sulpicio lines cases

8/21/2019 Sulpicio Lines Cases

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. L-22545. November 28, 1969.]

BALDOMERO S. L!E AND O"#ER $ASSENGERS %ROM "#E $RO&'NCE O% CA&'"E AND BA"ANGAS( AND $BL'CSER&'CE O$ERA"ORS %'LOMENA ABALOS, AND O"#ERS,Petitioners, v. #ON. AN"ON'O ). &'LLEGAS, MA*OR O%

MAN'LA( MN'C'$AL BOARD O% MAN'LA( MAN'LA $OL'CE DE$AR"MEN"( #ON. ENR'!E MED'NA, $SC COMM'SS'ONER($BL'C SER&'CE COMM'SS'ON( SALOG "RANS'", 'NC.( AND BA"ANGAS "RANS$OR"A"'ON Co., 'NC., Respondents.

S+me B+/0+, Arro ). Cemee, Em/3/o Ar/+, De/ &/+ev+ +3 B+3omero S. Le, or Petitioners.

Geero0o O. Am+r/o +3 $+/o S. Geo or re07o3e0 Er/e Me3/+ +3 "e $b/ Serv/e Comm/00/o.

Gr+/+o C. Re++ A00o/+e0 or re07o3e0 S+o "r+0/, '. +3 B+++0 "r+07or+/o Co., '.

Greor/o A. E:er/o +3 %e/; C. C+ve< or re07o3e0 Ao/o ). &/e+0, E. A.

S*LLABS

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; ORDINANCE NO. 4986 OF CITY OF MANILA AND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONER MEDINA’SADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 1, CONSTITUTIONAL. — Th !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ )()&%* "- O+&#(#! N". 4986 (#+A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". 1, "%h &$$'+ * %h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"# M+&#(, h(0 $2((%)* 2($$+ 3'+&!&() %$%$ -"%h&$ C"'% &# %h !($$ "- L(/(# 0. C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ L(/(# 0. M+&#(.

. PUBLIC SERVICE ACT; FRANC5ISE; CERTIFICATE OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE; NO VESTED RI5T AC7UIRED BYVIRTUE T5EREOF. — P%&%&"#$’ ('/#% 2()$ "# %h -(! "- %h -(!% %h(% %h 0* #(%' "- ( !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#!

&$ (% !"$$ 2'2"$$ &%h %h !"#!2% "- 0$%+ &h%$. T" %h&$ +(*, %h (!!2%+ 0&, (% )($% &#$"-( ($ %h S%(% &$ !"#!#+, &$%h(% ( !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! !"#$%&%'%$ #&%h ( -(#!h&$ #" ( !"#%(!%, !"#-$ #" 2"2%* &h%, (#+ &$ ( /)&!#$ " 2&0&). Th h")+ "- $'!h !%&-&!(% +"$ #"% (!:'& ( 2"2%* &h% &# %h "'% !"0+ %h*. N" +"$ &% !"#-'2"# %h h")+ (#* 2"2&%(* &h% " &#%$% " -(#!h&$ &# %h 2')&! h&h(*$. R0"!(%&"# "- %h&$ !%&-&!(% +2&0$ h&/ "- #"0$%+ &h%. L&%%) -)!%&"# &$ #!$$(* %" $h" %h(% %h !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! &$ (#%+ &%h $" /(#* $%&#$ (%%(!h+.N (#+ (++&%&"#() '+#$, ()%(%&"# "- %h !%&-&!(%, (#+ 0# 0"!(%&"# " (##')/#% %h"- &$ $0+ %" %h S%(%.

. ID.; PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION; POWERS. — Th P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"#, ( "0#/#% (#!* 0$%+ * )( &%h3'&$+&!%&"#, $'20&$&"#, (#+ !"#%") "0 ()) 2')&! $0&!$ (#+ %h& -(#!h&$$, :'&2/#%, (#+ "%h 2"2%&$ &$ /2"+,'2"# 2"2 #"%&! (#+ h(&#, (/"#$% "%h$< =1> =%>" (/#+, /"+&-* " 0"? (% (#* %&/ ( !%&-&!(% &$$'+ '#+ %h2"0&$&"#$ "- %h&$ A!% =C"//"#()%h A!% 146, ($ (/#++>, h#0 %h -(!%$ (#+ !&!'/$%(#!$ "# %h $%#%h "- h&!h $(&+!%&-&!(% ($ &$$'+ h(0 # /&$2$#%+ " /(%&())* !h(#+ ; (#+ => =%>" $'$2#+ " 0"? (#* !%&-&!(% &$$'+'#+ %h 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h&$ A!% h#0 %h h")+ %h"- h($ 0&")(%+ " &))-'))* (#+ !"#%'/(!&"'$)* -'$+ %" !"/2)* &%h (#*"+, ') " ')(%&"# "- %h C"//&$$&"# " (#* 2"0&$&"# "- %h A!%; P"0&++, Th(% %h C"//&$$&"# -" ""+ !('$, /(* 2&" %"%h h(&# $'$2#+ -" ( 2&"+ #"% %" @!+ %h&%* +(*$ (#* !%&-&!(% " %h @!&$ "- (#* &h% " ('%h"&%* &$$'+ " (#%+'#+ %h&$ A!% * "+ "- %h C"//&$$&"#, h#0 $'!h $%2 $h()) &# %h 3'+/#% "- %h C"//&$$&"# #!$$(* %" (0"&+

$&"'$ (#+ &2(() +(/( " &#!"#0#&#! %" %h 2')&! " %" 2&0(% &#%$%$. '&$2'+#! !h"$ %h ') %h(% %hC"//&$$&"# &$ ('%h"&+ %" /(? ($"#() ')$ (#+ ')(%&"#$ -" %h "2(%&"# "- 2')&! $0&!$ (#+ %" #-"! %h/. I#()&%*, ()) !%&-&!(%$ "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! &$$'+ ( $'3!% %" %h !"#+&%&"# %h(% ()) 2')&! $0&!$ $h()) "$0 (#+!"/2)*=&%h> . . . ()) %h ')$ (#+ ')(%&"#$ "- %h C"//&$$&"# )(%&0 %" %h $0&!.

4. ID.; PUBLIC SERVICE; RE7UIREMENT OF COMPLIANCE WIT5 PROVINCIAL RESOLUTIONS AND MUNICIPALORDINANCES. — P')&! $0&!$ /'$% ()$" !?"# &%h 2"0&#!&() $")'%&"#$ (#+ /'#&!&2() "+&#(#!$ )(%&# %" %h "2(%&"# "-2')&! '%&)&%&$ &%h&# %h 2"0&#! " /'#&!&2()&%* !"#!#+. Th C"//&$$&"# !(# :'& !"/2)&(#! &%h %h$ 2"0&#!&()$")'%&"#$ " /'#&!&2() "+&#(#!$.

. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; T5EORY OF VESTED RI5TS; NEATED BY ENVIRONMENTAL C5ANES; POLICE POEERCISED. — I% &$ #" ('/#% %" $'22"% %h 0$%+ &h%$ %h"* %h(% 2%&%&"#&# 2($$#$ h(0 #3"*+ %h 2&0&)h(0&# # !"#%&#'"'$)* %(#$2"%+ 0# -" %h "'%(? "- %h ( +&!%)* &%h"'% %(#$- -"/ %h 2"0&#!$ %" 2&#$&+ M(#&)( '2 %" %h $2!%&0 '$ %/&#()$ &# $(&+ C&%*. T&/$ h(0 !h(#+. Vh&!)$ h(0 &#!($+ &# #'/. T!"#$%&"# h($ /"0+ -"/ (+ %" "$, -"/ %")() %" !&%&!(). Th #'/ "- 2"2) h" '$ %h %h""'h-($ h($I% &$ !('$ "- ()) %h$ %h(% &% h($ !"/ #!$$(* -" %h 2")&! 2" %" $%2 &#, #"% -" %h #-&% "- %h -, '% -"#-&% "- %h /(#*.

6. ID. PUBLIC WELFARE; BASIS OF REULATORY MEASURE. — P')&! )-( )&$ (% %h "%%"/ "- (#* ')(%"* /+$&#+ %" )&0 !"#$%&"# "- %(--&!, h&!h &$, %" $(* %h )($%, ( /#(! %" 2')&! $(-%*. A$ ( !""))(*, /($'$ !%" 2"/"% %h $(-%* (#+ !"#0#&#! "- %h 2"2) '$&# %h %h""'h -($ * %h ')(%&"# "- 0h&!')( %(--&!, 2$#$'3!% -" %h @!&$ "- 2")&! 2".

. ID.; ORDINANCE 4986 NOT A CLASS LEISLATION. — I% &$ %' %h(% '#+ "+&#(#! 4986 &#%'(# '$$ ( ())#% %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, h&) 2"0&#!&() '$$ ( #"% &0# %h $(/ 2&0&), ()%h"'h %h* ( ())"+ $h'%%) $0&!C&%* "- M(#&)(. Th &$ #" 2"&#%, h"0, &# 2)(!&# 2"0&#!&() '$$ "# %h $(/ )0) ($ %h &#%'(# '$$ 2)*&# %"M(#&)( (#+ &%$ $''(# %"#$ (#+ !&%&$. I#%'(# '$$ ( '$+ -" %(#$2"%&# 2($$#$ "#)*. P"0&#!&() '$$ (2($$#$ (#+ -&h%. P"0&#!&() '$$, !('$ "- %h -&h% " (( h&!h %h 2($$#$ '$'())* &# ()"# &%(? )"# %&/ %" )"(+ " '#)"(+ %h(# &#%'(# '$$. P"0&#!&() '$$ #())* %(0) ()"# #(%&"#() h&h(*$ (#+ 2"(+$, !"0 )"# +&$%(#!$, h(0 -&@+ %&2 $!h+')$. P"0&#!&() '$$ ( (% &# $& (#+ &h% %h(# &#%'(# '"'%$ "- &#%'(# '$$ ( $h"%, !"0&# !"#%&'"'$ /'#&!&2()&%&$ (#+ !&%&$ "#)*. I#%'(# '$$ /(&#)* '$ !&%*/'#&!&2() $%%$. Th$ +&$%&#!%&"#$ #())* h")+ %' %# 2"0&#!&() 2($$# 32#*$ (#+ &#%'(# 32#*$

8. ID.; E7UAL PROTECTION CLAUSE NOT TRANSRESSED IN INSTANT CASE. — Th "0&"'$ &#:'()&%* &# %(%/%h $')% -)"&# -"/ %h !)($$&-&!(%&"# /(+ * $(&+ O+&#(#! 4986 (#+ +"$ #"% %#!h '2"# %h :'() 2"%!%&"# !)(')($% %h(% !(# $(&+ &$ %h(% 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h $(/ '$&#$$, ( $'3!%+ %" +&--#% $%&!%&"#$ " ( h)+ #+&--#% 2&0&)$ '#+ %h $(/ !"#+&%&"#$.!()( 0&%'(1( )&(*

9. ID.; ID.; CLASSIFICATION PROPER. — N&%h &$ %h /&% %" %h !h( %h(% '#+ $(&+ O+&#(#! 4986 2&0(% 0&# '#3'$%&-&()* -(0"+ "0 2')&! 0h&!)$. P&0(% 0h&!)$ ( #"% (+ -" 2"-&%, '$'())* h(0 '% "# +$%&#(%&"#0h&!)$ ( "2(%+ 2&/(&)* -" 2"-&% (#+ -" %h&$ ($"# ( !"#%&#'())* "2(%+ %" /(? %h /"$% "- %&/. P')&! (#+0h&!)$ )"# %" +&--#% !)($$$. D&--#!$ &# !)($$ % +&--#!$ &# 2&0&)$. A#+ 2%&%&"#$ h(0 #" !('$ %"

D E C ' S ' O N

SA

Ch())#+ ($ '#!"#$%&%'%&"#(), &))() (#+ '#3'$% &# %h$ "&&#() 2"!+&#$ -" certiorari (#+ /(#+(/'$ ( %" $'$&+#%&!() '$ (# /($'$< =1> O+&#(#! N". 4986 "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (22"0+ "# ')* 1, 1964, #%&%)+ A# O+&#(R"'%&# T(--&! "# R"(+$ (#+ S%%$ &# %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, (#+ -" O%h P'2"$$, (#+ => A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". 11964, +(%+ F'(* , 1964, (#+ A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". , $&$ "- 1964, +(%+ A2&) 1, 1964, "%h &$$'+ * C"//E#&:' M+&#( =h&#(-% -+ %" ($ %h C"//&$$&"#> "- %h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"#.

O&&#() 2%&%&"#$ ( 2($$#$ -"/ %h 2"0&#!$ "- C(0&% (#+ B(%(#($ h" &+ "# '$$ 2)*&# ()"# %h "'%$%h $(&+ 2"0&#!$ (#+ M(#&)(. O%h 2%&%&"#$ ( 2')&! $0&! "2(%"$ "2(%&# PUB (#+ PU 2')&! $0&! 0h&!%h 2"0&#!$ &%h %/&#()$ &# M(#&)(, h&) %h $% ( %h"$ ())+)* "2(%&# PUB, PU " AC /"%" 0h&!)$ "2(M(#&)( (#+ $''$.



O+&#(#! 4986, (/"#$% "%h$, 2"0&+$ %h(%<3!<!h(#")$.!"/.2h

RULE II. ENTRY POINTS AND ROUTES OF PROVINCIAL PASSENER BUSES AND EEPNEYS.

1. P"0&#!&() 2($$# '$$ (#+ 32#*$ =PUB (#+ PU> $h()) ())"+ %" #% M(#&)(, '% "#)* %h"'h %h -"))"&# #%*2"&#%$ (#+ "'%$, -"/ 6<G A.M. %" 8<G P.M. 0*+(* @!2% S'#+(*$ (#+ h")&+(*$<!h(#"1$ 0&%'() 1( )&(*

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=/> Th"$ !"/&# -"/ %h $"'%h %h"'h F. B. 5(&$"# $h()) 2"!+ %" M(&#&; %'# &h% %" 5(&$"# B"')0(+; %'# &h% %" T(-%A0#' (#+ 2"!+ %"(+$ P($(* C&%*;

=#> Th"$ !"/&# -"/ %h $"'%h %h"'h T(-% A0#' $h()) %'# )-% (% V&%" C'; %'# &h% %" D(?"%(; %'# &h% %" 5(&$"#B"')0(+; %'# &h% %" T(-% A0#'; %h#! 2"!+ %"(+$ P($(* C&%*;

L"(+&# (#+ '#)"(+&# $h()) ())"+ "#)* (% 5(&$"# B"')0(+, %# A. M(&#& (#+ T(-% A0#';

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RULE III. FLEIBLE S5UTTLE BUS SERVICE

1. I# "+ %h(% 2"0&#!&() !"//'%$ $h()) #"% '#+')* &#!"#0#&#!+ ($ ( $')% "- %h &/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h$ $$#%&() %(--&!!"#%") ')(%&"#$, "2(%"$ "- 2"0&#!&() 2($$# '$$ $h()) ())"+ %" 2"0&+ '$$ %" $h'%%) %h& 2($$#$ -"/ %h&$2!%&0 #%* !"#%") 2"&#%$, '#+ %h -"))"&# !"#+&%&"#$<!h(#"1$ 0&%'() 1( )&(*

=(> E(!h 2"0&#!&() '$ !"/2(#* " -&/ $h()) ())"+ $'!h #'/ "- $h'%%) '$$ 2"2"%&"#(% %" %h #'/ "- '#&%$

('%h"&+ &%, %h (%&" %" +%/&#+ * %h Ch&-, T(--&! C"#%") B'(', ($+ "# h&$ "$0(%&"#$ ($ %" %h (!%'() #+$ "-!"//'%$ (#+ %(--&! 0")'/; &# #" !($ $h()) %h ())"!(%&"# /" %h(# "# $h'%%) '$ -" 0* 1G ('%h"&+ '#&%$, " -(!%&"#%h"-.

=> N" $h'%%) '$ $h()) #% M(#&)( '#)$$ %h $(/ $h()) h(0 # 2"0&++ &%h &+#%&-&!(%&"# $%&!?$ ($ :'&+ '#+ R') IVh"-, h&!h $h()) -'#&$h+ (#+ ())"!(%+ * %h Ch&-, T(--&! C"#%") B'(' %" (!h 2"0&#!&() '$ !"/2(#* " -&/.

=!> A)) $'!h $h'%%) '$$ ( #"% 2/&%%+ %" )"(+ " '#)"(+ " %" 2&!? (#+H" +"2 2($$#$ ()"# %h (* '% /'$% +" $" "#)* &#%h -"))"&# 2)(!$<!h(#"1$ 0&%'() 1( )&(*

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=> S"'%h.

=(> 5(&$"# B"')0(+, %# D(?"%( (#+ T(-% A0#'.!()( 0&%'(1( )&(*

A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". 1, $&$ "- 1964, &$$'+ * %h C"//&$$&"#, &# 2(%, 2"0&+$<3!<!h(#")$.!"/.2h

. A)) 2')&! '%&)&%&$ &#!)'+&# 32#*$ h%"-" ('%h"&+ %" "2(% -"/ %h C&%* "- M(#&)( %" (#* 2"&#% &# L'"#, *"#+ %h2&/% "- (% M(#&)(, $h()) !(* %h "+$ F" P"0&#!&() O2(%&"#’ &# ")+ (#+ !)( %*2$ "# "%h $&+$ " "# "# $&+ (#+(% %h (!? "- %h 0h&!) (#+ /'$% #"% )$$ %h(# 1 &#!h$ &# +&/#$&"#. A)) $'!h 0h&!)$ /(?+ F" P"0&#!&() O2(%&"#’ (('%h"&+ %" "2(% "'%$&+ %h 2&/% "- (% M(#&)( &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h& $2!%&0 !%&-&!(%$ "- 2')&! !"#0#&#!,(#+ ( #"% ('%h"&+ %" #% " %" "2(% *"#+ %h "'#+(* )&# -&@+ &# "' "+ "- M(!h 1, 196 (#+ ')* , 196, &%h%h @!2%&"# "- %h"$ 0h&!)$ ('%h"&+ %" !(* %h& 2"0&#!&() 2($$#$ %h' %h "'#+(* )&# '2 %" %h& M(#&)( %/&#()

h&!h $h()) &+#%&-&+ * ( $%&!? $&#+ (#+ -'#&$h+ * %h PSC (#+ * %h M(*"$ "- %h (--!%+ C&%&$ (#+ /'#&!(#+ h&!h $h()) !(&+ "# ( 2"/&##% 2)(! "- %h 0h&!) ("'% %h '22 /&++) 2(% "- %h &#+$h&)+.

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A)) $'!h 2')&! '%&)&%* 0h&!)$ ('%h"&+ * %h&$ O+ %" #% %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ %" !(* %h& 2($$#$ %h' %h )&#, ( #"% 2/&%%+ %" )"(+ " '#)"(+ " %" 2&!? (#+H" +"2 2($$#$ ()"# %h (*, '% /'$% +" $" "#)* &# %h -"))"2)(!$<!h(#"1$ 0&%'() 1( )&(*

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!. Vh&!)$ !"/&# -"/ %h SOUT5 /(* )"(+ " '#)"(+ (% %h S(# A#+$T(-% R"%"#+(; (% P)(( L(%"# " (% %h C"#5(&$"# (#+ M(&#& S%%$ #( %h M(#&)( J"".!()( 0&%'(1( )&(*

O# A2&) 1, 1964, %h C"//&$$&"# &$$'+ A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". h&!h $")0+ /"%&"#$ -" !"#$&+(%&"# ="- %h(+/&#&$%(%&0 "+ — A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". 1, $&$ "- 1964> -&)+ * $0() (--!%+ "2(%"$. Th&$ "+ =N". >, "%h$, $%(%$ %h(% "#)* 1GK "- %h 2"0&#!&() '$$ (#+ 32#*$ $h()) ())"+ %" #% M(#&)(; h"0, 2"0&#!&() ' 32#*$ "2(%&# &%h&# ( (+&'$ "- G ?/$. -"/ M(#&)( C&%* 5()) (#+ h"$ '$&#$$ &$ /" "# %h M(#&)( #+ %h(#2"0&#!&() #+ ( &0# -&-%# 2 !#% %" 20#% ( +&$)"!(%&"# "- %h& '$&#$$; 2"0&++ %h(% "2(%"$ h(0&# )$$ %h(( #"% 2/&%%+ %" !"$$ %h "'#+(* (#+ $h()) "2(% @!)'$&0)* "# %h 2"0&#!&() #+. Th&$ "+ ()$" ())"!(%+ %h'#&%$ (!h 2"0&#!&() '$ "2(%" &$ ())"+ %" "2(% &%h&# %h C&%* "- M(#&)(.

1. O# %h /(&#, #"%h&# # %h &$ &# %h 2$#% 2%&%&"#. F", %h 0()&+&%* "- O+&#(#! 4986 (#+ %h C"//&$$&"#’$A+/&#&$%(%&0 O+ N". 1, $&$ "- 1964, h !h())#+, h($ $2((%)* 2($$+ 3'+&!&() %$%$ &# %" !($$ "'h% C"'%.

I# L(/(# 0. C&%* "- M(#&)( ='# G, 1966>, 1 SCRA 9, 2%&%&"# L(/(# ($ (# "2(%" "- PU ('%" %'!?$ &%h -&@(#+ ')( %/&#()$ -" %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ (#+ -&h% "# %h B"!(' =B')(!(#> — P(((:' =R&()> )&# A0#', P)(( "&%&, S%(. C' B&+, P)(( L(%"#, P. B'"$, T(-% A0#'. (#+ T(-% A0#' E@%#$&"#, M(#&)(. 5 $"'2"h&&% %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, &%$ "--&!$ (#+ (#%$, -"/ #-"!&# O+&#(#! 4986. 5&$ "'#+ ($ %h(% $(&+ "+&#(#! ('#!"#$%&%'%&"#(), &))(), ')%( 0&$ (#+ #')) (#+ 0"&+. 5 ())+, (/"#$% "%h$, %h(% =1> %h 2" !"#-+ '2"# $2C&%* "- M(#&)(, '#+ $(&+ S!%&"# 18 =hh> "- R2')&! A!% N". 4G9, ($ (/#++, +"$ #"% &#!)'+ %h &h% %" #(!% (# "+$'!h ($ %h "# &# :'$%&"#, h&!h h($ %h --!% "- (/#+&# " /"+&-*&# ( !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! (#%+ * S0&! C"//&$$&"#, !('$ (#* (/#+/#% " /"+&-&!(%&"# "- $(&+ !%&-&!(% &$ $"))* 0$%+ * )( &# %h )(%% "0(#!*, (#+ "#)* (-% #"%&! (#+ h(&# =S. 16/, P')&! S0&! A!%>; '% $&#! %h&$ 2"!+' ($ #"% (+"2%+ " -"$2"#+#%$ &# #(!%&# %h +&$2'%+ "+&#(#!, %h $(/ &$ )&?&$ &))() (#+ #')) (#+ 0"&+ ; => %h #-"!/#% "- $"+&#(#! &$ (&%(*, "22$$&0 (#+ '#($"#() !('$ %h !&%* $%%$ -"/ h&!h h h(+ # 20#%+ %" "2('$$ ( %h !(/ "- h&$ '$&#$$ ; (#+ => 0# ($$'/&# %h(% O+&#(#! N". 4986 &$ 0()&+, &% &$ "#)* %h P')&! S0C"//&$$&"# h&!h !(# :'& !"/2)&(#! &%h &%$ 2"0&$&"#$ =S. 13, P')&! S0&! A!%>, '% $&#! &%$ &/2)/#%(%&"#%h $(#!%&"# " (22"0() "- %h C"//&$$&"#, &%$ #-"!/#% &$ ()$" '#('%h"&+ (#+ &))(). Th&$ C"'%, &# ( +!&$&"# &/!('$ "- &%$ '#(#&/&%*, '2h)+ %h "+&#(#!. S2(?&# %h"'h M. '$%&! .B.L. R*$, ')+<3!<!h(#")$.!"/.

F&$%, ($ !"!%)* /(&#%(&#+ * $2"#+#%$, R2')&! A!% N". 4G9, ($ (/#++, "%h&$ ?#"# ($ %h R0&$+ Ch(C&%* "- M(#&)(, &$ ( $2!&() )( (#+ "- )(% #(!%/#% %h(# C"//"#()%h A!% N". 48 (#+ %h P')&! S0&! L( =C"/A!% N". 146, ($ (/#++>, $" %h(% 0# &- !"#-)&!% @&$%$ %# %h 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h -"/ (!% (#+ %h )(%% (!%$, R2N". 4G9 $h"')+ 20(&) "0 "%h C"//"#()%h A!%$ N"$. 48 (#+ 146. I# C($$&"# 0. B(#!" N(!&"#() F&)&2&#", 89 Ph&). %h&$ C"'% $(&+<!h(#"1$ 0&%'() 1( )&(*

. . . -" &%h " &%h"'% (# @2$$ #(!%/#% &% &$ ( -(/&)&( ') "- $%(%'%"* !"#$%'!%&"# %h(% %" %h @%#% "- (#* #!$$(2'#(#!* %# ( #() (#+ ( $2!&() )( " 2"0&$&"#, %h )(%% &)) !"#%") %h -"/ &%h"'% (+ %" %h $2"- 2($$(.’



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[G.R. No. 12429?. Se7ember 24, 2@@?]

)G SMM'" #OLD'NGS, 'NC., petitioner, vs . COR" O% A$$EALS, COMM'""EE ON $R'&A"'=A"'ON, /0 C+/rm+ +3

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http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/124293.htm#_ftn1















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"#)* (-% %h 2')&! &++&# %h(% %h "0#/#% &)) h(0 ( ($&$ &%h h&!h %" "-- AWASAI %h "2%&"# %" '* "

$h($.

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() %" '* %h N(%&"#() "0#/#%$ $h($ &# P5ILSECO3er e 0+me erm0 ($ "--+ * %h h&h$% &+

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%h &h% %" %"2, AWASAI $%(#+$ %" 2(* h&h %h(# &% $h"')+ h(+ &% $%%)+ &%h &%$ &h% "- -&$% -'$(). Th "0&"'$ %h $!h/ &$ %h N(%&"#() "0#/#%.

I- (% ()), %h "0&"'$ !"#$&+(%&"# -" %h @!h(# "- %h &h% "- -&$% -'$() &%h %h &h% %" %"2 &$ %h(% AWASA

( #"/&#, h&!h &% &$ ( $h(h")+, %" @!&$ %h &h% %" %"2. Th&$ &$ ( 0()&+ !"#%(!%'() $%&2')(%&"#; %h &h% %

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@&$%#! "- %h &h% %" %"2, (#+ &%$ 2"$$&) --!%$ "# %h $')% "- %h 2')&! &++&# ($ -'))* +&$!)"$+ %" %h/. Th 2%&%&"#,

%h'$, !(##"% -&# &#"(#! #" !(# &% ())"+ %" 2'+&(% &%$ (!%$ (#+ :'$%&"# %h 2"!+&#$ &% h(+ -'))* (+h+ %". 4

Th -(!% %h(% %h )"$&# &++, 22) C"#$"%&'/ =!"/2"$+ "- 22), SM "'2, I#$')( L&- A$$'(#!, M&%$'& (#+

ICTSI>, h($ 3"&#+ Ph&)*(+$ &# %h )(%%$ --"% %" (&$ P.11 &))&"# #!$$(* &# @!&$&# %h &h% %" %"2 &$ #"% !"#%(* %" )(,

2')&! 2")&!* " 2')&! /"()$. Th &$ #"%h&# &# %h ASBR %h(% ($ %h )"$&# &++$ -"/ 3"&#&# &%h %h &##&# &++

=$h"')+ %h &h% %" %"2 &$ #"% @!&$+> " AWASAIHP5I =$h"')+ &% @!&$ &%$ &h% %" %"2 ($ &% +&+>, %" (&$ %h 2'!h($

2&!. Th 2%&%&"# +&+ #"% ()), #" ($ &% $h"# * !"/2%#% 0&+#!, %h(% %h 2(%&!&2(%&"# "- %h )"$&# &++$ &# %h 2')&!

&++&# ($ +"# &%h -('+')#% &#%#%. A$#% (#* 2""- "- -('+, %h -"/(%&"# * Ph&)*(+$ "- ( !"#$"%&'/ &$ )&%&/(% &# ( -

#%2&$ $*$%/. Th (22))(% !"'% &$ %h'$ !"!% &# h")+&# %h 2%&%&"# $%"22+ -"/ :'$%&"#&# %h 0()&+&%* "- %h %(#$-

"- %h N(%&"#() "0#/#%$ $h($ &# P5ILSECO %" $2"#+#%.

F&#())*, #" -(!%'() ($&$ @&$%$ %" $'22"% %h 0& %h(% %h +(-%&# "- %h ASBR ($ &))() !('$ #" 2&" (22"0() ($

&0# * %h COA -" &%, $2!&-&!())* %h 2"0&$&"# "# %h &h% %" %"2 %h h&h$% &++ (#+ %h(% %h 2')&! ('!%&"# "# D!/ ,

199 ($ #"% &%#$$+ * ( COA 2$#%(%&0. N" 0&+#! ($ 2"--+ %" 2"0 %h$ ())(%&"#$ (#+ %h C"'% !(##"% /(?

)() !"#!)'$&"#$ "'% "- / ())(%&"#$. R')(&%* &# %h 2-"/(#! "- "--&!&() +'%&$ &$ 2$'/+ 44 (#+ &# %h ($#! "-

!"/2%#% 0&+#! %" '% %h&$ 2$'/2%&"#, %h&$ C"'% &$ +'%* "'#+ %" '2h")+ %h&$ 2$'/2%&"#.

'N &'E O% "#E %OREGO'NG, %h M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# &$ h* RANTED. Th &/2'#+ D!&$&"# (#+

R$")'%&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ ( AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

avide, Jr., C.J., (Chairman), nares$*antia#o, (#+ Corona, JJ., !"#!'.

+in#a, J., 2)($ $ $2((% "2&#&"#.

G.R. No. 115?81 Deember 2?, 1994

H'LSANG MA*O NO LABOR CEN"ER, 2%&%&"#,

0$.

#ON. )ESS B. GARC'A, )R., e LAND "RANS$OR"A"'ON %RANC#'S'NG AND REGLA"OR* BOARD, +3 e$RO&'NC'AL BS O$ERA"ORS ASSOC'A"'ON O% "#E $#'L'$$'NES, $2"#+#%$.

Potenciano ". lores for petitioner.

%o!ert "nthon C. *ison, Cesar -. -rillantes and Jose . /alsim for private respondent.

Jose . 0iravite for movants.

HA$NAN, J.:

P')&! '%&)&%&$ ( 2&0(%)* "#+ (#+ "2(%+ '$&#$$$ h"$ $0&! ( $$#%&() %" %h #() 2')&!. Th* (

h&!h $2!&())* !(% %" %h #+$ "- %h 2')&! (#+ !"#+'! %" %h& !"/-"% (#+ !"#0#&#!. A$ $'!h, 2')&! '%&)&%* $0

&/2$$+ &%h 2')&! &#%$% (#+ !"#!#. Th $(/ &$ %' &%h $2!% %" %h '$&#$$ "- !"//"# !(& h&!h h")+$

2!')&( )(%&"# %" %h 2')&! &#%$% %h(% %h &$ $'2&#+'!+ '2"# &% %h &h% "- 2')&! ')(%&"# h# 2&0(% 2"2%

(--!%+ &%h 2')&! &#%$%, h#!, %h* !($ %" 1uris privati "#)*. Wh#, %h-", "# +0"%$ h&$ 2"2%* %" ( '$

%h 2')&! h($ (# &#%$%, h, &# --!% (#%$ %" %h 2')&! (# &#%$% &# %h(% '$, (#+ /'$% $'/&% %" %h !"#%") * %h 2'

!"//"# ""+, %" %h @%#% "- %h &#%$% h h($ %h'$ !(%+. 1

A# (+&!(%&"# "- %h )&!#$&# (#+ ')(%"* "0#/#% (#!&$ "- %h& -'#!%&"#$ ($ %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# $?$ %" $h"

)(/#%(). N"% "#)* &$ &% (# '#$"'#+ (+/&#&$%(%&0 2")&!* '% &% &$ &#&/&!() %" 2')&! %'$% (#+ 2')&! &#%$% ($ )).

Th &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# -" certiorari ($$(&)$ %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- !%(&# //"(#+(, !&!')($ (#+H" "+$ "-

D2(%/#% "- T(#$2"%(%&"# (#+ C"//'#&!(%&"#$ =DOTC> (#+ %h L(#+ T(#$2"%(%&"# F(#!h&$&# (#+ R')(%"* B"

LTFRB> 2 h&!h, (/"# "%h$, =(> ('%h"& 2"0&#!&() '$ (#+ 32#* "2(%"$ %" &#!($ " +!($ %h 2$!&+

%(#$2"%(%&"# -($ &%h"'% (22)&!(%&"# %h-" &%h %h LTFRB (#+ &%h"'% h(&# (#+ (22"0() %h"- * $(&+ (#!*

"- S!. 16=!> "- C"//"#()%h A!% N". 146, ($ (/#++, "%h&$ ?#"# ($ %h P')&! S0&! A!%, (#+ &# +"(%&"#

+'%* %" -&@ (#+ +%/&# 3'$% (#+ ($"#() -($ * +)(%&# %h(% -'#!%&"# %" '$ "2(%"$, (#+ => $%()&$h ( 2$'

2')&! #+ &# -(0" "- (22)&!(#%$ -" !%&-&!(%$ "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! =CPC> (#+ 2)(! "# %h "22"$&%" %h '+# "- 2

%h &$ #" #+ -" %h 2"2"$+ $0&!, &# 2(%#% 0&")(%&"# #"% "#)* "- S!. 16=!> "- CA 146, ($ (/#++, '% ()$" "- S

%h $(/ A!% /(#+(%&# %h(% -($ $h"')+ 3'$% (#+ ($"#(). I% &$, )&?&$, 0&")(%&0 "- %h R')$ "- C"'% h&!h 2)(

(!h 2(%* %h '+# %" 2"0 h&$ "# (--&/(%&0 ())(%&"#$.

?

Th "--#+&# 2"0&$&"#$ !"#%(&#+ &# %h :'$%&"#+ &$$2"&#%+ "'% * 2%&%&"#, h(0 $')%+ &# %h &#%"+'!%&"# &#%" "' h&h(*$ (#+ %h""'h-($ %h"'$(#+$ "- ")+ (#+ $/"

)!h&# '$$, /(#* "- h&!h ( &h%h(#+ +&0#, (#+ h(0 @2"$+ "' !"#$'/$ %" %h '+# "- $2&()&# !"$%$ "

%(#$2"%(%&"# &%h"'% h(&# (#+ +' 2"!$$.

Th -"))"&# //"(#+(, !&!')($ (#+H" "+$ ( $"'h% %" #'))&-&+ * %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"#, viz< =(> DOTC M/"(

O+ 9G9, +(%+ '# 6, 199G )(%&0 %" %h &/2)/#%(%&"# "- ( -( (# $!h/ -" 2"0&#!&() '$ $0&!$ &# %h

=> DOTC D2(%/#% O+ N".

98, +(%+ M(!h G, 199, +-&#&# %h 2")&!* -(/"? "# %h ')(%&"# "- %(#$2"% $0&!$; =!> DOTC M/"(#

O!%" 8, 199, )(*&# +"# ')$ (#+ 2"!+'$ %" &/2)/#% D2(%/#% O+ N". 98; =+> LTFRB M/"(#+'/

N". 9GG9, 2"0&+&# &/2)/#%&# '&+)&#$ "# %h DOTC D2(%/#% O+ N". 98; (#+ => LTFRB O+ +(%+

1994 &# C($ N". 9411.

Th )0(#% (#%!+#%$ ( ($ -"))"$<

O# '# 6, 199G; %h# S!%(* "- DOTC, O$!( M. O"$, &$$'+ M/"(#+'/ C&!')( N". 9G9 %" %h# LTFRB C

R/+&"$ A.S. F#(#+" ())"&# 2"0&#!&() '$ "2(%"$ %" !h( 2($$#$ (%$ &%h&# ( (# "- 1K ("0 (#+

%h LTFRB "--&!&() (% -" ( 2&"+ "- "# =1> *(. Th %@% "- %h //"(#+'/ "+ (+$ &# -'))<

O# "- %h 2")&!* -"/$ (#+ /($'$ %h(% &$ &# )&# &%h %h %h'$%$ (#+ %h 2&"&%&$ $% "'% &# %h

T/ Ph&)&22&# D0)"2/#% P)(# =MTPDP> 198 — 199> &$ %h )&()&(%&"# "- ')(%&"#$ &# %h





http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2003/sep2003/124293_tinga.htm







$!%". A)"# %h&$ )&#, %h "0#/#% &#%#+$ %" /"0 ((* (+'())* -"/ ')(%"* 2")&!&$ (#+ /(?

2"$$ %"(+$ (% )&(#! "# - /(?% -"!$.

B($+ "# $0() $'0*$ (#+ "$0(%&"#$, '$ !"/2(#&$ ( ()(+* !h(&# 2($$# (%$ ("0 (#+

)" %h "--&!&() -( +!)(+ * LTFRB "# /(#* 2"0&#!&() "'%$. I% &$ &# %h&$ !"#%@% %h(% $"/ -"/ "-

)&()&(%&"# "# 2')&! %(#$2"% -($ &$ %" %$%+ "# ( 2&)"% ($&$.

I# 0& %h"-, %h LTFRB &$ h* +&!%+ %" &//+&(%)* 2')&!& ( -( (# $!h/ -" ()) 2"0&#!&()

'$ "'%$ &# !"'#%* =@!2% %h"$ "2(%&# &%h&# M%" M(#&)(>. +ransport 2perators shall !e allowed to

char#e passen#ers within a ran#e of fifteen percent (345) a!ove and fifteen percent (345) !elow the 6+%-

official rate for a period of one ear .

'&+)&#$ (#+ 2"!+'$ -" %h $(&+ $!h/ $h()) 22(+ * LTFRB &# !""+&#(%&"# &%h %h DOTC

P)(##&# S0&!.

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F" !"/2)&(#!. =E/2h($&$ "'$.>

F&#+&# %h &/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h -( (# $!h/ #"% )())* -($&), R/+&"$ A.S. F#(#+" $'/&%%+ %h -"))"&#

//"(#+'/ %" O$!( M. O"$ "# ')* 4, 199G, %" &%<

W&%h -#! %" DOTC M/"(#+'/ O+ N". 9G9 +(%+ 6 '# 199G h&!h %h LTFRB !&0+ "#

19 ')* 199G, +&!%&# %h B"(+ %" &//+&(%)* 2')&!& ( -( (# $!h/ -" ()) 2"0&#!&() '$ "'%$ &#

%h !"'#%* =@!2% %h"$ "2(%&# &%h&# M%" M(#&)(> %h(% &)) ())" "2(%"$ %" !h( 2($$#$ &%h&# ( (# "- -&-%# 2!#% =1K> ("0 (#+ -&-%# 2!#% =1K> )" %h LTFRB "--&!&() (% -" (

2&"+ "- "# *( %h '#+$&#+ &$ $2!%-'))* (+0%&# %h S!%(*Q$ (%%#%&"# %" %h -"))"&# -" h&$

!"#$&+(%&"#<

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+%/&#(%&"# "- (%$ — =(> %h (%$ %" (22"0+ $h"')+ 2"2"$+ * 2')&!

$0&! "2(%"$; => %h $h"')+ ( 2')&!(%&"# (#+ #"%&! %" !"#!#+ " (--!%+

2(%&$ &# %h %&%"* (--!%+; =!> ( 2')&! h(&# $h"')+ h)+ -" %h -&@&# "- %h

(%$; h#!, &/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h 2"2"$+ -( (# $!h/ "# A''$% 6 &%h"'%

!"/2)*&# &%h %h :'&/#%$ "- %h P')&! S0&! A!% /(* #"% )())* -($&).

. T" ())" '$ "2(%"$ &# %h !"'#%* %" !h( -($ -&-%# =1K> ("0 %h 2$#%

LTFRB -($ &# %h (? "- %h +0($%(%&"#, +(%h (#+ $'--&# !('$+ * %h ')* 16(%h:'(? &)) #"% $"!&())* ((#%+ (#+ &)) 2")&%&!())* '#$"'#+; /"$% )&?)*

2')&! !&%&!&$/ ((&#$% %h DOTC (#+ %h LTFRB &)) %&+ * %h '#%&/)* motu

propio&/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h 2"2"$() * %h / @2+&#% "- 2')&!&&# %h -(

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. M" %h(# &#+'!&# ( +'!%&"# &# '$ -($ * -&-%# 2!#% =1K> %h

&/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h 2"2"$() &)) &#$%(+ %& (# '2(+ (+3'$%/#% &#

-&-%# 2!#% =1K> (% ( %&/ h# h'#++$ "- %h"'$(#+$ "- 2"2) &# C#

N"%h# L'"#, 2(%&!')()* &# C#%() P(#($&#(#, L( U#&"#, B('&" C&%*, N

(#+ %h C((*(# V())* ( $'--&# -"/ %h +0($%(%&"# (#+ h(0"! !('$+

!#% (%h:'(?.

4. I# )&' "- %h $(&+ 2"2"$(), %h DOTC &%h &%$ (#!&$ &#0")0+ &# 2')&!

%(#$2"%(%&"# !(# !"#$&+ /($'$ (#+ -"/$ &# %h &#+'$%* %h(% &))

'2)&-%&#, $2!&())* -" %h 2"2) &# %h (($ +0($%(%+ * %h !#% (%h

I# 0& "- %h -""&# !"#$&+(%&"#$, %h '#+$&#+ $2!%-'))* $'$%$ %h(% %h &/2)/#%(%2"2"$+ -( (# $!h/ %h&$ *( -'%h $%'+&+ (#+ 0()'(%+.

O# D!/ , 199G, 2&0(% $2"#+#% P"0&#!&() B'$ O2(%"$ A$$"!&(%&"# "- %h Ph&)&22&#$, I#!. =PBOAP> -&)+ (#

-" -( (% &#!($. A# (!"$$%h"(+ &#!($ "- &h% (#+ ( h()- !#%(0"$ =PG.G8> 2 ?&)"/% -" ()) %*2$ "- 2"

'$$ &%h ( /&#&/'//(@&/'/ -( (# "- -&-%# =1K> 2!#% "0 (#+ )" %h 2"2"$+ ($&! 2 ?&)"/% -(

%h $(&+ /&#&/'//(@&/'/ -( (# (22)*&# "#)* %" "+&#(*, -&$% !)($$ (#+ 2/&'/ !)($$ '$$ (#+ ( -&-%*!#%(0"

/&#&/'/ 2 ?&)"/% -( -" (&!"# '$$, ($ $"'h%.

O# D!/ 6, 199G, 2&0(% $2"#+#% PBOAP +'!+ &%$ (22)&+ 2"2"$+ -( %" (# (!"$$%h"(+ &#!($ "- $

h()- =PG.G6> !#%(0"$ 2 ?&)"/% -" "+&#(* '$$. Th +!($ ($ +' %" %h +"2 &# %h @2!%+ 2&! "- +&$

Th (22)&!(%&"# ($ "22"$+ * %h Ph&)&22&# C"#$'/$ F"'#+(%&"#, I#!. (#+ P)( C. B('%&$%( ())&# %h(% %h 2"2"

@"&%(#% (#+ '#($"#() (#+ %h(% %h (22)&!(%&"# !"#%(&#+ #" ())(%&"# "# %h (% "- %'# "- %h 2"2"$+ &(%$.

O# D!/ 14, 199G, 2')&! $2"#+#% LTFRB #++ ( +!&$&"# (#%&# %h -( (% &#!($ &# (!!"+(#! &%h

-"))"&# $!h+') "- -($ "# ( $%(&h% !"/2'%(%&"# /%h"+, 0&<

"'+72%IE "%E*

LUJON

MIN. OF MS. SUCCEEDIN M.

REULAR P1.G PG.

STUDENT P1.1 PG.8

VISAYASHMINDANAO

REULAR P1.6G PG.

STUDENT P1.G PG.8

FIRST CLASS =PER M.>

LUJON PG.8



VISAYASH

MINDANAO PG.9

PREMIERE CLASS =PER M.>

LUJON PG.9

VISAYASH

MINDANAO PG.4G

AIRCON =PER M.> PG.41. 4

O# M(!h G, 199, %h# S!%(* "- %h D2(%/#% "- T(#$2"%(%&"# (#+ C"//'#&!(%&"#$ P% N&!"/+$ P(+" &$$'+

D2(%/#% O+ N".

98 +-&#&# %h 2")&!* -(/"? "# %h ')(%&"# "- %(#$2"% $0&!$. Th -')) %@% "- %h $(&+ "+ &$ 2"+'!+ )" &#0& "- %h &/2"%(#! "- %h 2"0&$&"#$ !"#%(&#+ %h&#<

W5EREAS, E@!'%&0 O+ N". 1 ($ (/#++, +$&#(%$ %h D2(%/#% "- T(#$2"%(%&"# (#+

C"//'#&!(%&"#$ =DOTC> ($ %h 2&/(* 2")&!*, 2)(##&#, ')(%&# (#+ &/2)/#%&# (#!* "#

%(#$2"%(%&"#;

W5EREAS, %" (!h&0 %h "3!%&0 "- ( 0&(), --&!&#%, (#+ +2#+() %(#$2"%(%&"# $*$%/, %h

%(#$2"%(%&"# ')(%"* (#!&$ '#+ " (%%(!h+ %" %h DOTC h(0 %" h(/"#& %h& +!&$&"#$ (#+

(+"2% ( !"//"# 2h&)"$"2h* (#+ +&!%&"#;

W5EREAS, %h "0#/#% 2"2"$$ %" '&)+ "# %h $'!!$$-') )&()&(%&"# /($'$ 2'$'+ "0 %h )($%

-&0 *($ (#+ &# %h %(#$2"% $!%" #( %" ( ()(#!+ )"# %/ ')(%"* -(/"?;

NOW, T5EREFORE, 2'$'(#% %" %h 2"$ (#%+ * )($ %" %h DOTC, %h -"))"&# 2")&!&$ (#+

2&#!&2)$ &# %h !"#"/&! ')(%&"# "- )(#+, (&, (#+ (% %(#$2"%(%&"# $0&!$ ( h* (+"2%+<

1. E#%* &#%" (#+ @&% "'% "- %h &#+'$%*. F"))"&# %h C"#$%&%'%&"#() +&!%'/ ((&#$% /"#"2")*, #" -(#!h&$

h")+ $h()) 2/&%%+ %" /(&#%(&# ( /"#"2")* "# (#* "'%. A /&#&/'/ "- %" -(#!h&$ h")+$ $h())

2/&%%+ %" "2(% "# (#* "'%.

Th :'&/#%$ %" (#% ( !%&-&!(% %" "2(%, " !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#!, $h()) < 2""- "-

F&)&2&#" !&%&#$h&2, -&#(#!&() !(2(&)&%*, 2')&! #+, (#+ $'--&!&#% &#$'(#! !"0 %" 2"%!% %h &+&# 2')&!.

In determinin# pu!lic need, the presumption of need for a service shall !e deemed in favor of the applicant.

+he !urden of provin# that there is no need for a proposed service shall !e with the oppositor(s).

I# %h &#%$% "- 2"0&+&# --&!&#% 2')&! %(#$2"% $0&!$, %h '$ "- %h 2&" "2(%" (#+ %h 2&"&%* "-

-&)&# ')$ $h()) +&$!"#%&#'+. Th "'% /($'+ !(2(!&%* %$% " "%h $&/&)( %$%$ "- +/(#+ -"

0h&!)H0$$) -)% "# (#* "'% $h()) '$+ "#)* ($ ( '&+ &# &h&# %h /&%$ "- (!h -(#!h&$

(22)&!(%&"# (#+ #"% ($ ( )&/&% %" %h $0&!$ "--+.

Wh %h ( )&/&%(%&"#$ &# -(!&)&%&$, $'!h ($ !"#$%+ "(+ $2(! &# '(# (($, " (% (&2"%$

%h '$ "- +/(#+ /(#(/#% /($'$ &# !"#-"/&%* &%h /(?% 2&#!&2)$ /(* !"#$&++

Th &h% "- (# "2(%" %" )(0 %h &#+'$%* &$ !"#&+ ($ ( '$&#$$ +!&$&"#, $'3!% "#)* %" %

(22"2&(% #"%&! (#+ -"))"&# ( 2h($"'% 2&"+, %" &#-"/ %h 2')&! (#+ %" /&#&/& +&$'2%&"#

$0&!$.

. R(% (#+ F( S%%&#. F&h% (%$ $h()) -+ (+'())* -"/ "0#/#% !"#%")$. Passen#

shall also !e dere#ulated, except for the lowest class of passen#er service (normall third class pas

transport) for which the #overnment will fix indicative or reference fares. 2perators of particular serv

fix their own fares within a ran#e 345 a!ove and !elow the indicative or reference rate.

Wh %h &$ )(!? "- --!%&0 !"/2%&%&"# -" $0&!$, " "# $2!&-&! "'%$, " -" %h %(#$2"% "-

!"//"+&%&$, /(@&/'/ /(#+(%"* -&h% (%$ " 2($$# -($ $h()) $% %/2"(&)* * %h

"0#/#% 2#+&# (!%&"#$ %" &#!($ %h )0) "- !"/2%&%&"#.

F" '#$0+ " $&#) "2(%" "'%$, %h "0#/#% $h()) !"#%(!% $'!h $0&!$ &# %h /"$% (+

%/$ %" %h 2')&! (#+ % h "0#/#%, -"))"&# 2')&! &+$ -" %h $0&!$. Th (+0&$(&)&%* "- &+

%h $0&!$ " '$&# "%h ?&#+$ "- &#!#%&0$ "# $'!h "'%$ $h()) $%'+&+ * %h "0#/#%.

. S2!&() I#!#%&0$ (#+ F&#(#!&# -" F)% A!:'&$&%&"#. A$ ( /(%% "- 2")&!*, %h "0#/#% $h(

#( &# $2!&() -&#(#!&# (#+ &#!#%&0 2"(/$, &#!)'+&# +&!% $'$&+&$ -" -)% (!:'&$&%&"# (

@2(#$&"#. O#)* h# %h /(?% $&%'(%&"# ((#%$ "0#/#% &#%0#%&"# $h()) 2"(/$ "- %h&$

!"#$&++. E@&$%&# 2"(/$ $h()) 2h($+ "'% (+'())*.

Th L(#+ T(#$2"%(%&"# F(#!h&$&# (#+ R')(%"* B"(+, %h C&0&) A"#('%&!$ B"(+, %h M(&%&

I#+'$%* A'%h"&%* ( h* +&!%+ %" $'/&% %" %h O--&! "- %h S!%(*, &%h&# -"%*-&0 =4> +

O+, %h +%(&)+ ')$ (#+ 2"!+'$ -" %h I/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h 2")&!&$ h&# $% -"%h. I# %h

-"/')(%&"# "- $'!h ')$, %h !"#!#+ (#!&$ $h()) '&++ * %h /"$% !#% $%'+&$ "# %h

$'!h ($ %h P"0&#!&() R"(+ P($$# T(#$2"% S%'+*, %h C&0&) A0&(%&"# M($% P)(#, %h P$&+

F"! "# %h I#%&$)(#+ Sh&22&# I#+'$%*, (#+ %h I#%&$)(#+ L&# Sh&22&# R(% R(%&"#()&(%&"#

F" %h !"/2)&(#! "- ()) !"#!#+. =E/2h($&$ "'$>

O# O!%" 8, 199, 2')&! $2"#+#% S!%(* "- %h D2(%/#% "- T(#$2"%(%&"# (#+ C"//'#&!(%&"#$ $'$ B. (

&$$'+ ( //"(#+'/ %" %h A!%&# Ch(&/(# "- %h LTFRB $'$%&# $&-% (!%&"# "# %h (+"2%&"# "- ')$ (#+ 2"!+'

&/2)/#% ("0:'"%+ D2(%/#% O+ N". 98 %h(% )(&+ +"# +')(%&"# (#+ "%h )&()&(%&"# 2")&!&$ -" %h

$!%". A%%(!h+ %" %h $(&+ //"(#+'/ ($ ( 0&$+ +(-% "- %h :'&+ ')$ (#+ 2"!+'$ !"0&# =&> E#%* I#%"

O'% "- %h I#+'$%* (#+ =&&> R(% (#+ F( S%%&#, &%h !"//#%$ (#+ $'$%&"#$ -"/ %h W")+ B(#? &#!"2"(%+ %h

L&?&$, $2)#+#% -"/ %h $(&+ //"(#+'/ &$ %h $%(%/#% "- %h DOTC S!%(* %h(% %h (+"2%&"# "- %h ')$ (

2"!+'$ &$ ( 2:'&$&% %" %h (22"0() "- %h E!"#"/&! I#%(%&"# L"(# -"/ %h W")+ B(#?. 5

O# F'(* 1, 199, %h LTFRB &$$'+ M/"(#+'/ C&!')(

N". 9GG9 2"/')(%&# %h '&+)&#$ -" %h &/2)/#%(%&"# "- DOTC D2(%/#% O+ N". 98. Th C&!')( 2"0

(/"# "%h$, %h -"))"&# !h())#+ 2"%&"#$<



@@@ @@@ @@@

IV. P")&!* '&+)&#$ "# %h I$$'(#! "- C%&-&!(% "- P')&! C"#0#&#!.

Th &$$'(#! "- ( C%&-&!(% "- P')&! C"#0#&#! &$ +%/&#+ * 2')&! #+. +he presumption of pu!lic

need for a service shall !e deemed in favor of the applicant, while !urden of provin# that there is no need for

the proposed service shall !e the oppositor8(s).

@@@ @@@ @@@

V. R(% (#+ F( S%%&#

Th !"#%") &# 2&!&# $h()) )&()&+ %" &#%"+'! 2&! !"/2%&%&"# !"/2)/#%(* &%h %h :'()&%* "-

$0&!, $'3!% %" 2&" #"%&! (#+ 2')&! h(&#. F($ $h()) #"% 2"0&$&"#())* ('%h"&+ &%h"'% 2')&!

h(&#.

A. O# %h #() S%'!%' "- R(%$

1. +he existin# authorized fare ran#e sstem of plus or minus 34 per cent for provincial !uses and 1eepnes

shall !e widened to 95 and $945 limit in 3;;< with the authorized fare to !e replaced ! an indicative or

reference rate as the !asis for the expanded fare ran#e.

. F( $*$%/$ -" (&!"# '$$ ( )&()&+ %" !"0 -&$% !)($$ (#+ 2/& $0&!$.

@@@ @@@ @@@

=E/2h($&$ "'$>.

S"/%&/ &# M(!h, 1994, 2&0(% $2"#+#% PBOAP, (0(&)&# &%$)- "- %h +')(%&"# 2")&!* "- %h DOTC ())"&# 2"0&#!&() '$

"2(%"$ %" !"))!% 2)'$ GK (#+ /&#'$ K "- %h 2$!&+ -( &%h"'% -&$% h(0&# -&)+ ( 2%&%&"# -" %h 2'2"$ (#+ &%h"'%

%h #-&% "- ( 2')&! h(&#, (##"'#!+ ( -( &#!($ "- %#%* =GK> 2!#% "- %h @&$%&# -($. S(&+ &#!($+ -($ %"

/(+ --!%&0 "# M(!h 16, 1994.

O# M(!h 16, 1994, 2%&%&"# MU -&)+ ( 2%&%&"# -" %h LTFRB "22"$&# %h '2(+ (+3'$%/#% "- '$ -($.

O# M(!h 4, 1994, %h LTFRB &$$'+ "# "- %h ($$(&)+ "+$ +&$/&$$&# %h 2%&%&"# -" )(!? "- /&%. Th +&$2"$&%&0 2"%&"#

(+$<

PREMISES CONSIDERED, %h&$ B"(+ (-% !"#$&+&# %h ('/#%$ "- %h 2(%&$, h* DISMISSES

FOR LAC OF MERIT %h 2%&%&"# -&)+ &# %h ("0#%&%)+ !($. Th&$ 2%&%&"# &# %h&$ !($ ($ $")0+ &%h

+&$2(%!h (% %h :'$% "- 2%&%&"# %" #() &% %" &//+&(%)* (0(&) "- %h )() /+&$ " "2%&"#$ &% &$

#%&%)+ '#+ @&$%&# )($.

SO ORDERED. 6

5#!, %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# -" certiorari &%h (# '#% 2(* -" &$$'(#! "- ( %/2"(* $%(&#&# "+.

Th C"'%, "# '# G, 1994, &$$'+ ( %/2"(* $%(&#&# "+ #3"&#&#, 2"h&&%&# (#+ 20#%&# $2"#+#%$ -"/

&/2)/#%&# %h '$ -( (% &#!($ ($ )) ($ %h :'$%&"#+ "+$ (#+ //"(#+'/ !&!')($. Th&$ /(#% %h(% 2"

-($ "))+ (!? %" %h )0)$ +')* ('%h"&+ * %h LTFRB 2&" %" M(!h 16, 1994. A /"(%"&'/ ($ )&?&$ #-

%h &$$'(#! "- -(#!h&$$ -" %h "2(%&"# "- '$$, 32#*$, (#+ %(@&!($.

P%&%&"# MU (#!h"$ &%$ !)(&/ "# %" => "'#+$. F&$%, %h ('%h"&%* &0# * $2"#+#% LTFRB %" 2"0&#!&() '$ "2

$% ( -( (# "- 2)'$ " /&#'$ -&-%# =1K> 2!#%, )(% &#!($+ %" 2)'$ %#%* =GK> (#+ /&#'$ %#%*-&0 =K>

"0 (#+ ("0 %h @&$%&# ('%h"&+ -( &%h"'% h(0&# %" -&) ( 2%&%&"# -" %h 2'2"$, &$ '#!"#$%&%'%&"#(), &#0()&+ (#+

S!"#+, %h $%()&$h/#% "- ( 2$'/2%&"# "- 2')&! #+ &# -(0" "- (# (22)&!(#% -" ( 2"2"$+ %(#$2"% $0&! &%h"

2"0 2')&! #!$$&%*, &$ &))() -" &# 0&")(%&0 "- %h P')&! S0&! A!% (#+ %h R')$ "- C"'%.

I# &%$ C"//#%, 2&0(% $2"#+#% PBOAP, h&) #"% (!%'())* %"'!h&# '2"# %h &$$'$ (&$+ * %h 2%&%&"#, :'$%&"#

&$+"/ (#+ %h /(## * h&!h %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# ($ -&)+. I% ($$%$ %h(% %h 2%&%&"# h($ #" )() $%(#+&# %" $' "

() &#%$% &# %h !($ (% #!h (#+ &# "%(&#&# %h )&-$ 2(*+ -".

I# %h& C"//#% -&)+ * %h O--&! "- %h S")&!&%" #(), 2')&! $2"#+#%$ DOTC S!%(* $'$ B. (!&(, . (#+

LTFRB ($$0(% %h(% %h 2%&%&"# +"$ #"% h(0 %h $%(#+&# %" /(&#%(&# %h &#$%(#% $'&%. Th* -'%h !)(&/ %h(% &% &$

DOTC (#+ LTFRBQ$ ('%h"&%* %" $% ( -( (# $!h/ (#+ $%()&$h ( 2$'/2%&"# "- 2')&! #+ &# (22)&!(%&"#$ -" !

"- 2')&! !"#0#&#!.

W -&#+ %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# &/2$$+ &%h /&%.

A% %h "'%$%, %h %h$h")+ &$$' "- locus standi /'$% $%'!?. P%&%&"# MU h($ %h $%(#+&# %" $'.

Th :'&/#% "- locus standi &#h$ -"/ %h +-&#&%&"# "- 3'+&!&() 2". S!%&"# 1 "- A%&!) VIII "- %h C"#$%&%'%&"# 2

@@@ @@@ @@@

'+&!&() 2" &#!)'+$ %h +'%* "- %h !"'%$ "- 3'$%&! %" $%%) (!%'() !"#%"0$&$ &#0")0&# &h%

)())* +/(#+() (#+ #-"!(), (#+ %" +%/&# h%h " #"% %h h($ # ( (0 ('$

+&$!%&"# (/"'#%&# %" )(!? " @!$$ "- 3'&$+&!%&"# "# %h 2(% "- (#* (#!h " &#$%'/#%()&%* "-

"0#/#%.

I# 6am! v. Phipps, ')+ %h(% 3'+&!&() 2" &$ %h 2" %" h( (#+ +!&+ !('$$ 2#+&# %# 2(%&$ h" h(

%" $' &# %h !"'%$ "- )( (#+ :'&%*. C""))(* %" %h&$ 2"0&$&"# &$ %h 2&#!&2) "- locus standi "- ( 2(%* )&%&(#%. O# h"

(--!%+ * (#+ h"$ &#%$% &$ &//+&(% (#+ $'$%(#%&() &# %h !"#%"0$* h($ %h $%(#+&# %" $'. Th ') %h-"%h(% ( 2(%* /'$% $h" ( 2$"#() $%(? &# %h "'%!"/ "- %h !($ " (# &#3'* %" h&/$)- %h(% !(# +$$+ * ( -(0"

+!&$&"# $" ($ %" ((#% (# &#0"!(%&"# "- %h !"'%Q$ 3'&$+&!%&"# (#+ %" 3'$%&-* %h @!&$ "- %h !"'%Q$ /+&() 2"$

h()-. 8

I# %h !($ (% #!h, 2%&%&"#, h"$ //$ h(+ $'--+ (#+ !"#%&#' %" $'-- (0 (#+ &2(() &#3'* (#+ +(/

%h &/2)/#%(%&"# "- %h :'$%&"#+ //"(#+(, !&!')($ (#+H" "+$, h($ $h"# %h(% &% h($ ( !)( )() &h% %h(% (



(#+ !"#%&#'$ %" 0&")(%+ &%h %h #-"!/#% "- %h !h())#+ //"(#+(, !&!')($ (#+H" "+$. MU //$, h" (0(&)

"- %h '$ "- '$$, %(&#$ (#+ 32#*$ 0*+(*, ( +&!%)* (--!%+ * %h '+#$"/ !"$% "- (&%(* &#!($ &# 2($$#

-($. Th* ( 2(% "- %h /&))&"#$ "- !"//'%$ h" !"/2&$ %h &+&# 2')&!. C%(&#)*, %h& &h%$ /'$% 2"%!%+, #"%

#)!%+ #" &#"+.

A$$'/&# ar#uendo %h(% 2%&%&"# &$ #"% 2"$$$$+ "- %h $%(#+&# %" $', %h&$ !"'% &$ (+* %" '$h ($&+ %h&$ (# 2"!+'()

&#-&/&%* (#+ !"#& %h )() $%(#+&# "- %h 2%&%&"# &# 0& "- %h %(#$!#+#%() &/2"%(#! "- %h &$$'$ (&$+. A#+ %h&$ (!%

"- )&()&%* &$ #"% &%h"'% 3'+&!&() 2!+#%. A$ ()* ($ %hEmer#enc Powers Cases, %h&$ C"'% h(+ @!&$+ &%$ +&$!%&"# (#+

(&0+ %h :'&/#% "- 2"2 2(%*. I# %h !#% !($ "- =ilos!aan, Inc., et al. v. +eofisto /uin#ona, Jr., et a )., 9 ')+ &# %h

$(/ )&#$ (#+ #'/(%+ $"/ "- %h !($$ h %h $(/ 2")&!* ($ (+"2%+, viz<

. . . A 2(%*Q$ $%(#+&# -" %h&$ C"'% &$ ( 2"!+'() %!h#&!()&%* h&!h &% /(*, &# %h @!&$ "- &%$+&$!%&"#, $% ($&+ &# 0& "- %h &/2"%(#! "- %h &$$'$ (&$+. I# %h )(#+/(? Emer#enc Powers

Cases, .R. N". LG44 =A(#%( 0. D&#)($(#>; .R. N". L6 =A(#%(

0. A#)$>; .R. N". LG4 =R"+&' 0. T$"" + F&)&2&#($>; .R. N". LG ='" 0. C"//&$$&"#

"- C'$%"/$>; (#+ .R. N". LG6 =B(+" 0. C"//&$$&"# "# E)!%&"#$>, 84 Ph&). 68 =1949>, %h&$ C"'%

'$h+ ($&+ %h&$ %!h#&!()&%* !('$ %h %(#$!#+#%() &/2"%(#! %" %h 2')&! "- %h$ !($$ +/(#+$

%h(% %h* $%%)+ 2"/2%)* (#+ +-&#&%)*, '$h&# ($&+, &- /'$%, %!h#&!()&%&$ "- 2"!+'. =A0)&#" 0$.

C'#!", .R. N". L61>. I#$"-( ($ %(@2(*$Q $'&%$ ( !"#!#+, %h&$ C"'% h(+ +!)(+ %h(% &% &$ #"%

+0"&+ "- +&$!%&"# ($ %" h%h " #"% &% $h"')+ #%%(&#+, =T(# 0. M(!(2((), 4 SCRA 6, 68G

19> " %h(% &% #3"*$ (# "2# +&$!%&"# %" #%%(&# %h $(/ " #"%. S(#&+(+ 0. COMELEC, SCRA

=196>.

@@@ @@@ @@@

I# )&# &%h %h )&() 2")&!* "- %h&$ C"'% "# locus standi , "+&#(* %(@2(*$, //$ "- C"#$$, (#+ 0#

($$"!&(%&"# "- 2)(#%$, (#+

#"#2"-&% !&0&! "(#&(%&"#$ ())"+ %" &#&%&(% (#+ 2"$!'% (!%&"#$ -" %h&$ !"'% %" :'$%&"# %h

!"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* " 0()&+&%* "- )($, (!%$, +!&$&"#$, ')&#$, " "+$ "- 0(&"'$ "0#/#% (#!&$ "

&#$%'/#%()&%&$. A/"# $'!h !($$ %h"$ ($$(&)&# %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* "- =(> R.A. N". 86 &#$"-( ($

&% ())"$ %&/#% (%'&%* (#+ !"//'%(%&"# "- 0(!(%&"# (#+ $&!? )(0 %" S#(%"$ (#+ R2$#%(%&0$ (#+

%" )!%&0 "--&!&()$ "- "%h 5"'$$ "- C"#$$ =Ph&)&22&# C"#$%&%'%&"# A$$"!&(%&"#, I#!. 0. &/#, 1 SCRA

49 196>; => E@!'%&0 O+ N". 84, &$$'+ * P$&+#% C"("# C. A:'&#" "# ')* 198, h&!h

())"+ //$ "- %h !(&#%, %h& '#+$!%(&$, (#+ ($$&$%(#% $!%(&$ %" h")+ "%h "0#/#%

"--&!$ " 2"$&%&"#$ =C&0&) L&%&$ U#&"# 0. E@!'%&0 S!%(*, 194 SCRA 1 1991>; =!> %h ('%"/(%&!

(22"2&(%&"# -" +% $0&! &# %h #() A22"2&(%&"#$ A!% ='&#"#( 0. C((', 196 SCRA 1 1991;

=+> R.A. N". G6 "# %h h")+&# "- +$*#!h"#&+ )!%&"#$ =O$/( 0. C"//&$$&"# "# E)!%&"#$, 199

SCRA G 1991>; => P.D. N". 1869 =%h !h(% "- %h Ph&)&22&# A/'$/#% (#+ (/&# C"2"(%&"#> "#

%h "'#+ %h(% &% &$ !"#%(* %" /"()$, 2')&! 2")&!*, (#+ "+ =B($!" 0. Ph&)&22&# A/'$/#% (#+ (/&#C"2., 19 SCRA 1991>; (#+ =-> R.A. N". 69, $%()&$h&# %h Ph&)&22&# N(%&"#() P")&!. =C(2&" 0.

E@!'%&0 S!%(*, G6 SCRA 9G 199>.

O%h !($$ h h(0 -"))"+ ( )&() 2")&!* (+&# locus standi &#!)'+ %h"$ (%%(!?&# %h 0()&+&%*

" )()&%* "- =(> (# "+ ())"&# %h &/2"%(%&"# "- &! &# %h )&h% "- %h 2"h&&%&"# &/2"$+ * R.A. N".

4 =I)"&)" P()(* (#+ C"# P)(#%$ A$$"!&(%&"#, I#!. 0. F)&!&(#", 1 SCRA 196; => P.D. N"$. 991 (#+

1G &#$"-( ($ %h* 2"2"$+ (/#+/#%$ %" %h C"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ P.D. N". 1G1 &#$"-( ($ &% +&

COMELEC %" $'20&$, !"#%"), h")+, (#+ !"#+'!% %h -#+'/2)&$!&% "# 16 O!%" 196

C"//&$$&"# "# E)!%&"#$, supra>; =!> %h &++&# -" %h $() "- %h ,19 $:'( /%$ "- )(#+ (%

M&#(%"?', T"?*", (2(# =L(') 0. (!&(, 18 SCRA 9 199G>; =+> %h (22"0() &%h"'% h(&#

B"(+ "- I#0$%/#%$ "- %h (/#++ (22)&!(%&"# "- %h B(%((# P%"!h/&!() C"2"(%&"# %" %(#$

"- &%$ 2)(#% -"/ B(%((# %" B(%(#($ (#+ %h 0()&+&%* "- $'!h %(#$- (#+ %h $h&-% "- -+$%"!? -"/

"#)* %" #(2h%h( (#+H" )&:'-&+ 2%")'/ ($ =(!&( 0. B"(+ "- I#0$%/#%$, 1 SCRA 4 19

0. B"(+ "- I#0$%/#%$, 191 SCRA 88 199G>; => %h +!&$&"#$, "+$, ')&#$, (#+ $")'%&"#$ "

E@!'%&0 S!%(*, S!%(* "- F&#(#!, C"//&$$&"# "- I#%#() R0#', C"//&$$&"# "- C

(#+ %h F&$!() I#!#%&0$ R0& B"(+ @/2%&# %h N(%&"#() P" C"2"(%&"# -"/ &#+&!% %(@

+'%&$ =M(!+( 0. M(!((&, 19 SCRA 1 1991>; =-> %h "+$ "- %h E#* R')(%"* B"(+

D!/ 199G "# %h "'#+ %h(% %h h(&#$ !"#+'!%+ "# %h $!"#+ 2"0&$&"#() &#!($ &# "#"% ())" %h 2%&%&"# $'$%(#%&() !"$$@(/&#(%&"#; =M(!+( 0. E#* R')(%"* B"(+, 199 S

1991>; => E@!'%&0 O+ N". 48 h&!h )0&+ ( $2!&() +'%* "- PG.9 2 )&% "- &/2"%+ "&) 2

=(!&( 0. E@!'%&0 S!%(*, 11 SCRA 19 199>; =h> $")'%&"#$ "- %h C"//&$$&"# "# E)!%&"

!"#!#&# %h (22"%&"#/#%, * +&$%&!%, "- %h #'/ "- )!%&0 //$ "- S(#'#&(#$ =D

C"//&$$&"# "# E)!%&"#$, G8 SCRA 4G 199>; (#+ =&> //"(#+'/ "+$ &$$'+ * ( M(*" (

%h Ch&- "- P")&! "- P($(* C&%* =P($(* L( (#+ C"#$!&#! U#&"#, I#!. 0. C'#%(, 1G1 SCRA 66

I# %h 19 !($ "- "&uino v. Commission on Elections =6 SCRA 19>, %h&$ C"'%, +$2&% &%

'#:'&0"!() ')&# %h(% %h 2%&%&"#$ %h&# h(+ #" 2$"#()&%* %" -&) %h 2%&%&"#, $")0+ #0%

2($$ '2"# %h &$$'$ (&$+ !('$ "- %h -((!h&# &/2)&!(%&"#$ "- %h 2%&%&"#. W +&+ #" )$$

/uia v. C20E6EC (*upra) h, ()%h"'h +!)(+ %h(% D '&( +"$ #"% (22( %" h(0 loc

( $%(#+&# &# )(, ( 2$"#() " $'$%(#%&() &#%$%, '$h+ ($&+ %h 2"!+'() &#-&/&%* !"#

%h &/2"%(#! "- %h &$$' &#0")0+, !"#!#&# ($ &% +"$ %h 2")&%&!() @!&$ "- :'()&-&+ 0"%$

%h (22"%&"#/#%, (#+ 2%&%&"# ())&# ('$ "- +&$!%&"# (#+ 0&")(%&"# "- %h C"#$%&%'%&"# *

N" "# %h /&%$ "- %h !($.

2n the fare ran#e scheme .

S!%&"# 16=!> "- %h P')&! S0&! A!%, ($ (/#++, (+$<

S!. 16. Proceedin#s of the Commission, upon notice and hearin# . — Th C"//&$$&"# $h()) h(0

2", upon proper notice and hearin# &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h ')$ (#+ 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h&$ A!%, $'3

)&/&%(%&"#$ (#+ @!2%&"#$ /#%&"#+ (#+ $(0&# 2"0&$&"#$ %" %h !"#%(*<

@@@ @@@ @@@

=!> T" -&@ (#+ +%/&# &#+&0&+'() " 3"&#% (%$, %"))$, !h($, !)($$&-&!(%&"#$, " $!h+')$ %h"-

!"//'%(%&"#, /&)( ?&)"/%(, (#+ "%h $2!&() (%$ h&!h $h()) &/2"$+, "$0+, (#+

%h(-% * (#* 2')&! $0&!< Provided , Th(% %h C"//&$$&"# /(*, &# &%$ +&$!%&"#, (22"0 (%

* 2')&! $0&!$ 2"0&$&"#())* (#+ &%h"'% #!$$&%* "- (#* h(&#; '% &% $h()) !()) ( h(&# %h

%h&%* +(*$ %h(-%, '2"# 2')&!(%&"# (#+ #"%&! %" %h !"#!#$ "2(%&# &# %h %&%"* (--!%+

further , Th(% &# !($ %h 2')&! $0&! :'&2/#% "- (# "2(%" &$ '$+ 2&#!&2())* " $!"#+(&)* -



2"/"%&"# "- ( 2&0(% '$&#$$, %h #% 2"-&%$ "- $(&+ 2&0(% '$&#$$ $h()) !"#$&++ &# )(%&"# &%h %h

2')&! $0&! "- $'!h "2(%" -" %h 2'2"$ "- -&@&# %h (%$. =E/2h($&$ "'$>.

@@@ @@@ @@@

U#+ %h -""&# 2"0&$&"#, %h L&$)(%' +)(%+ %" %h +-'#!% P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"# %h 2" "- -&@&#

%h (%$ "- 2')&! $0&!$. R$2"#+#% LTFRB, %h @&$%&# ')(%"* "+* %"+(*, &$ )&?&$ 0$%+ &%h %h $(/

'#+ E@!'%&0 O+ N". G +(%+ '# 19, 198. S!%&"# =!> "- %h $(&+ @!'%&0 "+ ('%h"&$ LTFRB %"

+%/&#, 2$!&, (22"0 (#+ 2&"+&!())* 0& (#+ (+3'$%, ($"#() -($, (%$ (#+ "%h )(%+ !h($,

)(%&0 %" %h "2(%&"# "- 2')&! )(#+ %(#$2"%(%&"# $0&!$ 2"0&++ * /"%"&+ 0h&!)$.

S'!h +)(%&"# "- )&$)(%&0 2" %" (# (+/&#&$%(%&0 (#!* &$ 2/&%%+ &# "+ %" (+(2% %" %h &#!($&# !"/2)@&%* "-/"+# )&-. A$ $'3!%$ -" "0#/#%() ')(%&"# /')%&2)*, $" +"$ %h +&--&!')%* "- (+/&#&$%&# %h )($. 5#!, $2!&()&(%&"#

0# &# )&$)(%&"# h($ !"/ #!$$(*. &0# %h %($? "- +%/&#&# $#$&%&0 (#+ +)&!(% /(%%$ ($

"'%-&@&# (#+ (%/(?&# -" %h %(#$2"% $!%", %h $2"#$&) ')(%"* "+* &$ #%'$%+ &%h %h 2" "- $'"+&#(%

)&$)(%&"#. W&%h %h&$ ('%h"&%*, (# (+/&#&$%(%&0 "+* (#+ &# %h&$ !($, %h LTFRB, /(* &/2)/#% "(+ 2")&!&$ )(&+ +"# &# (

$%(%'% * -&))&# &# %h +%(&)$ h&!h %h L&$)(%' /(* #&%h h(0 %&/ " !"/2%#! %" 2"0&+. 5"0, #"h '#+ %h

(-"$(&+ 2"0&$&"#$ "- )( ( %h ')(%"* "+&$, %h PSC (#+ LTFRB ()&?, ('%h"&+ %" +)(% %h(% 2" %" ( !"//"#

!(&, ( %(#$2"% "2(%", " "%h 2')&! $0&!.

I# %h !($ (% #!h, %h ('%h"&%* &0# * %h LTFRB %" %h 2"0&#!&() '$ "2(%"$ %" $% ( -( (# "0 (#+ ("0 %h

('%h"&+ @&$%&# -(, &$ &))() (#+ &#0()&+ ($ &% &$ %(#%(/"'#% %" (# '#+' +)(%&"# "- )&$)(%&0 ('%h"&%*. Potestas dele#ata

non dele#ari potest . Wh(% h($ # +)(%+ !(##"% +)(%+. Th&$ +"!%&# &$ ($+ "# %h %h&!() 2&#!&2) %h(% $'!h (

+)(%+ 2" !"#$%&%'%$ #"% "#)* ( &h% '% ( +'%* %" 2-"/+ * %h +)(% %h"'h %h &#$%'/#%()&%* "- h&$ "#

3'+/#% (#+ #"% %h"'h %h &#%0#&# /&#+ "- (#"%h.1@ A -'%h +)(%&"# "- $'!h 2" "')+ &#++ !"#$%&%'% ( #(%&"#

"- %h +'%* &# 0&")(%&"# "- %h %'$% 2"$+ &# %h +)(% /(#+(%+ %" +&$!h( &% +&!%)*. 11 Th 2")&!* "- ())"&# %h 2"0&#!&()

'$ "2(%"$ %" !h(# (#+ &#!($ %h& -($ (% &)) "')+ $')% #"% "#)* %" ( !h("%&! $&%'(%&"# '% %" (# (#(!h&! $%(% "- (--(&$.

Th&$ "')+ )(0 %h &+&# 2')&! (% %h /!* "- %(#$2"% "2(%"$ h" /(* &#!($ -($ 0* h"', 0* +(*, 0* /"#%h "

0* *(, h#0 &% 2)($$ %h/ " h#0 %h* +/ &% #!$$(* %" +" $". I# Pana "uto!us Co. v. Philippine %ailwa

Co., 12 h $2"#+#% Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". ($ (#%+ * %h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"# %h ('%h"&%* %" !h(# &%$ -&h%

(%$ (% &)), %h&$ C"'% !(%"&!())* +!)(+ %h(%<

I# "' "2&#&"#, the Pu!lic *ervice Commission was not authorized ! law to dele#ate to the Philippine %ailwa

Co. the power of alterin# its frei#ht rates whenever it should find it necessar to do so in order to meet the

competition of road truc>s and auto!uses, or to chan#e its frei#ht rates at will, or to re#ard its present rates as

maximum rates, and to fix lower rates whenever in the opinion of the Philippine %ailwa Co. it would !e to its

advanta#e to do so.

Th / !&%() "- %h )(#'( "- %h (22)&!(%&"# "- %h Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". &$ #"'h %" $h" %h(% &% &$'#%#(). +he 6e#islature has dele#ated to the Pu!lic *ervice Commission the power of fixin# the rates of

pu!lic services, !ut it has not authorized the Pu!lic *ervice Commission to dele#ate that power to a common

carrier or other pu!lic service. Th (%$ "- 2')&! $0&!$ )&? %h Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". h(0 # (22"0+

" -&@+ * %h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"#, (#+ (#* !h(# &# $'!h (%$ /'$% ('%h"&+ " (22"0+ *

%h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"# (-% %h* h(0 # $h"# %" 3'$% (#+ ($"#(). Th 2')&! $0&!

/(*, "- !"'$, 2"2"$ # (%$, ($ %h Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". +&+ &# !($ N". 18, '% &% !(##"% )(-'))*

/(? $(&+ # (%$ --!%&0 &%h"'% %h (22"0() "- %h P')&! S0&! C"//&$$&"#, (#+ %h P'

C"//&$$&"# &%$)- !(##"% ('%h"& ( 2')&! $0&! %" #-"! # (%$ &%h"'% %h 2&" (22"0()

(%$ * %h !"//&$$&"#. Th !"//&$$&"# /'$% (22"0 # (%$ h# %h* ( $'/&%%+ %" &%, &-

0&+#! $h"$ %h/ %" 3'$% (#+ ($"#(), "%h&$ &% /'$% +&$(22"0 %h/. C)()*, %h !"

!(##"% +%/&# &# (+0(#! h%h " #"% %h # (%$ "- %h Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". &)) 3'$%

($"#(), !('$ &% +"$ #"% ?#" h(% %h"$ (%$ &)) .

I# %h 2$#% !($ %h Ph&)&22&# R(&)(* C". &# --!% ($?+ -" 2/&$$&"# %" !h(# &%$ -&h% (

I% /(* !h(# %h/ 0* +(* " 0* h"', h#0 &% +/$ &% #!$$(* %" +" $" &# "+ %" /

!"/2%&%&"# " h#0 &# &%$ "2&#&"# &% "')+ %" &%$ (+0(#%(. S'!h ( 2"!+' "')+ !(%

'#$(%&$-(!%"* $%(% "- (--(&$ (#+ )()* +-(% %h 2'2"$$ "- %h 2')&! $0&! )(.1? =E/2h($&$

O# 0&%() !"#$:'#! "- %h +')(%&"# "- %(#$2"% -($ &$ ( compounded fare. I- %(#$2"% "2(%"$ &)) ('%h

&/2"$ (#+ !"))!% (# (++&%&"#() (/"'#% :'&0()#% %" GK "0 (#+ ("0 %h ('%h"&+ -( "0 ( 2&"+ "- %&/, %h&$

23'+&! ( !"//'% h" &)) /(+ %" 2(* ( -( %h(% h($ # !"/2'%+ &# ( /(## $&/&)( %" %h"$ "- !"/2"'#+

&#%$% (%$.

P&!%' %h&$ $&%'(%&"#. O# D!/ 14, 199G, %h LTFRB ('%h"&+ 2"0&#!&() '$ "2(%"$ %" !"))!% ( %h&%*$0# =PG

!#%(0" 2 ?&)"/% -( -" "+&#(* '$$. A% %h $(/ %&/, %h* ())"+ %" &/2"$ (#+ !"))!% ( -( (# "- 2

/&#'$ 1K "0 %h ('%h"&+ (%. Th'$ PG. !#%(0" 2 ?&)"/% ('%h"&+ -( 2)'$ PG.G !#%(0"$ =h&!h &$ 1K

!#%(0"$> &$ :'&0()#% %" PG.4 !#%(0"$, %h ())"+ (% &# 199G. S'22"$&# %h LTFRB (#%$ (#"%h -&0 =PG.G> !

&#!($ 2 ?&)"/% &# 1994, %h#, %h ($ " -#! -" !"/2'%(%&"# "')+ h(0 %" PG.4 !#%(0"$ =h&!h &$ P

PG.G !#%(0"$>. I- '$ "2(%"$ &)) @!&$ %h& ('%h"&%* %" &/2"$ (# (++&%&"#() GK "0 (#+ ("0 %h ('%h"&+

%h -( %" !"))!%+ $h()) (/"'#% %" PG.6 =%h(% &$, PG.4 ('%h"&+ LTFRB (% 2)'$ GK "- PG.4 h&!h &$ PG.9>. I#

!"//'%$ &)) !"#%&#'"'$)* $'3!%+, #"% "#)* %" ( +"') -( (+3'$%/#% '% %" ( !"/2"'#+&# -( ($ )). O# %h

%(#$2"% "2(%"$ $h()) #3"* ( & !h'#? "- %h 2&. A$&+ -"/ -( &#!($ (22)&+ - ", %h* !(# $%&)) !"))!% (# (++

(/"'#% * 0&%' "- %h ('%h"&+ -( (#. M(%h/(%&!())*, %h $&%'(%&"# %(#$)(%$ &#%" %h -"))"&#<

Y(JJ LTFRB ('%h"&+ F( R(# F( %"

(%JJJ !"))!%+ 2

?&)"/%

199G PG. 1K =PG.G> PG.4

1994 PG.4 G.G G.4 GK =PG.G9> PG.6

1998 PG.6 G.G G.61 GK =PG.1> PG.

GG PG. G.G G.8 GK =PG.16> PG.94

M""0, (% /(?&# " (% -&@&# &$ #"% (# ($* %($?. I% &$ ( +)&!(% (#+ $#$&%&0 "0#/#% -'#!%&"# %h(% :'&$ +

3'+/#% (#+ $"'#+ +&$!%&"# &%h %h $%%)+ "() "- (&0&# (% ( 3'$% (#+ ($"#() (% (!!2%() %" "%h %h 2')&!%h 2')&!. S0() -(!%"$, &# -(!%, h(0 %" %(?# &#%" !"#$&+(%&"# -" ( ()(#! !"')+ (!h&0+. A (% $h"')+

!"#-&$!(%"* ($ "')+ 2)(! (# "2(%" &# ( $&%'(%&"# h h &)) !"#%&#' %" "2(% (% ( )"$$. 5#!, %h (% $h"')+

2')&! '%&)&%&$ %" #(% 0#'$ $'--&!&#% %" !"0 "2(%&"#() !"$%$ (#+ 2"0&+ ($"#() %'# "# %h &#0$%/#%

"%h h(#+, ( (% h&!h &$ %"" h&h !"/$ +&$!&/&#(%"*. I% &$ !"#%(* %" 2')&! &#%$%. A (%, %h-", /'$% (

(#+ -(& (#+ /'$% afforda!le %" %h #+ '$ h" &)) '%&)& %h $0&!$.



&0# %h !"/2)@&%* "- %h #(%' "- %h -'#!%&"# "- (%-&@&# (#+ &%$ -((!h&# --!%$ "# /&))&"#$ "- !"//'%$, "0#/#%

/'$% #"% )&#:'&$h %h&$ &/2"%(#% -'#!%&"# &# -(0" "- %h"$ h" "')+ #-&% (#+ 2"-&% -"/ %h &#+'$%*. N&%h $h"')+ %h

:'&$&% #"%&! (#+ h(&# +"# ((* &%h. Th 2"2), 2$#%+ * 2'%() "22"$&%"$, +$0 %" &0# -'))

"22"%'#&%* %" h(+ &# %h& "22"$&%&"# %" (#* -( &#!($.

Th 2$#% (+/&#&$%(%&0 2"!+', 14 %" "' /&#+, ()(+* /&"$ (# "+)* (#+ $(%&$-(!%"* ((#/#% -" ()) 2(%&$ &#0")0+.

T" +" ((* &%h $'!h ( 2"!+' (#+ ())" 3'$% "# 2(%*, (# &#%$%+ 2(%* (% %h(%, %" +%/&# h(% %h (% $h"')+ , &))

'#+/&# %h &h% "- %h "%h 2(%&$ %" +' 2"!$$. Th 2'2"$ "- ( h(&# &$ 2!&$)* %" +%/&# h(% ( 3'$% (#+

($"#() (% &$. 15 D&$!(+&# $'!h 2"!+'() (#+ !"#$%&%'%&"#() &h% &$ !%(&#)* &#&/&!() %" "' -'#+(/#%() )( (#+ %" 2')&!

&#%$%.

2n the presumption of pu!lic need .

A !%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! =CPC> &$ (# ('%h"&(%&"# (#%+ * %h LTFRB -" %h "2(%&"# "- )(#+ %(#$2"%(%&"# $0&!$

-" 2')&! '$ ($ :'&+ * )(. P'$'(#% %" S!%&"# 16=(> "- %h P')&! S0&! A!%, ($ (/#++, %h -"))"&# :'&/#%$ /'$%

/% -" ( CPC /(* (#%+, %" &%< =&> %h (22)&!(#% /'$% ( !&%&# "- %h Ph&)&22&#$, " ( !"2"(%&"# " !"2(%#$h&2,

($$"!&(%&"# " 3"&#%$%"!? !"/2(#* !"#$%&%'%+ (#+ "(#&+ '#+ %h )($ "- %h Ph&)&22&#$, (% )($% 6G per centum "- &%$ $%"!? "

2(&+'2 !(2&%() /'$% )"# #%&)* %" !&%&#$ "- %h Ph&)&22&#$; =&&> %h (22)&!(#% /'$% -&#(#!&())* !(2() "- '#+%(?&# %h

2"2"$+ $0&! (#+ /%&# %h $2"#$&&)&%&$ &#!&+#% %" &%$ "2(%&"#; (#+ =&&&> the applicant must prove that the operation of the

pu!lic service proposed and the authorization to do !usiness will promote the pu!lic interest in a proper and suita!le manner . I% &$

'#+$%""+ %h(% %h /'$% 2"2 #"%&! (#+ h(&# -" %h PSC !(# @!&$ &%$ 2" %" &$$' ( CPC.

Wh&) (+"2%&# in toto %h -""&# :'&$&%$ -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( CPC, LTFRB M/"(#+'/ C&!')( N". 9GG9, P(% IV,

2"0&+$ -" *% &#!"#'"'$ (#+ !"#%(+&!%"* 2")&!* '&+)&# "# %h &$$'(#! "- ( CPC. Th '&+)&#$ $%(%$<

Th &$$'(#! "- ( C%&-&!(% "- P')&! C"#0#&#! &$ +%/&#+ * 2')&! #+. +he presumption of pu!lic

need for a service shall !e deemed in favor of the applicant, while the !urden of provin# that there is no need

for the proposed service shall !e the oppositor8s. =E/2h($&$ "'$>.

Th ("0:'"%+ 2"0&$&"# &$ #%&)* &#!"/2(%&) (#+ &#!"#$&$%#% &%h S!%&"# 16=!>=&&&> "- %h P')&! S0&! A!% h&!h :'&$

%h(% -" ( CPC &)) &$$'+, %h (22)&!(#% /'$% 2"0 * 2"2 #"%&! (#+ h(&# %h(% %h "2(%&"# "- %h 2')&! $0&!

2"2"$+ &)) 2"/"% 2')&! &#%$% &# ( 2"2 (#+ $'&%() /(##. O# %h !"#%(*, %h 2")&!* '&+)&# $%(%$ %h(% %h

2$'/2%&"# "- 2')&! #+ -" ( 2')&! $0&! $h()) +/+ &# -(0" "- %h (22)&!(#%. I# !($ "- !"#-)&!% %# ( $%(%'% (#+

(# (+/&#&$%(%&0 "+, %h -"/ /'$% 20(&).

B* &%$ %/$, 2')&! !"#0#&#! " #!$$&%* #())* /(#$ $"/%h&# -&%%&# " $'&%+ %" %h 2')&! #+. 16 A$ "# "- %h ($&!

:'&/#%$ -" %h (#% "- ( CPC, 2')&! !"#0#&#! (#+ #!$$&%* @&$%$ h# %h 2"2"$+ -(!&)&%* " $0&! /%$ (

($"#() (#% "- %h 2')&! (#+ $'22)* ( #+ h&!h %h @&$%&# -(!&)&%&$ +" #"% (+:'(%)* $'22)*. Th @&$%#! "

#"#@&$%#! "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! (#+ #!$$&%* &$ %h-" ( :'$%&"# "- -(!% %h(% /'$% $%()&$h+ * 0&+#!, () (#+H"%$%&/"#&(); /2&&!() +(%(; $%(%&$%&!$ (#+ $'!h "%h /(#$ #!$$(*, &# ( 2')&! h(&# !"#+'!%+ -" %h(% 2'2"$. Th "3!%

(#+ 2'2"$ "- $'!h 2"!+', (/"# "%h %h&#$, &$ %" )""? "'% -", (#+ 2"%!%, %h &#%$%$ "- "%h %h 2')&! (#+ %h @&$%&#

%(#$2"% "2(%"$.

V&)*, %h 2" "- ( ')(%"* "+* %" &$$' ( CPC &$ -"'#++ "# %h !"#+&%&"# %h(% (-% -'))+$$ h(&# (#+ &#0$%&(%&"#, &%

$h()) -&#+, ($ ( -(!%, %h(% %h 2"2"$+ "2(%&"# &$ -" %h !"#0#&#! "- %h 2')&!. 1 B($&! !"#0#&#! &$ %h 2&/(*

!"#$&+(%&"# -" h&!h ( CPC &$ &$$'+, (#+ %h(% -(!% ()"# /'$% !"#$&$%#%)* "# &# /&#+. A)$", @&$%&# "2(%"$ &

"'%$ /'$% &0# (# "22"%'#&%* %" "-- 2""- (#+ "22"$ %h (22)&!(%&"#. Th-", (# (22)&!(#% /'$%, (% ()) %&/$,

%" 2"0 h&$ !(2(!&%* (#+ !(2(&)&%* %" -'#&$h %h $0&! h&!h h h($ '#+%(?# %"

#+. 18 A#+ ()) %h&$ &)) 2"$$&) "#)* &- ( 2')&! h(&# !"#+'!%+ -" %h(% 2'2"$.

O%h&$ $%(%+, %h $%()&$h/#% "- 2')&! #+ &# -(0" "- (# (22)&!(#% 0$$ ))$%%)+ (#+ &#$%&%'%&"#()&+ 3'+&!

3'+&!&() (#+ (+/&#&$%(%&0 2"!+'$. I% ())"$ %h 2(%* h" &#&%&(%$ %h 2"!+&#$ %" 2"0, * / (22)&!(%&"#, h&$

())(%&"#$. M""0, %h "--#+&# 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h LTFRB //"(#+'/ !&!')( &# :'$%&"# "')+ &# --!% (/#+ %h

C"'% * (++&# (#"%h +&$2'%() 2$'/2%&"# &# %h #'/(%&"# "- 2$'/2%&"#$ '#+ R') 11, S!%&"# "- %h

C"'%. S'!h '$'2(%&"# "- %h&$ C"'%Q$ ('%h"&%* !(##"% !"'#%#(#!+ ($ "#)* %h&$ C"'% &$ /(#+(%+ * )( %" 2"/')

!"#!#&# 2)(+&#, 2(!%&! (#+ 2"!+'. 19

D')(%&"#, h&) &% /(* &+() &# !%(&# $&%'(%&"#$, /(* #"% &+() (% ()) &# "' !"'#%* &0# %h 2$#% !&!'/$%(#

A+0"!(!* "- )&()&+ -(#!h&$&# (#+ ')(%"* 2"!$$ &$ %(#%(/"'#% %" (# (+&!(%&"# * %h "0#/#% "- &%$ &#h

@!&$ 2")&! 2", %h(% &$, %h &h% "- "0#/#% %" ')(% 2')&! '%&)&%&$ -" 2"%!%&"# "- %h 2')&! (#+ %h '%&)&%&$

%h/$)0$.

Wh&) !"#& %h ('%h"&%* "- %h DOTC (#+ %h LTFRB %" &$$' (+/&#&$%(%&0 "+$ %" ')(% %h %(#$2"% $!

%h(% %h* !"//&%%+ (0 ('$ "- +&$!%&"# &# &$$'&# DOTC D2(%/#% O+

N". 98 +-&#&# %h 2")&!* -(/"? "# %h ')(%&"# "- %(#$2"% $0&!$ (#+ LTFRB M/"(#+'/ C&!')( N". 9

2"/')(%&# %h &/2)/#%&# '&+)&#$ "# DOTC D2(%/#% O+ N". 98, %h $(&+ (+/&#&$%(%&0 &$$'(#!$ &

(/#+(%"* (#+ 0&")(%&0 "- %h P')&! S0&! A!% (#+ %h R')$ "- C"'%. C"#$:'#%)*, ') %h(% %h %#%* =GK> p

centum -( &#!($ &/2"$+ * $2"#+#% PBOAP "# M(!h 16, 1994 &%h"'% %h #-&% "- ( 2%&%&"# (#+ ( 2')&! h

(#+ 0"&+ (#+ "- #" -"! (#+ --!%. N" (0 ('$ "- +&$!%&"# h"0 ($ !"//&%%+ &# %h &$$'(#! "- DOTC M/

O+ N". 9G9 (#+ DOTC M/"(#+'/ +(%+ O!%" 8, 199, %h $(/ &# /)* &#%#() !"//'#&!(%&"#$ %

(+/&#&$%(%&0 "--&!$.

W5EREFORE, &# 0& "- %h -""&#, %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# &$ h* RANTED (#+ %h !h())#+ (+/&#&$%(%&0 &$$'(

"+$, #(/)*< DOTC D2(%/#% O+ N". 98, LTFRB M/"(#+'/ C&!')(

N". 9GG9, (#+ %h "+ +(%+ M(!h 4, 1994 &$$'+ * $2"#+#% LTFRB ( h* DECLARED !"#%(* %" )( (#

&#$"-( ($ %h* (--!% 2"0&$&"#$ %h&# =(> +)(%&# %" 2"0&#!&() '$ (#+ 32#* "2(%"$ %h ('%h"&%* %" &#!($ "

%h +')* 2$!&+ %(#$2"%(%&"# -($; (#+ => !(%&# ( 2$'/2%&"# "- 2')&! #+ -" ( $0&! &# -(0" "- %h (22)&!(

!%&-&!(% "- 2')&! !"#0#&#! (#+ 2)(!&# %h '+# "- 2"0&# %h(% %h &$ #" #+ -" %h 2"2"$+ $0&! %" %h "

Th T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+ &$$'+ "# '# G, 1994 &$ h* MADE PERMANENT &#$"-( ($ &% #3"&#+ %h '$

&#!($ (#%+ '#+ %h 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h (-"/#%&"#+ (+/&#&$%(%&0 !&!')($, //"(#+( (#+H" "+$ +!)(+

N" 2"#"'#!/#% ($ %" !"$%$.

SO ORDERED.

Padilla, avide, Jr., -ellosillo and ?uiason, JJ., concur.



[G.R. No. 1165@. M+r , 1996]

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., petitioner, vs. NA"'ONAL LABOR RELA"'ONS COMM'SS'ON +3 )A'ME CAGA"AN, respondents.

D E C ' S ' O N

HA$NAN, J.:

P%&%&"# S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!., "# "- MV C"%((%" P&#!$$, "# (#'(* 1, 199 +&$/&$$+ 2&0(% $2"#+#%

(&/ C((%(#, ( /$$/(# "- %h $(&+ 0$$), ())+)* -" &# ($#% &%h"'% )(0 -" ( 2")"#+ 2&"+ "- $&@ =6> /"#%h$.

A$ ( $')% "- h&$ +&$/&$$(), %h 2&0(% $2"#+#% -&)+ ( !"/2)(&#% -" &))() +&$/&$$() -" %h N(%&"#() L(" R)(%&"#$

C"//&$$&"# =NLRC> %h"'h &%$ N(%&"#() C(2&%() R&"# A&%(%&"# B(#!h &# M(#&)(, +"!?%+ ($ NLRCNCR C($ N". GGG6

169.1

R$2"#+&# %" %h $(&+ !"/2)(&#%, 2%&%&"#, "# '# 94, 199, -&)+ ( M"%&"# %" D&$/&$$ "# %h "'#+ "- &/2"2 0#',

$%(%&#, (/"# "%h %h&#$, %h(% %h !($ -" &))() +&$/&$$() $h"')+ h(0 # )"++ &%h %h NLRC$ R&"#() B(#!h N". VII

=C'>, ($ &%$ /(&# "--&! ($ )"!(%+ &# C' C&%*.

I# (# O+ +(%+ A''$% 1, 199 L(" A&% A%h' L. A/(#$! "- %h NLRCNCR +#&+ 2%&%&"#$ M"%&"# %" D&$/&$$,

h")+&# %h(%<

C"#$&+&# %h(% %h !"/2)(&#(#% &$ ( $h&2 $%(+, %(0)+ "# "(+ $2"#+#%$ $h&2 ()"# %h M(#&)(E#$%(#!&(I)"&)"

J(/"(#(C"%((%" 0&!0$( "'%, M(#&)( !(# $(&+ %" 2(% "- %h !"/2)(&#(#%$ %&%"&() "?2)(!.

Th (-":'"%+ O+ ($ $($"#()* (22()+ %" %h NLRC * 2%&%&"#. O# F'(* 8, 1994, $2"#+#% NLRC -"'#+

2%&%&"#$ (22() '#/&%"&"'$ (#+ $'$%(&#+ %h L(" A&%$ A''$% 1, 199 ')&#, @2)(&#&# %h(% '#+ %h N NLRC

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http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1996/mar1996/117650.htm#_edn1









































#ERE%ORE, 2/&$$ !"#$&++, %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# &$ h* DISMISSED -" )(!? "- /&%.

SO ORDERED.

Padilla, -ellosillo, @itu#, (#+ 7ermosisima, Jr., JJ., !"#!'.

[G.R. No. 1?1166. Se7ember ?@, 1999]

CAL"EK F$#'L'$$'NES, 'NC. petitioner, vs. SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., GO S'OC SO, ENR'!E S. GO, ESEB'O S. GO,

CARLOS S. GO, &'C"OR'ANO S. GO, DOM'NADOR S. GO, R'CARDO S. GO, EDARD S. GO, AR"RO S. GO,

EDGAR S. GO, EDMND S. GO, %RANC'SCO SOR'ANO, &EC"OR S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON, "ERES'"A G.

CAE=AL AND SO"ERA E. CAE=AL, respondents.

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A. $ob+3or> M. W&%#$$, *"' (( "- %h 2#+&# @2&* "- %h C%&-&!(% "- I#$2!%&"# &# %h !"($%&$

D!/ , 198. Wh(% ($ *"' ($$'(#! -" %h !"+ %h(% %h&$ +"!'/#% ($ #+ * %h MT V!%"

A. S+re+0> @@@

A. $ob+3or> Th !%&-&!(% "- I#$2!%&"#

A> A$ I $(&+, -&$%)*, %'$%+ M. A()"$ ($ h &$ ( )"# %&/ '$&#$$ 2(%#; $!"#+)*, %h"$ %h *($, %h*

%" $(&) * %h C"($% '(+. Th(% ( $"/ %h(% /(? / )&0 %h(% %h* &# -(!% () %" $!' %h

#().

!> I- %h C"($% '(+ !)($ ( 0$$) %" $(&), h(% "')+ %h(% /(#

A. S+re+0> O3!%&"#.

Cor> 5 ()(+* (#$+ %h(% &# %h !"$$ @(/&#(%&"# %" %h --!% %h(% &- &% ($ ())"+, -&# %" MV V!%

h &% &$ )"(++ (#+ %h(% &% ($ $!h+')+ -" ( +$%&#(%&"# * %h C"($% '(+, &% /(#$ %h(% &% h($ C

I#$2!%&"# @%#++ ($ ($$'+ %" %h&$ &%#$$ * R$%&%'%" A()"$. Th(% &# #" !($ MV V!%" &)) ())"

%h C%&-&!(% "- I#$2!%&"# &$, &#++, #"% %" @%#++. Th(% ($ h&$ 2(%+ @2)(#(%&"# %"

@(/&#(%&"#. S", %h &$ #" #+ %" !)(&-* %h $(/ &# %h +&!% @(/&#(%&"#.

C()%@ (#+ V!%" Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"# h(+ # +"&# '$&#$$ $&#! 198, " -" ("'% %" *($ -" %h %(

"!!'+ &# 198. P($% $0&!$ #++ $h"+ #" ($"# -" C()%@ %" "$0 ( h&h + "- +&)&#!.

C)()*, ($ ( / 0"*( !h(%, C()%@ h(+ %h &h% %" 2$'/ %h(% %h $h&2 ($ $("%h* ($ 0# %hC"($% '(+ &%$)- ($ !"#0&#!+ "- &%$ $("%h&#$$. A)) %h&#$ !"#$&++, -&#+ #" )() ($&$ %" h")+ 2%&%&"#

+(/($.

A$ V!%" Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"# +&+ #"% (22() -"/ %h C"'% "- A22()$ +!&$&"#, )&/&% "' ')&# %" %h )&(&)&

()"#. 5"0, /(&#%(&# %h C"'% "- A22()$ ')&# &#$"-( ($ V!%" &$ !"#!#+ .

#ERE%ORE %h C"'% h* RANTS %h 2%&%&"# (#+ SETS ASIDE %h +!&$&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA R CV 1 REMED'AL LA( C'&'L $ROCEDRE( %'ND'NGS O% %AC"S O% "#E "R'AL COR" B'ND'NG ON A$$EAL W





















#ERE%ORE, %h C"'% h* RANTS %h 2%&%&"# (#+ SETS ASIDE %h +!&$&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA. R. CV

N". 966, 2"/')(%+ "# A2&) 1, 199, &#$"-( ($ &% h)+ C()%@ )&() '#+ %h %h&+ 2(%* !"/2)(&#% %" &/'$H&#+/#&-*

+-#+(#% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. %h +(/($ %h )(%% &$ (+3'++ %" 2(* 2)(&#%&--$(22))$. Th C"'% AFFIRMS %h +!&$&"# "- %h

C"'% "- A22()$ &#$"-( ($ &% "+$ S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. %" 2(* %h h&$ "- S($%&(# E. C(() (#+ C"("# C(() +(/($ ($

$% -"%h %h&#. Th&+2(%* +-#+(#%(22)) V!%" Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"# (#+ F(#!&$!" S"&(#" ( h)+ )&() %"

&/'$H&#+/#&-* +-#+(#% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. h(%0 +(/($, (%%"#*$ -$ (#+ !"$%$ %h )(%% &$ (+3'++ %" 2(*

2)(&#%&--$(22))$ &# %h !($.

N" !"$%$ &# %h&$ &#$%(#!.

SO ORDERED.

avide, Jr., C.J., (Chairman), =apunan, (#+ nares$*antia#o, JJ., !"#!'.

Puno, J., %""? #" 2(% +' %" !)"$ )(%&"# &%h ( 2(%*.

[G.R. No. 9?291. M+r 29, 1999]

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC. +3 CRESENC'O G. CAS"ANEDA, petitioners, vs. COR" O% A$$EALS +3 A!AR'S %'S#'NG

CO., 'NC., respondents.

S*NO$S'S

O# N"0/ 18, 198, h&) %h (%h ($ ""+ (#+ %h 0&$&&)&%* ($ !)(, 2($$# )&# MHV D"# S')2&!&" $&h%+

%" -&$h&# "(%$ (h(+ (% %h +&$%(#! "- ("'% -"' =4> /&)$. Th %" "(%$, )(% ?#"# %" FHB A:'(&'$ C (#+ FHB A:'(&'$; '##&# (% ( $2+ "- . %" 8 ?#"%$ 2 h"' h&) MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ '##&# (% 1. ?#"%$ 2 h"' %"(+ %h

+&!%&"# "- %h %" "(%$. Wh# &% !('h% '2 &%h %h/, &% !"))&++ &%h FHB A:'(&'$ %h(% $')%+ &# %h $&#?&# "- %h )(%%.

B-" %h RTC "- B(!")"+ C&%*, %h "# "- %h &))-(%+ -&$h&# "(%$, A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!., -&)+ ( !"/2)(&#% -" +(/($

((&#$% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!., "# "- %h 2($$# )&#. O# M(* G, 1986, %h RTC !(/ "'% &%h ( +!&$&"# &# -(0" "- %h

2)(&#%&--. Th CA (--&/+ %h RTC +!&$&"#. I# &%$ (22() -" %h S'2/ C"'%, 2%&%&"# !"#%#++ %h(% '#+ %h R')$ "-

%h R"(+ (#+ R')(%&"#$ "# %h P0#%&"# "- C"))&$$&"#, MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ %h 2&0&)++ 0$$) (#+ %h FHB A:'(&'$ ($

%h '+#+ 0$$) &# %h !"$$&# $&%'(%&"#. 5"0, %h )(%% 0&")(%+ %h ')$, +&+ #"% ?2 "'% "- %h (*, +&+ #"% $)(!?#

$2+ '% &#$%(+ #% -')) (h(+ (#+ !"$$ %h " "- MHV D"# S')2&!&".

Th S'2/ C"'% ')+ %h(% h%h " #"% %h !"))&$&"# "!!'+ &# ( !"$$&# $&%'(%&"# " #"% &$ &//(%&(). Th +'%* %"

?2 "'% "- %h (* /(&#+ 0# &- %h "0%(?&# 0$$) !(##"% +%/&# &%h !%(&#%* h%h $h &$ -"(+ "- " ((-% /"

%h(# %" 2"&#%$ -"/ %h 0$$). MHV D"# S')2&!&" /'$% ($$'/ $2"#$&&)&%* ($ &% ($ &# ( %% 2"$&%&"# %" (0"&+ %h !"))&$&"#. I%

!(##"% !)(&/ %h(% &% ($ ( 2&0&)+ 0$$) &# &# %h 2"%$&+ h&!h !(# /(&#%(&# &%$ !"'$ (#+ $2+ +'&# %h !"))&$&"#. I%$

$%(#! %h(% FHB A:'(&'$ ($ ( '+#+ 0$$) h&!h $h"')+ h(0 ?2% "'% "- MHV D"# S')2&!&"$ (* ($ #"% $'22"%+ *

-(!%$.

S*LLABS

1. REMED'AL LA( C'&'L $ROCEDRE( %'ND'NGS O% %AC"S O% "#E "R'AL COR", B'ND'NG ON A$$EAL. W

%h 2"&#% "- &# )/#%(* &$ %h +"!%&# %h(% %h -&#+&#$ * %h %&() !"'% ( &#+&# "# %h (22))(% !"'% (

+&$%'+ "# (22(), '#)$$ %h %&() !"'% h($ "0)""?+ " &#"+ $"/ -(!% " !&!'/$%(#! "- $'--&!&#

$&#&-&!(#! h&!h, &- !"#$&++, "')+ ()% %h $&%'(%&"#. A-% ( %h""'h 0& (#+ @(/&#(%&"# "- %h 0&+#

+&$!# #" "'#+ " ($&$ -" +&$(+&# %h -&#+&#$ (#+ !"#!)'$&"# (&0+ (% )".

2. MERCAN"'LE LA( "RANS$OR"A"'ON( REGLA"'ONS %OR $RE&EN"'NG COLL'S'ONS A" SEA( D"* "O H

O% A* REMA'NS '"# O&ER"AH'NG &ESSEL. Wh%h " #"% %h !"))&$&"# $'+ '2"# "!!'+ &# ( !"$$&#

&//(%&() ($ %h C"'% "- A22()$, )*&# "# R') 4C, R')(%&"#$ -" P0#%&# C"))&$&"#$ (% %h S(, ')+ %h

%" ?2 "'% "- %h (* /(&#+ 0# &- %h "0%(?&# 0$$) !(##"% +%/&# &%h !%(&#%* h%h $h &$ -"

((-% /" %h(# 2"&#%$ -"/ %h 0$$). I% &$ *"#+ !(0&) %h(% 0A@ on *ulpicio /'$% ($$'/ $2"#$&&)&%* ($

%% 2"$&%&"# %" (0"&+ %h !"))&$&"#. I% $h"')+ h(0 )"# &%$ h"# " &0# $&#$ %" (# %h "%h 0$$) %h

"0%(? &%. A$$'/&# ar#umenti ex #ratia %h(% A- "&uarius h(+ #" )""?"'% +'&# %h !"))&$&"#, %h "/&$$&"

$'--&! %" @!')2(% S')2&!&" L&#$ -"/ )&(&)&%*. 0A@ on *ulpicio !(##"% !)(&/ %h(% &% ($ ( 2&0&)+ 0$$)

2"%$&+ h&!h !(# /(&#%(&# &%$ !"'$ (#+ $2+ +'&# %h !"))&$&"#. Wh# &% "0%""? A- "&uarius /, &% ($ +'

$)(!?# &%$ $2+ (#+ ?2 ((* -"/ "%h 0$$)$, h&!h &% -(&)+ %" +". Th $%(#! "- 2%&%&"#$ %h(% A- "&u

'+#+ 0$$) h&!h $h"')+ h(0 ?2% "'% "- %h (* "- 0A@ on *ulpicio &$ #"% $'22"%+ * -(!%$.

?. C'&'L LA( DAMAGES( AARD O% AC"AL DAMAGES $RO$ER 'N CASE A" BAR. A##% %h ((+ "- (!%'()

%h (/"'#% "- P64,448.8G, 2%&%&"#$ / ())(%&"# %h(% %h ((+ "- (!%'() +(/($ &$ @((%+ (#+ $

&%h"'% !"#%"0%&# %h !&2%$ (#+ &#0"&!$ h# %h "(% ($ !"#$%'!%+ (#+ h&!h %h ($$ "-

#%&$ &# %h ""?$ "- (!!"'#%$ 2$#%+ * %h 2&0(% $2"#+#%, ( '#(0(&)&# %" +-(% %h ((+. T"

2&0(% $2"#+#% (/2)* $%()&$h+ %h !"/2#$(%"* +(/($ &% $'--+ * ($"# "- %h !"))&$&"#.

4. 'D.( 'D.( AMON" O% NREAL'=ED $RO%'"( "OO NCER"A'N AND ONEROS 'N CASE A" BAR. Th P1G,GGG

((++ * %h %&() !"'% (#+ %h $2"#+#% !"'%, -" (#&#$ %h(% "')+ h(0 # +&0+ -"/ I- "&uariu&#+&!(%&# %h /(%&() 2&"+ &$ %"" '#!%(&# (#+ "#"'$ %" +$0 $&"'$ !"#$&+(%&"#. A$ (+$ %h !?"

%h &$ %#(&)&%* &# 2%&%&"#$ $'/&$$&"# %h(% ( -&$h&# "(% +%&"(%$ :'&% :'&!?)* +' %" @2"$' %" %h )

h")+ S')2&!&" L&#$ %" 2(* %h 2"-&%$ %h(% "')+ h(0 # ()&+ * %h 2&0(% $2"#+#% -" (# '#)&/&%+ 2&"

%" '+# &% &#+-&#&%)*, h&!h !(##"% !"'#%#(#!+. F(&)' "- A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. %" !"/ -"

!"#%"0%&# 0&+#! %" %h ())(%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$ %h(% %h "+&#(* )&-$2(# "- ( -&$h&# 0$$) &$ /" %h(

*($, (/"'#%+ %" (# (+/&$$&"# "- $'!h ())(%&"#. Th 0$$) ($ !"#$%'!%+ &# 19 h&) %h !"))&$&"#

198. Th /(&#&# )&- $2(# "- A- "&uarius / was therefore -"' =4> *($. C"#-"/()*, !"/2'%+ (% P 1G

/"#%h -" ( 2&"+ "- -"' =4> *($, %h '#()&+ 2"-&%$H(#&#$ &#0")0+, (/"'#%+ %" (% /"$% P48G,GGG.GG.

5. 'D.( 'D.( A""ORNE*S %EES( AARD "#EREO% 'N CASE A" BAR, $RO$ER. A$ (+$ %h (%%"#*$ -$ :'&0(

"- ()) %h ((+$ (#%+ * %h R&"#() T&() C"'%, %h 2"2&%* %h"- !(##"% :'$%&"#+. "$$ (#+ 0&+

"# %h 2(% "- 2%&%&"# &# -'$&# %" 2(* %h !)(&/ $'+ '2"# !"#$%(&#+ %h 2&0(% $2"#+#% %" #)&$% %h $

)(* %" )&%&(%. P%&%&"# /'$% h(0 2)(!+ )&(#! "# %h #() ') %h(% (%%"#*$ -$ !(##"% !"0

+(/($ !('$ "- %h 2")&!* %h(% #" 2/&'/ $h"')+ 2)(!+ "# %h &h% %" )&%&(%. =Philtranco *ervice Enter

v. Court of "ppeals, SCRA 6; 0orales v. Court of "ppeals, 4 SCRA 8>. B'% %h (-"!&%+ ') &$ &#(22

&# %h -(! "- % h $%'"# -'$() "- 2%&%&"# %" $2!% %h 0()&+ !)(&/ "- %h 2&0(% $2"#+#%.

6. 'D.( OBL'GA"'ONS AND CON"RAC"S( $A*MEN" O% LEGAL 'N"ERES" $RO$ER, 'N CASE A" BAR. Th 2(*/

&#%$% &$ ()$" &# "+. B'% &% $h"')+ !"/2'%+ -"/ N"0/ 18, 198, #"% -"/ M(!h G, 1986, h# %h

T&() C"'% a &uo !(/ "'% &%h &%$ D!&$&"# I% ($ -"/ %h %&/ "- %h !"))&$&"# !"/2)(&#+ "- %h(% %h 2&0(% $2"#+#% F"/ %h&$ ('/#% &% "')+ (22( %h(% h%h (!%'() #)&#! ($ !"//&%%+ * %h 0$$) (h(+ " #"% '% ($ )"#



T&() C"'% a &uo !(/ "'% &%h &%$ D!&$&"#. I% ($ -"/ %h %&/ "- %h !"))&$&"# !"/2)(&#+ "- %h(% %h 2&0(% $2"#+#%

(# %" +2&0+ "- $'3!% 0$$).

D E C ' S ' ON

$R'S'MA, J .>

A% ( &$ ( P%&%&"# -" R0& "# C%&"(& '#+ R') 4 "- %h R0&$+ R')$ "- C"'% $?&# %h 0$() "- %h D!&$&"#,

+(%+ N"0/ 9, 1989, "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ 1 &# CA R N". 1G81, (#+ %h R$")'%&"#, +(%+ A2&) 4, 199G, +#*&#

2%&%&"#$ M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"#.

"e +0 + m+er +re +0 oo0>

Th !($ $%//+ -"/ ( !"/2)(&#% -" +(/($ "- A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. ((&#$% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. (#+ C$#!&" .

C($%(#+(, +"!?%+ ($ C&0&) C($ N". 141G -" B(#!h 44 "- R&"#() T&() C"'% &# B(!")"+ C&%*. I# +' %&/, $(&+

+-#+(#%$ $'/&%%+ %h& A#$ &%h !"'#%!)(&/.

O# M(* 1, 1986, %h %&() !"'% !(/ "'% &%h &%$ D!&$&"# &# -(0" "- 2)(&#%&-- A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. (%&"!&#(%&# (#+

+&$2"$&# %h'$<

Th :'$%&"# %" +%/&#+ &$ h%h %h !"))&$&"# %# MHV D"# S')2&!&" (#+ FHB A:'(&'$ QQ ($ +' %" %h #)&#! "-

%h +-#+(#%$ " "- %h 2)(&#%&--. I% &$ (+/&%%+ &# %h 0&+#! %h(% (% ( +&$%(#! "- ("'% 4 /&)$ MHV D"# S')2&!&" h($ $&h%+

-&$h&# "(%$, #(/)*< FHB A:'(&'$ QCQ (#+ FHB A:'(&'$ ()%h"'h +-#+(#%$ /(&#%(&#+ &% ($ FHB A:'(&'$ QBQ. F"/ %h

0&+#! &% (22($ %h(% %h -&$h&# "(%$ h(+ ( $2+ "- ("'% . %" 8 ?#"%$ 2 h"' h&) MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ '##&# ("'%

1. ?#"%$ 2 h"'. I% "')+ (22( %h(% %h $2+ "- MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ /" %h(# %&! ($ -($% ($ %h $2+ "- %h %" -&$h&#"(%$. Th (%h (% %h(% %&/ %h (!!&+#% h(22#+ ($ !)( (#+ 0&$&&)&%* ($ ""+. I# "%h "+$, -"/ %h +&$%(#! "- ("'%

-"' /&)$ (% $(, %h /# "- D"# S')2&!&" !"')+ !)()* $ %h -&$h&# "(%$ h&!h (h(+ ("'% 4 /&)$ (#+ )&?&$, %h

/# "- %h -&$h&# "(%$ !"')+ !)()* $ MHV D"# S')2&!&" -"))"&#. Th 2)(&#%&-- !)(&/$ %h(% %h* !"#%&#'+ "# %h& $2+ &#

%h& !"'$ (#+ h&) /(&#%(&#&# %h& $2+ %h* (//+ * MHV D"# S')2&!&".

D-#+(#%$ !)(&/ %h(% 2)(&#%&-- ($ #)&#% (#+ %h(% %h !"))&$&"# ($ +' %" %h #)&#! "- %h /# /(##&# FHB A:'(&'$ QBQ

(#+ $'/&% %h(% !"#$&+&# %h(% FHB A:'(&'$ QBQ h(+ #" )""?"'% (#+ %h(% %h -&$h&# "(% ($ (h(+, FHB A:'(&'$ QBQ $h"')+ h(0

&0# (* %" MHV D"# S')2&!&" h" ($ -"))"&# &# "+ %" (0"&+ !"))&$&"#. A#+ !"#$&+&# %h(% FHB A:'(&'$ QBQ ($ (% -(')%, &%

$h"')+ $'-- &%$ "# +(/(.

@@@ @@@ @@@

I% (22($ &# %h %h"* "- +-#+(#%$ %h(% $&/2)* !('$ ( 0$$) h(+ #" )""?"'% (#+ %h(% %h 0$$) ($ (h(+, &- &% &$ (//+ *

(#"%h 0$$) %h(% &$ -"))"&#, %h -(')% "')+ "# %h 0$$) %h(% &$ (h(+ !('$ %h 0$$) %h(% &$ (h(+ $h"')+ ()(*$ &0

(* %" %h 0$$) %h(% &$ -"))"&#.

@@@ @@@ @@@

F"/ %h&$ ('/#%, &% "')+ (22( %h(% h%h (!%'() #)&#! ($ !"//&%%+ * %h 0$$) (h(+ " #"%, '% ($ )"#

0$$) h(+ #" )""?"'% (#+ h($ #"% &0# (* %" %h 0$$) -"))"&#, %h 0$$) -"))"&#, &- &% (/ %h 0$$) (h(+, h($

I% $h"')+ #"%+ %h(% FHB A:'(&'$ &$ ( -&$h&# 0$$) &%h ( $2+ "- "#)* . " 8 ?#"%$ 2 h"' (#+ (!!"+&# %" %h

%h 0$$), %h* ( #"% :'&+ * )( %" h(0 ( )""?"'% !('$ %h 0$$) &$ $/()). MHV D"# S')2&!&" &$ ( 2($$#

$2+ "- ("'% 1. ?#"%$ (# h"' (#+ &# ( 2($$# "(%, &% &$ & "(% (#+ ( -($% "(%. I% &$ &#!'/#% '2"# &%$

$ %" &% %h(% %h +&!%&"# %" h&!h %h* ( 2"!+&# &$ !)(. 5(0&# $# -" %h -&$% %&/ %h 0$$)$, FHB A:'(&'$

A:'(&'$ ("'% 4 /&)$ (h(+ (#+ %h(% %h* ()/"$% 2(())) %" (!h "%h " &# %h $(/ )&# &%h (!h "%h, ($ M

S')2&!&" ($ -"))"&#, MHV D"# S')2&!&" $h"')+ h(0 '$+ $'--&!&#% +&)&#! %" (0"&+ !"))&$&"#. I% (22($ -"/ %h 0&+

+'&# %h &#!&+#%, %h (%h ($ !)( (#+ 0&$&&)&%* ($ 0* ""+. Th MHV D"# S')2&!&" h(+ ( !)( "22"%'#&%* %" (

!"))&$&"#, '% &% -(&)+ %" +" $". MHV D"# S')2&!&" )&0+, %h(% !"#$&+&# %h(% &% ($ ( -"))"&# 0$$), &% !(# 3'$% " %h'

2"!+ &$2!%&0 "- +(#. Th C"'% )&0$ %h(% %h 0&+#! &$ ('#+(#% %" $h" #)&#! "# %h 2(% "- %h /

+-#+(#%$ (#+ ($ $'!h, +-#+(#%$ $h"')+ h)+ $2"#$&) -" ()) %h +(/($ $'--+ * FHB A:'(&'$ .

D-#+(#%$ !)(&/ %h(% %h 0$$) &#0")0+ ($ FHB A:'(&'$ B. 5"0, %h 0&+#! $h" %h(% %h -&$h&# 0$$) %h(% $'

FHB A:'(&'$ (#+ #"% FHB A:'(&'$ B. A#+ ($ $h"# * %h 0&+#!, %h %"%() )"$$ "- FHB A:'(&'$ %"%h &%h &%$

2"0&$&"#$ ($ P64,448.8G.

W5EREFORE, %h C"'% -&#+$ %h !"/2)(&#% +')* $'22"%+ * 0&+#! (#+ 3'+/#% &$ h* #++ &# -(0" "- %h

(#+ ((&#$% %h +-#+(#%$, h" ( h* "++ %" 2(*, 3"&#%)* (#+ $0())*, %h 2)(&#%&-- %h $'/ "- P64,448.8G -"

)"$$ "- FHB A:'(&'$ &#!)'+&# &%$ (%&!)$ (#+ 2"0&$&"#$; %h $'/ "- P 1G,GGG.GG 2 /"#%h -"/ %h +(% "- %h (!!&+#

2$#%&# +2&0(%&"# "- %h '$ (#+ $0&!$ "- FHB A:'(&'$ (#+ (#"%h $'/ "- P1G,GGG.GG -" (!%'() @2#$$ (

)&%&(%&"#, (#"%h $'/ "- P1G,GGG.GG * (* "- @/2)(* +(/($, (#"%h $'/ :'&0()#% %" 1K "- %h %"%() !)(&/ "-

(%%"#*$ -$ 2)'$ PGG.GG 2 !"'% (22((#!, (#+ %" 2(* )() (% "- &#%$% "- ()) %h (/"'#%$ $" (+3'++ -"/ N

18, 198 '#%&) %h #%& (/"'#% &$ -'))* 2(&+, (#+ %" 2(* %h !"$%$. C"'#%!)(&/ &$ +&$/&$$+.

Th +-#+(#%$ (22()+ %" %h C"'% "- A22()$, ($$&#&# $0# => "$ h&!h %h (22))(% !"'% $'//

%(%+ ($ %" 2&0"%() &$$'$, %" &%<

1. T5E COURT A 7UO ERRED IN DISREARDIN T5E REULATION FOR PREVENTIN COLLISION AT SEA, MOR

POPULARLY NOWN AS T5E RULE OF T5E ROAD IN DETERMININ W5IC5 OF T5E TWO VESSELS WAS NELI

LIABLE, CONSIDERIN T5AT MHV DON SULPICIO COMPLIED WIT5 T5EIR PROVISIONS, W5ILE FHB A7UARIUS

AND

. T5E COURT A 7UO ERRED IN AWARDIN DAMAES, ATTORNEYS FEES, ACTUAL EPENSES AND COSTS OF

LITIATION, LEAL RATE OF INTEREST OF ALL T5E AWARDS FROM NOVEMBER 18, 198 UNTIL ALL T5E AMOU

FULLY PAID.4

O# N"0/ 9, 1989, %h C"'% "- A22()$ (--&/+ %h D!&$&"# "- %h %&() !"'% "- "&&#. Th M"%&"# -" R!"&#%2"$+ "# D!/ , 1989 * (22))(#%$ /% %h $(/ -(%. I% ($ +#&+ "# A2&) 4, 199G.

U#+('#%+, 2%&%&"#$ -"'#+ %h& (* %" %h&$ C"'% 0&( %h 2$#% P%&%&"# -" R0& "# C%&"(&, !"#%#+&# %h

'

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN EONERATIN T5E VESSEL FHB A7UARIUS B AND 5ER MASTER FROM NELIENCE I% ($ !)()* $%()&$h+ * %h 2"$&%&0 %$%&/"#* "- $!"#+ /(%, A')&" V&))(!(/2(, . "# ')* 14, 1981 (#+ %h $?%!















T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN EONERATIN T5E VESSEL FHB A7UARIUS B AND 5ER MASTER FROM NELIENCE

DESPITE T5E ADMISSION BY AAPITO ERBOLINA, PATRON OF SAID VESSEL T5AT T5EY 5AD NO LOOOUT DURIN

T5E COLLISION.

''

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN DISREARDIN T5E REULATION FOR PREVENTIN COLLISION AT SEA, MORE

POPULARLY NOWN AS T5E RULES OF T5E ROAD IN DETERMININ W5IC5 OF T5E TWO VESSELS WAS NELIENT

AND LIABLE.

'''

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN IMPUTIN NELIENCE ON T5E VESSEL MHV DON SULPICIO, T5E PRIVILEED VESSEL

W5IC5 COMPLIED WIT5 RULES 19 AND 1, RULES OF T5E ROAD.

'&

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDIN TO PLAINTIFFAPPELLEE T5E AMOUNT OF P64,448.8G AS ACTUAL LOSS

PLUS P1G,GGG.GG PER MONT5 FROM T5E PERIOD OF NOVEMBER 18, 198 REPRESENTIN DEPRIVATION OF USE AND

SERVICES OF FHB A7UARIUS B AND ANOT5ER SUM OF P1G,GGG.GG FOR ACTUAL EPENSES AND COST OF LITIATION.

&

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDIN PLAINTIFF AND AAINST DEFENDANTS T5E SUM OF P1G,GGG.GG AS

EEMPLARY DAMAES.

&'

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDIN PLAINTIFF AND AAINST T5E DEFENDANTAPPELLEE T5E SUM E7UIVALENT

TO 1K OF T5E TOTAL CLAIM AS ATTORNEYS FEES PLUS PGG.GG PER COURT APPEARANCE.

&''

T5E LOWER COURT ERRED IN AWARDIN LEAL RATE OF INTEREST OF ALL T5E AWARDS TO PLAINTIFFAPPELLEE

FROM NOVEMBER 18, 198 UNTIL ALL T5E AMOUNTS ARE FULLY PAID.

P)(!&# )&(#! "# %h R')$ "- %h R"(+ (#+ R')(%&"#$ "# %h P0#%&"# "- C"))&$&"#, 2%&%&"#$ /(&#%(&#<

@@@ %h(% $2"#+#% C"'% "- A22()$ !"/2)%)* +&$(++ %h ') "- (+/&$$&"# &# /(%%$ (+0$ %" "#$ &#%$%. I% &$ 0*

!)( %h(% %h FHB A:'(&'$ B, h 2(%"# (#+ ! #)&#% &# %h&$ !($.Th R')$ "- %h R"(+ h&!h &$ A##@ AQ "- %h

Ph&)&22&# M!h(#% R')$ (#+ R')(%&"#$ :'&$ %h(% ()) 0$$)$ /'$% h(0 ( )""?"'% =R') 9, R')$ "- %h R"(+>. A)) 0$$)$

&$2!%&0 "- $& (#+ /(? /'$% ?2 ( )""?"'%. Th &$ #" @!2%&"# %" %h&$ ').

@@@ @@@ @@@

I% ($ !)()* $%()&$h+ * %h 2"$&%&0 %$%&/"#* "- $!"#+ /(%, A')&" V&))(!(/2(, . "# ')* 14, 1981 (#+ %h $?%!

* $(&+ &%#$$ =E@h&&% > %h(% %h %" 0$$)$ &# ( !"$$&# $&%'(%&"#. Th 0$$) MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ (22"(!h&#

$%("(+ " &h% $&+ "- %h !"$$&# 0$$) FHB A:'(&'$ B. Th (22)&!() ')$ &# $'!h ( !"$$&# $&%'(%&"# ( R')$ 1

(#+ . W :'"% %h ("0 R')$ ($ -"))"$<

R') 19. Wh# %" 2" +&0# 0$$)$ ( !"$$&#, $" ($ %" &#0")0 &$? "- !"))&$&"#, %h 0$$) h&!h h($ %h "%h "#

$%("(+ $&+ $h()) ?2 "'% "- %h (* "- %h "%h.

R') 1. Wh, * (#* "- %h R')$, "# "- %" 0$$)$ &$ %" ?2 "'% "- %h (*, %h "%h $h()) ?2 h !"'$ (#+ $2

R') . E0* 0$$) h&!h &$ +&!%+ * %h$ R')$ %" ?2 "'% "- %h (* "- (#"%h 0$$), $" -( ($ 2"$$&), %(?

()* (!%&"# %" !"/2)* &%h %h&$ ")&(%&"#, (#+ $h()), &- %h !&!'/$%(#! "- %h !($ (+/&%, (0"&+ !"$$&# (h(+ "- %h "%

R') . E0* 2"+&0# 0$$) h&!h &$ +&!%+ * %h$ R')$ %" ?2 "'% "- %h (* "- (#"%h 0$$) $h()), "# (2

h, &- #!$$(*, $)(!?# h $2+ " $%"2 " 0$.

Th MHV DON SULPICIO ($ %h 2&0&)+ 0$$) (#+ %h FHB A:'(&'$ B ($ %h '+#+ 0$$) &# %h !"$$&# $&%'(

=E@h&&%$ , , 4, 9, 1G>. 5"0, %h FHB A:'(&'$ B 0&")(%+ %h ')$, +&+ #"% ?2 "'% "- %h (*, +&+ #"% $)(!?# $2

&#$%(+ #% -')) (h(+ (#+ !"$$+ %h " "- MHV DON SULPICIO. @@@

@@@ @@@ @@@

I# %h !($ (% ( FHB A:'(&'$ B * -(&)' %" ?2 "'% "- %h (* (#+ $)(!?# h $2+ h($ ())"+ h$)- %" !"/ %"

2"@&/&%* %" %h 0$$) MHV DON SULPICIO &#&# ("'% %h !"))&$&"#.

Th ((+ %" 2&0(% $2"#+#% "- %h $'/ "- P64,448.8G ($ (!%'() )"$$ &$ ($+ "# $'/&$$ (#+ !"#3!%'$. N" (22

%h 0()' "- %h 0$$) FHB A:'(&'$ B ($ 2$#%+ %" $'22"% $(&+ !)(&/ "- %"%() )"$$. Th !)(&/ "- P64,448.8G ($ +

$'//(&&# '2 &#0"&!$ (#+ !&2%$ "- ())+ 2'!h($$ "- /(%&()$, 2"0&$&"#$ +(%&# (!? $&#! 19 (#+ 0# (-%

N"0/ 18, 198 %h +(% "- %h !"))&$&"# =E@h&&%$ CC %" >. Th&$ ((+ &$ @((%+ =$&!> (#+ $2!')(%&0.6

O# O!%" 4, 199G, $2"#+#% A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. $#% &# &%$ C"//#%, $%(%&#<

(#%&# -" %h $(? "- ('/#% %h(% (#* " ()) "- %h 2%&%&"#$ &%#$$$ !(# !)($$&-&+ ($ )""?"'%$ -" MHV D"# S'

#)&#! &$ /(+ /'!h !)( !('$ %h* !"')+ #"% +%/&# &$? "- !"))&$&"#, $2+ ($ #"% $)(!?#+, #" (#&#

/(+ (#+ %h !"'$ "- MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ #"% !h(#+ %" (0"&+ %h !"))&$&"#.

A% (#* (%, %h "--&! "- %h C"($% '(+ '+ A+0"!(% h&!h )&0+ &$ %h 2"2 ('%h"&%* (#+ h($ %h %!h#&!(

!"/2%#! %" +%/&# h" &$ (% -(')% &# /(&%&/ !($$ h($ %h&$ %" $(* "# %h )""? "'% +-#$ 2'% '2 * %h 2%&%&"#

I% &$ !)( %h(% %h MHV D"# S')2&!&" ($ %h "0%(?&# 0$$) (#+, '#+ %h R')$ "# %h R"(+, ($ %h '+#+ 0$$

h(+ %h +'%* %" %(? ()) %h #!$$(* (!%&"#$ %" ?2 !)( "- %h "0%(?# 0$$). I% ($ ()$" $h"# %h(% MHV D"# S')2

()% h !"'$ %" +'! h $2+ (#+ &# (% !)"$ (# &%h FHB A:'(&'$ , +&+ #"% 0# &0 ( (#&# $&#(). I%

)&?&$ $h"# %h(% %h A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. +&+ #"% "# ( 0$$) #(/+ FHB A:'(&'$ B = ($ &+#%&-&+ * Ch&- M(

&% +&+ "# ( 0$$) #(/+ A:'(&'$ (% %h %&/ "- %h &#!&+#%. Th -(!% %h(% FHB QA:'(&'$ Q h(+ #" )""?"'% (% %h %&/

!"))&$&"# +"$ #"% @!'$ MHV D"# S')2&!&" -"/ "$0&# h +'%* %" ?2 !)( "- %h "0%(?# 0$$) $2!&())* $" h# %h "0%""? A- "&uarius /, &% ($ +'%* "'#+ %" $)(!?# &%$ $2+ (#+ ?2 ((* -"/ "%h 0$$), h&!h &% -(&)+ %" +".









2 * 2 2 *

($ $'--&!&#% ""/ -" h %" +" $".

"e $e//o /0 o /m7re00e3 / mer/.

W))$%%)+ %" %h 2"&#% "- &# )/#%(* &$ %h +"!%&# %h(% %h -&#+&#$ * %h %&() !"'% ( &#+&# "# %h (22))(%

!"'% (#+ &)) #"% +&$%'+ "# (22(), '#)$$ %h %&() !"'% h($ "0)""?+ " &#"+ $"/ -(!% " !&!'/$%(#! "- $'--&!&#%

&h% " $&#&-&!(#! h&!h, &- !"#$&++, "')+ ()% %h $&%'(%&"#.8

F(!%'() -&#+&#$ "- %h (22))(% !"'% +/+ !"#!)'$&0. =E$%"#&#( 0. C"'% "- A22()$, 66 SCRA 6>

I% &$ ( -'#+(/#%() ') &# !&/&#() ($ )) ($ &# !&0&) !($$ %h(% &# %h /(%% "- !+&&)&%* "- &%#$$$, %h -&#+&#$ "- %h %&() !"'%( &0# (% &h% (#+ h&h$% + "- $2!% * %h (22))(% !"'%. =L E# 5"# 0. C"'% "- A22()$, 41 SCRA 9

!&%&# P($'*'&# 0. I#%/+&(% A22))(% C"'%, 19 SCRA 4>

@@@ I% &$ #"% %h -'#!%&"# "- %h&$ C"'% %" ($$$$ (#+ 0()'(% ()) "0 ((&# %h 0&+#!, %$%&/"#&() (#+ 0&+#%&(*, (++'!+ * %h

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S( S'%* (#+ I#$'(#! C"/2(#*, I#!. 0. C"'% "- A22()$, 44 SCRA 44>

I% &$ ( $%%)+ 2&#!&2) "- !&0&) 2"!+' %h(% %h !"#!)'$&"#$ "- %h %&() !"'% (+&# %h !+&&)&%* "- &%#$$$ ( #%&%)+ %"

(% $2!% -"/ %h (22))(% !"'% @@@ =L&/?%?(& S"#$ M&))&#, I#!. 0$. C"'% "- A22()$, G SCRA , !&%&# S(#" 0$.

C"'% "- A22()$, 196 SCRA 1G>

A-% ( %h""'h 0& (#+ @(/&#(%&"# "- %h 0&+#! "# h(#+, +&$!# #" "'#+ " ($&$ -" +&$(+&# %h -&#+&#$

(#+ !"#!)'$&"# (&0+ (% )".

P%&%&"#$ ($$%+ %h(% 2&0(% $2"#+#%, %h"'h &%$ 2(%"#, (+/&%%+ %h(% %h 0$$) h(+ #" loo>out +'&# %h !"))&$&"#

+$2&% %h ($")'% ') 2"0&++ &# R') 9 "- %h R')$ "- R"(+. T" ")$% &%$ $%(#!, &% !"#%#++ %h(% &% ($ ( 2&0&)+ 0$$)

2'$'(#% %" R')$ 19, 1, , "- %h R')(%&"#$ -" %h P0#%&"# "- C"))&$&"#$ (% S(.

B"%h %h %&() !"'% (#+ %h $2"#+#% !"'% -"'#+ %h(% 0A@ on *ulpicio ($ !"$$&# (% 1. ?#"%$ 2 h"' h&) FHB

A:'(&'$ ($ "*&# ( $2+ )&/&% "- . ?#"%$ 2 h"'. Th (%h ($ !)( (#+ 0&$&&)&%* ($ ""+. 0A@ on *ulpicio ($

-"' =4> /&)$ ((* h# &% -&$% $&h%+ A- "&uarius /. A)) %h %&/ '2 %" %h !"))&$&"#, 0A@ on *ulpicio /(&#%(&#+ &%$ $2+ "- 16

?#"%$. I% ($ "#)* %" => /&#'%$ -" %h !"))&$&"# h# 0A@ on *ulpicio chan#ed its course.

Wh%h " #"% %h !"))&$&"# $'+ '2"# "!!'+ &# ( !"$$&# $&%'(%&"# &$ &//(%&() ($ %h C"'% "- A22()$, )*&# "# R')

4C, R')(%&"#$ -" P0#%&# C"))&$&"#$ (% %h S(, ')$ %h(% %h +'%* %" ?2 "'% "- %h (* /(&#+ 0# &- %h "0%(?&#

0$$) !(##"% +%/&# &%h !%(&#%* h%h $h &$ -"(+ "- " ((-% /" %h(# 2"&#%$ -"/ %h 0$$). I% &$ *"#+ !(0&)

%h(% 0A@ on *ulpicio /'$% ($$'/ $2"#$&&)&%* ($ &% ($ &# ( %% 2"$&%&"# %" (0"&+ %h !"))&$&"#. I% $h"')+ h(0 )"# &%$ h"# "

&0 $&#$ %" (# %h "%h 0$$) %h(% &% ($ %" "0%(? &%.

A$$'/&# argumenti ex gratia %h(% A- "&uarius / h(+ #" )""?"'% +'&# %h !"))&$&"#, %h "/&$$&"# +"$ #"% $'--&! %"

@!')2(% S')2&!&" L&#$ -"/ L&(&)&%*. 0A@ on *ulpicio !(##"% !)(&/ %h(% &% ($ ( 2&0&)+ 0$$) &# &# %h 2"%$&+ h&!h !(#

/(&#%(&# &%$ !"'$ (#+ $2+ +'&# %h !"))&$&"#. Wh# &% "0%""? A- "&uarius /, &% ($ +'%* "'#+ +'&# %h !"))&$&"#. Wh# &%

& * 2 2 *

"- 2%&%&"#$ %h(% A- "&uarius / &$ ( '+#+ 0$$) h&!h $h"')+ h(0 ?2% "'% "- %h (* "- 0A@ on *ulpicio &$ #"

* -(!%$.

A##% %h ((+ "- (!%'() +(/( &# %h (/"'#% "- P64,448.8G, 2%&%&"#$ / ())(%&"# %h(% %h ((

+(/($ &$ @((%+ (#+ $2!')(%&0, &%h"'% !"#%"0%&# %h !&2%$ (#+ &#0"&!$ h# %h "(% ($ !"#$%'!%+

($$ "- (!!"'#%&# #%&$ &# %h ""?$ "- (!!"'#%$ 2$#%+ * %h 2&0(% $2"#+#%, ( '#(0(&)&# %"

((+. T" $', %h 2&0(% $2"#+#% (/2)* $%()&$h+ %h !"/2#$(%"* +(/($ &% $'--+ * ($"# "- %h !"))&

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-"/ A- "&uarius /, &%h"'% &#+&!(%&# %h /(%&() 2&"+ &$ %"" '#!%(&# (#+ "#"'$ %" +$0 $&"'$ !"#$&+(%&"#

I# ((+&# P1G,GGG.GG 2 /"#%h, 2$#%&# %h $'22"$+ 2"-&%$ A- "&uarius / !"')+ h(0 #%%+, %h %&()

"# %h $") %$%&/"#* "- M. "h##* L. Ch'(, h" &$ &# %h /2)"* "- 2&0(% $2"#+#%.

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( !(& %" &%$ /"%h "(% A:'(&'$ . I%$ ") ($ %" !(* %h !(%!h -"/ %h -&$h&# "'#+ %" %h 2"% (#+ &% ($ $0&#

&%$ /"%h "(%, '% "%h "(%$ "#+ * $2"#+#% A:'(&'$. Th &#!"/ "- FHB A:'(&'$ &$ %h-" &/2"$$&) %"

+%/&#. Th "#)* ($"#() ($&$ &$ "#)* &%$ #%() 0()' !"/2(+ &%h $&/&)( "(%$.9

A$ (+$ %h !?"#&# 2&"+, %h &$ %#(&)&%* &# 2%&%&"#$ $'/&$$&"# %h(% ( -&$h&# "(% +%&"(%$ :'&%

%" @2"$' %" %h )/#%$. T" h")+ S')2&!&" L&#$ %" 2(* %h 2"-&%$ %h(% "')+ h(0 # ()&+ * %h 2&0(% $2"

(# '#)&/&%+ 2&"+ "- %&/ &$ %" '+# &% &#+-&#&%)*, h&!h !(##"% !"'#%#(#!+.

@@@ Th +!&$&"# ((+&# P1G,GGG.GG 2 /"#%h !?"#+ -"/ N"0/ 198 '2 %" %h 2$#% &/2)&$ '#)&/&%+ @&$

%h -&$h&# 0$$) FHB A:'(&'$ h&!h &$ #"% %h !($ ($ (#* !"//"# /(# &)) @2&#!. Th 5"#"() C"'% !(# %(

#"%&! "- %h +%&"(%&"# "- %h ""+ &# ( -&$h&# "(% %h(% &$ ()(*$ @2"$+ %" %h )/#%$. S')*, $(&+ @&$%#! &))

/" %h(# %# *($. C"#$&+&# %h(% %h -&$h&# 0$$) &$ ()(+* $&@ *($ ")+, %h# &% h($ ( )&-$2(# "- #"% /" %h(# -"

*($.1G

F(&)' "- A:'(&'$ F&$h&# C"., I#!. %" !"/ -"(+ &%h !"#%"0%&# 0&+#! %" %h ())(%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#

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!"#$%'!%+ &# 19 h&) %h !"))&$&"# "!!'+ &# 198. Th /(&#&# )&- $2(# "- A- "&uarius / was therefo

*($. C"#-"/()*, !"/2'%+ (%P1G,GGG.GG 2 /"#%h -" ( 2&"+ "- -"' =4> *($, %h '#()&+ 2"-&%$H(#&#

(/"'#%+ %" (% /"$% P48G,GGG.GG.

A$ (+$ %h (%%"#*$ -$ :'&0()#% %" 1K "- ()) %h ((+$ (#%+ * %h R&"#() T&() C"'%, %h 2"2

!(##"% :'$%&"#+. "$$ (#+ 0&+#% (+ -(&%h "# %h 2(% "- 2%&%&"# &# -'$&# %" 2(* %h !)(&/ $'+ '2"# !"#$2&0(% $2"#+#% %" #)&$% %h $0&!$ "- ( )(* %" )&%&(%.

P%&%&"# /'$% h(0 2)(!+ )&(#! "# %h #() ') %h(% (%%"#*$ -$ !(##"% !"0+ ($ 2(% "- +(/(

"- %h 2")&!* %h(% #" 2/&'/ $h"')+ 2)(!+ "# %h &h% %" )&%&(%.=Ph&)%(#!" S0&! E#%2&$$, I#!. 0. C"'% "- A2

SCRA 6; M"()$ 0. C"'% "- A22()$, 4 SCRA 8>. B'% %h (-"!&%+ ') &$ &#(22)&!() h &# %h -(! "- %h

-'$() "- 2%&%&"# %" $2!% %h 0()&+ !)(&/ "- %h 2&0(% $2"#+#%.

Th 2(*/#% "- )() &#%$% &$ ()$" &# "+. B'% &% $h"')+ !"/2'%+ -"/ N"0/ 18, 198, #"% -"/ M(!h G, 1986, I# h&$ (--&+(0&%, M(#(%(+ )(%+ %h(% h&) %h* "# %h& (* %" B'%'(#, D"/# (#+ E%(% $)($h+ "2# %h !("












h# %h R&"#() T&() C"'% a &uo !(/ "'% &%h &%$ D!&$&"#. I% ($ -"/ %h %&/ "- %h !"))&$&"# !"/2)(&#+ "- %h(% %h 2&0(%

$2"#+#% (# %" +2&0+ "- $'3!% 0$$).

#ERE%ORE, %h P%&%&"# &$ DENIED (#+ %h D!&$&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA R CV N". 1G81 AFFIRMED, &%h %h

MODIFICATION %h(% %h ((+ -" @/2)(* +(/($ &$ +)%+ -" (#% "- )() ($&$, (#+ %h (/"'#% "- '#()&+ 2"-&%$

((++ &$ -&@+ (% P48G,GGG.GG. N" 2"#"'#!/#% ($ %" !"$%.

SO ORDERED.

%omero, (Chairman), @itu#, Pan#ani!an, (#+ /onza#a$%ees, JJ., !"#!'.

[G.R. No. 1499?@. %ebr+r 22, 2@@2]

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., petitioner, vs. !'NC'ANO GLDE, respondent.

R E S O L " ' O N

HA$NAN, J .>

Th&$ &$ ( 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari -&)+ * S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. ($$(&)&# %h D!&$&"#, +(%+ F'(* 8, GG1, "- %h

C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA.R. SP N". 11G h&!h +!)(+ %h +&$/&$$() "- $2"#+#% 7'&#!&(#" ')+ &))(). L&?&$ ($$(&)+ &$

%h R$")'%&"#, +(%+, A''$% 1, GG1, "- %h (22))(% !"'% +#*&# 2%&%&"#$ /"%&"# -" !"#$&+(%&"#.

A$ -"'#+ * %h CA, %h -(!%'() (!?"'#+ "- %h !($ &$ ($ -"))"$<

P%&%&"# 7'&#!&(#" ')+ =$2"#+#% h&#> (#+ "# M(%&# M(#(%(+ /2)"*+ ($ %'!? +&0 (#+ %'!? h)2 "- 2&0(%

$2"#+#% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. =SLI> =2%&%&"# h&#>, $2!%&0)*.P%&%&"# ')+ h($ # &# %h /2)"* "- SLI -" %h&%# =1>

*($ '#%&) h&$ %/&#(%&"# -"/ %h !"/2(#* "# O!%" 9, 1996.

Th &#!&+#% h&!h (0 &$ %" %h !($ (% ( h(22#+ "# S2%/ 1, 1996. I% $%(%+ (-% ')+ (#+ M(#(2(% 2&!?+ '2

2&0(% $2"#+#% SLI$ !("$ -"/ N($&2&% P"% +)&0* %" &%$ (h"'$ &#B'%'(# C&%*. I% (22($ %h(% %" => 2$"#$ * %h

#(/ "- D"/&# (#+ E%(% "(++ %h& %'!? h&) %h* &# N($&2&%. M(#(2(% ?# "- %h $(/ $&#! h ($ &+&# (% %h (!?

"- %h %'!?.

($?%())$ )"(++. Th %" => () %" !(% ((* -"' =4> ($?%())$ h# %h* ( ()&h%+ -"/ %h %'!? (%

2%&%&"# ')+ $%"22+ (% %h h"'$ "- "# B#+&!%" C((/2(#, ( !h!? "- SLI (% C()(" S%%, #( %h A'$(# I

T!h#")"* =AIT>, %" &0 %" h&/ h&$ /+&!&#$. M(#(2(% (+++ %h(% h +&+ #"% +" (#*%h&# %" $%"2 D"/# (#+ E%(% -" -

)&- !('$ %h* h(0 (2"#$.

M(#(2(% -'%h $%(%+ %h(% 2%&%&"# ')+ ($ #"% (( %h(% %h %" => 2$"#$ "(++ %h& %'!?. P%&%&"# ')+

"- %h $(/ h# M(#(2(% %")+ h&/ %h(% D"/# (#+ E%(% $%") -"' =4> ($?%())$. M(#(2(% )&?&$ (+++ %h(% %h* #

2"%+ %h &#!&+#% %" SLI !('$ "# B"* O!", h" h($ ( !(" &# %h& %'!? (#+ ($ -"))"&# %h/, $( %h &#!&+

h# ')+ $%"22+ (% C()(" S%%, O!" 2"!++ %" %h SLI$ (h"'$ (#+ 2"%+ %h &#!&+#% %" %h (h"'$/

Th(-%, SLI 2"%+ %h &#!&+#% %" %h 2")&! (#+ 2%&%&"# ')+ (#+ M(#(2(% &#0$%&(%+. O# O!%" 1, 19

-'%h &#0$%&(%+ * %h SLI$ "--&!$ (#+ "# O!%" 9, 1996, %h* +&$/&$$+ -" h(0&# # -"'#+ '&)%* "

!"##&0(#! &%h %h %" 2&)-$. @@@ 1

B($+ "# %h -""&# -(!%$, %h L(" A&% ')+ &# -(0" "- 2%&%&"# -&#+&# %h(% $2"#+#%$ +&$/&$$() -"/

($ 0()&+. O# (22(), %h NLRC &#&%&())* 0$+ %h +!&$&"# "- %h L(" A&%. I# &%$ +!&$&"# "- A2&) G, 1998

+!)(+ %h(% $2"#+#% ($ &))())* +&$/&$$+ (#+ "++ 2%&%&"# %" &#$%(% h&/. Th +&$2"$&%&0 2"%&"# "-

+!&$&"# (+$<

W5EREFORE, %h +!&$&"# "- %h L(" A&% &$ h* VACATED (#+ SET ASIDE. A # +!&$&"# &$ #++ +!)(

+&$/&$$() "- !"/2)(&#(#% 7'&#!&(#" ')+, &))(). A$ ( !"#$:'#!, $2"#+#% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. &$ +&!%+ %" &#$%

!"/2)(&#(#% %" h&$ -"/ 2"$&%&"# &%h"'% )"$$ "- $#&"&%* &h%$ (#+ "%h 2&0&)$. R$2"#+#% -&/ &$ -'%h +&!%+

!"/2)(&#(#% h&$ -')) (!?($, &#!)'$&0 "- ())"(#!, (#+ "%h #-&%$, -"/ %h %&/ h&$ !"/2#$(%&"# ($ &%hh)+ -

'2 %" %h %&/ "- h&$ (!%'() &#$%(%/#%.

5"0, h# 2%&%&"# -&)+ ( /"%&"# -" !"#$&+(%&"#, %h NLRC 0$+ &%$)- ($ &% h)+ %h(% $2"#+#%Q$

($ 0()&+ -" )"$$ "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#!.

R$2"#+#% %h# )0(%+ %h !($ %" %h S'2/ C"'% '% -"))"&# %h 2"#"'#!/#% &# S%. M(%&# F'#(

NLRC =9 SCRA 494 1998>, %h 2%&%&"# ($ -+ %" %h CA. A-% !"#$&+(%&"# "- %h 0&+#! "# !"+, %h CA

%h ($$(&)+ +!&$&"# -&#+&# %h +&$/&$$() "- $2"#+#% &))(). I# --!%, %h CA &#$%(%+ %h +!&$&"# "- %h NLRC +(%

1998. P%&%&"# /"0+ -" !"#$&+(%&"# '% &% ($ +#&+ -" )(!? "- /&%.4

P%&%&"# #" !"/$ %" %h&$ C"'% ())&# &# %h /(&# %h(% %h CA + &# ')&# %h(% $2"#+#%$ +&$/

&))(). P%&%&"# &#$&$%$ %h(% %h ($ 3'$% !('$, &.., )"$$ "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#!, -" %h %/&#(%&"# "-

/2)"*/#%. Th CA ())+)* "0)""?+ !%(&# /(%&() -(!%$ %h(% "')+ 2"0 %h(% $2"#+#% !"#$2&+ &%h %h

)""%&# -"' =4> 2&!$ "- ($?%()) -"/ 2%&%&"#$ %'!?. Th$ -(!%$ ( ())+)* ($ -"))"$<

F&$%)*, $2"#+#% (+/&%%+ %h(% %" )""%$ h(0 # !"#$%(#% &+$ "# "(+ %h %'!? (#+ &# -(!% ?#"# %" 2%&%&"#

$2"#+#%> (#+ h&$ %'!? h)2;

S!"#+)*, $2"#+#% ())"+ %h %" %h&0$ %" "(+ h&$ %'!? -"/ N($&2&% P"% %" B'%'(# "# %h +(% "- %h 2&)-(;

Th&+)*, $2"#+#% +)&(%)* $%"22+ %h %'!? (#+ ())"+ %h %" )""%$ %" +&$/(? !(*&# %h 2&)-+ !(" &%h %h/. avide, Jr., C.J., (Chairman), Puno (#+ nares$*antia#o, JJ., !"#!'.

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2002/feb2002/149930.htm#_edn1


http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/1998/sept%201998/130866.htm













@@@;

F"'%h, 2%&%&"# =$h"')+ $2"#+#%> +&+ #"% 2"% %h 2&)-( %" /(#(/#% +$2&% h&$ ?#")+ "- %h &#!&+#%. @@ @

L($%)*, h# %h %h-% ($ +&$!"0+, &% ($ 2%&%&"# =$h"')+ $2"#+#%> (#+ h&$ h)2 h" ?# h %h $%")# &%/$

$%($h+ (#+ &# -(!% #% %" %h 2)(! h %h* h&++# (#+ %&0+ %h/.

Th 2%&%&"# &$ -% "- /&%.

Th ($&! :'&$&% -" +&$/&$$() "# %h "'#+ "- )"$$ "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#! &$ %h(% %h /2)"* !"#!#+ /'$% "#

h")+&# ( 2"$&%&"# "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#!. 5"0, )"$$ "- !"#-&+#! /'$% #"% &#+&$!&/&#(%)* '$+ ($ ( $h&)+ * %h/2)"* ((&#$% ( !)(&/ %h(% %h +&$/&$$() "- (# /2)"* ($ (&%(*. 6 L"$$ "- !"#-&+#! ($ ( 3'$% !('$ -" %/&#(%&"# "-

/2)"*/#% &$ 2/&$+ "# %h -(!% %h(% %h /2)"* !"#!#+ h")+$ ( 2"$&%&"# "- $2"#$&&)&%* " %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#!. 5 /'$%

&#0$%+ &%h !"#-&+#! "# +)&!(% /(%%$, $'!h ($ !'$%"+* h(#+)&# " !( (#+ 2"%!%&"# "- %h 2"2%* (#+ ($$%$ "- %h

/2)"*. A#+, &# "+ %" !"#$%&%'% ( 3'$% !('$ -" +&$/&$$(), %h (!% !"/2)(&#+ "- /'$% "?)(%+ (#+ $h"$ %h(% %h

/2)"* !"#!#+ &$ '#-&% %" !"#%&#' %" "? -" %h /2)"*.

F'%h, ))$%%)+ &$ %h ') %h(% -" )"$$ "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#! %" ( 0()&+ "'#+ -" +&$/&$$() "- (# /2)"*, &% /'$%

$'$%(#%&() (#+ -"'#++ "# !)()* $%()&$h+ -(!%$ $'--&!&#% %" ((#% %h /2)"*$ $2((%&"# -"/ /2)"*/#%. 8

I# %h&$ !($, !"#%(* %" %h ())(%&"#$ "- 2%&%&"#, %h &$ #" $'--&!&#% 0&+#! %" $h" %h(% $2"#+#% !"#$2&+ &%h %h

%h&0$ &# $%()&# -"' =4> 2&!$ "- ($?%()) -"/ 2%&%&"#$ %'!?. A$ -"'#+ * %h CA<

I% !( )(#+ %h(% %h 0&+#! 2$#%+ &# %h !($ +&+ #"% !)()* 2"0 %h(% 2%&%&"# &)-'))* (!h h&$ +'%*. I% ($ #"%

2"0# %h &#++ h !"##&0+ &%h %h %h&0$. Th $(/ ($ 0# !"//#%+ '2"# * %h NLRC h# &% $(&+ %h(% %h

())(%&"#$ %h(% 2%&%&"# =$2"#+#% h&#> ?# %h %h&0$ #"% 0# -"'#+ &# %h 2")&! 2"%. =2. 9. R"))"> A++&%&"#())*,

%h ($"# &0# * %h %'!? h)2 ($ %" h&$ &#(!%&"# &# 20#%&# %h %h&0$ -"/ %(?&# %h ($?%())$ &$ #"% &#!+&). 5&$

(!%&"# &0# %h $&%'(%&"# &$ #"% *"#+ h'/(# (!%&"# %" $&/&)( !&!'/$%(#!$. I% &$ ( #(%'() (!%&"# %" %h&#? ("'% "#$ $(-%*

-&$% -" %h $(-%* "- (#"%h$ 2"2%*.

L&?&$, !"#%(* %" 2%&%&"#$ !)(&/, $2"#+#% +&+ #"% $%"2 %h %'!? %" ())" %h )""%$ %" +&$/(?. R(%h, $2"#+#%

/(+ ( &- $%"2 (% %h h"'$ "- ( !"/2)"* &# C()(" S%% #( %h A'$(# I#$%&%'% "- T!h#")"* %" +)&0 h&$ /+&!&#$.9 I# -(!%, ($ %$%&-&+ * M(#(2(%, $2"#+#%$ !"/2(#&"#, $2"#+#% ($ #"% (( %h(% %h %" 2&)-$ "(++ %h %'!? (#+

h )(#+ ("'% %h %h-% "#)* h# M(#(2(% %")+ h&/ ("'% &%.1G

I# -&#, 2%&%&"# -(&)+ %" 2$#% $'--&!&#% 0&+#! %" $h" %h(% $2"#+#% !"//&%%+ (!%$ %h(% "')+ ((#% h&$ +&$/&$$()

-" )"$$ "- %'$% (#+ !"#-&+#!. I% &$ $&#&-&!(#% %" #"% %h(% $2"#+#% h(+ # &# 2%&%&"#$ /2)"* -" %h&%# =1> *($ (#+ &%

h($ #"% # $h"# %h(% +'&# %h&$ 2&"+ h h(+ # '&)%* "- (#* &#-(!%&"# ((&#$% 2%&%&"#. I% &$ +&--&!')% %" )&0 %h(% h "')+ +)&(%)* 3"2(+& h&$ 3" -" $"/%h&# ($ "%h)$$ ($ ($?%())$.

#ERE%ORE, 2/&$$ !"#$&++, %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# &$ h* DENIED -" )(!? "- /&%.

SO ORDERED.

G.R. No. 14@992 M+r 25, 2@@4

SAMA#ANG MANGGAGAA SA SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC.NA%L, RODOL%O AL'NDA"O, RO!E "AN, )ESS'E L'M"O$AC'O, L*DDA $ASCAL, BERNARDO ALCAN"ARA, GELAC'O DES!'"ADO, RODR'GO A&EL'NO, LEONARDANDRADE, DAN'LO C#A, AMANDO EGEN'O, CAL&'N LO$E=, ANDRES BASCO, )R., +3 C'R'LO ALON, 2%&%&"0$.SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., $2"#+#%.

D E C I S I O N

SANDO&AL-G"'ERRE=,J .>

A $%&? &$ ( 2"-') (2"# "- %h "?&# !)($$. B'% )&? ( $#$&%&0 @2)"$&0, &% /'$% h(#+)+ !(-'))*, )$% &% )"$ "?$’ "# h(#+$.1 Th'$, %h &h% %" $%&? h($ %" 2'$'+ &%h&# %h "'#+$ "- )(.

F" "' $")'%&"# &$ %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari '#+ R') 4 "- %h 199 R')$ "- C&0&) P"!+', ($ (/($$(&)&# %h D!&$&"# +(%+ M(* 8, 1999 (#+ %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ N"0/ , 1999 #++ * %h C"'% "- A22.R. SP N". 1, #%&%)+ *amahan# 0an##a#awa sa *ulpicio 6ines, Inc. B "6' vs. ational 6a!or %elations Comand *ulpicio 6ines, Inc.

Th -(!%'() (#%!+#%$ ($ )(#+ -"/ %h !"+$ (<

O# F'(* , 1991, S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. =h&# $2"#+#%> (#+ %h S(/(h(# M(#((( $( S')2&!&" L&#$ I#!. N=h&# 2%&%&"#> @!'%+ ( !"))!%&0 ((&#&# (/#% =CBA> &%h ( %/ "- -&0 => *($ =-"/ O!%" 1, 199G16, 199>.

A-% %h => *($ " "# D!/ 1, 199, 2%&%&"# '#&"# (#+ $2"#+#% !"/2(#* $%(%+ %h& #"%&(%&"# "# %h !"#"/&! 2"0&$&"#$.4 B'% %h&$ #"%&(%&"# /(&#+ (% $%()/(%.

O# M(!h 1, 1994, 2%&%&"# -&)+ &%h %h N(%&"#() C"#!&)&(%&"# (#+ M+&(%&"# B"(+ =NCMB>, N(%&"#() C(2&%() R&"#, ($%&? +' %" !"))!%&0 ((&#&# +(+)"!?, +"!?%+ ($ NCMBNCRNSG11894.

F" &%$ 2(%, $2"#+#%, "# M(!h 1, 1994, -&)+ &%h %h O--&! "- %h S!%(*, D2(%/#% "- L(" (#+ E/2)"*/#% 2(*&# %h(% %h L(" S!%(* ($$'/ 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 %h !"#%"0$*.

O# M(!h , 1994, -"/ L(" S!%(* N&0$ R. C"#-$" &$$'+ (# O+ ($$'/&# 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 %h )(" +&$2'$'(#% %" A%&!) 6 => "- %h L(" C"+, ($ (/#++, %h'$<

W5EREFORE PREMISES CONSIDERED, %h&$ O--&! ($$'/$ 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 %h )(" +&$2'% (% S')2&!&" 2'$'(#% %" A%&!) 6 => "- %h L(" C"+, ($ (/#++.

A!!"+&#)*, (#* $%&? " )"!?"'% h%h (!%'() " &#%#++ &$ h* #3"&#+.

F'%h, %h 2(%&$ ( +&!%+ %" !($ (#+ +$&$% -"/ !"//&%%&# (#* (#+ ()) (!%$ %h(% /&h% @(!(% %h $&%'(%&"#.










http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/mar2004/gr_140992_2004.html#fnt1



















SO ORDERED.

M(#h&), "# M(* G, 1994, 2%&%&"# -&)+ &%h %h NCMB ( $!"#+ #"%&! "- $%&? ())&# %h(% $2"#+#% !"/2(#* !"//&%%+(!%$ !"#$%&%'%&# '#-(& )(" 2(!%&! (/"'#%&# %" '#&"# '$%&#, +"!?%+ ($ NCMB NCRG6194.

P"0"?+ * $2"#+#%’$ ())+ '#-(& )(" 2(!%&!H$, 2%&%&"# '#&"# &//+&(%)* !"#+'!%+ ( $%&? 0"%. Th'$, "# M(* G,1994, ("'% 9<G "’!)"!? &# %h /"#&#, 16 (#?(#+-&) /2)"*$, "--&!$ (#+ //$ "- 2%&%&"#, +&+ #"% 2"% -" "? (#+&#$%(+ (%h+ &# -"#% "- P& 1, N"%h 5(" (% M(#&)(.

A$ ( /+&() /($', -"/ L(" S!%(* C"#-$" &$$'+ (# O+ +(%+ M(* G, 1994 +&!%&# %h $%&?&# /2)"*$ %"

%'# %" "?; (#+ !%&-*&# %h )(" +&$2'% %" %h N(%&"#() L(" R)(%&"#$ C"//&$$&"# =NLRC> -" !"/2')$"* (&%(%&"#. Th&$!%&-&+ )(" +&$2'% ($ +"!?%+ ($ NLRC C($ N". CCGG894.

M(#h&), $2"#+#% !"/2(#* -&)+ &%h %h NLRC ( !"/2)(&#% -" &))() $%&?H!)((#! -" %/&#(%&"#, +"!?%+ ($ NLRCNCR C($ N". GGGG4G94.

O# S2%/ 9, 199, %h NLRC &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#6 +!)(&# %h $%&? "- 2%&%&"#’$ "--&!$ (#+ //$ &))(), &%h #"%&!%" $2"#+#% "- %h "2%&"# %" %/&#(% %h& =2%&%&"#’$ "--&!$> /2)"*/#%. I# %h $(/ R$")'%&"#, %h NLRC +&$/&$$+2%&%&"#’$ !"/2)(&#% ((&#$% $2"#+#%, %h'$<

W5EREFORE, 2/&$$ !"#$&++, (-% ( !(-') (#+ 3'+&!&"'$ !"#$&+(%&"# "- %h -(!%$, ('/#%$ (#+ 0&+#!%h'$ (++'!+, &% &$ %h !"#$&++ "2&#&"# "- %h& C"//&$$&"# %h(% %h '#&"# =S(/(h(# M(#((( $( S')2&!&" L&#$,I#!.> h(+ !)()* #(+ &# (# &))() $%&? "# M(* G, 1994, h# &%$ "--&!$ (#+ //$ (!%&0)* 2(%&!&2(%+ &# ( )) !"#!%+ -'$(), $%"22( (#+ !$$(%&"# %" #+ "? (% S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!.. I# !)( 0&")(%&"# #"% "#)* "- %h2"!+'() :'&/#%$ "- ( 0()&+ $%&?, '% "$, &# !)( (#+ )(%(#% !"#%(0#%&"# "- %h ($$'/2%&"# "+ "- %h

S!%(* "- L(" (#+ E/2)"*/#%. C"#$:'#%)*, %h -"))"&# /o o/er0 #(/+ &# %h !"/2)(&#%, %" &%<

1> A))(# F. A'h( 9> R"+&" A0)&#"

> R"+")-" A)&#+(%" 1G> L"#(+" A#+(+

> R":' T(# 11> D(#&)" Ch'(

4> $$& L&/ 1> A/(#+" E'#&"

> S'$(# T"2(!&" 1> C()0&# L"2

6> L*++( P($!'() 14> A#+$ R($!", .

> B#(+" A)!(#%(( 1> C&&)" A)"#

8> )(!&" D:'&%(+"

+re 3e+re3 o +ve o0 e/r em7ome 0+0 / e om7+, +3 e +er m+ o, / / 0o 3eerm/+e e/r em7ome / /. Th '#&"#’$ !"/2)(&#% ((&#$% %h !"/2(#* &$ h* DISMISSED -" )(

SO ORDERED.

P%&%&"# -&)+ ( /"%&"# -" !"#$&+(%&"# '% ($ +#&+ * %h NLRC &# ( R$")'%&"# +(%+ (#'(* 1, 1996.

O# M(!h 19, 1996, 2%&%&"# -&)+ &%h %h&$ C"'% ( 2%&%&"# -" !%&"(& ($$(&)&# %h NLRC R$")'%&"#$. P'$'(#% %" "'

&# *t. 0artinDs uneral 7ome vs. 6%C,8

-+ %h 2%&%&"# %" %h C"'% "- A22()$ -" &%$ (22"2&(% (!%&"# (#+ +&$

O# M(* 8, 1999, %h C"'% "- A22()$ #++ ( D!&$&"# (--&/&# %h NLRC R$")'%&"#$. Th A22))(% C"'% h)+ =1NLRC h($ 3'&$+&!%&"# %" $")0 %h &$$' "- )()&%* "- %h $%&?; => %h(% %h M(* G, 1994 %/2"(* "? $%"22( * (#+ //$ "- 2%&%&"# (/"'#%+ %" (# &))() $%&?; => %h(% 0# ($$'/&# %h(% $2"#+#% !"//&%%+ '#-(& )(" 2$%&)), %h $%&? &$ &))() !('$ &% -(&)+ %" !"/2)* &%h %h /(#+(%"* 2"!+'() :'&/#%$ "- ( 0()&+ $%&? '#+ A%&!(#+ =-> "- %h L(" C"+, ($ (/#++; (#+ =4> %h(% %h +&$/&$$() "- 2%&%&"#’$ "--&!$ h" ?#"&#)* 2(%&!&2(%+ &# (# $%&? &$ &# (!!"+(#! &%h A%&!) 64 =(> "- %h L(" C"+, ($ (/#++.

O# O!%" G, 199, 2%&%&"# -&)+ ( /"%&"# -" !"#$&+(%&"# '% ($ +#&+ * %h C"'% "- A22()$ &# ( R$")'%&"#N"0/ , 1999.

5#!, %h&$ 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari . P%&%&"# ())+ %h(% %h C"'% "- A22()$ $&"'$)* + =1> &# h")+&# %h(% %+(* "? $%"22( "- 2%&%&"#’$ "--&!$ (#+ //$ &$ (# &))() $%&?; => &# $'$%(&#&# %h +&$/&$$() -"/ %h $0&!"--&!$; (#+ => &# ')&# %h(% %h NLRC h($ 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 ( 2%&%&"# %" +!)( %h $%&? &))().

Th ($&! &$$' -" "' +%/&#(%&"# &$ h%h %h $%&? $%(+ * 2%&%&"#’$ "--&!$ (#+ //$ &$ &))(6 (#+ 64 "- %h L(" C"+, ($ (/#++, 2"0&+<

ART. 6. STRIES, PICETIN AND LOCOUTS.

@ @ @

=!> I# !($$ "- ((&#&# +(+)"!?$, %h +')* !%&-&+ " !"#&+ ((&#&# (#% /(* -&) ( #"%&! "- $%&? @ @ @ &%h%h M&#&$%* =#" D2(%/#%> (% )($% G +(*$ -" %h &#%#++ +(% %h"- ' +0e0 o +/r +bor 7r+/e e

I# /old Cit Inte#rated Port *ervice, Inc. vs. 6%C ,9 $%$$+ %h(% %h )(#'( "- %h )( )(0$ #" ""/ -" +"'% %!"")&#"-- 2&"+ +3 e 0eve-3+ 0r/e b+ +er e 0r/e-voe re7or ere /e3e3 o be m+3+or

















%h M&#&$%* =#" D2(%/#%> (% )($% G +(*$ -" %h &#%#++ +(% %h"-. ' +0e0 o +/r +bor 7r+/e, e7er/o3 o o/e 0+ be 15 3+0 (#+ &# %h ($#! "- ( +')* !%&-&+ " !"#&+ ((&#&# (#%, %h #"%&! "-$%&? /(* -&)+ * (#* )&%&/(% )(" "(#&(%&"# &# h()- "- &%$ //$. 5"0, / +0e o 3/0m/00+ romem7ome o /o o/er0 +')* )!%+ &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h '#&"# !"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ *)($, / m+o0/e /o b0/ ere e e;/0ee o e /o /0 re+ee3, e 15-3+ oo/-o 7er/o3 0+ o+77 +3 e /o m+ +e +/o /mme3/+e.

@ @ @

=-> A 3e/0/o o 3e+re + 0r/e m0 be +77rove3 b + m+:or/ o e o+ /o member0/7 / e b+r+/// oere3, ob+/e3 b 0ere b+o / mee/0 or reere3+ +e3 or + 7r7o0e. @ @ @. Th +!&$&"# $h()) 0()&+ -" %h +'(%&"# "- %h +&$2'% ($+ "# $'$%(#%&())* %h $(/ "'#+$ !"#$&++ h# %h $%&? " )"!?"'%

0"% ($ %(?#. Th M&#&$%* =#" D2(%/#%> /(* (% &%$ "# &#&%&(%&0 " '2"# %h :'$% "- (#* (--!%+ 2(%*,$'20&$ %h !"#+'!% "- %h $!% ())"%&#. ' ever +0e, e /o ; ; ; 0+ r/0 e M//0r FoDe7+rme e re00 o e vo/ + e+0 0eve 3+0 beore e /e3e3 0r/e or oo, 0b:e o eoo/-o 7er/o3 ere/ 7rov/3e3.

@ @ @.

ART. 64. P%27I-I+E "C+I@I+IE*.

=(> No +bor or+/<+/o " /2)"* 0+ 3e+re + 0r/e " )"!?"'% &%h"'% -&$% h(0&# ((&#+ !"))!%&0)* &#(!!"+(#! &%h T&%) VII "- %h&$ B""? " &%h"'% -&$% h(0&# -&)+ %h #"%&! :'&+ &# %h 2!+&# (%&!) " /oe ee00+r 0r/e or oo voe /r0 +v/ bee ob+/e3 +3 re7ore3 o e M//0r Fo De7+rme.

@ @ @.

F"))"&# ( %h I/2)/#%&# '&+)&#$ "- %h ("0 2"0&$&"#$ &$$'+ * %h D2(%/#% "- L(" (#+ E/2)"*/#%<

1. A $%&? $h()) -&)+ &%h %h D2(%/#% "- L(" (#+ E/2)"*/#% (% )($% 1 +(*$ &- %h &$$'$ (&$+ ( '#-(&)(" 2(!%&! " (% )($% G +(*$ &- %h &$$' &#0")0+ ((&#&# +(+)"!?. 5"0, &# !($ "- +&$/&$$() -"//2)"*/#% "- '#&"# "--&!$ +')* )!%+ &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h '#&"# !"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ *)($, h&!h /(* !"#$%&%'%'#&"# '$%&# h %h @&$%#! "- %h '#&"# &$ %h(%#+, %h 1+(* !"")&#"-- 2&"+ $h()) #"% (22)* (#+ %h '#&"#/(* %(? (!%&"# &//+&(%)*;

. Th $%&? $h()) $'22"%+ * ( /(3"&%* 0"% "- %h //$ "- %h '#&"# "%(&#+ * $!% ())"% &# ( /%&#!())+ -" %h 2'2"$; (#+

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M""0, 2%&%&"# /(&#%(&#$ %h(% %h L(" A&%, #"% %h NLRC, $h"')+ h(0 %(?# !"#&(#! "- %h !($ (% (. W +" #"%(.

I# International Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. *ecretar of 6a!or and Emploment ,1 h)+<

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I# %h $(/ /(##, e e Sere+r o L+bor +3 Em7ome er//e0 e +bor 3/07e o e NLRC orom70or +rb/r+/o e +er /0 oom/+ em7oere3 o re0ove + e0/o0 +3 orover0/e0 +r/0/ererom /3/ +0e0 oer/0e beo/ or//+ +3 e;0/ve o e L+bor Arb/er.

#ERE%ORE, %h 2%&%&"# &$ DENIED. Th D!&$&"# (#+ R$")'%&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ +(%+ M(* 8, 1999 (#+ N"0/ ,1999 ( h* AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

[G.R. No. 14@?49. )e 29, 2@@5]

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., petitioner, vs. %'RS" LE$AN"O-"A'S#O 'NSRANCE COR$ORA"'ON, respondent .

D E C ' S ' O N

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'SSES

P%&%&"#!(& (&$$ %h -"))"&# &$$'$ &# &%$ 2%&%&"#<

1. +he Court of "ppeals erred in not holdin# that the trial court 1ustl and correctl dismissed the complaint a#

*ulpicio 6ines, which dismissal is alread final.

. +he Court of "ppeals erred in not dismissin# the appeal for failure of appellant to compl with the techn

re&uirement of the %ules of Court.

RL'NG O% "#E COR"

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+(%+ 1 O!%" 1999 ( h* AFFIRMED. N" !"$%$.

SO ORDERED.

[G.R. No. 14841@. )++r 1, 2@@5]

M(#h&), '2"# h&$ (&0() (% %h "--&!, %h 2%&%&"# ($ :'$%&"#+ * M. C()" S. ", S#&" E@!'%&0 V&!

(#+ #() M(#( "- $2"#+#%. Th(-%, 2%&%&"# ($ 2)&/&#(&)* &#0$%&(%+ * M. A&( h&# h&$ $%(%/

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2002/feb2002/127536.htm



http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2000/july2000/140436.htm


http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/may2001/138556.htm



















































http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2005/jan2005/148410.htm#_ftn13



&'CEN"E C. E"CBAN, )R., petitioner, vs. SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., respondent.

D E C ' S ' O N

CALLE)O, SR., J .>

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I

PUBLIC RESPONDENT ACTED IN VIOLATION OF EISTIN LAWS W5EN IT ORDERED T5E DISMISSAL OF T5E

PETITIONER DESPITE 5IS LON YEARS IN T5E COMPANY AND T5E MINIMAL AMOUNT INVOLVED IN T5E CASE.

II

PUBLIC RESPONDENT ACTED IN VIOLATION OF EISTIN LAWS AND URISPRUDENCE IN ORDERIN T5E DISMISSAL OF

PETITIONER DESPITE T5E FACT T5AT NO LOSS OR PREUDICE WAS SUFFERED BY T5E COMPANY FROM 5IS

SUPPOSED INFRACTION.

III

PUBLIC RESPONDENT COMMITTED A SERIOUS LEAL ERROR IN ORDERIN T5E DISMISSAL OF T5E PETITIONER

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SECOND D'&'S'ON

)E%%RE* NACAGE,

P%&%&"#,

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SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC.,R$2"#+#%.

G.R. No. 12589

P$#%<

CARPIO, J ., Ch(&2$"#,NAC5URA,

PERALTA,ABAD, (#+MENDOJA, JJ .

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D E C ' S ' O N

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DOM'NGO E. CRSO,

LEONARDODE CASTRO,BERSAMIN, (#+VILLARAMA, R., JJ.



I# *ocial Justice *ociet v. an#erous ru#s -oard , @2)(&#+<

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())+ 0()&+ !('$ -" %h %/&#(%&"# "- /2)"*/#% &$ #"% !)()* 2"0#, ($ &# %h&$ !($, %h )( !"#$&+$ %h /(%% ( !($ "-

&))() +&$/&$$().

W ( &%h %h L(" A&% %h(% N(!('$ &#$%(%/#% &$ #" )"# -($&) +' %" $%(&#+ )(%&"#$

%# N(!(' (#+ S')2&!&" L&#$ (#+ %h(% N(!(' $h"')+ &#$%(+ (#%+ $2((%&"# 2(*.

#ERE%ORE, GRAN" %h 2%&%&"#. W SE" AS'DE %h (#'(* GG6 D!&$&"# (#+ %h 19 A2&) GG6 R$")'%&"# "- %h

C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA.R. CEB SP N". G1G6. W RE'NS"A"E %h 1 N"0/ GG D!&$&"# "- %h L(" A&%.

SO ORDERED.

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., P%&%&"#,

versus

G.R. No. 15@@9

P$#%<

PUNO, C.J., Chairperson,CARPIO MORALES,

DOM'NGO E. CRSO,LC'A E. CRSO,MELEC'O E. CRSO, SEGNDO E. CRSO,&'RG'L'O E. CRSO, D'OSDADA E. CRSO, +3 CEC'L'A E.CRSO,

R$2"#+#%$.

VILLARAMA, R., JJ.

P"/')(%+< M(!h 1, G1G

@@

D E C ' S ' O N

BERSAM'N, J.>

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[G.R. NOS. 1212@-28]

$NOC S#'$$'NG AND "RANS$OR" COR$ORA"'ON, Petitioner , v. #ON. )AN ". NABONG, )R., $RES'D'NG )REG'ONAL "R'AL COR" O% MAN'LA BRANC# ?2( "#E C'"* O% MAN'LA( MA*OR AL%REDO L'M( &'CE MA*



























I# -&#, /"() +(/($ /(* !"0+ &# (# (!%&"# '2"# (!h "- !"#%(!% "- !(&( "#)* h#< = a> h +(%h "- (

2($$# $')%$, " =!> &% &$ 2"0+ %h(% %h !(& ($ '&)%* "- -('+ (#+ (+ -(&%h, 0# &- +(%h +"$ #"% $')%. 16 A%&!) G6 "-

%h Civil Code #%&%)$ %h +$!#+(#%$, ($!#+(#%$, &))&%&/(% !h&)+#, (#+ $'0&0&# $2"'$ "- %h +!($+ 2($$# %"

+/(#+ /"() +(/($ -" /#%() (#'&$h * ($"# "- %h +(%h "- %h +!($+.1

#ERE%ORE, %h 2% &% &"# -" 0 & "# certiorari &$ (#%+, (#+ %h ((+ /(+ %" %h $2"#+#%$ &#

%h +!&$&"# +(%+ S2%/ 16, GG "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ "- /"() +(/($ (/"'#%&# %" P1GG,GGG.GG &$ +)%+ (#+ $%

($&+.

SO ORDERED.

EN BANC

G.R. No. 12@@51, Deember 1@, 2@14

C'"* O% MAN'LA, #ON. AL%REDO S. L'M, AS MA*OR O% "#E C'"* O% MAN'LA, AND AN"#ON* *. ACE&EDO, C'"*"REASRER, Petitioners, v. #ON. ANGEL &ALERA COLE", AS $RES'D'NG )DGE, REG'ONAL "R'AL COR" O% MAN'LAFBR. 4?, AND MALA*S'AN A'RL'NE S*S"EM,%espondents.

[G.R. NO. 12161?]

MAERSH-%'L'$'NAS, 'NC., AMER'CAN $RES'DEN" L'NES, L"D., %LAGS#'$ "ANHERS COR$., CORE 'NDO MAR'"'MECOR$., AND CORE MAR'"'ME COR$. , Petitioners, v. C'"* O% MAN'LA, MA*OR AL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O

A"'EN=A,1 SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* ACE&EDO, %espondents.

[G.R. NO. 12165]

EAS"ERN S#'$$'NG L'NES, 'NC. , Petitioner , v. C'"* CONC'L O% MAN'LA, "#E MA*OR O% MAN'LA AND "#E C'"* O%MAN'LA, %espondents.

[G.R. NO. 121@4]

'LL'AM L'NES, 'NC., NEGROS NA&'GA"'ON CO., 'NC., LOREN=O S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON, CARLOS A. GO"#ONGL'NES, 'NC., ABO'"'= S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON, ABO'"'= A'R "RANS$OR" COR$ORA"'ON, ABO'"'= #ALERS, 'NC., AND

SOL'D S#'$$'NG L'NES COR$ORA"'ON, Petitioners, v. REG'ONAL "R'AL COR" O% MAN'LA, BRANC# ?2, C'"* O%MAN'LA, MA*OR AL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O A"'EN=A, SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD, AND C'"* "REASRER

AN"#ON* ACE&EDO, %espondents.

REG'ONAL "R'AL COR" O% MAN'LA, BRANC# ?2( "#E C'"* O% MAN'LA( MA*OR AL%REDO L'M( &'CE MA*A"'EN=A( SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD, AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* ACE&EDO, %espondents

[G.R. NOS. 12184-55]

MAERSH-%'L'$'NAS, 'NC., AMER'CAN $RES'DEN" L'NES, SEA-LAND SER&'CES, 'NC., O&ERSEAS %RE'G#S#'$$'NG, 'NC., DONGNAMA S#'$$'NG CO., L"D., %LAGS#'$ "ANHERS, CORE 'NDO MAR'"'ME COR$., CORE MCOR$., AND EAS"ERN S#'$$'NG L'NES, 'NC. , Petitioners, v. C'"* O% MAN'LA, #ON. MA*OR AL%REDO S. L'M, #

MA*OR L'"O A"'EN=A, )R., SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD NG MA*N'LA, AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* *. AAND "#E'R AGEN"S OR RE$RESEN"A"'&ES, AND #ON. )DGE )AN C. NABONG, )R., BRANC# ?2, REG'ONA

COR" O% MAN'LA, RES$ONDEN"S, 'LL'AM L'NES, 'NC., NEGROS NA&'GA"'ON CO., 'NC., LOREN=O S#'

COR$ORA"'ON, CARLOS A. GO"#ONG L'NES, 'NC., ABO'"'= S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON, ABO'"'= A'R "RANCOR$ORA"'ON, ABO'"'= #ALERS, 'NC., SOL'D S#'$$'NG L'NES COR$ORA"'ON AND $NOC S#'$$'NG "RACOR$ORA"'ON, Intervenors.

[G.R. NO. 122???]

COSCO CON"A'NER L'NES AND #ENG-A S#'$$'NG CO., L"D., BO"# RE$RESEN"ED B* "#E'R RES'DEN" AALLEM $#'L'$$'NES S#'$$'NG, 'NC.( DSR SENA"OR L'NES, COM$AN'A SD AMER'CANA DE &A$ORES S.

AR'MRA SANG*O COM$AN*, L"D., ALL RE$RESEN"ED B* "#E'R RES'DEN" AGEN", C.%. S#AR$ S#'$$'NG A'NCOR$ORA"ED( $AC'%'C 'N"ERNA"'ONAL L'NES F$"E L"D. AND $AC'%'C EAGLE L'NES F$"E L"D., BO

RE$RESEN"ED B* "#E'R RES'DEN" AGEN", "MS S#'$ AGENC'ES, 'NC.( COM$AGN'E MAR'"'ME D A%%RE"FCMA, RE$RESEN"ED B* '"S RES'DEN" AGEN", 'NC#CA$E S#'$$'NG SER&'CES( E&ERE"" OR'EN" L'NES

RE$RESEN"ED B* '"S RES'DEN" AGEN", E&ERE"" S"EAMS#'$ COR$ORA"'ON( *ANGM'NG MAR'NE "RANCOR$., RE$RESEN"ED B* '"S RES'DEN" AGEN", SH* 'N"ERNA"'ONAL, 'NC.( N'$ON *SEN HA'S#A, RE$RES'"S RES'DEN" AGEN", %'L-)A$AN S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON( #*NDA' MERC#AN" MAR'NE CO. L"D., RE$RES

'"S RES'DEN" AGEN", C'"ADEL L'NES( MALA*S'AN 'N"ERNA"'ONAL S#'$$'NG COR$ORA"'ON BER#A

RE$RESEN"ED B* '"S RES'DEN" AGEN", RO*AL CARGO AGENC'ES, 'NC.( BOL" OR'EN" L'NE, RE$RESEN"ERES'DEN" AGEN", %'LSO& S#'$$'NG COM$AN*, 'NC.( M'"S'-O.S.H. L'NES, L"D., RE$RESEN"ED B* '"S RE

AGEN", MAGSA*SA* AGENC'ES, 'NC.( $#'LS., M'CRONES'A OR'EN" NA&'GA"'ON CO. F$MSO L'NE, RE$REB* '"S RES'DEN" AGEN", &AN "RANS$OR" COM$AN*, 'NC.( LLO*D "R'ES"'NO D' NA&'GA='ONE S.$.A.N.

COM$AGN'E GENERALE MAR'"'ME, BO"# RE$RESEN"ED B* "#E'R RES'DEN" AGEN", %.E. =ELL'G FM, 'NMADR'GAL-AN #A' L'NES, Petitioners, v. C'"* O% MAN'LA, MA*OR AL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O A"'E

SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* *. ACEBEDO, %espondents.

[G.R. NO. 122??5]

SL$'C'O L'NES, 'NC., Petitioner , v. REG'ONAL "R'AL COR" O% MAN'LA, BRANC# ?2, C'"* O% MAN'LA MAAL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O A"'EN=A, SANGGN'ANG $ANLNGSOD AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#

ACE&EDO, %espondents.

[G.R. NO. 122?49]

ASSOC'A"'ON O% 'N"ERNA"'ONAL S#'$$'NG L'NES, 'NC., 'N '"S ON BE#AL% AND 'N RE$RESEN"A"'ON MEMBERS, Petitioner , v. C'"* O% MAN'LA, MA*OR AL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O A"'EN=A, SANGGN'

$ANLNGSOD AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* ACE&EDO, %espondents.

[G.R. NO. 124855]

DONGNAMA S#'$$'NG CO., L"D. AND H*OA S#'$$'NG L"D. #ERE'N RE$RESEN"ED B* SH* 'N"ERNA"'

'NC., Petitioners, v. COR" O% A$$EALS, C'"* O% MAN'LA MA*OR AL%REDO L'M, &'CE MA*OR L'"O A"'EN=A, C'"*CONC'L O% MAN'LA, AND C'"* "REASRER AN"#ON* ACE&EDO, %espondents.

D E C ' S ' O N

"- M(#&)(.

A$ MAS ($ #&# &%$ '$&#$$ 2/&% -" 1994, &% ($ ($$$$+ * %h C&%* T($' "- M(#&)( "# (#'(* 1, 1994-"))"&# %(@$ (#+ -$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*










D E C ' S ' O N

LEONARDO-DE CAS"RO, J.>

B-" %h C"'% ( 1G !"#$")&+(%+ P%&%&"#$, %h &$$' (% %h !'@ "- h&!h &$ %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+H" 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B>"- O+&#(#! N". 94 "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, "%h&$ ?#"# ($ %h R0#' C"+ "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)( =M(#&)( R0#' C"+>,($ (/#++ * O+&#(#! N". 8G.!h(#R")$0&%'()L()&(*

'AN"ECEDEN" %AC"S

Th M(#&)( R0#' C"+ ($ #(!%+ "# '# , 199 * %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)( (#+ (22"0+ "# '# 9, 199 * %h#M(#&)( M(*" A)-+" S. L&/ =L&/>. S!%&"# 1=B> "- $(&+ C"+ "&&#())* 2"0&++<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

S!%&"# 1. T(@ "# B'$&#$$$ S'3!% %" %h E@!&$, V()'A+++ " P!#%( T(@$ U#+ %h NIRC. O# (#* "- %h -"))"&#'$&#$$$ (#+ (%&!)$ "- !"//! $'3!% %" %h @!&$, 0()'(+++ " 2!#%( %(@$ '#+ %h N(%&"#() I#%#() R0#'C"+, h&#(-% -+ %" ($ NIRC, ($ (/#++, ( %(@ "- %h 2!#% =K> 2 (##'/ "# %h "$$ $()$ " !&2%$ "- %h2!+&# !()#+( *( &$ h* &/2"$+<

@ @ @ @

B> O# %h "$$ !&2%$ "- ?2$ "- (($, !($ -" #% " h& +&0# * %h )$$, %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ h"%(#$2"% 2($$# " -&h% -" h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * )(#+, (& " (%, @!2% "#$ "- (#!($ (#+ "#$ "- (#&/()+(# %"h) 0h&!).

Sh"%)* %h(-%, O+&#(#! N". 8G ($ #(!%+ * %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)( "# S2%/ , 199 (#+ (22"0+ * M(*"

L&/ "# S2%/ 9, 199, ()(+* (/#+&# $0() 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+. S!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#'C"+, ($ (/#++, &/2"$+ ( )" %(@ (% "# %h '$&#$$$ %h(% -)) '#+ &%, (#+ 2(((2h =B> %h"- (+ ($-"))"$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

S!%&"# 1. T(@ "# B'$&#$$ S'3!% %" %h E@!&$, V()'A+++ " P!#%( T(@$ U#+ %h NIRC O# (#* "- %h -"))"&#'$&#$$$ (#+ (%&!)$ "- !"//! $'3!% %" %h @!&$, 0()'(+++ " 2!#%( %(@$ '#+ %h N(%&"#() I#%#() R0#'C"+ h&#(-% -+ %" ($ NIRC, ($ (/#++, ( %(@ "- FIFTY PERCENT =GK> OF ONE PERCENT =1K> 2 (##'/ "# %h"$$ $()$ " !&2%$ "- %h 2!+&# !()#+( *( &$ h* &/2"$+<

@ @ @ @

B> O# %h "$$ !&2%$ "- ?2$ "- (($, !($ -" #% " h& +&0# * %h )$$, %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ h"%(#$2"% 2($$# " -&h% -" h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * )(#+, (& " (%, @!2% "#$ "- (#!($ (#+ "#$ "- (#&/()+(# %"h) 0h&!).

Th C&%* "- M(#&)(, %h"'h &%$ C&%* T($', (# &/2"$&# (#+ !"))!%&# %h '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)(R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &##&# (#'(* 1994.

G.R. No. 120051

M()(*$&(# A&)&# S*$%/ =MAS> &$ ( -"&# !"2"(%&"# "(#&+ (#+ @&$%&# '#+ %h )($ "- M()(*$&(. I% &$ )&!#$+ %" #(&# '$&#$$ &# %h Ph&)&22&#$ * %h S!'&%&$ (#+ E@!h(# C"//&$$&"# =SEC>, 2(%&!')()* &# %h (&)&# '$&#$$ h&!h &#0")0$%h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ (#+ !(" -" h&. I%$ 2&#!&2() "--&! (#+ 2)(! "- '$&#$$ &# %h Ph&)&22&#$ &$ )"!(%+ &# %h C&%*

-"))"&# %(@$ (#+ -$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

M(*"’$ 2/&% (#+ ')(%"* -$ P 1G,G.G

M'#&!&2() )&!#$ %(@ " '$&#$$ %(@ 1,1GG,GGG.GG

T"%() P 1,11G,G.G

MAS, )&0&# %h(% &% ($ @/2% -"/ %h /'#&!&2() )&!#$ %(@ " '$&#$$ %(@, %#++, 0&( F( E($% B(#? (#+ T'$% C=FEBTC> Ch!? N". G664 +(%+ (#'(* 19, 1994, "#)* %h (/"'#% "- P1G,G.G -" %h /(*"’$ 2/&% (#+ ')(%"*C&%* T($' "- M(#&)( -'$+ %" (!!2% FEBTC Ch!? N". G664.

C"#$:'#%)*, "# (#'(* G, 1994, MAS &#$%&%'%+ C&0&) C($ N". 9469G, %" !"#$&# &%h %h %&() !"'% %h (/"'#% "-

P1G,G.G -" /(*"’$ 2/&% (#+ ')(%"* -$; %" !h())# %h ($$$$/#% ((&#$% &% * %h C&%* T($' "- M(#&)((/"'#% "- P1,1GG,GGG.GG -" /'#&!&2() )&!#$ %(@ " '$&#$$ %(@; (#+ %" h(0 S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"(/#++, "# h&!h $(&+ ($$$$/#% -" /'#&!&2() )&!#$ %(@ " '$&#$$ %(@ ($ ($+, +!)(+ &#0()&+ " #')) (#+C($ N". 9469G ($ ($$&#+ %" %h R&"#() T&() C"'% =RTC> "- M(#&)(, B(#!h 4.

O# A2&) , 199, RTCB(#!h 4 #++ ( D!&$&"# 4 &# -(0" "- MAS. Th +&$2"$&%&0 2"%&"# "- $(&+ D!&$&"#(+$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

W5EREFORE, %h -""&# +&$:'&$&%&"#$ !"#$&++, 3'+/#% &$ h* #++ &# -(0" "- %h 2)(&#%&-- ((&#$% %h+-#+(#%$<Ch(#R")$V&%'()()&(*

1. D!)(&# %h !"#$&#(%&"# 0()&+ (#+ /(+ &# (!!"+(#! &%h )(;

. O+&# +-#+(#%$ %" &$$' %" 2)(&#%&-- %h /(*"’$ 2/&% " 2/&% %" "2(% -" 1994, %h #!$$(* !%&-&"--&!&() !&2%$ 0&+#!&# 2(*/#% "- 2)(&#%&--’$ )&(&)&%&$ -" /(*"’$ 2/&% - (#+ "%h ')(%"* -$ -"

. D!)(&# S!%&"# 1=B> "- O+&#(#! N". 94, ($ (/#++ * O+&#(#! N". 8G, "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)( ($ #')) (#+ 0"&+ &#$"-( ($ &% &/2"$$ ( '$&#$$ %(@ "# %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$22($$#$ " -&h% * h& (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+ " (%, " %h(% 2)(&#%&-- &$ @/2% -"/ %h %(@ $(&+ $!%&"# 1=B>.

4. D!)(&# 2)(&#%&--’$ ")&(%&"# %" %h +-#+(#% C&%* "- M(#&)( -" /(*"’$ 2/&% - (#+ "%h ')(%"* -$ h(0&# # 2(&+ (#+ @%&#'&$h+ &%h"'% (#* )&(&)&%* -" $'!h($, &#%$%$ " (#* (++&%&"#() (/"'#% h(%

N"% h(0&# # 2"0#, %h 2(* - " %h 2(*/#% "- (%%"#*’$ -$ &$ +#&+.

N" 2"#"'#!/#% ($ %" !"$%$.

Th C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, (#+ C&%* T($' A#%h"#* Y. A!0+" =A!0+"> -&)+ &%h %h C"'% ( P%&%&"# -" R0&"# Certiorari,6 ($$(&)&# %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A2&) , 199 "- RTCB(#!h 4 &# C&0&) C($ N". 9469G ($+ "# 2' :')(. Th* ($$&#+ %h -"))"&# "$ "# %h 2(% "- RTCB(#!h 4<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

4.1. Th(% %h %&() !"'% + &# +!)(&# S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ &#0()&+ " #')) (#+

4.. Th(% %h %&() !"'% + &# +!)(&# %h !"#$&#(%&"# 0()&+ (#+ /(+ &# (!!"+(#! &%h )(.

Th C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+" 2(*+ &# %h& P%&%&"# %h(% %h C"'% =1> 0$ (#+ $% ($&+ %h($$(&)+ RTC D!&$&"#; (#+ => (--&/ %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.Th P%&%&"# ($ +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 1GG1.

(!h "- $(&+ 2%&%&"# !"2"(%&"#$ $h"')+ 2"$% (# &#3'#!%&"# "#+ &# %h (/"'#% "- PG,GGG.GG. Th W&% "- P)&/&#(*#3"&#+ $2"#+#% C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ )"!() "--&!&()$ -"/< =1> &/2"$&#, #-"!&#, ($$$$&#, (#+ !"))!%&# %h %(@$ '#S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++; (#+ => +#*&# %" 2%&%&"#$ M($?, APL, F)($h&2 T(#?$, CCMC, (#+ OFSI %h& '$&#$$ 2/&%$ (#+ )&!#$$ -" 1994. I# (#"%h O+ +(%+ A2&) , 1994, RTCB(#!h (



Th P%&%&"# ($ +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 1GG1.

MAS -&)+ &%$ C"//#%,8 %" h&!h %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+" -&)+ %h&R2)*.9!h(#R")$0&%'()L()&(*

G.R. No. 121613

B!('$ %h* ($$$$+ (#+H" !"/2))+ %" 2(* '$&#$$ %(@$ 2'$'(#% %" S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($(/#++, -" %h* &$$'+ %h& '$&#$$ 2/&%$ -" 1994, $0() !"2"(%&"#$, &%h 2&#!&2() "--&!$ &# M(#&)( (#+"2(%&# ($ %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ h" %(#$2"% 2($$# " -&h% -" h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * )(#+, (& " (%, -&)+ %h& $2!%&0 2%&%&"#$ -" %h M(#&)( RTC ((&#$% %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" L&%" A%&#(

=A%&#(>, %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(HS(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+". S(&+ 2%&%&"#$ $2((%)* +"!?%+ (#+ (--)+ %" +&--#% RTC B(#!h$, %" &%<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

C/v/ C+0e No. $e//oer R"C-Br+ No.

9468861 M($? F&)&2&#($, I#!. =M($?>

946886 A/&!(# P$&+#% L&#$, L%+. =APL>

946886 S(L(#+ S0&!$, I#!. =S(L(#+> 4

9468919 O0$($ F&h%$ Sh&22&#, I#!. =OFSI>

946896 D"##(/( Sh&22&# C"., L%+. =D"##(/(> (#+ *"( Sh&22&#, L%+.=*"(>

4

946899 F)($h&2 T(#?$ C"2. =F)($h&2 T(#?$> 1

946894G C" I#+" M(&%&/ C"2. =CIMC> 1

9468941 C" M(&%&/ C"2. =CMC> 19469G81G E($%# Sh&22&# L&#$, I#!. =E($%# Sh&22&#>

A)) "- %h (-"/#%&"#+ !($$ )(% !"#$")&+(%+ -" RTCB(#!h .

S0() /" !"2"(%&"#$ &%h 2&#!&2() "--&!$ &# M(#&)( (#+ #(+ &# %h $(/ )&# "- '$&#$$ ($ %h ("0#(/+ 2%&%&"#!"2"(%&"#$ -&)+ 2%&%&"#$H!"/2)(&#%$&#&#%0#%&"# &# %h 2#+&# !($$, #(/)*< W&))&(/ L&#$, I#!. =W&))&(/ L&#$>; N"$N(0&(%&"# C"., I#!. =N"$ N(0&(%&"#>; L"#" Sh&22&# C"2. =L"#" Sh&22&#>; C()"$ A. "%h"# L&#$, I#!. ="%h"#L&#$>; A"&%& Sh&22&# C"2., A"&%& A& T(#$2"% C"2., (#+ A"&%& 5(')$, I#!. =!"))!%&0)* -+ %" ($ %h A"&%& "'2>;S")&+ Sh&22&# L&#$ C"2. =S")&+ Sh&22&#>; (#+ PNOC Sh&22&# T(#$2"% C"2. =PSTC>.

P%&%&"# (#+ &#%0#" !"2"(%&"#$ $$#%&())* $"'h% %h =1> +!)((%&"# "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($(/#++, ($ 0"&+H&#0()&+ -" &# !"#%(* %" %h C"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ %h L"!() "0#/#% C"+ =LC> "- 1991; => -'#+ "- %h'$&#$$ %(@$ %h(% %h 2%&%&"# (#+ &#%0#" !"2"(%&"#$ 2(&+ '#+ 2"%$%; (#+ => %h &$$'(#! "- ( %/2"(* $%(&#&#"+ =TRO>, &% "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"#, &% "- 2"h&&%&"#, (#+H" &% "- 2/(##% &#3'#!%&"# %" #3"&# %h &/2)/#%(%&"# "-

S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

RTCB(#!h &$$'+ ( TRO11 "# (#'(* 14, 1994 &# -(0" "- 2%&%&"#$ M($?, APL, F)($h&2 T(#?$, CIMC, (#+ CMC. ThTRO ($ --!%&0 -" G +(*$ (#+ "++ $2"#+#% C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ )"!() "--&!&()$ %" !($ (#+ +$&$% -"/ &/2)/#%&#S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, h&) %h 2(* -" ( &% "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# ($ $!h+')+ -"2$#%(%&"# "- 0&+#!. O# F'(* , 199, (-% h(&#, RTCB(#!h &$$'+ (# O+ (#%&# %h 2(* "- 2%&%&"#$M($?, APL, F)($h&2 T(#?$, CIMC, CMC, (#+ OFSI -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"#, 1 &%h %h !"#+&%&"# %h(%

CMC, (#+ OFSI %h& '$&#$$ 2/&%$ (#+ )&!#$$ -" 1994. I# (#"%h O+ +(%+ A2&) , 1994, RTC B(#!h (2(* "- &#%0#" !"2"(%&"#$ -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( $&/&)( W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"#.

I# &%$ D!&$&"#1 +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 9468996894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, RTCB(#!h '2h)+ %h 2" "- %h $2"#+#% C&%* "- M(#&)(, ($ ( )"!() "0#/=LU>, %" )0* %h '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, !"#$&$%#% &%h %h ($&! )"!() ('%"#"/*. U)%&/(%)*, RTCB(#!h +!+<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

W5EREFORE, %h 2%&%&"#$, %h $'22)/#%() 2%&%&"#$, (#+ %h 2%&%&"#$ " !"/2)(&#%$ &# &#%0#%&"# &# ()) %h$ !($$ DISMISSED.

A)) %/2"(* $%(&#&# "+$ ( !(#!))+, ()) &%$ "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# ( !())+ (#+ +&$$")0+, (#+ %h &#3'#!!(#!))+.14

M($?, APL, F)($h&2 T(#?$, CIMC, (#+ CMC =!"))!%&0)* -+ %" h&# ($ M($?, et al.,>, -&)+ ( +&!% (22() C"'%. I#&%&())*, M($?, et al.,, -&)+ ( /"%&"# -" @%#$&"# "- %&/ %" -&) %h& 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari . U2"# -&)&# /"%&"#, %h* ($$$$+ +"!?% (#+ )() -$ &# %h (/"'#% "- P4G.GG, h&!h %h* -'))* 2(&+. Th /"%&"# -" @%#$ ($ (#%+ * %h C"'% &# ( R$")'%&"#1 +(%+ O!%" 4, 199. W&%h&# %h @%#++ 2&"+, M($?,et al.,, -&)+ %h& PR0& "# Certiorari &%h 2(* -" &$$'(#! "- ( &% "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO, 16 +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 1161,RTCB(#!h , %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* TA!0+", ($ $2"#+#%$. M($?, et al.,, $'/&%%+ -" $")'%&"# * %h C"'% ( )"# :'$%&"# "-)(, viz.<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

Wh%h " #"% S!%&"# 1=B> "- O+&#(#! N". 94, "%h&$ ?#"# ($ %h R0#' C"+ "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, ($ (/S!%&"# 1=> "- O+&#(#! N". 8G, &$ 0()&+ (#+ !"#$%&%'%&"#().1

M(#h&), M($?, et al.,, ()$" -&)+ &%h RTCB(#!h ( M"%&"# %" S%(* " R$%" W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"#, 2$

M/"(#+'/ &$$'+ * C&%* T($' A!0+" ()(+* "+&# %h !"))!%&"# "- %h '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ S!%&"# 1=B> "M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++. I# (# O+18 +(%+ O!%" 16, 199, RTCB(#!h (#%+ %h M"%&"# "- M($(-% -&#+&# %h $(/ %" /&%"&"'$ (#+ &# !"#-"/&%* &%h R') 9, S!%&"# 4 "- %h R')$ "- C"'%, "# %h !"#+&%&"# %M($?, et al.,, "')+ &#!($ %h& &#3'#!%&"# "#+ -"/ PG,GGG.GG (!h %" P8GG,GGG.GG (!h, " -" ( %"%() "- P4,GGG,GW&%h %h&$ )(%$% +0)"2/#%, M($?, et al.,, -&)+ &%h %h C"'% ( S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# 2(*&# -" %h !"#-&%h RTC O+ +(%+ O!%" 16, 199 $%"&# %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+ +)%&"# "- %h #(/ "- RTCB(#%h !(2%&"# "- %h P%&%&"# &# .R. N". 1161 ($ %h %&() !"'% &$ #"% ( #!$$(* 2(%*.

O# O!%" , 199 %h"'h, %h C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#19 &# .R. N". 1161 &# h&!h &% $")0+ ($-"))"$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

O# %h ($&$ "- %h -""&#, %h C"'% RESOLVED %" DISMISS %h 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari -" #"#!"/2)&(#! ("0/#%&"#+ :'&/#% #". 1, M($?,et al.,, h(0&# -(&)+ %" /&% %h (/"'#% "- PG.GG ($ 2(*/#% -" %h ()2$!&+ )() -$.

A!!"+&#)*, %h $'22)/#%() 2%&%&"# (#+ /"%&"# "- M($?, et al.,., +(%+ O!%" 1, 199 2(*&# %h(% %h )" !"'$%"&# %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# !"#-&/+ (#+ %h(% %h R&"#() T&() C"'% "- M(#&)(, B(#!h , +)%!(2%&"# "- %h 2%&%&"# -" #"% &# ( #!$$(* 2(%* &$ NOTED WIT5OUT ACTION.

M($?, et al.,, -&)+ ( M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"#G "- %h -""&# R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199 "- %h C"'%. M(('+ %h(% %h +&$/&$$() "- %h& P%&%&"# * /&#'% $")'%&"# "')+ +2&0 %h/ "- %h& 2"2%* &h%$ "# / %!h#&!"'#+$. M($?, et al.,, h(+ #" &#%#%&"# "- #"% 2(*&# %h (/"'#% "- PG.GG, h&!h !"#$&$%+ "- $h&--’$ - "- PGG.G!)?’$ !"//&$$&"# "- P.GG, !h(+ &# !"##!%&"# &%h %h& 2(* -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO

M($?, et al.,, +&+ &#!)'+ $'!h ( 2(* &# %h& P%&%&"#, %h $(/ h(+ ()(+* !"/ /""% (#+ (!(+/&! (-% RTCB(#!h &$$'+ %h O+ +(%+ O!%" 16, 199 $%"&# (#+ &#$%(%&# %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# &# -(0" "- M($?, et al., I#%h& S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# &# .R. N". 1161, M($?, et al.,, ($ %h# "#)* $?&# %h !"#-&/(%&"# * %h C"'% "-%h O+ +(%+ O!%" 16, 199 "- RTCB(#!h (#+, &# --!%, &%h+(&# %h& 2(* -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( &% "- 2)&/&#(*

($+ "# S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++. Th* &#%0#"$ &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, -" RTCB(#!h .

W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, !h())#+ %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 #++ * RTCB(#!h &# $(&+ !&0&) !($$ %h"



2 * 2 *&#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO * %h C"'%. B$&+$, M($?, et al.,, $'/&%%+ %h(% %h $h&--’$ - "- PGG.GG (#+ !)?’$ !"//&$$&"# "-P.GG #"% 2(% "- %h )() -$ :'&+ -" 2-!%&# (# (22() -"/ %h +!&$&"# "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ " %h RTC. Th$h&--’$ - (#+ !)?’$ !"//&$$&"# "')+ /)* +2"$&%+ &%h %h C"'%, h&!h &/2)&+ %h(% $(&+ (/"'#%$ "')+ -'#++ %" M($?, et al.,, &# !($ %h C"'% +!&++ #"% %" &$$' %h TRO 2(*+ -". I# -(!%, h# M($?, et al.,, -&)+ %h&/"%&"# -" @%#$&"# "- %&/ %" -&) %h& 2%&%&"# -" 0& "# certiorari , %h* -'))* 2(&+ %h +"!?% (#+ )() -$ ($ !"/2'%+ * %h!($h& "- %h C"'%; (#+ h# %h* (!%'())* -&)+ %h& P%&%&"# -" R0& "# Certiorari &%h 2(* -" &$$'(#! "- ( &% "-2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO, %h* #"% ($$$$+ (#+ :'&+ %" 2(* (++&%&"#() )() -$. I# (#* 0#%, M($?, et al.,, h(+()(+* +2"$&%+ &%h %h C($h&’$ O--&! "- %h C"'% %h (/"'#% "- PG.GG. M($?, et al.,, ($$%+ %h(% %h& !($ &$/&%"&"'$ (#+ %h(% +&$/&$$() &$ +&$!%&"#(* -" %h (22))(% !"'% (#+ +&$!%&"# /'$% @!&$+ &$)* (#+ 2'+#%)*, #0!(2&!&"'$)*, &%h ( 0& %" $'$%(#%&() 3'$%&!. C"#$:'#%)*, M($?, et al.,, 2(*+ %h(% %h C"'% !"#$&+ &%$ R$")'%&"# +(%+

O!%" , 199 (#+ &0 +' !"'$ %" (#+ $:'()* $")0 %h& P%&%&"# (#+ S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# &# .R. N".1161.

C"'#$) -" M($?, et al.,, $'$:'#%)* $'/&%%+ ( 3"&#% M/"(#+'/1 -" %h 2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$. 1161, 1, (#+149.

G.R. No. 12165

E($%# Sh&22&# ($ %h 2%&%&"# &# C&0&) C($ N". 9469G8, h&!h ($ !"#$")&+(%+ &%h C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886,946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, (#+ 9468941, -" RTCB(#!h .

S&#! %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h &# %h !"#$")&+(%+ !($$ ($ !"#%(* %" &%$ &#%$%, E($%# Sh&22&#(22()+ %h $(/ -" %h C"'% %h"'h ( P%&%&"# -" R0& "#Certiorari &%h P(* -" P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+H"T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+, &%h %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(, %h M(*" "- M(#&)(, (#+ %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, ($ $2"#+#%$. I# &%$P%&%&"#, +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 116, E($%# Sh&22&# (&$+ 2' :'$%&"#$ "- )( (#+ ('+ %" -'#+(/#%()&$$'$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

I. W5ET5ER OR NOT SECTION 1 OF T5E MANILA REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED, IS VALID ANDCONSTITUTIONAL.

II. IN T5E REMOTE POSSIBILITY T5AT T5E 7UESTIONED ORDINANCE IS DECLARED VALID ANDCONSTITUTIONAL, W5ET5ER OR NOT EASTERN S5IPPIN IS LIABLE TO PAY T5E BUSINESS TA BASED ONROSS RECEIPTS DERIVED FROM INCOMIN FREI5TS ONLY OR OUTOIN FREI5TS ONLY OR BOT5.

Th O--&! "- %h C&%* L() O--&!, "# h()- "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h C&%* C"'#!&) "-M(#&)(HS(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+", -&)+ ( 3"&#% C"//#%4 "# %h P%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$.116, 11G8, (#+ 1184. E($%# Sh&22&# )(% "# -&)+ &%$ M/"(#+'/.!h(#R")$0&%'()L()&(*

G.R. No. 1210!

W&))&(/ L&#$, N"$ N(0&(%&"#, L"#" Sh&22&#, "%h"# L&#$, %h A"&%& "'2, (#+ S")&+ Sh&22&# =!"))!%&0)* -+ %"h&# ($ W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,> ( +')* "(#&+ +"/$%&! !"2"(%&"#$ 2&#!&2())* #(+ &# %h '$&#$$ "- "2(%&# +"/$%&!$h&22&# 0$$)$ -" %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- !("$ (#+ 2($$#$, @!2% A"&%& A& T(#$2"% C"2., h&!h &$ #(+ &# %h%(#$2"%(%&"# "- !("$ * (&, (#+ A"&%& 5(')$, I#!. h&!h &$ #(+ &# %h '$&#$$ "- +"/$%&! -&h% (#+ h(')&# * )(#+.W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, ()) h(0 2&#!&2() (++$$$ &# M(#&)(.

W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, 2(&+ '#+ 2"%$% %" %h C&%* "- M(#&)( %h '$&#$$ %(@$ ($$$$+ ((&#$% %h/ -" %h -&$% :'(% "- 1994,

*P%&%&"# -" R0& "# Certiorari &%h P(* -" I$$'(#! "- ( P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+ -" ( T/2"(* R$%(&#&#O+,6 +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 11G4. Th* &+#%&-&+ ($ $2"#+#%$ %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(T($' A!0+", %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ RTCB(#!h P$&+&# '+ '(# C. N("#, . W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, ($$&#+ %h /(3" "$ 2'2"%+)* !"//&%%+ * RTCB(#!h <!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

A. Th RTC + &# -(&)&# %" +!)( %h (-"!&%+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ ')%( 0%h-" #')) (#+ 0"&+ !('$ $'!h $!%&"#$ 0&")(% %h P"0&$&"#$ "- %h LC @ @ @.

@ @ @ @

B. Th RTC + &# h")+&# %h(% S!. 14=h> h&!h &$ (# "/#&'$ (#% "- 2" !"'!h+ &# #() %/$ &$ %h @!2%-+ " (+0%+ %" &# S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC.

C. Th RTC + &# h")+&# %h(% %h ( "#)* -"' ($&! :'&/#%$ -" ( 0()&+ @!&$ "- %h 2" "- %h C&%* "- M(%(@.

I# %h& M/"(#+'/,8 W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, -"!'$+ %h& +&$!'$$&"# "# %h -"))"&# &$$'$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

I. IS COMPLIANCE WIT5 T5E UIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS SET FORT5 IN BOO II TITLE I OF T5E LOCOVERNMENT CODE =LC> NECESSARY FOR T5E VALIDITY OF SEC. 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENAS AMENDED

II. DID SEC. 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED VIOLATE SUC5 UIDELINES AND LIMOF T5E LC

III. IS SEC. 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED, INVALID, ULTRA VIRES AND UNLAWFU

G.R. Nos. 12120"2#

PSTC &$ ( "0#/#% "#+ (#+ !"#%"))+ !"2"(%&"# #(+ &# %h '$&#$$ "- $h&22&#, %&#?&#, )&h%(, (&%(#$2"%, (#+ $h&2/#% "- ""+$, !h(%%)$, 2%")'/ (#+ "%h 2"+'!%$, /(&#, (#+ /(&%&/ !"//! &# #().

P'$'(#% %" S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, PSTC ($ ($$$$+ * %h C&%* "- M(#&)( -" '$&#%h (/"'#% "- P,,994., 2$#%&# GK "- 1K "- %h "$$ !&2%$ (#+ * PSTC &# %h *( 199 h&!h (/"P446,98,81.8. Th %"%() (/"'#% "- '$&#$$ %(@ +' ($ 2(*() &# -"' :'() 2(%$ 0* :'(% "- 1994. PSTC 2(2"%$% "# (#'(* 19, 1994 %h '$&#$$ %(@ -" %h -&$% :'(% "- 1994 &# %h (/"'#% "- P8,498.9, (#+ "# A2&) G, 1'$&#$$ %(@ -" %h $!"#+ :'(% "- 1994 &# %h (/"'#% "- P8,498.9, 0&+#!+ * M'#&!&2() L&!#$ R!&2% N"$.(#+ GG6, $2!%&0)*. PSTC !)(&/+ &% h(+ #" "%h !"'$ '% %" 2(* %" %h C&%* "- M(#&)( %h ($$$$+ )"!() '!"#$&+&# %h )(%% h(+ %h(%#+ %" !(#!) &%$ )&!#$ %" "2(% &- $(&+ %(@$ #"% 2(&+. PSTC, * (* "- )%%$ F'(* 1, 1994 (#+ A2&) , 1994, -&)+ 2"%$%$ " !)(&/$ -" -'#+ &%h %h C&%* T($' "- M(#&)(, '% %h )%%$ (!%+ '2"#.

PSTC &#%0#+ &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 94689469G8 -" RTCB(#!h .

U#$(%&$-&+ &%h %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 #++ * RTCB(#!h &# %h $(&+ !&0&) !($$, PSTC -&)+ &%h %

P%&%&"# -" R0& "# Certiorari &%h P(* -" T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+ (#+H" P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"#,G ((&#$% P$&+&#'+ N("# "- RTCB(#!h , %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, C&%* T($' A!0+", (#+ %h S(#'#&(#P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(. I# &%$ P%&%&"#, +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 11G8, PSTC /(&#%(&#+ %h(% RTCB(#!h +%h'$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

1. W5ET5ER OR NOT SECTION 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED, IS VALID AND CONSTITU



I

IN FAILIN TO REALIJE AND CONSIDER T5AT T5E RESPONDENT CITY OF MANILA, A MERE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION,5AS NO IN5ERENT POWER OF TAATION.!()(+

II

EVEN ASSUMIN ARUENDO T5AT SUC5 POWER IS CATEORICALLY RANTED BY STATUTE, T5E SAME IS SUBECTTO SUC5 UIDELINES AND LIMITATIONS PROVIDED BY CONRESS UNDER SECTION 1 OF T5E LOCAL OVERNMENT

CODE OF 1991 AND, AS TO W5IC5, NONE WAS IVEN TO RESPONDENT CITY OF MANILA.!()(+

III

IN FAILIN TO REALIJE AND CONSIDER T5AT AN ORDINANCE W5IC5 AMENDS, ENLARES OR LIMITS T5E PROVISIONSOF A STATUTE CONSTITUTES AN UNCONSTITUTIONAL AND ILLEAL DEROATION OF LEISLATIVE POWER, 5ENCE,T5E ORDINANCE IS INVALID AND VOID ABINITIO.

IV

IN FAILIN TO REALIJE AND CONSIDER T5AT T5E RESPONDENT CITY OF MANILA’S REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED,PARTICULARLY SECTION 1=B> T5EREOF W5IC5 IMPOSES GK OF 1K OF T5E ROSS SALES OR RECEIPT OF T5ENET PRECEDIN YEAR, ON TOP OF T5E NATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE TAES ALREADY IMPOSED UNDER T5ENATIONAL INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, IS UNREASONABLE, UNUST, UNFAIR OR OPPRESSIVE, CONFISCATORY, ANDCONTRAVENES T5E CONSTITUTION OR STATUTE, 5ENCE, T5E ORDINANCE IS INVALID AND NULL AND VOID ABINITIO.!()(+

V

IN FAILIN TO REALIJE AND CONSIDER T5AT T5E TA IMPOSED UNDER SECTION 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUECODE, AS AMENDED, PARTAES T5E NATURE OF A SALES TA OR A PERCENTAE TA BEYOND T5E TAIN POWEROF T5E RESPONDENT CITY OF MANILA TO IMPOSE, 5ENCE, UNENFORCEABLE BY RESPONDENT CITYOFFICIALS.!()(+

VI

IN FAILIN TO REALIJE AND CONSIDER T5AT PSTC IS SPECIFICALLY EEMPTED FROM LOCAL OVERNMENT TAESIMPOSED UNDER T5E LOCAL OVERNMENT CODE OF 1991, PURSUANT TO SECTION 11 OF T5E NATIONAL INTERNALREVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED BY REPUBLIC ACT 61.1

A$ /#%&"#+ 20&"'$)*, %h O--&! "- %h C&%* L() O--&!, "# h()- "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h C&%*

C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(HS(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+", -&)+ ( 3"&#% C"//#% "# %h P%&%&"#$ &# .R.N"$. 116, 11G8, (#+ 1184.

PSTC -&)+ &%$ M/"(#+'/, $'//&# '2 &%$ &$$'$ (#+ ('/#%$, %" &%<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

ISSUES SUBMITTED FOR RESOLUTION

. IN T5E NEATIVE, W5ET5ER OR NOT RESPONDENTS CAN BE COMPELLED TO REFUND T5E TAES WRONAND ERRONEOUSLY COLLECTED UNDER T5E ASSAILED ORDINANCE.!()(+

ARUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF T5E MEMORANDUM

I. T5E ASSAILED ORDINANCE IS A CLEAR USURPATION OF LEISLATIVE POWER, 5ENCE, UNCONSTITUTIONAVOID ABINITIO.

II. T5E ASSAILED ORDINANCE IN ITSELF IS UNUST, UNFAIR, OR ECESSIVE, CONFISCATORY AND IN RESTRATRADE AND IN EFFECT CONSTITUTES AN UNLAWFUL TAIN OF PROPERTY WIT5OUT DUE PROCESS OF LAW

G.R. Nos. 121#!"55

OFSI &$ ( +"/$%&! !"2"(%&"# #(+ &# '$&#$$ ($ ( %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%". I% ()$" 2$#%$, ($ ( #() (#Ph&)&22&#$, JIM I$() N(0&(%&"# C"., L%+. (#+ ")+ S%( L&#, 5"# "#, h&!h ( #(+ &# %h %(#$2"% * !"//"- @2"%H&/2"% ""+$ %" (#+ -"/ %h Ph&)&22&#$. I%$ "--&!$ ( )"!(%+ &# I#%(/'"$, M(#&)(.

OFSI :'$%&"#+ %h )()&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ ( /#++, &# ( P%&%&"# -" D!)((%"* R)P(* -" P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+H" T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+, h&!h ($ +"!?%+ ($ C&0&) C($ N". 9468919 (#"&&#())* (--)+ %" RTCB(#!h . C&0&) C($ N". 9468919 ($ 0#%'())* !"#$")&+(%+ &%h C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861946886, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8 -" RTCB(#!h . D'&# %h 2#+#!* "- $(&+!($$, OFSI 2(&+ '#+ 2"%$% "# (#'(* G, 1994 %h '$&#$$ %(@ -" %h -&$% :'(% "- 1994 (/"'#%&# %" P181,98P'$'(#% %" S!%&"# 196 "- %h L"!() "0#/#% C"+ =LC>, OFSI "% %h C&%* T($' "- M(#&)( ( )%% +(%+ M(!)(&/&# -'#+ "- %h '$&#$$ %(@ &% h(+ 2(&+. Th )%% ($ !&0+ * %h C&%* T($'’$ O--&! "- M(#&)( "# M(!hTh C&%* T($'’$ O--&! "- M(#&)( h(+ $0# +(*$ -"/ !&2% "- %h )%% %" -'#+ %h (/"'#% 2(&+, '% /" %h(# %h(+ 2($$+ (#+ OFSI !&0+ #" $2"#$ -"/ %h C&%* T($'. T" (0"&+ /')%&2)&!&%* "- $'&%$, OFSI -&)+ ( S'22)/

P%&%&"# &# C&0&) C($ N". 9468919 %" &#!"2"(% &%$ !)(&/ -" -'#+ "- %h '$&#$$ %(@ &% h(+ 2(&+ -" %h -&$% :'(% "-

A&0+ * %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, OFSI $"'h% !"'$ -"/ %h C"'% * -&)&# ( P%&%&"# -" R* Certiorari &%h P(* -" %h I$$'(#! "- ( P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+H" T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+,4 #(/&# ($ $%h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(, C&%* T($' A!0+", (#+ P$&+&# '+"- RTCB(#!h . Th P%&%&"# "- OFSI, +"!?%+ ($ .R. N"$. 1184, 2$#%+ -" !"#$&+(%&"# (#+ $")'%&"# "%h -"))"&#<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

A$$&#/#% "- E"$

T5E RESPONDENT 5ONORABLE UDE ERRED IN 5IS FINDIN T5AT SECTION 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUAS AMENDED, IS VALID AND CONSTITUTIONAL.!()(+

L() I$$'$ I#0")0+ I# Th&$ P%&%&"#

W5ET5ER OR NOT SECTION 1=B> OF T5E MANILA REVENUE CODE, AS AMENDED, IS VALID AND CONSTITUT

W5ET5ER OR NOT A WRIT OF PRELIMINARY INUNCTION ANDHOR TEMPORARY RESTRAININ ORDER MAY BEBY T5E 5ONORABLE COURT.

I# ( $'$:'#% M(#&-$%(%&"#,6 OFSI &#-"/+ %h C"'% %h(% RTCB(#!h &$$'+ (# O+ +(%+ O!%" 6, 199 M"%&"# %" R$%" I#3'#!%&"# P#+&# A22(); &#$%(%&# (#+ $%"&# %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# )&-%+ "# A''$%

(#+ :'&&# OFSI %" 2"$% ( "#+ &# %h &#!($+ (/"'#% "- PGG,GGG.GG.

A 3"&#% C"//#% "# %h P%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$. 116, 11G8, (#+ 1184 ($ -&)+ * %h O--&! "- %h C&%* L() O--&!,"# h()- "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(HS(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+C&% T A +

$(&+ $h&22&# !"/2(#&$ %h'#+. 5"0, (-% &# &#-"/+ %h(% M($? ()(+* -&)+ ( $&/&)( !($, &.., C&0&) C(68861 -" RTCB(#!h , "%h"# L&#$ +!&++ %" &%h+( ($ !"/2)(&#(#% &# C&0&) C($ N". 9469141 (#+ $&/2)*&# C&0&) C($ N". 9468861. A$ ( $')%, S')2&!&" L&#$ !(/ %h $") !"/2)(&#(#% &# C&0&) C($ N". 9469141. S')2&!%h# -&)+ ( M"%&"# %" C"#$")&+(% C&0&) C($ N". 9469141 &%h C&0&) C($ N". 9468861 h&!h ($ (#%+.



C&%* T($' A!0+".

Th R2)* "- OFSI ($ %h )($% 2)(+&# -&)+ &# .R. N"$. 1184.

G.R. No. 122333

A-% RTCB(#!h #++ &%$ D!&$&"# &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8 "# A''$% 8, 199, '2h")+&# %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)(R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, (#+ )&-%&# %h W&%$ "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# &$$'+ &# $(&+ !($$, %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ &%$ "--&!&()$$'/+ %h #-"!/#% "- %h )"!() '$&#$$ %(@ &# :'$%&"#. C&%* T($' A!0+" &$$'+ ( M/"(#+'/ +(%+ S2%/ ,

199, &#$%'!%&# O$!( S. D&"#, A!%&# Ch&-, L&!#$ D&0&$&"#, C&%* T($'’$ O--&! "- M(#&)(, %" 22( %h !"/2)% $%(-- "?-" %h !"))!%&"# "- %h '#2(&+ %(@$, 2)'$ &#%$%$ &/2"$+ * S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ((&#$%$h&22&# !"/2(#&$ (#+ "%h !"//"# !(&$.

A P%&%&"# -" P"h&&%&"# &%h T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+ (#+H" P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"#8 ($ 3"&#%)* -&)+ -" %h C"'% *$0() -"&# (#+ +"/$%&! !"2"(%&"#$ +"&# '$&#$$ &# M(#&)( ($ $h&22&# !"/2(#&$ (#+H" !"//"# !(&$, #(/)*< C"$!"C"#%(&# L&#$ =C"$!"> (#+ 5'#A Sh&22&# C"., LTD., "%h 2$#%+ * %h& $&+#% (#%, W())/ Ph&)&22&#$ Sh&22&#,I#!.; DSR S#(%" L&#$, C"/2(#&( S'+ A/&!(#( + V(2"$ S.A., (#+ A&/'( S(#*" C"/2(#*, L%+., ()) 2$#%+ * %h&$&+#% (#%, C.F. Sh(2 Sh&22&# A#!&$, I#!.; P(!&-&! I#%#(%&"#() L&#$ =PTE> L%+. (#+ P(!&-&! E() L&#$ =PTE> L%+., "%h2$#%+ * %h& $&+#% (#%, TMS Sh&2 A#!&$, I#!.; C"/2(#& M(&%&/ D’ A--%/#% =CMA>, 2$#%+ * &%$$&+#% A#%, I#!h!(2 Sh&22&# S0&!$; E0%% O&#% L&#$, I#!., 2$#%+ * &% $&+#% (#%, E0%% S%(/$h&2C"2"(%&"#; Y(#/&# M(&# T(#$2"% C"2., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, S?* I#%#(%&"#(), I#!.; N&2"# Y'$# (&$h(,2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, F&)(2(# Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"#; 5*'#+(& M!h(#% M(&# C"., L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#%(#%, C&%(+) L&#$; M()(*$&(# I#%#(%&"#() Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"# Bh(+, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, R"*() C("A#!&$, I#!.; B")% O&#% L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, FILSOV Sh&22&# C"/2(#*, I#!.; M&%$'&O.S.. L&#$, L%+.,2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, M($(*$(* A#!&$, I#!.; Ph&)$., M&!"#$&( O&#% N(0&(%&"# C". =PMSO L&#>, 2$#%+

* &%$ $&+#% (#%, V(# T(#$2"% C"/2(#*, I#!.; L)"*+ T&$%&#" +& N(0&(&"# S.P.A.N. (#+ C"/2(#& #() M(&%&/, "%h2$#%+ * %h& $&+#% (#%, F.E. J'))& =M>, I#!.; (#+ M(+&()W(# 5(& L&#$ =!"))!%&0)* -+ %" h&# ($ C"$!", etal.,>.

Th P%&%&"# "- C"$!", et al.,, ($ +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 1. I# %h& P%&%&"#, C"$!", et al.,, 2$#%+ -" $")'%&"# "- %hC"'% %h 2&#!&2() &$$' "- h%h " #"% S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &$ !"#$%&%'%&"#(). C"$!", et al.,,2"$&%+ %h(% S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &$ '#!"#$%&%'%&"#() (#+ 0"&+ a! initio !('$ &% ($ #(!%+* %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, h&!h ($ 2$&++ "0 * V&! M(*" A%&#(, (22"0+ * M(*" L&/, (#+&/2)/#%+ (#+ #-"!+ * C&%* T($' A!0+", ultra vires (#+ &# 0&")(%&"# "- !"#$%&%'%&"#() (#+ $%(%'%"* )&/&%(%&"#$ "# %h%(@&# 2" "- LU$. 5#!, C"$!", et al.,, 2(*+ -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( &% "- 2"h&&%&"# %" $%(&#, #3"&#, (#+ 2"h&&%$2"#+#%$ C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+", -"/ #-"!&#S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

A 3"&#% M/"(#+'/ ($ -&)+ "# h()- "- %h 2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$. 1161, 1, (#+ 149.

G.R. No. 122335

S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. =S')2&!&" L&#$> &$ ( +"/$%&! !"2"(%&"#, h")+&# "--&! &# N"%h 5(", M(#&)(, h"$ 2&#!&2() '$&#$$ &$ %h"2(%&"# "- +"/$%&! $h&22&# 0$$)$ -" %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- !("$ (#+ 2($$#$.

S')2&!&" L&#$ (#+ "%h"# L&#$ 3"&#%)* -&)+ ( !"/2)(&#% -" +!)((%"* )&- &%h 2(* -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( &% "- 2)&/&#(*&#3'#!%&"#, h&!h ($ +"!?%+ ($ C&0&) C($ N". 9469141 (#+ (--)+ %" RTCB(#!h 44. S')2&!&" L&#$ (#+ "%h"# L&#$ ($?+%h %&() !"'% %" +%/&# %h 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ )) ($ %h &h%$ (#+ +'%&$ "-

O# A''$% 8, 199, RTCB(#!h #++ ( D!&$&"# &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 9946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8. C&0&) C($ N". 9469141 ($ #"% &#!)'++ &# %h !(2%&"# "- %h D!&$&"#,%h !"/2)(&#% "- S')2&!&" L&#$ ($ /#%&"#+ &# %h "+* "- %h $(/ D!&$&"#.

S')2&!&" L&#$ +&+ #"% -"/())* !&0 ( !"2* "- %h (-"/#%&"#+ D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h (/)* &#-"/+ "- %h $(/ * %h 2%&%&"#$H&#%0#"$ &# %h "%h !&0&) !($$. Th&$ 2"/2%+ S')2&!&" L&#$ %" -&) B(#!h ( M"%&"# -" C)(&-&!(%"* O+ $?&# %" 0&-* &- $(&+ D!&$&"# &#!)'++ (#+ ($ &#+&# "# S')2&!&" L&#$. A%h M"%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$, RTCB(#!h &$$'+ (# O+9 "# O!%" 16, 199, h&!h (+$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&

A)%h"'h C&0&) C($ N". 9464191 &$ #"% &#!)'++ &# %h !(2%&"# "- %h ("0 D!&$&"#, %h D!&$&"# ((&#$% ()) %h 2%&%&"&#%0#"$, /"$% $2!&-&!())* ((&#$% &#%0#" C()"$ A. "%h"# L&#$, I#!. &$ &#+&# (#+ #-"!() ((&#$% S')2&!&"!('$ C&0&) C($ N". 9464191 h(+ # !"#$")&+(%+ &%h C&0&) C($ N". 9468861.

W5EREFORE, %h D!&$&"# (#+ %h +&$2"$&%&0 2"%&"# "- %h D!&$&"# #++ "# A''$% 8, 199, $h()) (22)* %" (#+ S')2&!&" L&#$, I#!. @ @ @.

A-% S')2&!&" L&#$ !"#-&/+ %h(% %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 9946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, ($ ()$" (22)&!() %" (#+ &#+&# '2"# &%h %h C"'% ( P%&%&"# -" R0& "#Certiorari &%h P(* -" I$$'(#! "- ( P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# (#+ -" ( T/2"(* O+,4G ((&#$% %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, C&%* T($' A!0+", %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"M(*#&)(, (#+ P$&+&# '+ N("# "- RTCB(#!h . Th (22() "- S')2&!&" L&#$ ($ +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 1

Th ($$&#/#% "- "$ &# %h P%&%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$ ($ %h $(/ ($ %h(% &# %h P%&%&"# "- W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,, &# 11G4, 0&.<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

A. Th RTC + &# -(&)&# %" +!)( %h(% %h (-"!&%+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ ')(#+ %h-" #')) (#+ 0"&+ !('$ $'!h $!%&"#$ "- %h O+&#(#!$ "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)( 0&")(% %h P"0&$&"#$ "- %h L

@ @ @ @

B. Th RTC + &# h")+&# %h(% S!. 14=h> h&!h &$ (# "/#&'$ (#% "- 2" !"'!h+ &# #() %/$ &$ %h @!2%-+ " (+0%+ %" &# S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC.

C. Th RTC + &# h")+&# %h(% %h ( "#)* -"' ($&! :'&/#%$ -" ( 0()&+ @!&$ "- %h 2" "- %h C&%* "- M(%(@.41

O# (#'(* 1, 1996, %h C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#4 -&# %h P%&%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$ &# .R. N". 1 %" %h C"A22()$ -" 2"2 +%/&#(%&"# (#+ +&$2"$&%&"# 2'$'(#% %" S!%&"# 9, 2(((2h "- B(%($ P(/(#$( B). 19, h&!h%h C"'% "- A22()$ @!)'$&0 (22))(% 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 ()) -&#() 3'+/#%$, +!&$&"#$, $")'%&"#$, "+$ " ((+$ "- RT&() C"'%$ (#+ :'($&3'+&!&() (#!&$, &#$%'/#%()&%&$, "(+$ " !"//&$$&"#.

A% %h C"'% "- A22()$, %h P%&%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$ ($ +"!?%+ ($ CA.R. SP N". 99. I# ( R$")'%&"#4 +(%+ A1996, %h (22))(% !"'% +&!%+ %h $2"#+#%$ C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, C&%* T($' A!0+S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ P$&+&# '+ N("# "- RTCB(#!h , %" -&) %h& C"//#%$.

I# %h /(#%&/, S')2&!&" L&#$ -&)+ &%h %h C"'% &# .R. N". 1 ( M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# "- %h R$")'%&"# +((#'(* 1, 1996 (#+ -" C"#$")&+(%&"#.44 S')2&!&" L&#$ 2(*+ %h(% %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ (#'(* 1, 1996 "- %h C"'%N". 1 &%h+(#; %h(% %h rollo "- .R. N". 1 %(#$/&%%+ (!? %" %h C"'%; (#+ %h(% .R. N". 1

!"#$")&+(%+ &%h %h "%h !($$ 2#+&# -" %h C"'% # (#! :'$%&"#&# %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h h&!h '2h)+ %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

A-% $0() !"2&$ "- &%$ R$")'%&"#$ %'#+ '#$0+ "# %h $2"#+#%$ &# .R. N"$. 1, 149, (#+ 148, %hC"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#4 "# D!/ 199 +&$2#$&# &%h %h -&)&# "- ( C"//#% * %h $2"#+#%$ &# %h %h !($$

(##')/#% " /"+&-&!(%&"# "- %h -""&# D!&$&"# "- RTCB(#!h . Th P%&%&"# ($ +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 11G. !"#$")&+(%&# .R. N". 11G &%h %h "%h 2#+&# !($$ %h(% !h())# %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, %h C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199 -&# %h P%&%&"# &# .R. %" %h C"'% "- A22()$ -" %h -"))"&# ($"#<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*



C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#4 "# D!/ , 199 +&$2#$&# &%h %h -&)&# "- ( C"//#% * %h $2"#+#%$ &# %h %h !($$.

G.R. No. 1223!$

Th A$$"!&(%&"# "- I#%#(%&"#() Sh&22&# L&#$, I#!. =AISL> &$ ( #"#$%"!? +"/$%&! !"2"(%&"# %h //$ "- h&!h ( /"$%)*-"&# !"2"(%&"#$ +')* )&!#$+ %" +" '$&#$$ &# %h Ph&)&22&#$, $2!&-&!())*< A/&!(# T(#$2"% L&#$, I#!., 2$#%+ * &%$$&+#% (#%, A#!h" I#%#(%&"#() Sh&22&# A#!*, I#!.; A'$%()&(# N(%&"#() L&#, F)% T(#$ I#%#(%&"#(), (#+ U#&%+ A(Sh&22&# C"., ()) 2$#%+ * %h& $&+#% (#%, (+&# D(0&$ T(#$2"%; D"##(/( Sh&22&# C"., L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$$&+#% (#%, U#&Sh&2 I#!"2"(%+; 5(#3&# Sh&22&# C"/2(#*, L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, MOF C"/2(#*, I#!.;5(2(L)"*+ AH, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, 5(2(L)"*+ Ph&)$., I#!.; (($(?& &$# (&$h(, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#%(#%, T(#$/( A#!&$, I#!.; #'%$# L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, AWB T(+ I#%#(%&"#(); *"( L&#, 2$#%+* &%$ $&+#% (#%, S?* I#%#(%&"#(), I#!.; N2%'# O&#% L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, O0$($ A#!* S0&!$,I#!.; O&#% O0$($ C"#%(&# L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, OOCL =Ph&)&22&#$>, I#!.; PO C"#%(&#$, L%+., PO S&C"#%(&#$ (#+ WIL5 W&)h)/$# L&# AHS, ()) 2$#%+ * %h& $&+#% (#%, S"&(/"#% S%(/$h&2 A#!&$; R&"#()C"#%(&# L&#$ =P%> L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, S"'%h Ch&#( L&#$ Ph&)$., I#!.; S#(%" L&# B/# /(#*,2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, C.F. Sh(2 C"/2(#*; T"?*" S#2(?' (&$h(, L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, F&)(2(#Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"#; U#&)"* L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, D"# T&/ Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"#; W(# 5(& L&#$, L%+.,2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, E($%# Sh&22&# A#!&$, I#!.; W$%&#+ L&#, 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, W$%&#+Sh&22&# C"2"(%&"#; J&/ I$() N(0&(%&"# C"., L%+., 2$#%+ * &%$ $&+#% (#%, O0$($ F&h%$ Sh&22&#, I#!.; E($%#Sh&22&# L&#$, I#!.; N+))"*+ L&#$, I#!.; Ph&)&22&# P$&+#% L&#$, L%+.; (#+ S(L(#+ S0&!, I#!.

A-% RTCB(#!h #++ &%$ D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, '2h")+&# %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)(R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++; (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+" &$$'+ %h M/"(#+'/ +(%+ S2%/ , 199 "+&# %h !"))!%&"#"- %h '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ %h :'$%&"#+ 2"0&$&"# "- %h )"!() %(@ "+&#(#!, AISL, -" &%$)- (#+ "# h()- (#+ -" %h #-&% "- &%$("0#(/+ //$, -&)+ -" %h C"'% ( P%&%&"# -" P"h&&%&"# &%h T/2"(* R$%(&#&# O+ (#+H" P)&/&#(*

I#3'#!%&"#

46

((&#$% %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, C&%* T($' A!0+", (#+ %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+# M(*#&)(. Th P%&%&"# "- AISL, +"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 149, ($ $'$%(#%&())* $&/&)( %" %h P%&%&"# "- C"$!", et al.,, &# .R.N". 1.

I# &%$ R$")'%&"# +(%+ D!/ , 199, %h C"'% +&$2#$+ &%h %h -&)&# "- ( C"//#% * %h $2"#+#%$ &# .R. N"$.1, 149, (#+ 148.

Th "#)* "%h 2)(+&# &# .R. N". 149 &$ ( 3"&#% M/"(#+'/ -&)+ "# h()- "- %h 2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$. 1161, 1,(#+ 149.

G.R. No. 12!#55

D"##(/( (#+ *"( ( -"&# !"2"(%&"#$, "(#&+ (#+ @&$%&# '#+ %h )($ "- %h R2')&! "- "( (#+ (2(#,$2!%&0)*. B"%h $h&22&# !"/2(#&$ ( +"&# '$&#$$ &# %h Ph&)&22&#$ %h"'h %h& $&+#% (#%, S?* I#%#(%&"#(), I#!.=S?* I#%#(%&"#()>, &%h "--&! &# B&#"#+", M(#&)(.

D"##(/( (#+ *"(, %h"'h S?* I#%#(%&"#(), )"++ ( 2%&%&"# % " +!)( '#!"#$%&%'%&"#() S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#'C"+, ($ (/#++, &%h 2(* -" ( &% "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO, +"!?%+ ($ C&0&) C($ N". 946896 (#+ &#&%&())* (--)+%" RTCB(#!h 4, '% )(% !"#$")&+(%+ &%h C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8 -" RTCB(#!h . O# A''$% 8, 199, RTCB(#!h #++ &%$ D!&$&"# &# %h !"#$")&+(%+ !&0&)!($$ '2h")+&# %h !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

D"##(/( (#+ *"( %h# -&)+ &%h %h C"'% ( P%&%&"# -" Certiorari &%h U#% P(* -" R$%(&#&# O+, $?&# %h

C"#$&+&# %h(% '#+ S!%&"# 19 =$&!>, 2(((2h =1> "- B(%($ P(/(#$( B). 19, %h C"'% "- A22()$ #" @!&$$ 3'&$+&!%&"# %" &$$' &%$ "- /(#+(/'$, 2"h&&%&"#$, certiorari , h(($ !"2'$, (#+ :'" ((#%", (#+ ('@&)&(* &%$ " 2 h%h " #"% &# (&+ "- &%$ (22))(% 3'&$+&!%&"#, %h C"'% $")0+ %" REFER %h&$ !($ %" %h C"'% "- A22()$, -" +&$2"

Th P%&%&"# -" Certiorari "- D"##(/( (#+ *"( ($ +"!?%+ ($ CA.R. SP N". 9188 -" %h C"'% "- A22()$C"'% "- A22()$ #++ &%$ D!&$&"#48 &# CA.R. SP N". 9188 "# M(!h 9, 1996, -&#+&# #" /&% &# %h P%&%&"# "- D(#+ *"( ($ RTCB(#!h +&+ #"% (!% &%h (0 ('$ "- +&$!%&"# h# &% ')+ &# &%$ D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 19S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &$ 0()&+ (#+ &# !)( !"#-"/&%* &%h %h )( (#+ %h C"#$%&%'%&"#+, %h (22))(% !"'% (+3'++<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

W5EREFORE, IN VIEW OF T5E FOREOIN, %h &#$%(#% 2%&%&"# &$ h* DENIED -" )(!? "- /&%. 49

D"##(/( (#+ *"( #% (!? -" %h C"'% * (* "- P%&%&"# -" R0& "# Certiorari '#+ R') 6 "- %h R')+"!?%+ ($ .R. N". 14, ($+ "# ( )"# ($$&#/#% "- "<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

RESPONDENT COURT OF APPEALS RAVELY ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN ASSUMIN URISDICTION OVER SUCOURT .R. NO. 11G ENTITLED DONNAMA S5IPPIN CO. LTD., AND YOWA S5IPPIN LTD. 5EREIN REPRBY SY INTERNATIONAL INC. VS. 5ON. UDE UAN C. NABON R., CITY OF MANILA, MAYOR ALFREDO LIM, VMAYOR LITO ATIENJA, CITY COUNCIL OF MANILA, AND CITY TREASURER ANT5ONY ACEVEDO W5EN IN FACTSUPREME COURT’S RESOLUTION DATED OCTOBER 199 IN RELATION TO SECTION 9, PARARAP5 =1> BATPAMBANSA BL. 19, T5E ORIINAL URISDICTION PERTAININ TO T5E COURT OF APPEALS REFERS TO T5EISSUANCE OF WRIT OF CE%+I2%"%I, AMON OT5ERS AND NOT TO PETITION FOR CE%+I2%"%I ON T5E ROURAVE ABUSE OF DISCRETION W5IC5 T5E 5ON. SUPREME COURT 5AS ECLUSIVE URISDICTION.G

D"##(/( (#+ *"( $2!&-&!())* 2(*+<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

1. Th(% %h&$ 2%&%&"# &0# +' !"'$;

. Th(% %h D!&$&"# +(%+ 9 M(!h 1996 (##'))+ (#+ $% ($&+ 2#+&# %h $")'%&"# "- %h $(/ %" +!&++ %""%h )(%+ !($$ * %h&$ C"'%;

. Th(% $2"#+#%’$ C"'% "- A22()$ 3'&$+&!%&"# "0 %h &#$%(#% !($ )&/&%+ %" %h &$$' "# %h 2"2&%* "- %h 2(*2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ $%(&#&# "+ &# )(%&"# %" %h ($$(&)+ D!&$&"# +(%+ 8 A''$% 199 * RTCM(#&)(, B(

Th C"'%, &# ( R$")'%&"# +(%+ D!/ , 199, +&$2#$+ &%h %h -&)&# "- ( C"//#% * %h $2"#+#%$ &# .R. N1, 149, (#+ 148.

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%onso&idation o' t(e 10 Petitions

Th -""&# 1G !($$ !"#$")&+(%+ (% +&--#% %&/$ (#+ $%($.!h(#R")$0&%'()L()&(*

O# D!/ , 199, %h C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#4 &0&# +' !"'$ %" %h P%&%&"#$ (#+ :'&&# %h 2(%&$ %" $&/'-&) %h& M/"(#+( &%h&# G +(*$ -"/ #"%&!.

A/"# %h 2(%&$ %" %h 1G P%&%&"#$, M($?, et al.,; E($%# Sh&22&#; W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,; PSTC; C"$!", et al.,; AISL

D"##(/( (#+ *"( =2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N"$. 1161, 116, 11G4, 11G8, 1, 149, (#+ 148, $2!%&0)*>!"/2)&+ &%h %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ D!/ , 199 (#+ $'/&%%+ %h& M/"(#+(.

I# ( R$")'%&"# +(%+ A2&) , GG, %h C"'% $")0+ %" !"#$&+ %h !($$ $'/&%%+ -" +)&(%&"#.

)ection 21*+ o' t(e -ani&a Revenue%ode, as amended, as constitutiona& and va&id.



Th C"'% &$$'+ ( R$")'%&"#6 "# ')* , G11 :'&&# %h 2(%&$ %" %h 1G !($$ %" /"0 &# %h 2/&$$.

A !"2* "- %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ ')* , G11 ($ $0+ '2"# (#+ !&0+ * A%%*. R#(%" . D)( C' =D)( C'>, C&%* L()O--&! "- M(#&)(, "# h()- "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h C&%* C"'#!&) "- M(#&)(HS(#'#&(#P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+", %h 2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N". 1GG1 (#+ $2"#+#%$ &# %h "%h #&# !($$.

A%%*. D)( C' -&)+ ( M(#&-$%(%&"# &#-"/&# %h C"'% %h(% +$2&% @%&# --"%, h !"')+ #" )"# )"!(% %h !"+$ -" %h1G !($$. Th -"/ )(*$ h" h(#+)+ %h !($$ h(+ )"# !($+ %" !"##!%+ &%h %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ "%h ()(+* +!($+. Th'$, A%%*. D)( C' 2(*+ %h(% h -'#&$h+ !"2&$ "- %h 2%&%&"#$ (#+ 2)(+&#$ &# %h !($$ (#+ &0# ( -$h 2&"+ "- 1G +(*$ -"/ !&2% %h"- %" $'/&% h&$ !"/2)&(#! &%h %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ ')* , G11. Th C"'%(#%+ A%%*. C'’$ 2(* &# ( R$")'%&"#8 +(%+ A2&) 4, G1. A%%*. D)( C' "#! /" /"0+ -" (# @%#$&"# "- %&/ %"!"/2)* &%h %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ ')* , G11, h&!h %h C"'% (#%+ &# ( R$")'%&"# 9 +(%+ N"0/ G, G1.

I# ( R$")'%&"#6G +(%+ ')* 16, G1, %h C"'% %""? #"%&! %h(% A%%*. D)( C' -(&)+ %" !"/2)* &%h %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ ')* ,G11 &%h&# %h @%#++ 2&"+ h&!h @2&+ "# N"0/ 8, G1. R$')%(#%)*, %h C"'% $")0+ %" :'& A%%*. D)( C' %"=(> $h" !('$ h* h $h"')+ #"% +&$!&2)&#(&)* +()% &%h " h)+ &# !"#%/2% -" $'!h -(&)'; (#+ => !"/2)* &%h %h R$")'%&"#+(%+ ')* , G11, "%h &%h&# 1G +(*$ -"/ #"%&!.

A%%*. S&%" . T(3"#( =T(3"#(> "- %h O--&! "- %h C&%* L() O--&! "- M(#&)( -&)+ ( M(#&-$%(%&"# (#+ M"%&"# -" L(0 %"W&%h+( P%&%&"# &# .R. N". 1GG161 +(%+ A''$% 1, G1. A%%*. T(3"#( /"0+ -" %h &%h+(() "- %h P%&%&"# &# .R. N".1GG1 "# %h "'#+ %h(% %h &$$'$ %h&# h(+ # #++ /""% (#+ (!(+/&! * %h D!&$&"#$ "- %h C"'% &# Coca$Cola-ottlers Philippines, Inc. v. Cit of 0anila6 (#+ Cit of 0anila v. Coca$Cola -ottlers Philippines, Inc.6 =C"!(C")( !($$>, h&!h+!)(+ &%h -&#()&%* %h '#!"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* "- S!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

A%%*. D)( C' )&?&$ -&)+ ( C"/2)&(#! &%h %h C"'%’$ Sh" C('$ R$")'%&"# +(%+ ')* 16, G1. A!!"+&# %" A%%*. D)(

C', h ()(+* $&#+ ($ C&%* L() O--&! "- M(#&)( --!%&0 M(* 1, G1. S%&)), A%%*. D)( C'@2)(&#+<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

!. D' %" %h /')%&-(&"'$ +'%&$ %h(% '#+$&#+ (%%#++ %" (#+ %h /(#* )() 2")/$ %h(% !"#-"#%+ %h M(*" h"/ h h(+%" ($$&$% &# $")0&# %h/, h &#(+0%#%)* "0)""?+ %h +(+)&# $% -" $'/&$$&"# "- h&$ !"/2)&(#! "- %h C"'%’$ +&!%&0 h&!h &# -(!% )(2$+ &%h"'% h&/ h(0&# # /&#++ * A%%*. (# P()%( "- %h '#-')-&))+ ")&(%&"# %" %h&$ 5"#"() C"'%.

+. F" %h&$, h (!?#")+$ %h(% h ($ /&$$ &# h&$ +'%* %" %h C"'% (#+ &# +)(%&# &% %" (#"%h.

. U#+$&#+ $ %h C"'%’$ !)/#!* "# h&$ &#(&)&%* %" $'/&% %h 2)(+&# :'&+ "- h&/ (#+ h&$ -(')% &# )*&# "# h&$$'"+&#(%)(* %" ($$&$% h&/ &# !"/2)*&# &%h %h C"'%’$ +&!%&0.

-. U#+$&#+ ($$'$ %h C"'% %h(% h#!-"%h, h $h()) #"% !"//&% %h $(/ /&$%(? " (#* #)!% "- +'%* " )(!? "- $2!% %"%h C"'%.64

''

ARGMEN"S O% "#E $AR"'ES

Th &$ "#)* "# 0&%() &$$' &# ()) %h 1G !($$< Wh%h " #"% S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ &#!"#-"/&%* &%h %h C"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ %h )($ (#+, %h-", 0()&+.

Th ( %" -'#+(/#%() (#+ "22"$&# 2"$&%&"#$ "# %h &$$'. P$#%+ )" ( $'//(&$ "- %h ('/#%$ &# $'22"% "-(!h.

Th C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, V&! M(*" A%&#(, %h S(#'#&(# P(#)'#$"+ # M(*#&)(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+%h(% S!%&"# 1=B> ($ !"#$%&%'%&"#() (#+ 0()&+. RTCB(#!h , &# &%$ D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 &# C&0&) C($ N"$.946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, (#+ %h C"'% "- A22()$, &# &%+(%+ M(!h 9, 1996 &# CA.R. SP N". 9188, (+"2%+ %h $(/ 2"$&%&"#.

Th 198 C"#$%&%'%&"# (#%+ LU$ %h 2" %" !(% %h& "# $"'!$ "- 0#' (#+ %" )0* %(@$, -$, (#+ !h(%" %h '&+)&#$ (#+ )&/&%(%&"#$ 2"0&++ * C"#$$, !"#$&$%#% &%h %h 2")&!* "- )"!() ('%"#"/*. Th&$ (#% ($ &%S!%&"# 19 "- %h LC (#+ %h $!"2 "- %(@ 2"$ "- ( !&%* $'!h ($ M(#&)( &$ +$!&+ &# S!%&"# 11 ()$" "- %h LC%h C"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ C"#$$, %h"'h %h LC, @2$$)* (#%+ LU$ %h #() 2" %" %(@.

Th #(!%/#% "- S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &$ $%(%'%"&)* &#(&#+. I% &$ ($+ "# %h @!)('$ (% %h &##&# "- S!%&"# 1, &# !"#3'#!%&"# &%h S!%&"# 14=h>, "- %h LC. Th )0(#% 2"0&$&"#$ "- %h C"2"+'!+ )"<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

SEC. 1. Common 6imitations on the +axin# Powers of 6ocal /overnment 'nits. e00 oer/0e 7rov/3e3 ere/@!&$ "- %h %(@&# 2"$ "- 2"0&#!$, !&%&$, /'#&!&2()&%&$, (#+ ((#(*$ $h()) #"% @%#+ %" %h )0* "- %h -"))"&#

@ @ @ @

=3> T(@$ "# %h "$$ !&2%$ "- %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$ (#+ 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ " -h& (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+ " (%, @!2% ($ 2"0&++ &# %h&$ C"+;

SEC. 14. +ax on -usiness. Th /'#&!&2()&%* /(* &/2"$ %(@$ "# %h -"))"&# '$&#$$$<

@ @ @ @

=h> O + b0/e00, o oer/0e 07e//e3 / e 7ree3/ 7+r+r+70, h&!h %h $(#'#&(# !"#!#+ /(* +%" %(@< Provided , Th(% o + b0/e00 0b:e o e e;/0e, v+e-+33e3 or 7ere+e +; 3er e N+/o+ 'eRevee Co3e, +0 +me3e3, %h (% "- %(@ $h()) #"% @!+ %" 2!#% =K> "- "$$ $()$ " !&2%$ "- %h 2!+&#*(.

Th $(#'#&(# !"#!#+ /(* 2$!& ( $!h+') "- (+'(%+ %(@ (%$ '% &# #" !($ %" @!+ %h (%$ 2$!&=E/2h($$ $'22)&+.>

I#($/'!h ($ %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ h" %(#$2"% 2($$# " -&h% -" h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * )(# (%, ( #(+ &# '$&#$$ $'3!% %" @!&$, 0()' (+++, " 2!#%( %(@ '#+ %h N(%&"#() I#%#() R0#' C=NIRC>, ($ (/#++, %h# %h C&%* "- M(#&)( !"')+ )(-'))* )0* )"!() '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0($ (/#++. I% &$ &)0(#% h&!h "- S!%&"#$ 1=3> (#+ 14=h> "- %h LC &$ %h $2!&() " #() 2"0&$&"# $&#! %h@/2%&# !)('$ &# S!%&"# 1, %h(% &$, U#)$$ "%h&$ 2"0&++ h&#, h&!h /(#$ %h(% 0# &- %h '$&#$$$ #%h&# ( @/2%+ -"/ %h )0* "- )"!() %(@, &- %h &$ ( 2"0&$&"# %" %h !"#%(*, $'!h ($ S!%&"# 14=h>, %h S(#'!"#!#+ !"')+ $%&)) &/2"$ %h )"!() %(@. A$ (# ()%#(%&0 ('/#%, S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC &$ %h #() 2"0&$&"#

)&/&%(%&"#$ "# %h %(@&# 2" "- %h LU$, h&) S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h LC &$ %h $2!&-&! 2"0&$&"# "# %h '$&#$$$ LU$ !"')+ %(@; (#+ 2 %h ')$ "- $%(%'%"* !"#$%'!%&"#, %h )(%% 20(&)$ "0 %h -"/. T" ') "%h&$ (#+ (+"!"#$%'!%&"# 2'% -"(+ * %h "22"$&# 2(%&$ "')+ #+ S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h LC ( h"))" +!"(%&0 2"0&$&"# $'3!% %" %(@.

M""0, %h '$&#$$ %(@ &/2"$+ * S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, !"/2)&+ &%h %h ) &/&%(!"#+&%&"#$ &# %h LC -" ( 0()&+ )"!() %(@< =1> Th (% "- %(@ +&+ #"% @!+ K "- "$$ $()$ " !&2%$ "- %h 2!+&#

*(; => Th %(@ &$ !"#$&$%#% &%h %h ($&! 2")&!* "- )"!() ('%"#"/*; => Th %(@ &$ #"% '#3'$%, @!$$&0, "22$$&0, !"#-&$!(%"*," !"#%(* %" +!)(+ #(%&"#() 2")&!*; (#+ =4> Th(% ( 2&" 2')&! h(&# ($ !"#+'!%+ -" %h 2'2"$ "- #(!%&# %h M(#&)(R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+ ($ (/#++ ()$" #3"*+ %h 2$'/2%&"# "- !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%* Th&$

'''RL'NG O% "#E COR"

Reso&ution o' pending incidents insevera& cases.



S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ()$" #3"*+ %h 2$'/2%&"# "- !"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* (#+ 0()&+&%*. Th&$2$'/2%&"# !(# "#)* "0&++# * "0h)/&# 0&+#! %" %h !"#%(*. I# rilon v. 6im,6 %h C"'% ()(+* +!)(+ %hM(#&)( R0#' C"+ ($ 0()&+ &0# %h(% %h 2"!+'() :'&/#%$ -" %h #(!%/#% "- %h $(/ h(+ # "$0+.

L($%)*, %(@$ ( %h )&-)""+ "- %h #(%&"#. T(@ @/2%&"#$ ( !"#$%'+ $%&!%)* ((&#$% %h %(@2(*, (#+ %h '+# &$ '2"# %h2$"# !)(&/&# @/2%&"# -"/ %h %(@ %" $h" ( !)( (#% "- @/2%&"# * "(#&! )( " $%(%'%.

)ection 21*+ o' t(e -ani&a Revenue%ode, as amended, as nu&& and void'or /eing contrar to t(e %onstitutionand t(e G%.

O# %h "%h #+ "- %h $2!%'/, MAS; M($?, et al.,; E($%# Sh&22&#; W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,; PSTC; OFSI; C"$!", et al.,; S')2&!&"L&#$; AISL; (#+ D"##(/( (#+ *"(, ($$%+ %h(% S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ #')) (#+ 0"&+!('$ &% 0&")(%+ %h C"#$%&%'%&"# (#+ %h LC. I% ($ %h 2"$&%&"# (--&/+ * RTCB(#!h 4 &# &%$ D!&$&"# +(%+ A2&) , 199&# C&0&) C($ N". 9469G.

U#+ %h Ph&)&22&# $*$%/ "- "0#/#%, %h 2" "- %(@(%&"#, h&) &#h#% &# %h S%(% &# 0& "- &%$ $"0&# 2"(%&0$, &$#"% &#h#% &# /'#&!&2() !"2"(%&"#$ " LU$. LU$ /(* @!&$ %h 2" "#)* &- (#+ %" %h @%#% %h(% &% &$ +)(%+ %" %h/.O# "- %h !"//"# )&/&%(%&"#$ "# %h 2" %" %(@ "- LU$ &$ S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC, !(&+ "0 -"/ %h L"!() T(@ C"+ "-19.

S!%&"# 1=3> @2$$)* $%(%$ %h(% %h %(@&# 2"$ "- %h LU$ $h()) #"% @%#+ %" %h %(#$2"%(%&"# '$&#$$. S!%&"# 1=3> "-%h LC &$ ( $2!&() 2"0&$&"#, h&!h 20(&)$ "0 S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h $(/ C"+, ( #() 2"0&$&"#. Th&$ &#%2%(%&"# "')+&0 --!% %" "%h S!%&"#$ 1=3> (#+ 14=h> "- %h LC, (#+ !"#%(* %" %h ($$%&"# "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ &%$ 2')&! "--&!&()$, "')+ #"% #+ S!%&"# 14=h> '$)$$, /(#&#)$$, (#+ #'(%"*. Th ( "%h '$&#$$$ h&!h %h LU$ /(* %(@ '#+

S!%&"# 14=h>. B$&+$, &# !($ "- (#* +"'%, (#* %(@ "+&#(#! " 0#' /($' $h()) !"#$%'+ $%&!%)* ((&#$% %h LU#(!%&# &% (#+ )&())* &# -(0" "- %h %(@2(*, -" %(@$, &# '+#$, ( #"% %" 2$'/+ *"#+ h(% %h (22)&!() $%(%'%@2$$)* (#+ !)()* +!)($.

I# (++&%&"#, ()%h"'h S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &/2"$+ h(% ($ +#"/&#(%+ ($ ( '$&#$$ %(@,&# ()&%* &% ($ ( 2!#%( " $()$ %(@. B'$&#$$ %(@ &$ &/2"$+ "# %h 2&0&) "- +"&# '$&#$$, %h"'h &% /(* !"/2'%+($ ( 2!#%( "- "$$ $()$. F" '$&#$$ %(@, %h &$ #" $% (%&" %# 0")'/ "- $()$ (#+ %h (/"'#% "- %(@. C&%&$ (#+/'#&!&2()&%&$ ( &0# %h 2" %" &/2"$ '$&#$$ %(@ '#+ S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h LC. I# !"#%($%, 2!#%( " $()$ %(@ &$($+ "# "$$ $()$ " !&2%$. Th 2!#%( ($ ( +&!% )(%&"#$h&2 %" %h $()$ " !&2%$ #(%+ * ( '$&#$$, &%h"'% (+ -" %h @%#% "- "2(%&"# " $& "- %h '$&#$$. C&%&$ (#+ /'#&!&2()&%&$ /(* 0()&+)* &/2"$ ( %(@ "# '$&#$$, '%!"#$"#(#% &%h %h )&/&%(%&"#$ "# )"!() %(@(%&"#, %h* /(* #"% &/2"$ 2!#%( " $()$ %(@ "# %"2 "- h(% &$ ()(+* &/2"$+ &#%h NIRC. S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, &/2"$&# "# %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ h" %(#$2"%2($$# " -&h% -" h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * )(#+, (& " (%, ( %(@ "- GK "- 1K "- %h "$$ $()$ " !&2%$ -"/ %h2!+&# *( "# %"2 "- %h #(%&"#() %(@$ ()(+* &/2"$+ * %h NIRC ($ '#3'$%, '#-(&, @!$$&0, !"#-&$!(%"*, (#+ &# $%(&#%"- !"#"/&! %(+.

A#+ -&#())*, S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, 0&")(%+ %h ') "# '#&-"/&%* &# %(@(%&"#. U#&-"/&%* &#%(@(%&"# $h"')+ #"% !"#$%'+ &# ( 2' "(2h&!() $#$, i.e., %h(% %h :'$%&"#+ %(@ ($ &/2"$+ &%h %h $(/ -"! (#+--!% "# ()) '$&#$$$ )"!(%+ &# M(#&)(. Sh&22&# !"/2(#&$ $h"')+ +&--#%&(%+ -"/ "%h '$&#$$$. A$&+ -"/ %h &$?$(#+ $2"#$&&)&%&$ %h $h&22&# !"/2(#&$ $h"')+, %h& $0&!$ ( #"% !"#-&#+ &%h&# %h %&%"&() )&/&%$ "- M(#&)( ()"# '%@%#+ %" "%h 2(%$ "- %h ")+. I% &$ #"% '#&-"/&%* -" %h $h&22&# !"/2(#&$ %" !)($$+ (#+ %(@+ '#+ %h $(/ !(%"* &%h "%h !"//"# !(&$ +"/&!&)+ (#+ 2)*&# M(#&)( %&%"* 4 h"'$ ( +(*.

severa& cases.

B-" +)0&# &#%" %h /&%$ "- %h 1G !($$, %h ( 2#+&# &#!&+#%$ &# %h !($$ %h(% -&$% #+ %" (++$$+<

=1> G.R. No. 120051< Th C&%* L() O--&! "- M(#&)(, ($ !"'#$) -" %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, (#+ C&%* T($' A2%&%&"#$ &# .R. N". 1GG1, -&)+ ( M(#&-$%(%&"# (#+ M"%&"# -" L(0 %" W&%h+( P%&%&"# &# .R. N". 1GG1, "# %h%h(% %h &$$'$ %h&# h(+ # #++ /""% (#+ (!(+/&! * %h D!&$&"#$ "- %h C"'% &# %h Coca$Cola cases, h& &%h -&#()&%* %h '#!"#$%&%'%&"#()&%* "- S!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++.

Th C"'% $")0$ %" +#* %h /"%&"# %" &%h+(.

Th ()(+* h(+ # (# @!h(# "- 2)(+&#$ %# %h 2(%&$ &# .R. N". 1GG1, i.e.,P%&%&"#, C"//#%, (#+ R$")'%&"# +(%+ D!/ , 199, %h C"'% ()$" ()(+* !"#$&++ .R. N". 1GG1 (#+ ()) %h "%h #&# !"#$")&+($'/&%%+ -" +)&(%&"#. A% %h&$ $%(, %h +!&$&"# %" (#% " #"% %" (#% %h /"%&"# %" &%h+( &$ -'))* &%h&# %h +&$!%h C"'%.66!h(#R")$0&%'()L()&(*

Th C"'% +#&$ %h /"%&"# %" &%h+( !('$ %h ($$%&"# * %h C&%* L() O--&! "- M(#&)( %h(% %h Coca$Cola cas#++ %h &$$'$ &# .R. N". 1GG1 /""% (#+ (!(+/&! &$ "#"'$. Th C"'% +&+ #"% +!)( &# %h Coca$Cola caS!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ '#!"#$%&%'%&"#(). Wh(% %h C"'% h)+ &# %h %" Coca$Cola c%h(% O+&#(#! N"$. 988 (#+ 8G11 =(22"0+ * %h# M(*" A%&#( "# F'(* , GGG (#+ F'(* , GG1, $2(/#+&# S!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, #')) (#+ 0"&+ -" =(> -(&)' %" !"/2)* &%h %h 2')&!(%&"# :'&%(@ "+&#(#!$ '#+ S!%&"# 188 "- %h LC; (#+ => +)%&"# "- (# @/2%&# 2"0&$" -"'#+ &# S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h L2&" S!%&"# 1 "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, h&!h "2#+ %h +"" %" %h +"') %(@(%&"# "- C"!(C")(. S!%&"# 1 "-R0#' C"+, ($ &% ($ (/#++ * O+&#(#! N". 8G, (#+ /" $2!&-&!())*, 2(((2h =B> %h"-, ($ #"% %h $'!"#$%&%'%&"#() 0& * %h C"'% &# %h Coca$Cola cases.

A$ -" A%%*. D)( C'’$ C"/2)&(#! &%h %h C"'%’$ Sh" C('$ R$")'%&"#, %h C"'% -&#+$ %h $(/ $(%&$-(!%"*, ()%h"/&#++ %" /" !"#$!&#%&"'$ "- h&$ +'%&$ ($ )() !"'#$) &# %h -'%', +$2&% %h h(0* 0")'/ "- h&$ "? )"(+

=> G.R. No. 121613< I# ( R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199, %h C"'% +&$/&$$+ %h P%&%&"# "- M($?, et al.,, -" %h -(&)' %" +2"$&% $h&--’$ - (#+ !)?’$ !"//&$$&"# &# %h %"%() (/"'#% "- PG.GG; (#+ &# )&h% "- $(&+ +&$/&$$(), #"%+ (!%&"# %h S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# "- M($?, et al.,, 2(*&# -" %h !"#-&/(%&"# "- %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#$%"+ * RTCB(#!h (#+ +)%&"# "- RTCB(#!h -"/ %h !(2%&"# "- .R. N". 1161 -" #"% &# ( #!$$(%h& 2#+&# M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# "- %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199, M($?, et al.,, 2(*+ %h(% %h C"'%!"'$ %" (#+ $:'()* $")0 %h& P%&%&"# (#+ S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"#.

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Th C"'% #"%$ %h(% R0&$+ C&!')( N". 188, --!%&0 ')* 1, 1991, h&!h ($ !&%+ &# %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199 ($($&$ -" %h +&$/&$$() "- %h P%&%&"# "- M($?, et al.,, ()$" '$+ %h "+ /(* &# %h -&$% 2(((2h%h"-<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

=1> Pament of doc>etin# and other fees. S!%&"# 1 "- R') 4 :'&$ %h(% 2%&%&"#$ -" 0& -&)+ (#+ %h :'&+ -$ 2(&+ &%h&# %h 2$!&+ 2&"+. U#)$$ @/2%+ * )( " '), $'!h -$ /'$% -'))* 2(&+ &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h&$ C&!')(;"%h&$, %h C"'% /(* +#* %h 2%&%&"# "'%&h%. Th $(/ ') $h()) "0# 2%&%&"#$ '#+ R') 6. =E/2h($&$ $'22)&+.>

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I# %h @!&$ "- &%$ +&$!%&"#, %h C"'% +%/&#$ %h(% %h ($ /&%"&"'$ ($"# h* M($?,et al.,, 2(&+ +"!?% (#+ "%h)() -$ &%h&# %h 2$!&+ 2&"+, '% $h"% "- %h PG.GG -" $h&--’$ - (#+ !)?’$ !"//&$$&"#. M($?, et al.,, ()(+* ($$$$+ (#+ :'&+ %" 2(* %h +"!?% (#+ )() -$ h# %h* -&)+ %h& M"%&"# -" E@%#$&"# "- T&/ %" F&) P%&%&"# -"R0& "#Certiorari. Th M"%&"# +&+ #"% *% &#+&!(% %h(% %h &#%#++ P%&%&"# "')+ &#!)'+ ( 2(* -" ( TRO, $" %h !&0&#!)? +&+ #"% ($$$$ M($?, et al.,, -" $h&--’$ - (#+ !)?’$ !"//&$$&"#. Wh# M($?, et al.,, (!%'())* -&)+ %h& P%&%&"# &%h2(* -" %h &$$'(#! "- ( &% "- 2)&/&#(* &#3'#!%&"# (#+ TRO, %h* #" )"# ($$$$+ (++&%&"#() -$ * %h !&0&#!)?. M($?, et al.,, -"'#+ "'% ("'% %h +-&!&#!* &# %h& )() -$ '2"# %h& !&2% "- %h R$")'%&"# +(%+ O!%" , 199()(+* +&$/&$$&# %h& P%&%&"# (#+ #"%&# &%h"'% (!%&"# %h& S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"#. M($?, et al.,, &//+&(%)* -&)+( M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# "- $(&+ R$")'%&"#, (#+ ()$" +2"$&%+ %h& ()(#! "- PG.GG &%h %h C"'%.

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RULE 4APPEAL FROM COURTS OF FIRST INSTANCE

TO SUPREME COURT

S!%&"# 1. Procedure. Th 2"!+' "- (22() %" %h S'2/ C"'% -"/ C"'%$ "- F&$% I#$%(#! $h()) "0#+ ')$ "0#&# (22()$ %" %h C"'% "- A22()$, @!2% ($ h&#(-% 2"0&++.

S!%&"# . "ppeals on pure &uestion of law. Wh %h (22))(#% $%(%$ &# h&$ #"%&! "- (22() " !"+ "# (22() %h(% "#)* :'$%&"#$ "- )(, #" "%h :'$%&"# $h()) ())"+, (#+ %h 0&+#! #+ #"% )0(%+.

A !'$"* (+&# "- %h P%&%&"# -" R0& "# Certiorari "- S')2&!&" L&#$ "')+ (+&)* 0() %h(% &% (22()+ %h D!&$&A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h &# C&0&) C($ N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 949468941, (#+ 9469G8 ($+ "#)* "# :'$%&"#$ "- )(. Th P%&%&"# +&+ #"% (&$ (#* :'$%&"# "- -(!% (#+ +&+ #"% :'&

2$#%(%&"# " )0(%&"# "- 0&+#!.

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Ru&ing on t(e merits o' t(e 10 Petitions.

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=> T(@$ "# %h '$&#$$ "- %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$ (#+ 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ " -&(#+ !"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+ " (% @!2% ($ "%h&$ 2"0&++ &# %h&$ C"+, (#+ %(@$ " -$ -" %h &$%(%&"#0h&!)$ (#+ -" %h &$$'(#! "- ()) ?&#+$ "- )&!#$$ " 2/&%$ -" %h +&0&# %h"-;

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($<Ch(#R")$V&%'()()&(*

1> 5"%)$ (#+ /"%)$ '#+ S!. 11 "- %h NIRC;

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8> A#%$ "- -"&# &#$'(#! !"/2(#&$, %(@+ '#+ S!. 1 "- %h NIRC;

9> A/'$/#% 2)(!$, %(@+ '#+ S!. 1 "- %h NIRC;

1G> W&##$ &# h"$ (!$, %(@+ '#+ S!. 14 "- %h NIRC; (#+

11> Th"$ h" $)), (%, " @!h(# $h($ "- $%"!?$, %(@+ '#+ S!. 14A "- %h NIRC.4

Th'$, S!%&"# 14=h> "- %h LC "')+ #"% ( h"))" +!"(%&0 2"0&$&"# &%h #" $'3!% %" %(@. O# %h !"#%(*, &% "')+ S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC h&!h "')+ !"/ &#"2(%&0 $h"')+ %h C"'% (!!2% %h !"#$%'!%&"# 2"--+ * %h C&%* "- M(#&)((#+ &%$ 2')&! "--&!&()$, !('$ %h#, %h "')+ #" &#$%(#! (% ()) h# %h "$$ !&2%$ "- %h %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$,2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ " - &h% * h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+, " (%, "')+ #"% $'3!% %" %(@ * %h LU$.

+hird , S!%&"# => "- %h LC &%$)-, "# R')$ "- I#%2%(%&"#, 2"0&+$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

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=> I# !($ "- +"'%, (#* %(@ "+&#(#! " 0#' /($' $h()) !"#$%'+ $%&!%)* ((&#$% %h )"!() "0#/#% '#&% #(!%&# &%,(#+ )&())* &# -(0" "- %h %(@2(*. A#* %(@ @/2%&"#, &#!#%&0 " )&- (#%+ * (#* )"!() "0#/#% '#&% 2'$'(#% %" %h2"0&$&"#$ "- %h&$ C"+ $h()) !"#$%'+ $%&!%)* ((&#$% %h 2$"# !)(&/&# &%.

Th C"'% $%&!%)* !"#$%'$ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ((&#$% %h C&%* "- M(#&)( (#+ &%$ 2')&!"--&!&()$ (#+ )&())* &# -(0" "- %h %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ " -&h% *h&, (#+ !"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+, " (%. S%&!%)* ($$$$+ ((&#$% %h '&+)&#$ (#+ )&/&%(%&"#$ $% -"%h &# %h LC,S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, ($ #(!%+ ultra vires.

A#+ fourth, %h !"#$%'!%&"# (+"2%+ * %h C"'% &$ &# (!!"+(#! &%h %h !"#$&$%#% &#%#%&"# "- %h )($ %" &%hh")+ -"/ %hLU$ %h 2" %" %(@ %(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$, 2$"#$ #(+ &# %h %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2($$#$ " -&h% * h&, (#+!"//"# !(&$ * (&, )(#+, " (%.

E0# 2&" %" S!%&"# 1=3> "- %h LC, S!%&"# => "- P$&+#%&() D! N". 1, "%h&$ ?#"# ($ Th L"!() T(@ C"+, ($(/#++, ()(+* )&/&%+ %h %(@&# 2"$ "- LU$ ($ -"))"$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

SEC. . Common limitations on the taxin# powers of local #overnment . Th @!&$ "- %h %(@&# 2"$ "- 2"0&#!$, !&%&$,/'#&!&2()&%&$ (#+ (&"$ $h()) #"% @%#+ %" %h &/2"$&%&"# "- %h -"))"&#<

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!&2%$ "- !"//"# !(&$ -"/ %h %(@&# 2"$ "- %h LU$<!h(#")$0&%'())()&(*

F"/ %h -""&# +&$:'&$&%&"#, %h &$ #" +"'% %h(% 2%&%&"# &$ ( !"//"# !(& (#+, %h-", @/2% -"/ %h '($ 2"0&++ -" &# S!%&"# 1 =3>, "- %h L"!() "0#/#% C"+ @ @ @

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Th +)&(%&"#$ !"#+'!%+ &# %h 5"'$ "- R2$#%(%&0$ "# %h L"!() "0#/#% C"+ "- 1991 (&))'/&#(%&#<Ch(#R")$V&%'()()&(*MR. A7UINO =A>. Th(#? *"', M. S2(?.

M. S2(?, "')+ )&? %" 2"!+ %" 2( 9, )&# 1. I% $%(%$< SEC. 11 =#" S!. 11>. C"//"# L&/&%(%&"#$ "# %hP"$ "- L"!() "0#/#% U#&%$. . . .

MR. A7UINO =A.>. Th(#? *"' M. S2(?.

S%&)) "# 2( 9, $'2(((2h , "# %(@$ "# %h '$&#$$ "- %(#$2"%(%&"#. Th&$ (22($ %" "# "- % h"$ &# +/@/2%+ -"/ %h %(@&# 2"$ "- %h )"!() "0#/#% '#&%$. 0a we >now the reason wh the transportation !usinesexcluded from the taxin# powers of the local #overnment unitsG

MR. AVIER =E.>. M. S2(?, %h &$ (# @!2%&"# !"#%(&#+ &# S!%&"# 11 =#" S!. 11>, )&# 16, 2(((2h . I% $%()"!() "0#/#% '#&%$ /(* #"% &/2"$ %(@$ "# %h '$&#$$ "- %(#$2"%(%&"#, @!2% ($ "%h&$ 2"0&++ &# %h&$ !"+

N", M. S2(?, &- %h #%)/(# "')+ !( %" " %" 2( 98 "- B""? II, "# !(# $ %h %h(% 2"0&#!$ h(0 %h 2"&/2"$ ( %(@ "# '$&#$$ #3"*&# ( -(#!h&$ (% %h (% "- #"% /" %h(# "#h()- "- 1 2!#% "- %h "$$ (##'() !

%(#$2"%(%&"# !"#%(!%"$ h" ( #3"*&# ( -(#!h&$ "')+ $'3!% %" %(@ * %h 2"0&#!. Th(% &$ %h @!2%&"#, M

hat we want to #uard a#ainst here, 0r. *pea>er is the imposition of taxes ! local #overnment units on the carrier !usin"0#/#% '#&%$ /(* &/2"$ %(@$ "# %"2 "- h(% &$ ()(+* &# &/2"$+ * %h N(%&"#() I#%#() R0#' C"+ h&!$"!())+ !"//"# !(&$ %(@. e do not want a duplication of this tax, so we 1ust provided for an exception '#+ S!=#" S!%&"# 1> %h(% ( 2"0&#! /(* &/2"$ %h&$ %(@ (% ( $2!&-&! (%.

MR. A7UINO =A.>. Th(#? *"' -" %h(% !)(&-&!(%&"#, M. S2(?. . . .I% &$ !)( %h(% %h )&$)(%&0 &#%#% &# @!)'+&# -"/ %h %(@&# 2" "- %h )"!() "0#/#% '#&% %h &/2"$&%&"# "- '$&#((&#$% !"//"# !(&$ &$ %" 20#% ( +'2)&!(%&"# "- %h $"!())+ !"//"# !(&’$ %(@.

P%&%&"# &$ ()(+* 2(*&# %h =K> 2!#% !"//"# !(&Q$ %(@ "# &%$ "$$ $()$H(#&#$ '#+ %h N(%&"#() I#%#R0#' C"+. T" %(@ 2%&%&"# ((&# "# &%$ "$$ !&2%$ &# &%$ %(#$2"%(%&"# "- 2%")'/ '$&#$$ "')+ +-(% %h 2%h L"!() "0#/#% C"+. =C&%(%&"#$ "/&%%+.>

C"#$&$%#% &%h %h -""&# )&$)(%&0 &#%#%, R2')&! A!% N". 16, /" 2"2')()* ?#"# ($ %h E@2(#++ V()'A++

VAT> L(, h&!h %""? --!% (-% %h LC "# M(* 8, 1994, @2$$)* (/#++ %h NIRC "- 19 (#+ (+++ %" S!%&"# )(%% "# P!#%( %(@ "# !(&$ (#+ ?2$ "- (($, %h -"))"&# 2"$!&2%&"#< Th "$$ !&2%$ "- !"//"# +&0+ -"/ %h& &#!"/&# (#+ "'%"&# -&h% $h()) #"% $'3!%+ %" %h )"!() %(@$ &/2"$+ '#+ R2')&! A!% N"."%h&$ ?#"# ($ %h L"!() "0#/#% C"+ "- 1991.

'&D'S$OS'"'&E $OR"'ON

#ERE%ORE, &# 0& "- %h -""&#, %h C"'% h* RESOL&ES<

1. I# .R. N". 1GG1< =(> %" DEN* %h M"%&"# %" W&%h+( %h P%&%&"# -&)+ * %h O--&! "- %h C&%* L() O--&! "# h()- "- %hC&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" A%&#(, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+"; (#+ => %"DECLARE ($ SA"'S%AC"OR* %h C"/2)&(#! $'/&%%+ *A%% D ) C

1. T" DECLARE S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++, #')) (#+ 0"&+ -" &# &# 0&")(%&"# "- %h '&+)&/&%(%&"#$ "# %h %(@&# 2"$ "- %h LU$ '#+ %h LC;

. I# .R. N". 1GG1< =(> %" DEN* %h P%&%&"# "- %h C&%* "- M(#&)(, M(*" L&/, (#+ C&%* T($' A!0+"; (#+ =>%" A%%'RM %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A2&) , 199 "- RTCB(#!h 4 &# C&0&) C($ N". 9469G; (#+



A%%*. D)( C';

. I# .R. N". 1161< =(> %" GRAN" %h M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# "- M($?, et al.,; => %" SE" AS'DE %h R$")'%&"# +(%+O!%" , 199; =!> %" RE'NS"A"E %h P%&%&"# "- M($?, et al.,; =+> %" IVE DUE COURSE %" %h P%&%&"# (#+ %h S'22)/#%()P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# "- M($?, et al.,; => ($ (+$ %h S'22)/#%() P%&%&"# (#+ M"%&"# "- M($?, et al.,, %" NO"E '"#O"AC"'ON %h 2(* %" !"#-&/ %h W&% "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# $%"+ * RTCB(#!h &# )&h% "- %h 2$#% 3'+/#%, (#+%" GRAN" %h 2(* %" +)% RTCB(#!h -"/ %h !(2%&"# "- %h !($ -" #"% &# ( #!$$(* 2(%*; (#+

. I# .R. N". 1< =(> %" GRAN" %h M"%&"# -" R!"#$&+(%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$; => %" SE" AS'DE %h R$")'%&"# +(%+(#'(* 1, 1996; (#+ =!> %" G'&E DE CORSE %" %h P%&%&"# "- S')2&!&" L&#$.

F'%h/", %h C"'% h* DEC'DES<

. I# .R. N"$. 1161, 116, 11G4, 11G8, 1184, 1, 1, 149, (#+ 148< =(> %" RANTP%&%&"#$ "- M($?, et al.,; E($%# Sh&22&#; W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,; PSTC; OFSI; C"$!", et al.,; S')2&!&" L&#$; AISL; (#+ (#+ *"(, $2!%&0)*; => %" RE&ERSE +3 SE" AS'DE %h D!&$&"# +(%+ A''$% 8, 199 "- RTCB(#!h &# C&0N"$. 9468861, 946886, 946886, 9468919, 946896, 946899, 946894G, 9468941, (#+ 9469G8, (#+ %h D!&$M(!h 9, 1996 "- %h C"'% "- A22()$ &# CA.R. SP N". 9188; =!> %" ORDER %h C&%* "- M(#&)( %" -'#+ %" M($?, eE($%# Sh&22&#; W&))&(/ L&#$, et al.,; PSTC; OFSI; C"$!", et al.,; S')2&!&" L&#$; AISL; (#+ D"##(/( (#+ *"( %h %(@$ ($$$$+ (#+ !"))!%+ ((&#$% $(&+ !"2"(%&"#$ '#+ S!%&"# 1=B> "- %h M(#&)( R0#' C"+, ($ (/#++; (%" MAHE $ERMANEN" %h W&%$ "- P)&/&#(* I#3'#!%&"# $%"+ * RTCB(#!h +'&# %h 2#+#!* "- %h P%&%&"

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