visual inspection of thebrake shall be made instead to ensurethat it is free to operate.

(5) Suspension wire rope maintenance,inspection and replacement. (i) Suspen-sion wire rope shall be maintained andused in accordance with proceduresrecommended by the wire rope manu-facturer.

(ii) Suspension wire rope shall be in-spected by a competent person for visi-ble defects and gross damage to therope before every use and after each oc-currence which might affect the wirerope’s integrity.

(iii) A thorough inspection of suspen-sion wire ropes in service shall be madeonce a month. Suspension wire ropesthat have been inactive for 30 days orlonger shall have a thorough inspectionbefore they are placed into service.These thorough inspections of suspen-sion wire ropes shall be performed by acompetent person.

(iv) The need for replacement of asuspension wire rope shall be deter-mined by inspection and shall be basedon the condition of the wire rope. Anyof the following conditions or combina-tion of conditions will be cause for re-moval of the wire rope:

(A) Broken wires exceeding threewires in one strand or six wires in onerope lay;

(B) Distortion of rope structure suchas would result from crushing orkinking;

(C) Evidence of heat damage;(D) Evidence of rope deterioration

from corrosion;(E) A broken wire within 18 inches

(460.8 mm) of the end attachments;(F) Noticeable rusting and pitting;(G) Evidence of core failure (a length-

ening of rope lay, protrusion of therope core and a reduction in rope di-ameter suggests core failure); or


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(H) More than one valley break (bro-ken wire).

(I) Outer wire wear exceeds one-thirdof the original outer wire diameter.

(J) Any other condition which thecompetent person determines has sig-nificantly affected the integrity of therope.

(v) The building owner shall keep acertification record of each monthlyinspection of a suspension wire rope asrequired in paragraph (g)(5)(iii) of thissection. The record shall include thedate of the inspection, the signature ofthe person who performed the inspec-tion, and a number, or other identifier,of the wire rope which was inspected.This record of inspection shall be madeavailable for review by the AssistantSecretary of Labor or the AssistantSecretary’s representative and by theemployer.

(6) Hoist inspection. Before loweringpersonnel below the top elevation ofthe building, the hoist shall be testedeach day in the lifting direction withthe intended load to make certain ithas sufficient capacity to raise the per-sonnel back to the boarding level.

(h) Maintenance—(1) General mainte-nance. All parts of the equipment af-fecting safe operation shall be main-tained in proper working order so thatthey may perform the functions forwhich they were intended. The equip-ment shall be taken out of servicewhen it is not in proper working order.

(2) Cleaning. (i) Control or powercontactors and relays shall be keptclean.

(ii) All other parts shall be keptclean if their proper functioning wouldbe affected by the presence of dirt orother contaminants.

(3) Periodic resocketing of wire rope fas-tenings. (i) Hoisting ropes utilizingpoured socket fastenings shall beresocketed at the non-drum ends at in-tervals not exceeding 24 months. Inresocketing the ropes, a sufficientlength shall be cut from the end of therope to remove damaged or fatiguedportions.

(ii) Resocketed ropes shall conformto the requirements of paragraph (f)(7)of this section.

(iii) Limit switches affected by theresocketed ropes shall be reset, if nec-essary.

(4) Periodic reshackling of suspensionwire ropes. The hoisting ropes shall bereshackled at the nondrum ends at in-tervals not exceeding 24 months. Whenreshackling the ropes, a sufficientlength shall be cut from the end of therope to remove damaged or fatiguedportions.

(5) Roof systems. Roof track systems,tie-downs, or similar equipment shallbe maintained in proper working orderso that they perform the function forwhich they were intended.

(6)Building face guiding members. T-rails, indented mullions, or equivalentguides located in the face of a buildingshall be maintained in proper workingorder so that they perform the func-tions for which they were intended.Brackets for cable stabilizers shallsimilarly be maintained in properworking order.

(7) Inoperative safety devices. No per-son shall render a required safety de-vice or electrical protective device in-operative, except as necessary fortests, inspections, and maintenance.Immediately upon completion of suchtests, inspections and maintenance, thedevice shall be restored to its normaloperating condition.

(i) Operations—(1) Training. (i) Work-ing platforms shall be operated only bypersons who are proficient in the oper-ation, safe use and inspection of theparticular working platform to be oper-ated.

(ii) All employees who operate work-ing platforms shall be trained in thefollowing:

(A) Recognition of, and preventivemeasures for, the safety hazards associ-ated with their individual work tasks.

(B) General recognition and preven-tion of safety hazards associated withthe use of working platforms, includingthe provisions in the section relatingto the particular working platform tobe operated.

(C) Emergency action plan proce-dures required in paragraph (e)(9) ofthis section.

(D) Work procedures required inparagraph (i)(1)(iv) of this section.

(E) Personal fall arrest system in-spection, care, use and system perform-ance.


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(iii) Training of employees in the op-eration and inspection of working plat-forms shall be done by a competentperson.

(iv) Written work procedures for theoperation, safe use and inspection ofworking platforms shall be provided foremployee training. Pictorial methodsof instruction, may be used, in lieu ofwritten work procedures, if employeecommunication is improved using thismethod. The operating manuals sup-plied by manufacturers for platformsystem components can serve as thebasis for these procedures.

(v) The employer shall certify thatemployees have been trained in oper-ating and inspecting a working plat-form by preparing a certificationrecord which includes the identity ofthe person trained, the signature of theemployer or the person who conductedthe training and the date that trainingwas completed. The certificationrecord shall be prepared at the comple-tion of the training required in para-graph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, and shallbe maintained in a file for the durationof the employee’s employment. Thecertification record shall be kept read-ily available for review by the Assist-ant Secretary of Labor or the AssistantSecretary’s representative.

(2) Use. (i) Working platforms shallnot be loaded in excess of the ratedload, as stated on the platform loadrating plate.

(ii) Employees shall be prohibitedfrom working on snow, ice, or otherslippery material covering platforms,except for the removal of such mate-rials.

(iii) Adequate precautions shall betaken to protect the platform, wireropes and life lines from damage due toacids or other corrosive substances, inaccordance with the recommendationsof the corrosive substance producer,supplier, platform manufacturer orother equivalent information sources.Platform members which have been ex-posed to acids or other corrosive sub-stances shall be washed down with aneutralizing solution, at a frequencyrecommended by the corrosive sub-stance producer or supplier.

(iv) Platform members, wire ropesand life lines shall be protected whenusing a heat producing process. Wire

ropes and life lines which have beencontacted by the heat producing proc-ess shall be considered to be perma-nently damaged and shall not be used.

(v) The platform shall not be oper-ated in winds in excess of 25 miles perhour (40.2 km/hr) except to move itfrom an operating to a storage posi-tion. Wind speed shall be determinedbased on the best available informa-tion, which includes on-site anemom-eter readings and local weather fore-casts which predict wind velocities forthe area.

(vi) On exterior installations, an ane-mometer shall be mounted on the plat-form to provide information of on-sitewind velocities prior to and during theuse of the platform. The anemometermay be a portable (hand held) unitwhich is temporarily mounted duringplatform use.

(vii) Tools, materials and debris notrelated to the work in progress shallnot be allowed to accumulate on plat-forms. Stabilizer ties shall be locatedso as to allow unencumbered passagealong the full length of the platformand shall be of such length so as not tobecome entangled in rollers, hoists orother machinery.

(j) Personal fall protection. Employeeson working platforms shall be pro-tected by a personal fall arrest systemmeeting the requirements of appendixC, section I, of this standard, and asotherwise provided by this standard.

APPENDIX A TO § 1910.66, GUIDELINES(ADVISORY)

1. Use of the Appendix. Appendix A providesexamples of equipment and methods to assistthe employer in meeting the requirements ofthe indicated provision of the standard. Em-ployers may use other equipment or proce-dures which conform to the requirements ofthe standard. This appendix neither adds tonor detracts from the mandatory require-ments set forth in § 1910.66.

2. Assurance. Paragraph (c) of the standardrequires the building owner to inform theemployer in writing that the powered plat-form installation complies with certain re-quirements of the standard, since the em-ployer may not have the necessary informa-tion to make these determinations. The em-ployer, however, remains responsible formeeting these requirements which have notbeen set off in paragraph (c)(1).

3. Design Requirements. The design require-ments for each installation should be based


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on the limitations (stresses, deflections,etc.), established by nationally recognizedstandards as promulgated by the followingorganizations, or to equivalent standards:AA—The Aluminum Association, 818 Con-

necticut Avenue, NW., Washington, DC,20006

Aluminum Construction ManualSpecifications For Aluminum StructuresAluminum Standards and DataAGMA—American Gear Manufacturers Asso-

ciation, 101 North Fort Meyer Dr., Suite1000, Arlington, VA 22209

AISC—American Institute of Steel Construc-tion, 400 North Michigan Avenue, Chi-cago, IL 60611

ANSI—American National Standards Insti-tute, Inc., 1430 Broadway, New York, NY10018

ASCE—American Society of Civil Engineers,345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017

ASME—American Society of Mechanical En-gineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York,NY 10017

ASTM—American Society for Testing andMaterials, 1916 Race Street, Philadel-phia, PA 19103

AWS—American Welding Society, Inc., Box351040, 550 NW. LeJeunne Road, Miami,FL 33126

JIC—Joint Industrial Council, 2139 WisconsinAvenue NW., Washington, DC 20007

NEMA—National Electric Manufacturers As-sociation, 2101 L Street, NW., Wash-ington, DC 20037

4. Tie-in-guides. Indented mullions, T-railsor other equivalent guides are acceptable astie-in guides in a building face for a contin-uous stabilization system. Internal guidesare embedded in other building memberswith only the opening exposed (see Figure 1of appendix B). External guides, however, areinstalled external to the other buildingmembers and so are fully exposed. The min-imum opening for tie-in guides is three-quar-ters of an inch (19 mm), and the minimum in-side dimensions are one-inch (25 mm) deepand two inches (50 mm) wide.

Employers should be aware of the hazardsassociated with tie-in guides in a continuousstabilization system which was not designedproperly. For example, joints in these tracksystems may become extended or discontin-uous due to installation or building settle-ment. If this alignment problem is not cor-rected, the system could jam when a guideroller or guide shoe strikes a joint and thiswould cause a hazardous situation for em-ployees. In another instance, faulty designwill result in guide rollers being mounted ina line so they will jam in the track at theslightest misalignment.

5. Building anchors (intermittent stabilizationsystem). In the selection of the vertical dis-tance between building anchors, certain fac-tors should be given consideration. These

factors include building height and architec-tural design, platform length and weight,wire rope angulation, and the wind velocitiesin the building area. Another factor to con-sider is the material of the building face,since this material may be adversely af-fected by the building rollers.

External or indented type building anchorsare acceptable. Receptacles in the buildingfacade used for the indented type should bekept clear of extraneous materials whichwill hinder their use. During the inspectionof the platform installation, evidence of afailure or abuse of the anchors should bebrought to the attention of the employer.

6. Stabilizer tie length. A stabilizer tieshould be long enough to provide for theplanned angulation of the suspension cables.However, the length of the tie should not beexcessive and become a problem by possiblybecoming entangled in the building face roll-ers or parts of the platform machinery.

The attachment length may vary due tomaterial elongation and this should be con-sidered when selecting the material to beused. Consideration should also be given tothe use of ties which are easily installed byemployees, since this will encourage theiruse.

7. Intermittent stabilization system. Intermit-tent stabilization systems may use differentequipment, tie-in devices and methods to re-strict the horizontal movement of a poweredplatform with respect to the face of thebuilding. One acceptable method employscorrosion-resistant building anchors securedin the face of the building in vertical rowsevery third floor or 50 feet (15.3 m), which-ever is less. The anchors are spaced hori-zontally to allow a stabilization attachment(stabilizer tie) for each of the two platformsuspension wire ropes. The stabilizer tie con-sists of two parts. One part is a quick con-nect-quick disconnect device which utilizes acorrosion-resistant yoke and retainer springthat is designed to fit over the building an-chors. The second part of the stabilizer tie isa lanyard which is used to maintain a fixeddistance between the suspension wire ropeand the face of the building.

In this method, as the suspended poweredplatform descends past the elevation of eachanchor, the descent is halted and each of theplatform occupants secures a stabilizer tiebetween a suspension wire rope and a build-ing anchor. The procedure is repeated aseach elevation of a building anchor isreached during the descent of the poweredplatform.

As the platform ascends, the procedure isreversed; that is, the stabilizer ties are re-moved as each elevation of a building anchoris reached. The removal of each stabilizer tieis assured since the platform is providedwith stopping devices which will interrupt


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power to its hoist(s) in the event either stop-ping device contacts a stabilizer during theascent of the platform.

Figure 2 of appendix B illustrates anothertype of acceptable intermittent stabilizationsystem which utilizes retaining pins as thequick connect-quick disconnect device in thestabilizer tie.

8. Wire Rope Inspection. The inspection ofthe suspension wire rope is important sincethe rope gradually loses strength during itsuseful life. The purpose of the inspection isto determine whether the wire rope has suffi-cient integrity to support a platform withthe required design factor.

If there is any doubt concerning the condi-tion of a wire rope or its ability to performthe required work, the rope should be re-placed. The cost of wire rope replacement isquite small if compared to the cost in termsof human injuries, equipment down time andreplacement.

No listing of critical inspection factors,which serve as a basis for wire rope replace-ment in the standard, can be a substitute foran experienced inspector of wire rope. Thelisting serves as a user’s guide to the accept-ed standards by which ropes must be judged.

Rope life can be prolonged if preventivemaintenance is performed regularly. Cuttingoff an appropriate length of rope at the endtermination before the core degrades andvalley breaks appear minimizes degradationat these sections.

9. General Maintenance. In meeting the gen-eral maintenance requirement in paragraph(h)(1) of the standard, the employer shouldundertake the prompt replacement of bro-ken, worn and damaged parts, switch con-tacts, brushes, and short flexible conductorsof electrical devices. The components of theelectrical service system and traveling ca-bles should be replaced when damaged or sig-nificantly abraded. In addition, gears, shafts,bearings, brakes and hoisting drums shouldbe kept in proper alignment.

10. Training. In meeting the training re-quirement of paragraph (i)(1) of the standard,employers should use both on the job train-ing and formal classroom training. The writ-ten work procedures used for this trainingshould be obtained from the manufacturer, ifpossible, or prepared as necessary for the em-ployee’s information and use.

Employees who will operate powered plat-forms with intermittent stabilization sys-tems should receive instruction in the spe-

cific ascent and descent procedures involvingthe assembly and disassembly of the sta-bilizer ties.

An acceptable training program shouldalso include employee instruction in basicinspection procedures for the purpose of de-termining the need for repair and replace-ment of platform equipment. In addition, theprogram should cover the inspection, careand use of the personal fall protection equip-ment required in paragraph (j)(1) of thestandard.

In addition, the training program shouldalso include emergency action plan ele-ments. OSHA brochure #1B3088 (Rev.) 1985,‘‘How to Prepare for Workplace Emer-gencies,’’ details the basic steps needed toprepare to handle emergencies in the work-place.

Following the completion of a trainingprogram, the employee should be required todemonstrate competency in operating theequipment safely. Supplemental training ofthe employee should be provided by the em-ployer, as necessary, if the equipment usedor other working conditions should change.

An employee who is required to work withchemical products on a platform should re-ceive training in proper cleaning procedures,and in the hazards, care and handling ofthese products. In addition, the employeeshould be supplied with the appropriate per-sonal protective equipment, such as glovesand eye and face protection.

11. Suspension and Securing of Powered Plat-forms (Equivalency). One acceptable methodof demonstrating the equivalency of a meth-od of suspending or securing a powered plat-form, as required in paragraphs (e)(2)(iii),(f)(3) and (f)(5)(i)(F), is to provide an engi-neering analysis by a registered professionalengineer. The analysis should demonstratethat the proposed method will provide anequal or greater degree of safety for employ-ees than any one of the methods specified inthe standard.

APPENDIX B TO § 1910.66—EXHIBITS(ADVISORY)

The three drawings in appendix B illus-trate typical platform stabilization systemswhich are addressed in the standard. Thedrawings are to be used for reference pur-poses only, and do not illustrate all the man-datory requirements for each system.


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APPENDIX C TO § 1910.66—PERSONALFALL ARREST SYSTEM (SECTION I—MANDATORY; SECTIONS II AND III—NON-MANDATORY)

Use of the Appendix

Section I of appendix C sets out the man-datory criteria for personal fall arrest sys-tems used by all employees using poweredplatforms, as required by paragraph (j)(1) ofthis standard. Section II sets out nonmanda-tory test procedures which may be used todetermine compliance with applicable re-quirements contained in section I of this ap-pendix. Section III provides nonmandatoryguidelines which are intended to assist em-ployers in complying with these provisions.

I. Personal fall arrest systems—(a) Scope andapplication. This section establishes the ap-plication of and performance criteria for per-sonal fall arrest systems which are requiredfor use by all employees using powered plat-forms under paragraph 1910.66(j).

(b) Definitions. Anchorage means a securepoint of attachment for lifelines, lanyards ordeceleration devices, and which is inde-pendent of the means of supporting or sus-pending the employee.

Body belt means a strap with means bothfor securing it about the waist and for at-taching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or decelera-tion device.

Body harness means a design of strapswhich may be secured about the employee ina manner to distribute the fall arrest forcesover at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chestand shoulders with means for attaching it toother components of a personal fall arrestsystem.

Buckle means any device for holding thebody belt or body harness closed around theemployee’s body.

Competent person means a person who is ca-pable of identifying hazardous or dangerousconditions in the personal fall arrest systemor any component thereof, as well as in theirapplication and use with related equipment.

Connector means a device which is used tocouple (connect) parts of the system to-gether. It may be an independent componentof the system (such as a carabiner), or an in-tegral component of part of the system (suchas a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body beltor body harness, or a snap-hook spliced orsewn to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard).

Deceleration device means any mechanism,such as a rope grab, ripstitch lanyard, spe-cially woven lanyard, tearing or deforminglanyard, or automatic self retracting-life-line/lanyard, which serves to dissipate a sub-stantial amount of energy during a fall ar-rest, or otherwise limits the energy imposedon an employee during fall arrest.

Deceleration distance means the additionalvertical distance a falling employee travels,excluding lifeline elongation and free fall

distance, before stopping, from the point atwhich the deceleration device begins to oper-ate. It is measured as the distance betweenthe location of an employee’s body belt orbody harness attachment point at the mo-ment of activation (at the onset of fall arrestforces) of the deceleration device during afall, and the location of that attachmentpoint after the employee comes to a fullstop.

Equivalent means alternative designs, ma-terials or methods which the employer candemonstrate will provide an equal or greaterdegree of safety for employees than themethods, materials or designs specified inthe standard.

Free fall means the act of falling before thepersonal fall arrest system begins to applyforce to arrest the fall.

Free fall distance means the vertical dis-placement of the fall arrest attachmentpoint on the employee’s body belt or bodyharness between onset of the fall and just be-fore the system begins to apply force to ar-rest the fall. This distance excludes decelera-tion distance, lifeline and lanyard elongationbut includes any deceleration device slidedistance or self-retracting lifeline/lanyardextension before they operate and fall arrestforces occur.

Lanyard means a flexible line of rope, wirerope, or strap which is used to secure thebody belt or body harness to a decelerationdevice, lifeline, or anchorage.

Lifeline means a component consisting of aflexible line for connection to an anchorageat one end to hang vertically (vertical life-line), or for connection to anchorages atboth ends to stretch horizontally (horizontallifeline), and which serves as a means forconnecting other components of a personalfall arrest system to the anchorage.

Personal fall arrest system means a systemused to arrest an employee in a fall from aworking level. It consists of an anchorage,connectors, a body belt or body harness andmay include a lanyard, deceleration device,lifeline, or suitable combinations of these.

Qualified person means one with a recog-nized degree or professional certificate andextensive knowledge and experience in thesubject field who is capable of design, anal-ysis, evaluation and specifications in thesubject work, project, or product.

Rope grab means a deceleration devicewhich travels on a lifeline and automaticallyfrictionally engages the lifeline and locks soas to arrest the fall of an employee. A ropegrab usually employs the principle of iner-tial locking, cam/lever locking, or both.

Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a de-celeration device which contains a drum-wound line which may be slowly extractedfrom, or retracted onto, the drum underslight tension during normal employeemovement, and which, after onset of a fall,


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automatically locks the drum and arreststhe fall.

Snap-hook means a connector comprised ofa hookshaped member with a normallyclosed keeper, or similar arrangement, whichmay be opened to permit the hook to receivean object and, when released, automaticallycloses to retain the object. Snap-hooks aregenerally one of two types:

1. The locking type with a self-closing,self-locking keeper which remains closed andlocked until unlocked and pressed open forconnection or disconnection, or

2. The non-locking type with a self-closingkeeper which remains closed until pressedopen for connection or disconnection.

Tie-off means the act of an employee, wear-ing personal fall protection equipment, con-necting directly or indirectly to an anchor-age. It also means the condition of an em-ployee being connected to an anchorage.

(c) Design for system components. (1) Connec-tors shall be drop forged, pressed or formedsteel, or made of equivalent materials.

(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-re-sistant finish, and all surfaces and edgesshall be smooth to prevent damage to inter-facing parts of the system.

(3) Lanyards and vertical lifelines whichtie-off one employee shall have a minimumbreaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).

(4) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyardswhich automatically limit free fall distanceto two feet (0.61 m) or less shall have compo-nents capable of sustaining a minimum stat-ic tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN) ap-plied to the device with the lifeline or lan-yard in the fully extended position.

(5) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyardswhich do not limit free fall distance to twofeet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards, andtearing and deforming lanyards shall be ca-pable of sustaining a minimum tensile loadof 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the devicewith the lifeline or lanyard in the fully ex-tended position.

(6) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be capa-ble of sustaining a minimum tensile load of5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).

(7) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be 100percent proof-tested to a minimum tensileload of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without crack-ing, breaking, or taking permanent deforma-tion.

(8) Snap-hooks shall be sized to be compat-ible with the member to which they are con-nected so as to prevent unintentional dis-engagement of the snap-hook by depressionof the snap-hook keeper by the connectedmember, or shall be a locking type snap-hook designed and used to prevent dis-engagement of the snap-hook by the contactof the snaphook keeper by the connectedmember.

(9) Horizontal lifelines, where used, shallbe designed, and installed as part of a com-plete personal fall arrest system, which

maintains a safety factor of at least two,under the supervision of a qualified person.

(10) Anchorages to which personal fall ar-rest equipment is attached shall be capableof supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN)per employee attached, or shall be designed,installed, and used as part of a complete per-sonal fall arrest system which maintains asafety factor of at least two, under the su-pervision of a qualified person.

(11) Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lan-yards, lifelines, and strength components ofbody belts and body harnesses, shall be madefrom synthetic fibers or wire rope.

(d) System performance criteria. (1) Personalfall arrest systems shall, when stopping afall:

(i) Limit maximum arresting force on anemployee to 900 pounds (4 kN) when usedwith a body belt;

(ii) Limit maximum arresting force on anemployee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when usedwith a body harness;

(iii) Bring an employee to a complete stopand limit maximum deceleration distance anemployee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and

(iv) Shall have sufficient strength to with-stand twice the potential impact energy ofan employee free falling a distance of six feet(1.8 m), or the free fall distance permitted bythe system, whichever is less.

(2)(i) When used by employees having acombined person and tool weight of less than310 pounds (140 kg), personal fall arrest sys-tems which meet the criteria and protocolscontained in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) insection II of this appendix shall be consid-ered as complying with the provisions ofparagraphs (d)(1)(i) through (d)(1)(iv) above.

(ii) When used by employees having a com-bined tool and body weight of 310 pounds (140kg) or more, personal fall arrest systemswhich meet the criteria and protocols con-tained in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) in sec-tion II may be considered as complying withthe provisions of paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through(d)(1)(iv) provided that the criteria and pro-tocols are modified appropriately to provideproper protection for such heavier weights.

(e) Care and use. (1) Snap-hooks, unless ofa locking type designed and used to preventdisengagement from the following connec-tions, shall not be engaged:

(i) Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;(ii) To each other;(iii) To a dee-ring to which another snap-

hook or other connector is attached;(iv) To a horizontal lifeline; or(v) To any object which is incompatibly

shaped or dimensioned in relation to thesnap-hook such that the connected objectcould depress the snap-hook keeper a suffi-cient amount to release itself.

(2) Devices used to connect to a horizontallifeline which may become a vertical lifelineshall be capable of locking in either direc-tion on the lifeline.


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(3) Personal fall arrest systems shall berigged such that an employee can neitherfree fall more than six feet (1.8 m), nor con-tact any lower level.

(4) The attachment point of the body beltshall be located in the center of the wearer’sback. The attachment point of the body har-ness shall be located in the center of thewearer’s back near shoulder level, or abovethe wearer’s head.

(5) When vertical lifelines are used, eachemployee shall be provided with a separatelifeline.

(6) Personal fall arrest systems or compo-nents shall be used only for employee fallprotection.

(7) Personal fall arrest systems or compo-nents subjected to impact loading shall beimmediately removed from service and shallnot be used again for employee protectionunless inspected and determined by a com-petent person to be undamaged and suitablefor reuse.

(8) The employer shall provide for promptrescue of employees in the event of a fall orshall assure the self-rescue capability of em-ployees.

(9) Before using a personal fall arrest sys-tem, and after any component or system ischanged, employees shall be trained in ac-cordance with the requirements of paragraph1910.66(i)(1), in the safe use of the system.

(f) Inspections. Personal fall arrest systemsshall be inspected prior to each use for mil-dew, wear, damage and other deterioration,and defective components shall be removedfrom service if their strength or functionmay be adversely affected.

II. Test methods for personal fall arrest sys-tems (non-mandatory)—(a) General. Para-graphs (b), (c), (d) and (e), of this section IIset forth test procedures which may be usedto determine compliance with the require-ments in paragraph (d)(1)(i) through (d)(1)(iv)of section I of this appendix.

(b) General conditions for all tests in sectionII. (1) Lifelines, lanyards and decelerationdevices should be attached to an anchorageand connected to the body-belt or body har-ness in the same manner as they would bewhen used to protect employees.

(2) The anchorage should be rigid, andshould not have a deflection greater than .04inches (1 mm) when a force of 2,250 pounds(10 kN) is applied.

(3) The frequency response of the loadmeasuring instrumentation should be 120 Hz.

(4) The test weight used in the strengthand force tests should be a rigid, metal, cy-lindrical or torso-shaped object with a girthof 38 inches plus or minus four inches (96 cmplus or minus 10 cm).

(5) The lanyard or lifeline used to createthe free fall distance should be supplied withthe system, or in its absence, the least elas-tic lanyard or lifeline available to be usedwith the system.

(6) The test weight for each test should behoisted to the required level and should bequickly released without having any appre-ciable motion imparted to it.

(7) The system’s performance should beevaluated taking into account the range ofenvironmental conditions for which it is de-signed to be used.

(8) Following the test, the system need notbe capable of further operation.

(c) Strength test. (1) During the testing ofall systems, a test weight of 300 pounds plusor minus five pounds (135 kg plus or minus2.5 kg) should be used. (See paragraph (b)(4),above.)

(2) The test consists of dropping the testweight once. A new unused system should beused for each test.

(3) For lanyard systems, the lanyardlength should be six feet plus or minus twoinches (1.83 m plus or minus 5 cm) as meas-ured from the fixed anchorage to the attach-ment on the body belt or body harness.

(4) For rope-grab-type deceleration sys-tems, the length of the lifeline above thecenterline of the grabbing mechanism to thelifeline’s anchorage point should not exceedtwo feet (0.61 m).

(5) For lanyard systems, for systems withdeceleration devices which do not automati-cally limit free fall distance to two feet (0.61m) or less, and for systems with decelerationdevices which have a connection distance inexcess of one foot (0.3 m) (measured betweenthe centerline of the lifeline and the attach-ment point to the body belt or harness), thetest weight should be rigged to free fall a dis-tance of 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from a point that is1.5 feet (46 cm) above the anchorage point, toits hanging location (six feet below the an-chorage). The test weight should fall withoutinterference, obstruction, or hitting the flooror ground during the test. In some cases anon-elastic wire lanyard of sufficient lengthmay need to be added to the system (for testpurposes) to create the necessary free falldistance.

(6) For deceleration device systems withintegral lifelines or lanyards which auto-matically limit free fall distance to two feet(0.61 m) or less, the test weight should berigged to free fall a distance of four feet (1.22m).

(7) Any weight which detaches from thebelt or harness should constitute failure forthe strength test.

(d) Force test—(1) General. The test consistsof dropping the respective test weight speci-fied in (d)(2)(i) or (d)(3)(i) once. A new, un-used system should be used for each test.

(2) For lanyard systems. (i) A test weight of220 pounds plus or minus three pounds (100kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (Seeparagraph (b)(4), above.)

(ii) Lanyard length should be six feet plusor minus two inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to


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the attachment on the body belt or body har-ness.

(iii) The test weight should fall free fromthe anchorage level to its hanging location(a total of six feet (1.83 m) free fall distance)without interference, obstruction, or hittingthe floor or ground during the test.

(3) For all other systems. (i) A test weight of220 pounds plus or minus three pounds (100kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (Seeparagraph (b)(4), above.)

(ii) The free fall distance to be used in thetest should be the maximum fall distancephysically permitted by the system duringnormal use conditions, up to a maximumfree fall distance for the test weight of sixfeet (1.83 m), except as follows:

(A) For deceleration systems which have aconnection link or lanyard, the test weightshould free fall a distance equal to the con-nection distance (measured between the cen-terline of the lifeline and the attachmentpoint to the body belt or harness).

(B) For deceleration device systems withintegral lifelines or lanyards which auto-matically limit free fall distance to two feet(0.61 m) or less, the test weight should freefall a distance equal to that permitted by thesystem in normal use. (For example, to testa system with a self-retracting lifeline orlanyard, the test weight should be supportedand the system allowed to retract the life-line or lanyard as it would in normal use.The test weight would then be released andthe force and deceleration distance meas-ured).

(4) A system fails the force test if the re-corded maximum arresting force exceeds1,260 pounds (15.6 kN) when using a body belt,and/or exceeds 2,520 pounds (11.2 kN) whenusing a body harness.

(5) The maximum elongation and decelera-tion distance should be recorded during theforce test.

(e) Deceleration device tests—(1) General. Thedevice should be evaluated or tested underthe environmental conditions, (such as rain,ice, grease, dirt, type of lifeline, etc.), forwhich the device is designed.

(2) Rope-grab-type deceleration devices. (i)Devices should be moved on a lifeline 1,000times over the same length of line a distanceof not less than one foot (30.5 cm), and themechanism should lock each time.

(ii) Unless the device is permanentlymarked to indicate the type(s) of lifelinewhich must be used, several types (differentdiameters and different materials), of life-lines should be used to test the device.

(3) Other self-activatinq-type deceleration de-vices. The locking mechanisms of other self-activating-type deceleration devices de-signed for more than one arrest should lockeach of 1,000 times as they would in normalservice.

III. Additional non-mandatory guidelines forpersonal fall arrest systems. The following in-

formation constitutes additional guidelinesfor use in complying with requirements for apersonal fall arrest system.

(a) Selection and use considerations. Thekind of personal fall arrest system selectedshould match the particular work situation,and any possible free fall distance should bekept to a minimum. Consideration should begiven to the particular work environment.For example, the presence of acids, dirt,moisture, oil, grease, etc., and their effect onthe system, should be evaluated. Hot or coldenvironments may also have an adverse af-fect on the system. Wire rope should not beused where an electrical hazard is antici-pated. As required by the standard, the em-ployer must plan to have means available topromptly rescue an employee should a falloccur, since the suspended employee may notbe able to reach a work level independently.

Where lanyards, connectors, and lifelinesare subject to damage by work operationssuch as welding, chemical cleaning, andsandblasting, the component should be pro-tected, or other securing systems should beused. The employer should fully evaluate thework conditions and environment (includingseasonal weather changes) before selectingthe appropriate personal fall protection sys-tem. Once in use, the system’s effectivenessshould be monitored. In some cases, a pro-gram for cleaning and maintenance of thesystem may be necessary.

(b) Testing considerations. Before pur-chasing or putting into use a personal fallarrest system, an employer should obtainfrom the supplier information about the sys-tem based on its performance during testingso that the employer can know if the systemmeets this standard. Testing should be doneusing recognized test methods. Section II ofthis appendix C contains test methods recog-nized for evaluating the performance of fallarrest systems. Not all systems may need tobe individually tested; the performance ofsome systems may be based on data and cal-culations derived from testing of similar sys-tems, provided that enough information isavailable to demonstrate similarity of func-tion and design.

(c) Component compatibility considerations.Ideally, a personal fall arrest system is de-signed, tested, and supplied as a completesystem. However, it is common practice forlanyards, connectors, lifelines, decelerationdevices, body belts and body harnesses to beinterchanged since some components wearout before others. The employer and em-ployee should realize that not all compo-nents are interchangeable. For instance, alanyard should not be connected between abody belt (or harness) and a deceleration de-vice of the self-retracting type since this canresult in additional free fall for which thesystem was not designed. Any substitutionor change to a personal fall arrest system


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should be fully evaluated or tested by a com-petent person to determine that it meets thestandard, before the modified system is putin use.

(d) Employee training considerations. Thor-ough employee training in the selection anduse of personal fall arrest systems is impera-tive. As stated in the standard, before theequipment is used, employees must betrained in the safe use of the system. Thisshould include the following: Applicationlimits; proper anchoring and tie-off tech-niques; estimation of free fall distance, in-cluding determination of deceleration dis-tance, and total fall distance to preventstriking a lower level; methods of use; andinspection and storage of the system. Care-less or improper use of the equipment can re-sult in serious injury or death. Employersand employees should become familiar withthe material in this appendix, as well asmanufacturer’s recommendations, before asystem is used. Of uppermost importance isthe reduction in strength caused by certaintie-offs (such as using knots, tying aroundsharp edges, etc.) and maximum permittedfree fall distance. Also, to be stressed are theimportance of inspections prior to use, thelimitations of the equipment, and uniqueconditions at the worksite which may be im-portant in determining the type of system touse.

(e) Instruction considerations. Employersshould obtain comprehensive instructionsfrom the supplier as to the system’s properuse and application, including, where appli-cable:

(1) The force measured during the sampleforce test;

(2) The maximum elongation measured forlanyards during the force test;

(3) The deceleration distance measured fordeceleration devices during the force test;

(4) Caution statements on critical use limi-tations;

(5) Application limits;(6) Proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off

techniques, including the proper dee-ring orother attachment point to use on the bodybelt and harness for fall arrest;

(7) Proper climbing techniques;(8) Methods of inspection, use, cleaning,

and storage; and(9) Specific lifelines which may be used.

This information should be provided to em-ployees during training.

(f) Inspection considerations. As stated inthe standard (section I, Paragraph (f)), per-sonal fall arrest systems must be regularlyinspected. Any component with any signifi-cant defect, such as cuts, tears, abrasions,mold, or undue stretching; alterations or ad-ditions which might affect its efficiency;damage due to deterioration; contact withfire, acids, or other corrosives; distortedhooks or faulty hook springs; tonguesunfitted to the shoulder of buckles; loose or

damaged mountings; non-functioning parts;or wearing or internal deterioration in theropes must be withdrawn from service imme-diately, and should be tagged or marked asunusable, or destroyed.

(g) Rescue considerations. As required by thestandard (section I, Paragraph (e)(8)), whenpersonal fall arrest systems are used, theemployer must assure that employees can bepromptly rescued or can rescue themselvesshould a fall occur. The availability of res-cue personnel, ladders or other rescue equip-ment should be evaluated. In some situa-tions, equipment which allows employees torescue themselves after the fall has been ar-rested may be desirable, such as deviceswhich have descent capability.

(h) Tie-off considerations. (1) One of themost important aspects of personal fall pro-tection systems is fully planning the systembefore it is put into use. Probably the mostoverlooked component is planning for suit-able anchorage points. Such planning shouldideally be done before the structure or build-ing is constructed so that anchorage pointscan be incorporated during construction foruse later for window cleaning or other build-ing maintenance. If properly planned, theseanchorage points may be used during con-struction, as well as afterwards.

(2) Employers and employees should at alltimes be aware that the strength of a per-sonal fall arrest system is based on its beingattached to an anchoring system which doesnot significantly reduce the strength of thesystem (such as a properly dimensioned eye-bolt/snap-hook anchorage). Therefore, if ameans of attachment is used that will reducethe strength of the system, that componentshould be replaced by a stronger one, but onethat will also maintain the appropriate max-imum arrest force characteristics.

(3) Tie-off using a knot in a rope lanyard orlifeline (at any location) can reduce the life-line or lanyard strength by 50 percent ormore. Therefore, a stronger lanyard or life-line should be used to compensate for theweakening effect of the knot, or the lanyardlength should be reduced (or the tie-off loca-tion raised) to minimize free fall distance, orthe lanyard or lifeline should be replaced byone which has an appropriately incorporatedconnector to eliminate the need for a knot.

(4) Tie-off of a rope lanyard or lifelinearound an ‘‘H’’ or ‘‘I’’ beam or similar sup-port can reduce its strength as much as 70percent due to the cutting action of thebeam edges. Therefore, use should be made ofa webbing lanyard or wire core lifelinearound the beam; or the lanyard or lifelineshould be protected from the edge; or freefall distance should be greatly minimized.

(5) Tie-off where the line passes over oraround rough or sharp surfaces reducesstrength drastically. Such a tie-off should beavoided or an alternative tie-off rigging


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should be used. Such alternatives may in-clude use of a snap-hook/dee ring connection,wire rope tie-off, an effective padding of thesurfaces, or an abrasion-resistance straparound or over the problem surface.

(6) Horizontal lifelines may, depending ontheir geometry and angle of sag, be subjectedto greater loads than the impact load im-posed by an attached component. When theangle of horizontal lifeline sag is less than 30degrees, the impact force imparted to thelifeline by an attached lanyard is greatlyamplified. For example, with a sag angle of15 degrees, the force amplification is about2:1 and at 5 degrees sag, it is about 6:1. De-pending on the angle of sag, and the line’selasticity, the strength of the horizontal life-line and the anchorages to which it is at-tached should be increased a number oftimes over that of the lanyard. Extreme careshould be taken in considering a horizontallifeline for multiple tie-offs. The reason forthis is that in multiple tie-offs to a hori-zontal lifeline, if one employee falls, themovement of the falling employee and thehorizontal lifeline during arrest of the fallmay cause other employees to also fall. Hori-zontal lifeline and anchorage strength shouldbe increased for each additional employee tobe tied-off. For these and other reasons, thedesign of systems using horizontal lifelinesmust only be done by qualified persons. Test-ing of installed lifelines and anchors prior touse is recommended.

(7) The strength of an eye-bolt is ratedalong the axis of the bolt and its strength isgreatly reduced if the force is applied at anangle to this axis (in the direction of shear).Also, care should be exercised in selectingthe proper diameter of the eye to avoid acci-dental disengagement of snap-hooks not de-signed to be compatible for the connection.

(8) Due to the significant reduction in thestrength of the lifeline/lanyard (in somecases, as much as a 70 percent reduction), thesliding hitch knot should not be used for life-line/lanyard connections except in emer-gency situations where no other availablesystem is practical. The ‘‘one-and-one’’ slid-ing hitch knot should never be used becauseit is unreliable in stopping a fall. The ‘‘two-and-two,’’ or ‘‘three-and-three’’ knot (pref-erable), may be used in emergency situa-tions; however, care should be taken to limitfree fall distance to a minimum because ofreduced lifeline/lanyard strength.

(i) Vertical lifeline considerations. As re-quired by the standard, each employee musthave a separate lifeline when the lifeline isvertical. The reason for this is that in mul-tiple tie-offs to a single lifeline, if one em-ployee falls, the movement of the lifelineduring the arrest of the fall may pull otheremployees’ lanyards, causing them to fall aswell.

(j) Snap-hook considerations. Although notrequired by this standard for all connections,

locking snap-hooks designed for connectionto suitable objects (of sufficient strength)are highly recommended in lieu of the non-locking type. Locking snap-hooks incor-porate a positive locking mechanism in addi-tion to the spring loaded keeper, which willnot allow the keeper to open under moderatepressure without someone first releasing themechanism. Such a feature, properly de-signed, effectively prevents roll-out from oc-curring.

As required by the standard (section I,paragraph (e)(1)) the following connectionsmust be avoided (unless properly designedlocking snap-hooks are used) because theyare conditions which can result in roll-outwhen a nonlocking snap-hook is used:

• Direct connection of a snap-hook to ahorizontal lifeline.

• Two (or more) snap-hooks connected toone dee-ring.

• Two snap-hooks connected to each other.• A snap-hook connected back on its inte-

gral lanyard.• A snap-hook connected to a webbing loop

or webbing lanyard.• Improper dimensions of the dee-ring,

rebar, or other connection point in relationto the snap-hook dimensions which wouldallow the snap-hook keeper to be depressedby a turning motion of the snap-hook.

(k) Free fall considerations. The employerand employee should at all times be awarethat a system’s maximum arresting force isevaluated under normal use conditions es-tablished by the manufacturer, and in nocase using a free fall distance in excess of sixfeet (1.8 m). A few extra feet of free fall cansignificantly increase the arresting force onthe employee, possibly to the point of caus-ing injury. Because of this, the free fall dis-tance should be kept at a minimum, and, asrequired by the standard, in no case greaterthan six feet (1.8 m). To help assure this, thetie-off attachment point to the lifeline or an-chor should be located at or above the con-nection point of the fall arrest equipment tobelt or harness. (Since otherwise additionalfree fall distance is added to the length ofthe connecting means (i.e. lanyard)). Attach-ing to the working surface will often resultin a free fall greater than six feet (1.8 m). Forinstance, if a six foot (1.8 m) lanyard is used,the total free fall distance will be the dis-tance from the working level to the bodybelt (or harness) attachment point plus thesix feet (1.8 m) of lanyard length. Anotherimportant consideration is that the arrest-ing force which the fall system must with-stand also goes up with greater distances offree fall, possibly exceeding the strength ofthe system.

(l) Elongation and deceleration distance con-siderations. Other factors involved in a propertie-off are elongation and deceleration dis-tance. During the arresting of a fall, a lan-yard will experience a length of stretching or


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elongation, whereas activation of a decelera-tion device will result in a certain stoppingdistance. These distances should be availablewith the lanyard or device’s instructions andmust be added to the free fall distance to ar-rive at the total fall distance before an em-ployee is fully stopped. The additional stop-ping distance may be very significant if thelanyard or deceleration device is attachednear or at the end of a long lifeline, whichmay itself add considerable distance due toits own elongation. As required by the stand-ard, sufficient distance to allow for all ofthese factors must also be maintained be-tween the employee and obstructions below,to prevent an injury due to impact before thesystem fully arrests the fall. In addition, aminimum of 12 feet (3.7 m) of lifeline shouldbe allowed below the securing point of a ropegrab type deceleration device, and the endterminated to prevent the device from slid-ing off the lifeline. Alternatively, the lifelineshould extend to the ground or the nextworking level below. These measures aresuggested to prevent the worker from inad-vertently moving past the end of the lifelineand having the rope grab become disengagedfrom the lifeline.

(m) Obstruction considerations. The locationof the tie-off should also consider the hazardof obstructions in the potential fall path ofthe employee. Tie-offs which minimize thepossibilities of exaggerated swinging shouldbe considered. In addition, when a body beltis used, the employee’s body will go througha horizontal position to a jack-knifed posi-tion during the arrest of all falls. Thus, ob-structions which might interfere with thismotion should be avoided or a severe injurycould occur.

(n) Other considerations. Because of the de-sign of some personal fall arrest systems, ad-ditional considerations may be required forproper tie-off. For example, heavy decelera-tion devices of the self-retracting typeshould be secured overhead in order to avoidthe weight of the device having to be sup-ported by the employee. Also, ifselfretracting equipment is connected to ahorizontal lifeline, the sag in the lifelineshould be minimized to prevent the devicefrom sliding down the lifeline to a positionwhich creates a swing hazard during fall ar-rest. In all cases, manufacturer’s instruc-tions should be followed.

APPENDIX D TO § 1910.66—EXISTINGINSTALLATIONS (MANDATORY)

Use of the Appendix

Appendix D sets out the mandatory build-ing and equipment requirements for applica-ble permanent installations completed afterAugust 27, 1971, and no later than July 23,1990 which are exempt from the paragraphs(a), (b)(1), (b)(2), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of this

standard. The requirements in appendix Dare essentially the same as unrevised build-ing and equipment provisions which pre-viously were designated as 29 CFR 1910.66 (a),(b), (c) and (d) and which were effective onAugust 27, 1971.

NOTE: All existing installations subject tothis appendix shall also comply with para-graphs (g), (h), (i), (j) and appendix C of thestandard 29 CFR 1910.66.

(a) Definitions applicable to this appendix—(1) Angulated roping. A system of platformsuspension in which the upper wire ropesheaves or suspension points are closer tothe plane of the building face than the cor-responding attachment points on the plat-form, thus causing the platform to pressagainst the face of the building during itsvertical travel.

(2) ANSI. American National Standards In-stitute.

(3) Babbitted fastenings. The method of pro-viding wire rope attachments in which theends of the wire strands are bent back andare held in a tapered socket by means ofpoured molten babbitt metal.

(4) Brake—disc type. A brake in which theholding effect is obtained by frictional re-sistance between one or more faces of discskeyed to the rotating member to be held andfixed discs keyed to the stationary or hous-ing member (pressure between the discsbeing applied axially).

(5) Brake—self-energizing band type. An es-sentially undirectional brake in which theholding effect is obtained by the snubbingaction of a flexible band wrapped about a cy-lindrical wheel or drum affixed to the rotat-ing member to be held, the connections andlinkages being so arranged that the motionof the brake wheel or drum will act to in-crease the tension or holding force of theband.

(6) Brake—shoe type. A brake in which theholding effect is obtained by applying the di-rect pressure of two or more segmental fric-tion elements held to a stationary memberagainst a cylindrical wheel or drum affixedto the rotating member to be held.

(7) Building face rollers. A specialized formof guide roller designed to contact a portionof the outer face or wall structure of thebuilding, and to assist in stabilizing the op-erators’ platform during vertical travel.

(8) Continuous pressure. Operation by meansof buttons or switches, any one of which maybe used to control the movement of theworking platform or roof car, only as long asthe button or switch is manually maintainedin the actuating position.

(9) Control. A system governing starting,stopping, direction, acceleration, speed, andretardation of moving members.

(10) Controller. A device or group of devices,usually contained in a single enclosure,


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which serves to control in some predeter-mined manner the apparatus to which it isconnected.

(11) Electrical ground. A conducting connec-tion between an electrical circuit or equip-ment and the earth, or some conductingbody which serves in place of the earth.

(12) Guide roller. A rotating, bearing-mounted, generally cylindrical member, op-erating separately or as part of a guide shoeassembly, attached to the platform, and pro-viding rolling contact with building guide-ways, or other building contact members.

(13) Guide shoe. An assembly of rollers,slide members, or the equivalent, attachedas a unit to the operators’ platform, and de-signed to engage with the building membersprovided for the vertical guidance of the op-erators’ platform.

(14) Interlock. A device actuated by the op-eration of some other device with which it isdirectly associated, to govern succeeding op-erations of the same or allied devices.

(15) Operating device. A pushbutton, lever,or other manual device used to actuate acontrol.

(16) Powered platform. Equipment to provideaccess to the exterior of a building for main-tenance, consisting of a suspended power-op-erated working platform, a roof car, or othersuspension means, and the requisite oper-ating and control devices.

(17) Rated load. The combined weight ofemployees, tools, equipment, and other ma-terial which the working platform is de-signed and installed to lift.

(18) Relay, direction. An electrically ener-gized contactor responsive to an initiatingcontrol circuit, which in turn causes a mov-ing member to travel in a particular direc-tion.

(19) Relay, potential for vertical travel. Anelectrically energized contactor responsiveto initiating control circuit, which in turncontrols the operation of a moving memberin both directions. This relay usually oper-ates in conjunction with direction relays, ascovered under the definition, ‘‘relay, direc-tion.’’

(20) Roof car. A structure for the suspen-sion of a working platform, providing for itshorizontal movement to working positions.

(21) Roof-powered platform. A powered plat-form having the raising and lowering mecha-nism located on a roof car.

(22) Self-powered platform. A powered plat-form having the raising and lowering mecha-nism located on the working platform.

(23) Traveling cable. A cable made up ofelectrical or communication conductors orboth, and providing electrical connection be-tween the working platform and the roof caror other fixed point.

(24) Weatherproof. Equipment so con-structed or protected that exposure to theweather will not interfere with its proper op-eration.

(25) Working platform. The suspended struc-ture arranged for vertical travel which pro-vides access to the exterior of the building orstructure.

(26) Yield point. The stress at which the ma-terial exhibits a permanent set of 0.2 per-cent.

(27) Zinced fastenings. The method of pro-viding wire rope attachments in which thesplayed or fanned wire ends are held in a ta-pered socket by means of poured moltenzinc.

(b) General requirements. (1) Design require-ments. All powered platform installationsfor exterior building maintenance completedas of August 27, 1971, but no later than [in-sert date, 180 days after the effective date],shall meet all of the design, construction andinstallation requirements of Part II and IIIof the ‘‘American National Standard SafetyRequirements for Powered Platforms for Ex-terior Building Maintenance ANSI A120.1–1970’’ and of this appendix. References shallbe made to appropriate parts of ANSI A120.1–1970 for detail specifications for equipmentand special installations.

(2) Limitation. The requirements of this ap-pendix apply only to electric powered plat-forms. It is not the intent of this appendix toprohibit the use of other types of power. In-stallation of powered platforms using othertypes of power is permitted, provided suchplatforms have adequate protective devicesfor the type of power used, and otherwiseprovide for reasonable safety of life and limbto users of equipment and to others who maybe exposed.

(3) Types of powered platforms. (i) For thepurpose of applying this appendix, poweredplatforms are divided into two basic types,Type F and Type T.

(ii) Powered platforms designated as TypeF shall meet all the requirements in Part IIof ANSI A 120.1–1970, American NationalStandard Safety Requirements for PoweredPlatforms for Exterior Building Mainte-nance. A basic requirement of Type F equip-ment is that the work platform is suspendedby at least four wire ropes and designed sothat failure of any one wire rope will notsubstantially alter the normal position ofthe working platform. Another basic require-ment of Type F equipment is that only onelayer of hoisting rope is permitted on wind-ing drums. Type F powered platforms may beeither roof-powered or self-powered.

(iii) Powered platforms designated as TypeT shall meet all the requirements in Part IIIof ANSI A120.1–1970 American NationalStandard Safety Requirements for PoweredPlatforms for Exterior Building Mainte-nance, except for section 28, Safety Belts andLife Lines. A basic requirement of Type Tequipment is that the working platform issuspended by at least two wire ropes. Failureof one wire rope would not permit the work-ing platform to fall to the ground, but would


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upset its normal position. Type T poweredplatforms may be either roof-powered or self-powered.

(iv) The requirements of this section applyto powered platforms with winding drumtype hoisting machines. It is not the intentof this section to prohibit powered platformsusing other types of hoisting machines suchas, but not limited to, traction drum hoist-ing machines, air powered machines, hydrau-lic powered machines, and internal combus-tion machines. Installation of powered plat-forms with other types of hoisting machinesis permitted, provided adequate protectivedevices are used, and provided reasonablesafety of life and limb to users of the equip-ment and to others who may be exposed isassured.

(v) Both Type F and Type T powered plat-forms shall comply with the requirements ofappendix C of this standard.

(c) Type F powered platforms—(1) Roof car,general. (i) A roof car shall be provided when-ever it is necessary to move the workingplatform horizontally to working or storagepositions.

(ii) The maximum rated speed at which apower traversed roof car may be moved in ahorizontal direction shall be 50 feet perminute.

(2) Movement and positioning of roof car. (i)Provision shall be made to protect againsthaving the roof car leave the roof or enterroof areas not designed for travel.

(ii) The horizontal motion of the roof carsshall be positively controlled so as to insureproper movement and positioning of the roofcar.

(iii) Roof car positioning devices shall beprovided to insure that the working platformis placed and retained in proper position forvertical travel and during storage.

(iv) Mechanical stops shall be provided toprevent the traversing of the roof car beyondits normal limits of travel. Such stops shallbe capable of withstanding a force equal to100 percent of the inertial effect of the roofcar in motion with traversing power applied.

(v)(a) The operating device of a power-op-erated roof car for traversing shall be lo-cated on the roof car, the working platform,or both, and shall be of the continuous pres-sure weather-proof electric type. If morethan one operating device is provided, theyshall be so arranged that traversing is pos-sible only from one operating device at atime.

(b) The operating device shall be so con-nected that it is not operable until:

(1) The working platform is located at itsuppermost position of travel and is not incontact with the building face or fixedvertical guides in the face of the building;and

(2) All protective devices and interlocksare in a position for traversing.

(3) Roof car stability. Roof car stabilityshall be determined by either paragraph(c)(3) (i) or (ii) of this appendix, whichever isgreater.

(i) The roof car shall be continuously sta-ble, considering overturning moment as de-termined by 125 percent rated load, plusmaximum dead load and the prescribed windloading.

(ii) The roof car and its anchorages shall becapable of resisting accidental over-ten-sioning of the wire ropes suspending theworking platform and this calculated valueshall include the effect of one and one-halftimes the value. For this calculation, the si-multaneous effect of one-half wind load shallbe included, and the design stresses shall notexceed those referred to in paragraph (b)(1)of this appendix.

(iii) If the load on the motors is at anytime in excess of three times that requiredfor lifting the working platform with itsrated load the motor shall stall.

(4) Access to the roof car. Safe access to theroof car and from the roof car to the workingplatform shall be provided. If the access tothe roof car at any point of its travel is notover the roof area or where otherwise nec-essary for safety, self-closing, self-lockinggates shall be provided. Applicable provi-sions of the American National StandardSafety Requirements for Floor and WallOpenings, Railings and Toeboard, A12.1–1967,shall apply.

(5) Means for maintenance, repair, and stor-age. Means shall be provided to run the roofcar away from the roof perimeter, where nec-essary, and to provide a safe area for mainte-nance, repairs, and storage. Provisions shallbe made to secure the machine in the storedposition. For stored machines subject towind forces, see special design and anchoragerequirements for ‘‘wind forces’’ in Part II,section 10.5.1.1 of ANSI A120.1–1970 AmericanNational Standard Safety Requirements forPowered Platforms for Exterior BuildingMaintenance.

(6) General requirements for working plat-forms. The working platform shall be of gird-er or truss construction and shall be ade-quate to support its rated load under any po-sition of loading, and comply with the provi-sions set forth in section 10 of ANSI A120.1–1970, American National Standard Safety Re-quirements for Powered Platforms for Exte-rior Building Maintenance.

(7) Load rating plate. Each working plat-form shall bear a manufacturer’s load ratingplate, conspicuously posted; stating the max-imum permissible rated load. Load ratingplates shall be made of noncorrosive mate-rial and shall have letters and figuresstamped, etched, or cast on the surface. Theminimum height of the letters and figuresshall be one-fourth inch.

(8) Minimum size. The working platformshall have a minimum net width of 24 inches.


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(9) Guardrails. Working platforms shall befurnished with permanent guard rails notless than 36 inches high, and not more than42 inches high at the front (building side). Atthe rear, and on the sides, the rail shall notbe less than 42 inches high. An intermediateguardrail shall be provided around the entireplatform between the top guardrail and thetoeboard.

(10) Toeboards. A four-inch toeboard shallbe provided along all sides of the workingplatform.

(11) Open spaces between guardrails andtoeboards. The spaces between the inter-mediate guardrail and platform toeboard onthe building side of the working platform,and between the top guardrail and thetoeboard on other sides of the platform, shallbe filled with metalic mesh or similar mate-rial that will reject a ball one inch in diame-ter. The installed mesh shall be capable ofwithstanding a load of 100 pounds appliedhorizontally over any area of 144 squareinches. If the space between the platform andthe building face does not exceed eightinches, and the platform is restrained byguides, the mesh may be omitted on thefront side.

(12) Flooring. The platform flooring shall beof the nonskid type, and if of open construc-tion, shall reject a 9⁄16-inch diameter ball, orbe provided with a screen below the floor toreject a 9⁄16-inch diameter ball.

(13) Access gates. Where access gates areprovided, they shall be self-closing and self-locking.

(14) Operating device for vertical movement ofthe working platform. (i) The normal oper-ating device for the working platform shallbe located on the working platform and shallbe of the continuous pressure weatherproofelectric type.

(ii) The operating device shall be operableonly when all electrical protective devicesand interlocks on the working platform arein position for normal service and, the roofcar, if provided, is at an established oper-ating point.

(15) Emergency electric operative device. (i) Inaddition, on roof-powered platforms, anemergency electric operating device shall beprovided near the hoisting machine for usein the event of failure of the normal oper-ating device for the working platform, orfailure of the traveling cable system. Theemergency operating device shall be mount-ed in a locked compartment and shall have alegend mounted thereon reading: ‘‘For Emer-gency Operation Only. Establish Commu-nication With Personnel on Working Plat-form Before Use.’’

(ii) A key for unlocking the compartmenthousing the emergency operating deviceshall be mounted in a break-glass receptaclelocated near the emergency operating de-vice.

(16) Manual cranking for emergency oper-ation. Emergency operation of the maindrive machine may be provided to allowmanual cranking. This provision for manualoperation shall be designed so that not morethan two persons will be required to performthis operation. The access to this provisionshall include a means to automatically makethe machine inoperative electrically whileunder the emergency manual operation. Thedesign shall be such that the emergencybrake is operative at or below governor trip-ping speed during manual operation.

(17) Arrangement and guarding of hoistingequipment.

(i) Hoisting equipment shall consist of apower-driven drum or drum contained in theroof car (roof-powered platforms) or con-tained on the working platform (self-poweredplatform).

(ii) The hoisting equipment shall be power-operated in both up and down directions.

(iii) Guard or other protective devices shallbe installed wherever rotating shafts orother mechanisms or gears may expose per-sonnel to a hazard.

(iv) Friction devices or clutches shall notbe used for connecting the main drivingmechanism to the drum or drums. Belt orchain-driven machines are prohibited.

(18) Hoisting motors. (i) Hoisting motorsshall be electric and of weather-proof con-struction.

(ii) Hoisting motors shall be in conform-ance with applicable provisions of paragraph(c)(22) of this appendix, Electric Wiring andEquipment.

(iii) Hoisting motors shall be directly con-nected to the hoisting machinery. Motorcouplings, if used, shall be of steel construc-tion.

(19) Brakes. The hoisting machine(s) shallhave two independent braking means, eachdesigned to stop and hold the working plat-form with 125 percent of rated load.

(20) Hoisting ropes and rope connections. (i)Working platforms shall be suspended bywire ropes of either 6×19 or 6×37 classifica-tion, preformed or nonpreformed.

(ii) [Reserved](iii) The minimum factor of safety shall be

10, and shall be calculated by the followingformula:

F = S×N/W

WhereS = Manufacturer’s rated breaking strength

of one rope.N = Number of ropes under load.W = Maximum static load on all ropes with

the platform and its rated load at anypoint of its travel.

(iv) Hoisting ropes shall be sized to con-form with the required factor of safety, butin no case shall the size be less than 5⁄16 inchdiameter.


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(v) Winding drums shall have at least threeturns of rope remaining when the platformhas landed at the lowest possible point of itstravel.

(vi) The lengthening or repairing of wirerope by the joining of two or more lengths isprohibited.

(vii) The nondrum ends of the hoistingropes shall be provided with individualshackle rods which will permit individual ad-justment of rope lengths, if required.

(viii) More than two reverse bends in eachrope is prohibited.

(21) Rope tag data. (i) A metal data tagshall be securely attached to one of the wirerope fastenings. This data tag shall bear thefollowing wire rope data:

(a) The diameter in inches.(b) Construction classification.(c) Whether nonpreformed or preformed.(d) The grade of material used.(e) The manufacturer’s rated breaking

strength.(f) Name of the manufacturer of the rope.(g) The month and year the ropes were in-

stalled.(22) Electrical wiring and equipment. (i) All

electrical equipment and wiring shall con-form to the requirements of the NationalElectrical Code, NFPA 70–1971; ANSI C1–1971(Rev. of C1–1968), except as modified by ANSIA120.1–1970 ‘‘American National StandardSafety Requirements for Powered Platformsfor Exterior Building Maintenance.’’ For de-tail design specifications for electrical equip-ment, see Part 2, ANSI A120.1–1970.

(ii) All motors and operation and controlequipment shall be supplied from a singlepower source.

(iii) The power supply for the powered plat-form shall be an independent circuit suppliedthrough a fused disconnect switch.

(iv) Electrical conductor parts of the powersupply system shall be protected against ac-cidental contact.

(v) Electrical grounding shall be provided.(a) Provisions for electrical grounding

shall be included with the power-supply sys-tem.

(b) Controller cabinets, motor frames,hoisting machines, the working platform,roof car and roof car track system, and non-current carrying parts of electrical equip-ment, where provided, shall be grounded.

(c) The controller, where used, shall be sodesigned and installed that a single groundor short circuit will not prevent both thenormal and final stopping device from stop-ping the working platform.

(d) Means shall be provided on the roof carand working platform for grounding portableelectric tools.

(e) The working platform shall be groundedthrough a grounding connection in a trav-eling cable. Electrically powered tools uti-lized on the working platform shall begrounded.

(vi) Electrical receptacles located on theroof or other exterior location shall be of aweatherproof type and shall be located so asnot to be subject to contact with water oraccumulated snow. The receptacles shall begrounded and the electric cable shall includea grounding conductor. The receptacle andplug shall be a type designed to avoid hazardto persons inserting or withdrawing the plug.Provision shall be made to prevent applica-tion of cable strain directly to the plug andreceptacle.

(vii) Electric runway conductor systemsshall be of the type designed for use in exte-rior locations and shall be located so as notto be subject to contact with water or accu-mulated snow. The conductors, collectors,and disconnecting means shall conform tothe same requirements as those for cranesand hoists in Article 610 of the NationalElectrical Code, NFPA 70–1971; ANSI C1–1971(Rev. of C1–1968). A grounded conductor shallparallel the power conductors and be so con-nected that it cannot be opened by the dis-connecting means. The system shall be de-signed to avoid hazard to persons in the area.

(viii) Electrical protective devices andinterlocks of the weatherproof type shall beprovided.

(ix) Where the installation includes a roofcar, electric contact(s) shall be provided andso connected that the operating devices forthe working platform shall be operative onlywhen the roof car is located and mechani-cally retained at an established operatingpoint.

(x) Where the powered platform includes apowered-operated roof car, the operating de-vice for the roof car shall be inoperativewhen the roof car is mechanically retainedat an established operating point.

(xi) An electric contact shall be providedand so connected that it will cause the downdirection relay for vertical travel to open ifthe tension in the traveling cable exceedssafe limits.

(xii) An automatic overload device shall beprovided to cut off the electrical power tothe circuit in all hoisting motors for travelin the up direction, should the load appliedto the hoisting ropes at either end of theworking platform exceed 125 percent of itsnormal tension with rated load, as shown onthe manufacturer’s data plate on the work-ing platform.

(xiii) An automatic device shall be pro-vided for each hoisting rope which will cutoff the electrical power to the hoistingmotor or motors in the down direction andapply the brakes if any hoisting rope be-comes slack.

(xiv) Upper and lower directional limit de-vices shall be provided to prevent the travelof the working platform beyond the normalupper and lower limits of travel.


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(xv) Operation of a directional limit deviceshall prevent further motion in the appro-priate direction, if the normal limit of travelhas been reached.

(xvi) Directional limit devices, if drivenfrom the hoisting machine by chains, tapes,or cables, shall incorporate a device to dis-connect the electric power from the hoistingmachine and apply both the primary and sec-ondary brakes in the event of failure of thedriving means.

(xvii) Final terminal stopping devices ofthe working platform:

(a) Final terminal stopping devices for theworking platform shall be provided as a sec-ondary means of preventing the workingplatform from over-traveling at the termi-nals.

(b) The device shall be set to function asclose to each terminal landing as practical,but in such a way that under normal oper-ating conditions it will not function whenthe working platform is stopped by the nor-mal terminal stopping device.

(c) Operation of the final terminal stoppingdevice shall open the potential relay forvertical travel, thereby disconnecting theelectric power from the hoisting machine,and applying both the primary and sec-ondary brakes.

(d) The final terminal stopping device forthe upper limit of travel shall be mounted sothat it is operated directly by the motion ofthe working platform itself.

(xviii) Emergency stop switches shall beprovided in or adjacent to each operating de-vice.

(xix) Emergency stop switches shall:(a) Have red operating buttons or handles.(b) Be conspicuously and permanently

marked ‘‘Stop.’’(c) Be the manually opened and manually

closed type.(d) Be positively opened with the opening

not solely dependent on springs.(xx) The manual operation of an emer-

gency stop switch associated with an oper-ating device for the working platform shallopen the potential relay for vertical travel,thereby disconnecting the electric powerfrom the hoisting machine and applying boththe primary and secondary brakes.

(xxi) The manual operation of the emer-gency stop switch associated with the oper-ating device for a power-driven roof car shallcause the electrical power to the traversemachine to be interrupted, and the traversemachine brake to apply.

(23) Requirements for emergency communica-tions. (i) Communication equipment shall beprovided for each powered platform for use inan emergency.

(ii) Two-way communication shall be es-tablished between personnel on the roof andpersonnel on the stalled working platformbefore any emergency operation of the work-

ing platform is undertaken by personnel onthe roof.

(iii) The equipment shall permit two-wayvoice communication between the workingplatform and

(a) Designated personnel continuouslyavailable while the powered platform is inuse; and

(b) Designated personnel on roof-poweredplatforms, undertaking emergency operationof the working platform by means of theemergency operating device located near thehoisting machine.

(iv) The emergency communication equip-ment shall be one of the following types:

(a) Telephone connected to the centraltelephone exchange system; or

(b) Telephones on a limited system or anapproved two-way radio system, provideddesignated personnel are available to receivea message during the time the powered plat-form is in use.

(d) Type T powered platforms—(1) Roof car.The requirements of paragraphs (c)(1)through (c)(5) of this appendix shall apply toType T powered platforms.

(2) Working platform. The requirements ofparagraphs (c)(6) through (c)(16) of this ap-pendix apply to Type T powered platforms.

(i) The working platform shall be sus-pended by at least two wire ropes.

(ii) The maximum rated speed at which theworking platform of self-powered platformsmay be moved in a vertical direction shallnot exceed 35 feet per minute.

(3) Hoisting equipment. The requirements ofparagraphs (c) (17) and (18) of this appendixshall apply to Type T powered platforms.

(4) Brakes. Brakes requirements of para-graph (c)(19) of this appendix shall apply.

(5) Hoisting ropes and rope connections. (i)Paragraphs (c)(20) (i) through (vi) and (viii)of this appendix shall apply to Type T pow-ered platforms.

(ii) Adjustable shackle rods in subpara-graph (c)(20)(vii) of this appendix shall applyto Type T powered platforms, if the workingplatform is suspended by more than two wireropes.

(6) Electrical wiring and equipment. (i) Therequirements of paragraphs (c)(22) (i)through (vi) of this appendix shall apply toType T powered platforms. ‘‘Circuit protec-tion limitation,’’ ‘‘powered platform elec-trical service system,’’ all operating servicesand control equipment shall comply with thespecifications contained in Part 2, section 26,ANSI A120.1–1970.

(ii) For electrical protective devices the re-quirements of paragraphs (c)(22) (i) through(viii) of this appendix shall apply to Type Tpowered platforms. Requirements for the‘‘circuit potential limitation’’ shall be in ac-cordance with specifications contained inPart 2, section 26, of ANSI A120.1–1970.


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(7) Emergency communications. All the re-quirements of paragraph (c)(23) of this appen-dix shall apply to Type T powered platforms.

[54 FR 31456, July 28, 1989, as amended at 61FR 9235, Mar. 7, 1996]

§ 1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevatingand rotating work platforms.

(a) Definitions applicable to this sec-tion—(1) Aerial device. Any vehicle—mounted device, telescoping or articu-lating, or both, which is used to posi-tion personnel.

(2) Aerial ladder. An aerial device con-sisting of a single- or multiple-sectionextensible ladder.

(3) Articulating boom platform. An aer-ial device with two or more hingedboom sections.

(4) Extensible boom platform. An aerialdevice (except ladders) with a tele-scopic or extensible boom. Telescopicderricks with personnel platform at-tachments shall be considered to be ex-tensible boom platforms when usedwith a personnel platform.

(5) Insulated aerial device. An aerialdevice designed for work on energizedlines and apparatus.

(6) Mobile unit. A combination of anaerial device, its vehicle, and relatedequipment.

(7) Platform. Any personnel-carryingdevice (basket or bucket) which is acomponent of an aerial device.

(8) Vehicle. Any carrier that is notmanually propelled.

(9) Vertical tower. An aerial device de-signed to elevate a platform in a sub-stantially vertical axis.

(b) General requirements. (1) Unlessotherwise provided in this section, aer-ial devices (aerial lifts) acquired on orafter July 1, 1975, shall be designed andconstructed in conformance with theapplicable requirements of the Amer-ican National Standard for ‘‘VehicleMounted Elevating and Rotating WorkPlatforms,’’ ANSI A92.2—1969, includ-ing appendix, which is incorporated byreference as specified in § 1910.6. Aeriallifts acquired for use before July 1, 1975which do not meet the requirements ofANSI A92.2—1969, may not be used afterJuly 1, 1976, unless they shall have beenmodified so as to conform with the ap-plicable design and construction re-quirements of ANSI A92.2—1969. Aerialdevices include the following types of

vehicle-mounted aerial devices used toelevate personnel to jobsites aboveground: (i) Extensible boom platforms,(ii) aerial ladders, (iii) articulatingboom platforms, (iv) vertical towers,and (v) a combination of any of theabove. Aerial equipment may be madeof metal, wood, fiberglass reinforcedplastic (FRP), or other material; maybe powered or manually operated; andare deemed to be aerial lifts whether ornot they are capable of rotating abouta substantially vertical axis.

(2) Aerial lifts may be ‘‘field modi-fied’’ for uses other than those in-tended by the manufacturer, providedthe modification has been certified inwriting by the manufacturer or by anyother equivalent entity, such as a na-tionally recognized testing laboratory,to be in conformity with all applicableprovisions of ANSI A92.2—1969 and thissection, and to be at least as safe asthe equipment was before modification.

(3) The requirements of this sectiondo not apply to firefighting equipmentor to the vehicles upon which aerial de-vices are mounted, except with respectto the requirement that a vehicle be astable support for the aerial device.

(4) For operations near overhead elec-tric lines, see § 1910.333(c)(3).

(c) Specific requirements—(1) Laddertrucks and tower trucks. Before thetruck is moved for highway travel, aer-ial ladders shall be secured in the lowertraveling position by the locking de-vice above the truck cab, and themanually operated device at the baseof the ladder, or by other equally effec-tive means (e.g., cradles which preventrotation of the ladder in combinationwith positive acting linear actuators).

(2) Extensible and articulating boomplatforms. (i) Lift controls shall be test-ed each day prior to use to determinethat such controls are in safe workingcondition.

(ii) Only trained persons shall oper-ate an aerial lift.

(iii) Belting off to an adjacent pole,structure, or equipment while workingfrom an aerial lift shall not be per-mitted.

(iv) Employees shall always standfirmly on the floor of the basket, andshall not sit or climb on the edge of thebasket or use planks, ladders, or otherdevices for a work position.


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(v) A body belt shall be worn and alanyard attached to the boom or bas-ket when working from an aerial lift.

(vi) Boom and basket load limitsspecified by the manufacturer shall notbe exceeded.

(vii) The brakes shall be set and out-riggers, when used, shall be positionedon pads or a solid surface. Wheelchocks shall be installed before usingan aerial lift on an incline.

(viii) An aerial lift truck may not bemoved when the boom is elevated in aworking position with men in the bas-ket, except for equipment which is spe-cifically designed for this type of oper-ation in accordance with the provisionsof paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of thissection.

(ix) Articulating boom and extensibleboom platforms, primarily designed aspersonnel carriers, shall have bothplatform (upper) and lower controls.Upper controls shall be in or beside theplatform within easy reach of the oper-ator. Lower controls shall provide foroverriding the upper controls. Controlsshall be plainly marked as to theirfunction. Lower level controls shall notbe operated unless permission has beenobtained from the employee in the lift,except in case of emergency.

(x) Climbers shall not be worn whileperforming work from an aerial lift.

(xi) The insulated portion of an aeriallift shall not be altered in any mannerthat might reduce its insulating value.

(xii) Before moving an aerial lift fortravel, the boom(s) shall be inspectedto see that it is properly cradled andoutriggers are in stowed position, ex-cept as provided in paragraph(c)(2)(viii) of this section.

(3) Electrical tests. Electrical testsshall be made in conformance with therequirements of ANSI A92.2—1969, Sec-tion 5. However, equivalent DC voltagetests may be used in lieu of the ACvoltage test specified in A92.2—1969. DCvoltage tests which are approved bythe equipment manufacturer or equiva-lent entity shall be considered anequivalent test for the purpose of thisparagraph (c)(3).

(4) Bursting safety factor. All criticalhydraulic and pneumatic componentsshall comply with the provisions of theAmerican National Standards Institutestandard, ANSI A92.2—1969, Section 4.9

Bursting Safety Factor. Critical com-ponents are those in which a failurewould result in a free fall or free rota-tion of the boom. All noncritical com-ponents shall have a bursting safetyfactor of at least two to one.

(5) Welding standards. All weldingshall conform to the following Auto-motive Welding Society (AWS) Stand-ards, which are incorporated by ref-erence as specified in § 1910.6, as appli-cable:

(i) Standard Qualification Procedure,AWS B3.0—41.

(ii) Recommended Practices forAutomotive Welding Design, AWSD8.4–61.

(iii) Standard Qualification of Weld-ing Procedures and Welders for Pipingand Tubing, AWS D10.9–69.

(iv) Specifications for Welding High-way and Railway Bridges, AWS D2.0–69.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40FR 13439, Mar. 26, 1975; 55 FR 32014, Aug. 6,1990; 61 FR 9235, Mar. 7, 1996]

§ 1910.68 Manlifts.(a) Definitions applicable to this sec-

tion—(1) Handhold (Handgrip). A hand-hold is a device attached to the beltwhich can be grasped by the passengerto provide a means of maintaining bal-ance.

(2) Open type. One which has a hand-grip surface fully exposed and capableof being encircled by the passenger’sfingers.

(3) Closed type. A cup-shaped device,open at the top in the direction of trav-el of the step for which it is to be used,and closed at the bottom, into whichthe passenger may place his fingers.

(4) Limit switch. A device, the purposeof which is to cut off the power to themotor and apply the brake to stop thecarrier in the event that a loaded steppasses the terminal landing.

(5) Manlift. A device consisting of apower-driven endless belt moving inone direction only, and provided withsteps or platforms and handholds at-tached to it for the transportation ofpersonnel from floor to floor.

(6) Rated speed. Rated speed is thespeed for which the device is designedand installed.

(7) Split-rail switch. An electric limitswitch operated mechanically by therollers on the manlift steps. It consists


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of an additional hinged or ‘‘split’’ rail,mounted on the regular guide rail, overwhich the step rollers pass. It isspringloaded in the ‘‘split’’ position. Ifthe step supports no load, the rollerswill ‘‘bump’’ over the switch; if a load-ed step should pass over the section,the split rail will be forced straight,tripping the switch and opening theelectrical circuit.

(8) Step (platform). A step is a pas-senger carrying unit.

(9) Travel. The travel is the distancebetween the centers of the top and bot-tom pulleys.

(b) General requirements—(1) Applica-tion. This section applies to the con-struction, maintenance, inspection,and operation of manlifts in relation toaccident hazards. Manlifts covered bythis section consist of platforms orbrackets and accompanying handholdsmounted on, or attached to an endlessbelt, operating vertically in one direc-tion only and being supported by, anddriven through pulleys, at the top andbottom. These manlifts are intendedfor conveyance of persons only. It isnot intended that this section covermoving stairways, elevators with en-closed platforms (‘‘Paternoster’’ ele-vators), gravity lifts, nor conveyorsused only for conveying material. Thissection applies to manlifts used tocarry only personnel trained and au-thorized by the employer in their use.

(2) Purpose. The purpose of this sec-tion is to provide reasonable safety forlife and limb.

(3) Design requirements. All newmanlift installations and equipmentinstalled after the effective date ofthese regulations shall meet the designrequirements of the ‘‘American Na-tional Safety Standard for ManliftsANSI A90.1–1969’’, which is incor-porated by reference as specified in§ 1910.6, and the requirements of thissection.

(4) Reference to other codes and sub-parts. The following codes, and sub-parts of this part, are applicable to thissection: Safety Code for MechanicalPower Transmission Apparatus, ANSIB15.1–1953 (R 1958), and subpart O; sub-part S; Safety Code for Fixed Ladders,ANSI A14.3–1956, and Safety Require-ments for Floor and Wall Openings,Railings and Toeboards, ANSI A12.1–

1967, and subpart D. The precedingANSI standards are incorporated byreference as specified in § 1910.6.

(5) Floor openings—(i) Allowable size.Floor openings for both the ‘‘up’’ and‘‘down’’ runs shall be not less than 28inches nor more than 36 inches inwidth for a 12-inch belt; not less than34 inches nor more than 38 inches for a14-inch belt; and not less than 36 inchesnor more than 40 inches for a 16-inchbelt and shall extend not less than 24inches, nor more than 28 inches fromthe face of the belt.

(ii) Uniformity. All floor openings fora given manlift shall be uniform in sizeand shall be approximately circular,and each shall be located verticallyabove the opening below it.

(6) Landing—(i) Vertical clearance. Theclearanace between the floor or mount-ing platform and the lower edge for theconical guard above it required by sub-paragraph (7) of this paragraph shallnot be less than 7 feet 6 inches. Wherethis clearance cannot be obtained noaccess to the manlift shall be providedand the manlift runway shall be en-closed where it passes through suchfloor.

(ii) Clear landing space. The landingspace adjacent to the floor openingsshall be free from obstruction and keptclear at all times. This landing spaceshall be at least 2 feet in width fromthe edge of the floor opening used formounting and dismounting.

(iii) Lighting and landing. Adequatelighting, not less than 5-foot candles,shall be provided at each floor landingat all times when the lift is in oper-ation.

(iv) Landing surface. The landing sur-faces at the entrances and exits to themanlift shall be constructed and main-tained as to provide safe footing at alltimes.

(v) Emergency landings. Where there isa travel of 50 feet or more betweenfloor landings, one or more emergencylandings shall be provided so that therewill be a landing (either floor or emer-gency) for every 25 feet or less ofmanlift travel.

(a) Emergency landings shall be ac-cessible from both the ‘‘up’’ and‘‘down’’ rungs of the manlift and shallgive access to the ladder required insubparagraph (12) of this paragraph.


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(b) Emergency landings shall be com-pletely enclosed with a standard rail-ing and toeboard.

(c) Platforms constructed to give ac-cess to bucket elevators or other equip-ment for the purpose of inspection, lu-brication, and repair may also serve asemergency landings under this rule. Allsuch platforms will then be consideredpart of the emergency landing andshall be provided with standard rail-ings and toeboards.

(7) Guards on underside of floor open-ings—(i) Fixed type. On the ascendingside of the manlift floor openings shallbe provided with a bevel guard or conemeeting the following requirements:

(a) The cone shall make an angle ofnot less than 45° with the horizontal.An angle of 60° or greater shall be usedwhere ceiling heights permit.

(b) The lower edge of this guard shallextend at least 42 inches outward fromany handhold on the belt. It shall notextend beyond the upper surface of thefloor above.

(c) The cone shall be made of not lessthan No. 18 U.S. gauge sheet steel ormaterial of equivalent strength orstiffness. The lower edge shall be rolledto a minimum diameter of one-halfinch and the interior shall be smoothwith no rivets, bolts or screws pro-truding.

(ii) Floating type. In lieu of the fixedguards specified in subdivision (i) ofthis subparagraph a floating type safe-ty cone may be used, such floatingcones to be mounted on hinges at least6 inches below the underside of thefloor and so constructed as to actuatea limit switch should a force of 2pounds be applied on the edge of thecone closest to the hinge. The depth ofthis floating cone need not exceed 12inches.

(8) Protection of entrances and exits—(i) Guard rail requirement. The en-trances and exits at all floor landingsaffording access to the manlift shall beguarded by a maze (staggered railing)or a handrail equipped with self-closinggates.

(ii) Construction. The rails shall bestandard guardrails with toeboardsmeeting the provisions of the SafetyRequirements for Floor and Wall Open-ings, Railings and Toeboards, ANSIA12.1–1967 and § 1910.23.

(iii) Gates. Gates, if used, shall openoutward and shall be self-closing. Cor-ners of gates shall be rounded.

(iv) Maze. Maze or staggered openingsshall offer no direct passage betweenenclosure and outer floor space.

(v) Except where building layout pre-vents, entrances at all landings shallbe in the same relative position.

(9) Guards for openings—(i) Construc-tion. The floor opening at each landingshall be guarded on sides not used forentrance or exit by a wall, a railingand toeboard or by panels of wire meshof suitable strength.

(ii) Height and location. Such rails orguards shall be at least 42 inches inheight on the up-running side and 66inches on the down-running side.

(10) Bottom arrangement—(i) Bottomlanding. At the bottom landing theclear area shall be not smaller than thearea enclosed by the guardrails on thefloors above, and any wall in front ofthe down-running side of the belt shallbe not less than 48 inches from the faceof the belt. This space shall not be en-croached upon by stairs or ladders.

(ii) Location of lower pulley. The lower(boot) pulley shall be installed so thatit is supported by the lowest landingserved. The sides of the pulley supportshall be guarded to prevent contactwith the pulley or the steps.

(iii) Mounting platform. A mountingplatform shall be provided in front orto one side of the uprun at the lowestlanding, unless the floor level is suchthat the following requirement can bemet: The floor or platform shall be ator above the point at which the uppersurface of the ascending step completesits turn and assumes a horizontal posi-tion.

(iv) Guardrails. To guard against per-sons walking under a descending step,the area on the downside of the manliftshall be guarded in accordance withsubparagraph (8) of this paragraph. Toguard against a person getting betweenthe mounting platform and an ascend-ing step, the area between the belt andthe platform shall be protected by aguardrail.

(11) Top arrangements—(i) Clearancefrom floor. A top clearance shall be pro-vided of at least 11 feet above the topterminal landing. This clearance shallbe maintained from a plane through


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each face of the belt to a vertical cylin-drical plane having a diameter 2 feetgreater than the diameter of the flooropening, extending upward from thetop floor to the ceiling on the up-run-ning side of the belt. No encroachmentof structural or machine supportingmembers within this space will be per-mitted.

(ii) Pulley clearance. (a) There shall bea clearance of at least 5 feet betweenthe center of the head pulley shaft andany ceiling obstruction.

(b) The center of the head pulleyshaft shall be not less than 6 feet abovethe top terminal landing.

(iii) Emergency grab rail. An emer-gency grab bar or rail and platformshall be provided at the head pulleywhen the distance to the head pulley isover 6 feet above the top landing, oth-erwise only a grab bar or rail is to beprovided to permit the rider to swingfree should the emergency stops be-come inoperative.

(12) Emergency exit ladder. A fixedmetal ladder accessible from both the‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ run of the manliftshall be provided for the entire travelof the manlift. Such ladder shall be inaccordance with the existing ANSIA14.3–1956 Safety Code for Fixed Lad-ders and § 1910.27.

(13) Superstructure bracing. Manliftrails shall be secured in such a manneras to avoid spreading, vibration, andmisalinement.

(14) Illumination—(i) General. Bothruns of the manlift shall be illumi-nated at all times when the lift is inoperation. An intensity of not less than1-foot candle shall be maintained at allpoints. (However, see subparagraph(6)(iii) of this paragraph for illumina-tion requirements at landings.)

(ii) Control of illumination. Lighting ofmanlift runways shall be by means ofcircuits permanently tied in to thebuilding circuits (no switches), or shallbe controlled by switches at each land-ing. Where separate switches are pro-vided at each landing, any switch shallturn on all lights necessary to illu-minate the entire runway.

(15) Weather protection. The entiremanlift and its driving mechanismshall be protected from the weather atall times.

(c) Mechanical requirements—(1) Ma-chines, general—(i) Brakes. Brakes pro-vided for stopping and holding amanlift shall be inherently self-engag-ing, by requiring power or force froman external source to cause disengage-ment. The brake shall be electricallyreleased, and shall be applied to themotor shaft for direct-connected unitsor to the input shaft for belt-drivenunits. The brake shall be capable ofstopping and holding the manlift whenthe descending side is loaded with 250lb on each step.

(ii) Belt. (a) The belts shall be ofhard-woven canvas, rubber-coated can-vas, leather, or other material meetingthe strength requirements of paragraph(b)(3) of this section and having a coef-ficient of friction such that when usedin conjunction with an adequate ten-sion device it will meet the brake testspecified in subdivision (i) of this sub-paragraph.

(b) The width of the belt shall be notless than 12 inches for a travel not ex-ceeding 100 feet, not less than 14 inchesfor a travel greater than 100 feet butnot exceeding 150 feet and 16 inches fora travel exceeding 150 feet.

(c) A belt that has become torn whilein use on a manlift shall not be splicedand put back in service.

(2) Speed—(i) Maximum speed. Nomanlift designed for a speed in excessof 80 feet per minute shall be installed.

(ii) [Reserved](3) Platforms or steps—(i) Minimum

depth. Steps or platforms shall be notless than 12 inches nor more than 14inches deep, measured from the belt tothe edge of the step or platform.

(ii) Width. The width of the step orplatform shall be not less than thewidth of the belt to which it is at-tached.

(iii) Distance between steps. The dis-tance between steps shall be equallyspaced and not less than 16 feet meas-ured from the upper surface of one stepto the upper surface of the next stepabove it.

(iv) Angle of step. The surface of thestep shall make approximately a rightangle with the ‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ run ofthe belt, and shall travel in the approx-imate horizontal position with the‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ run of the belt.


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(v) Surfaces. The upper or workingsurfaces of the step shall be of a mate-rial having inherent nonslip character-istics (coefficient of friction not lessthan 0.5) or shall be covered completelyby a nonslip tread securely fastened toit.

(vi) Strength of step supports. Whensubjected to a load of 400 pounds ap-plied at the approximate center of thestep, step frames, or supports and theirguides shall be of adequate strength to:

(a) Prevent the disengagement of anystep roller.

(b) Prevent any appreciablemisalinement.

(c) Prevent any visible deformationof the steps or its support.

(vii) Prohibition of steps withouthandholds. No steps shall be providedunless there is a corresponding hand-hold above or below it meeting the re-quirements of paragraph (c)(4) of thissection. If a step is removed for repairsor permanently, the handholds imme-diately above and below it shall be re-moved before the lift is again placed inservice.

(4) Handholds—(i) Location.Handholds attached to the belt shall beprovided and installed so that they arenot less than 4 feet nor more than 4feet 8 inches above the step tread.These shall be so located as to be avail-able on the both ‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ runof the belt.

(ii) Size. The grab surface of thehandhold shall be not less than 41⁄2inches in width, not less than 3 inchesin depth, and shall provide 2 inches ofclearance from the belt. Fastenings forhandholds shall be located not lessthan 1 inch from the edge of the belt.

(iii) Strength. The handhold shall becapable of withstanding, without dam-age, a load of 300 pounds applied par-allel to the run of the belt.

(iv) Prohibition of handhold withoutsteps. No handhold shall be providedwithout a corresponding step. If ahandhold is removed permanently ortemporarily, the corresponding stepand handhold for the opposite directionof travel shall also be removed beforethe lift is again placed in service.

(v) Type. All handholds shall be of theclosed type.

(5) Up limit stops—(i) Requirements.Two separate automatic stop devices

shall be provided to cut off the powerand apply the brake when a loaded steppasses the upper terminal landing. Oneof these shall consist of a split-railswitch mechanically operated by thestep roller and located not more than 6inches above the top terminal landing.The second automatic stop device mayconsist of any of the following:

(a) Any split-rail switch placed 6inches above and on the side oppositethe first limit switch.

(b) An electronic device.(c) A switch actuated by a lever, rod,

or plate, the latter to be placed on the‘‘up’’ side of the head pulley so as tojust clear a passing step.

(ii) Manual reset location. After themanlift has been stopped by a stop de-vice it shall be necessary to reset theautomatic stop manually. The deviceshall be so located that a person reset-ting it shall have a clear view of boththe ‘‘up’’ and ‘‘down’’ runs of themanlift. It shall not be possible toreset the device from any step or plat-form.

(iii) Cut-off point. The initial limitstop device shall function so that themanlift will be stopped before the load-ed step has reached a point 24 inchesabove the top terminal landing.

(iv) Electrical requirements. (a) Wheresuch switches open the main motor cir-cuit directly they shall be of themultipole type.

(b) Where electronic devices are usedthey shall be so designed and installedthat failure will result in shutting offthe power to the driving motor.

(c) Where flammable vapors or com-bustible dusts may be present, elec-trical installations shall be in accord-ance with the requirements of subpartS of this part for such locations.

(d) Unless of the oil-immersed typecontroller contacts carrying the mainmotor current shall be copper to car-bon or equal, except where the circuitis broken at two or more points simul-taneously.

(6) Emergency stop—(i) General. Anemergency stop means shall be pro-vided.

(ii) Location. This stop means shall bewithin easy reach of the ascending anddescending runs of the belt.

(iii) Operation. This stop means shallbe so connected with the control lever


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or operating mechanism that it willcut off the power and apply the brakewhen pulled in the direction of travel.

(iv) Rope. If rope is used, it shall benot less than three-eights inch in di-ameter. Wire rope, unless marlin-cov-ered, shall not be used.

(7) Instruction and warning signs—(i)Instruction signs at landings or belts.Signs of conspicuous and easily readstyle giving instructions for the use ofthe manlift shall be posted at eachlanding or stenciled on the belt.

(a) [Reserved](b) The instructions shall read ap-

proximately as follows:

Face the Belt.Use the Handholds.To Stop—Pull Rope.

(ii) Top floor warning sign and light.(a) At the top floor an illuminated signshall be displayed bearing the fol-lowing wording:

‘‘TOP FLOOR—GET OFF’’

Signs shall be in block letters not lessthan 2 inches in height. This sign shallbe located within easy view of an as-cending passenger and not more than 2feet above the top terminal landing.

(b) In addition to the sign required byparagraph (c)(7)(ii)(a) of this section, ared warning light of not less than 40-watt rating shall be provided imme-diately below the upper landing ter-minal and so located as to shine in thepassenger’s face.

(iii) Visitor warning. A conspicuoussign having the following legend—AU-THORIZED PERSONNEL ONLY—shallbe displayed at each landing.

(d) Operating rules—(1) Proper use ofmanlifts. No freight, packaged goods,pipe, lumber, or construction materialsof any kind shall be handled on anymanlift.

(2) [Reserved](e) Periodic inspection—(1) Frequency.

All manlifts shall be inspected by acompetent designated person at inter-vals of not more than 30 days. Limitswitches shall be checked weekly.Manlifts found to be unsafe shall not beoperated until properly repaired.

(2) Items covered. This periodic inspec-tion shall cover but is not limited tothe following items:

Steps.

Step Fastenings.Rails.Rail Supports and Fastenings.Rollers and Slides.Belt and Belt Tension.Handholds and Fastenings.Floor Landings.Guardrails.Lubrication.Limit Switches.Warning Signs and Lights.Illumination.Drive Pulley.Bottom (boot) Pulley and Clearance.Pulley Supports.Motor.Driving Mechanism.Brake.Electrical Switches.Vibration and Misalignment.‘‘Skip’’ on up or down run when mounting

step (indicating worn gears).

(3) Inspection record. A certificationrecord shall be kept of each inspectionwhich includes the date of the inspec-tion, the signature of the person whoperformed the inspection and the serialnumber, or other identifier, of themanlift which was inspected. Thisrecord of inspection shall be madeavailable to the Assistant Secretary ofLabor or a duly authorized representa-tive.

[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 51 FR 34560, Sept. 29,1986; 54 FR 24334, June 7, 1989; 55 FR 32014,Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR 9235, Mar. 7, 1996]

Subpart G—Occupational Healthand Environmental Control

AUTHORITY: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occu-pational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s Or-ders Nos. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059),9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), or 6–96 (62FR 111), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.

§ 1910.94 Ventilation.(a) Abrasive blasting—(1) Definitions

applicable to this paragraph—(i) Abra-sive. A solid substance used in an abra-sive blasting operation.

(ii) Abrasive-blasting respirator. A res-pirator constructed so that it coversthe wearer’s head, neck, and shouldersto protect the wearer from reboundingabrasive.

(iii) Blast cleaning barrel. A completeenclosure which rotates on an axis, orwhich has an internal moving tread to


subpart f—powered platforms, manlifts, and vehicle … · the installation meets the require- ......

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