summary and conclusion - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29448/10/10_chapter...

Summary and Conclusion

Development and Standardization of Modern Dosage Form for Indigenous Medicinal

Formulations 175

5


In the past decade there has been renewed attention and interest in the use of

traditional medicine (Ayurveda Yoga Naturopathy Unani Siddha and Homeopathy)

in India and globally It is estimated that 65 of the population in rural India use

medicinal plants to meet primary health care needs So it is the cardinal responsibility

of the regulatory authorities to ensure that the consumers get the medication with

guarantee which includes purity safety potency and efficacy Modern medicine

which is continuously undergoing metabolic changes and improvements in the

standard of purity safety and efficacy Thus maintaining the quality of Herbal

medication becomes the sole responsibility of the manufacturer and scientists

working in this field

Plant material and herbal remedies derived from them represent substantial portion of

global market and in this respect internationally recognized guidelines for their

quality assessment and quality control are necessary The traditional medicine

(Ayurveda Yoga Naturopathy Unani Siddha and Homeopathy) have been given

due recognition by the regulatory bodies in the recent past Recently many

international authorities and agencies including the world health organization

European Agencies for the evaluation of medicinal product and European Scientific

Co-operation of phyto-medicine US Agencies for Health Care Policy and Research

European Pharmacopoeia Commission department of Indian System of Medicine

have started creating a new mechanism to induce quality control and standardization

of traditional medicine WHO has emphasized the need to ensure quality control of

medicinal plant products by using modern technique and by applying suitable

parameters and standards

Patent proprietary Ayurvedic medicines are sold over the counter in pharmacies

These products appear to represent a major share of branded traditional medicine in

India Nevertheless systems like Ayurveda still need to gain an empirical support of

modern medical sciences to make them credible and acceptable for all in this regard



Formulations 176

it is a need to develop the modern dosage form like Tablet Mouth Dissolving Tablets

and Capsules of traditional dosage form (vati gutika churna or safoof etc) with

respect to increase the stability dose accuracy production rate quality of packaging

material elegance of design overall aesthetic appeal and so on Some innovative

research efforts are required to define the advantages of standardization and

development of modern dosage form to make the herbal drug acceptable globally

The present study is an approach to develop quality control parameters and

development of modern dosage form (Capsule) of identified formulations viz

Balacaturbhadrika churna (Ayurvedic) Shingyadi churna (Ayurvedic) Thirikadu

choornam (Siddha) and Safoof-E-Sana (Unani) which are official in their respective

formularies

51 Standardization of Balacaturbhadrika churna

Balacaturbhadrika churna is a fine powder form which is widely used in Diarrhoea

Fever Cough and Asthma at dose of 500 mg to 1 gmday It is composed of Cyperus

rotundus (musta) Piper longum (pippali) Aconitum heterophy (ativisa) and Pistacia

integerrima (sringi) All the ingredients are firstly powdered separately and mixed

together All the plant raw materials were purchased from the local market of Raipur

CG and identified morphologically and microscopically and compared with standard

pharmacopoeial monograph All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical

grade The sample of crude drug was also authenticated by University Institute of

Pharmacy Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur The ash values extractive

values with various reagents were determined as per the WHO guidelines

Three batches of Balacaturbhadrika churna designated as BC-I BC-II and BC-III

were prepared in laboratory using method described in Ayurvedic Formulary of India

Evaluation of organoleptic characters of raw materials Ghana (musta) Krsna

(pippali) Aruna (ativisa) and Sringi (karkatasringi) was performed and characters are

recorded Laboratory batches of Balacaturbhadrika churna (BC-I BC-II and BC-III)

and one marketed preparations were also evaluated for organoleptic characters The

results for the marketed formulation (MF) and Laboratory formulations (LF) are

found comparable



Formulations 177

The moisture content of formulation was within acceptable range (lt8) thus

implying that the formulation can be stored for a long period and would not easily be

attacked by microbes Physical properties namely tapped density bulk density angle

of repose hausner ratio and carrrsquos index were calculated for Lab formulation

marketed formulation and its raw materials The value of angle of repose for raw

materials Cyperus rotundus Piper longum Aconitum heterophy Pistacia

integerrima lab formulation (BC-I) and marketed formulation were 2862 3128

2986 2434 2736 and 2745 respectively which shows good flow properties of

prepared lab formulation The flow properties of lab (BC-I) and marketed

formulations were also confirmed by Hausnerrsquos ratio and Carrrsquos index it was found

125 20 and 119 16 respectively and indicates good flow characteristics

Results of the phytochemical screening of the raw materials lab formulation and

marketed formulation of Balacaturbhadrika churna were concluded One notable

difference as a result of the method of extraction is the alkaloids in Piper longum and

Pistacia integerrima are more soluble in ethanol than aqueous extract We were

performed more than one test for the detection of a chemical group such as the

alkaloids no differences in the results were observed for the different tests Out of the

nine phytochemical groups investigated seven namely carbohydrate glycosides

tannins flavonoids fixed oil and proteins were detected in the ethanolic extract of lab

and marketed formulations however the aqueous extracts of both formulations shows

the presence of saponins with previously stated seven phytochemical groups Steroids

were absent in all the ingredients and formulations for both methods of extraction

Total ash value of Cyperus rotundus Piper longum Aconitum heterophy Pistacia

integerrima lab formulation (BC-I) and marketed formulation were found

7346plusmn0346 5032plusmn0624 2981plusmn0243 4621plusmn0334 8148plusmn0337 and

19633plusmn0552 respectively The value of total ash in marketed formulation is

comparatively high in comparison to lab formulation may be because of the higher

amounts of inorganic components present in marketed formulation

Alcohol-soluble and water soluble extractive values of ingredients and formulations

were performed as per WHO guidelines Higher ethanol-soluble extractive value



Formulations 178

(39294plusmn2226 and 30662plusmn0472 for lab and marketed formulations respectively)

implies that ethanol is a better solvent of extraction for the formulation than water

Arsenic and heavy metals are below the specified limit in all ingredients lab and

marketed formulations Tests were also performed for specific pathogen as per the

WHO (1998) guidelines E coli Salmonella species and S aureus were found absent

This ensures the level of safety of formulation

Spectrophotometric analysis

The spectrophotometric determination of formulations was carried out through UV

spectrophotometer at 3425 nm for piperine The absorbance characteristics show that

piperine follow Beer Lambertrsquos law within the concentration range 2-10 microgml at the

λ-max of 3425 nm The estimation of piperine content of the Balacaturbhadrika

churna and powder of Piper longum (Pippali) was carried out separately The

concentration of piperine content in raw material was found to be 1852 plusmn 0241

ww in Piper longum The content of piperine in different batches of

Balacaturbhadrika churna was found to be 0435 plusmn 0030 0424 plusmn 0001 0430 plusmn

0004 and 0346 plusmn 0002 ww respectively for lab formulation (BC-I BC-II BC-

III) and marketed formulation (MF) Recovery studies are indicative of

reproducibility of method Hence the present method is simple sensitive precise and

accurate and can be adopted for routine quality control of Balacaturbhadrika churna

HPLC fingerprinting method

The study is an attempt to develop the fingerprint method for Balacaturbhadrika

churna by simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination

using piperine as a standard which are important and major content in formulation

RP- HPLC methods for simultaneous determination of piperine have been developed

A C 18 LUNA (5 micron 25 cmtimes46 mm) column from Phenomenex in binary

gradient mode with mobile phase methanol at flow rate is 10mlmin used and

effluent was monitored at 343 nm Validation of the method was done with a view to

demonstrate its selectivity linearity precision and accuracy The content of piperine

was found to be 1852 plusmn 0124 0435 plusmn 0025 0424 plusmn 0241 0430 plusmn 0262 and 0346



Formulations 179

plusmn 0762 ww respectively for Piper longum lab formulation (BC-I BC-II BC-III)

and marketed formulation (MF)

HPTLC fingerprinting method

HPTLC fingerprint method for Balacaturbhadrika churna using piperine as a standard

is developed The piperine is an important content in the formulation and all of its

herbal raw ingredients The method was validated for linearity accuracy limit of

detection limit of quantification inter-day and intra-day assay precision repeatability

of measurement and repeatability of sample application The content of piperine was

found to be 192 plusmn 008 0442 plusmn 0005 0431 plusmn 0023 0430 plusmn 0081 and 0362 plusmn

0242 ww respectively for Piper longum lab formulation (BC-I BC-II BC-III)


The statistical analysis proved that the method is reproducible and efficient for the

analysis of piperine in formulations These findings can be used as routine

chromatographic fingerprinting method for the standardization of the herbal raw

materials as well as the finished formulation of Balacaturbhadrika churna

Stability studies

During accelerated stability studies as per WHO (1998) physicochemical parameters

viz colour odour taste moisture content and piperine content are studied The result

of study reveals that there are no or little observable changes in the parameters during

a time period of 6 months It indicates that the formulations are stable under the

different stability studies parameters

52 Standardization of Shringyadi churna

Shringyadi churna is an Ayurvedic alternative medicine which is used in diarrhea

fever cough and asthma It composed of dried powders of Pistacia integerrima

(karkatasringi) Piper longum (pippali) and Aconitum palmatum (ativisa)

All the ingredients are firstly powdered separately and mixed together All the plant

raw materials were purchased from the local market of Raipur CG and identified

morphologically and microscopically and compared with standard pharmacopoeial



Formulations 180

monograph The sample of crude drug was also authenticated by University Institute

of Pharmacy Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur All the reagents and

solvents used were of analytical grade The ash values extractive values with various

reagents and were determined as per the WHO guidelines Three batches of

Shringyadi churna designated as SC-I SC-II and SC-III were prepared in laboratory

using method described in Ayurvedic Formulary of India Evaluation of organoleptic

characters of raw materials Pistacia integerrima (karkatasringi) Piper longum

(pippali) and Aconitum palmatum (ativisa) were performed and characters are

recorded

Laboratory batches of Shringyadi churna (SC-I SC-II and SC-III) and one marketed

preparations were also evaluated for organoleptic characters The results for the

marketed formulations M I and Laboratory formulation are found comparable

The moisture content of formulation was within acceptable range that is 224plusmn0242

and 232plusmn0282 for lab and marketed formulations respectively thus implying that the

formulation can be stored for a long period and would not easily be attacked by

microbes Physical properties namely tapped density bulk density angle of repose

hausner ratio and carrrsquos index were calculated for Lab formulation marketed

formulation and its raw materials The value of angle of repose for raw materials

Pistacia integerrima Piper longum Aconitum palmatum lab formulation (SC-I) and

marketed formulation were 2434 3128 2986 2686 and 2542 respectively which

shows good flow properties of prepared lab formulation The flow properties of lab

(SC-I) and marketed formulations were also confirmed by Hausnerrsquos ratio and Carrrsquos

index it was found 125 20 and 123 19 respectively and indicates good flow

characteristics

Seven phytochemical groups namely carbohydrate glycosides tannins flavonoids

fixed oil and proteins were detected in the ethanolic extract of lab and marketed

formulations however the aqueous extracts of both formulations shows the presence

of saponins with previously stated seven phytochemical groups Steroids were absent

in all the ingredients and formulations for both methods of extraction Results also



Formulations 181

confirm that both formulations are more soluble in ethanol than water It depicts that

constituents present in formulations are more soluble in ethanol

Total ash value of Pistacia integerrima Piper longum Aconitum palmatum lab

formulation and marketed formulation were 5032 plusmn 0624 2981 plusmn0243 4621

plusmn0334 7224 plusmn 0247 and 19633 plusmn 0552 respectively The value of total ash in

marketed formulation is comparatively high in comparison to lab formulation may be

because of the higher amounts of inorganic components present in marketed

formulation Acid-insoluble ash value of lab (SC-I) and marketed formulation were

found 3446 plusmn 0268 and 5041 plusmn 0368 respectively shows that a small amount of the

inorganic component is insoluble in acid it indicates adulteration of raw ingredients

by substance like silica rice husk is very less in both formulation Low acid-insoluble

ash value may also affect amount of the component absorbed in the gastrointestinal

canal when taken orally

Alcohol-soluble extractive values were found 38486plusmn1842 and 31824plusmn0251 for lab

and marketed formulation respectively which is higher than water soluble extractive

value of both formulations Higher ethanol-soluble extractive value implies that

ethanol is a better solvent of extraction for the formulation than water





λ-max of 3425 nm The estimation of piperine content of the Shringyadi churna and

powder of Piper longum (Pippali) was carried out separately The concentration of

piperine content in raw material was found to be 1852 plusmn 0241 ww in Piper longum

The content of piperine in different batches of Shringyadi churna was found to be

0605 plusmn 0 001 0599 plusmn 0127 0602 plusmn 0008 and 0535 plusmn 0015 ww

respectively for lab formulation (SC-I SC-II SC-III) and marketed formulation (MF)

respectively Recovery studies are indicative of reproducibility of method Hence the



Formulations 182

present method is simple sensitive precise and accurate and can be adopted for

routine quality control of Shringyadi churna


The study is an attempt to develop the fingerprint method for Shringyadi churna by

simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination using

piperine as a standard which are important and major content in formulation RP-

HPLC methods for simultaneous determination of piperine have been developed A

C 18 LUNA (5 micron 25 cmtimes46 mm) column from Phenomenex in binary gradient

mode with mobile phase methanol at flow rate is 10mlmin used and effluent was

monitored at 3425 nm Validation of the method was done with a view to



plusmn 0549 ww respectively for piper longum lab formulation (SC-I SC-II SC-III)

and marketed formulation (MF) respectively


HPTLC fingerprint method for Shringyadi churna using piperine as a standard is

developed The piperine is an important content in the formulation and all of its



of measurement and repeatability of sample application The content of piperine in

different batches of Shringyadi churna was found to be 1920 plusmn 0082 0624 plusmn 0005

0618 plusmn 0046 0614 plusmn 0032 and 0569 plusmn 0225 ww respectively for piper

longum lab formulation (SC-I SC-II SC-III) and marketed formulation (MF)

respectively




materials as well as the finished formulation of Shringyadi churna



Formulations 183

Stability studies

During accelerated stability studies physicochemical parameters as per WHO (1998)





53 Thirikadu choornam

Thirikadu choornam is well known Siddha Formulation comprised of the fruits of

two medicinal important plants Piper longum (Pippali) Piper nigrum (Marica) and

rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (Saunth) Thirikadu choornam is a digestive tonic for

the assimilation of other foods in the body It is also used as a rejuvenator and

stimulant Thirikadu choornam plays an essential role in the treatment of a wide

variety of conditions

Thirikadu choornam three batch namely TC-I TC-II TC-III were prepared in

laboratory according to method described in Siddha Pharmacopoeia

Evaluation of organoleptic characters of powdered raw material (Piper longum Piper

nigrum and Zingiber officinale) was performed and characters are recorded

Laboratory batches of Thirikadu choornam (TC-I TC-II and TC-III) and one

marketed preparations were also evaluated for organoleptic characters The results for

the marketed formulation and Laboratory formulation were found comparable

The value of angle of repose for raw materials Piper longum (Pippali) Piper nigrum

(Marica) Zingiber officinale (Saunth) lab formulation (TC-I) and marketed

formulation were 2534 2543 2668 2661 (TC-I) 2354 and 2647 respectively

which shows good flow properties of prepared lab formulation The flow properties

of lab (TC-I) and marketed formulations were also confirmed by Hausnerrsquos ratio and

Carrrsquos index it was found 120 1695 and 129 2241 respectively and indicates

good flow characteristics

The amount of moisture in the crude drugs should be minimized in order to prevent

decomposition of either due to chemical changes or due to microbial contamination



Formulations 184

The percent moisture content for TC-I TC-II and TC-III are 282plusmn0124 293plusmn0442

and 276plusmn0125 while it is 293plusmn0323 for MF The moisture content of formulation

was within acceptable range (lt8) thus implying that the formulation can be stored

for a long period and would not easily be attacked by microbes The percent of

foreign matter was found to be 129plusmn0084 108plusmn0129 and 146plusmn0125 for PL (Piper

longum) PN (Piper nigrum) ZO (Zingiber officinalis) respectively Laboratory

formulations of Thirikadu choornam were prepared after removal of foreign matter

In examination no poisonous dangerous and harmful foreign matter or residue was

found

Total ash value of PL (Piper longum) PN (Piper nigrum) ZO (Zingiber officinalis)

lab formulation (TC-I) and marketed formulation were 3281 plusmn 0548 4469 plusmn 0276

5237 plusmn 0342 4232 plusmn 0321 and 5235 plusmn 0732 respectively The value of total ash in



formulation Acid-insoluble ash value of prepared lab formulations (TC-I) and

marketed formulation were 0681 plusmn 0043 and 0636 plusmn 0056 respectively shows that a

small amount of the inorganic component is insoluble in acid it indicates adulteration

of raw ingredients by substance like silica rice husk is very less in both formulation

Low acid-insoluble ash value may also affect amount of the component absorbed in

the gastrointestinal canal when taken orally

Alcohol-soluble and water soluble extractive values of lab and marketed formulation

were 39478plusmn1546 and 31014plusmn0321 respectively which is higher than water soluble

extractive value of both formulations Higher ethanol-soluble extractive value implies

that ethanol is a better solvent of extraction for the formulation than water

The presence of different constituents in the Thirikadu choornam and its raw

materials is detected by their phytochemical analysis The formulations are found to

contain alkaloids carbohydrates volatile oil resin saponins and proteins The same

constituents are present in marketed preparations




Formulations 185




λ-max of 3425 nm The estimation of piperine content of the Thirikadu choornam

Piper longum (Pippali) and Piper nigrum (Marica) was carried out separately The

concentration of piperine content in raw material was found to be 1852 plusmn 0241 ww

in Piper longum and 3685 plusmn 0164 The content of piperine in different batches of

Thirikadu choornam was found to be 1829 plusmn 0 011 1823 plusmn 0145 1826 plusmn 0123

and 1635 plusmn 0156 ww respectively for lab formulation (TC-I TC-II and TC-III)

and marketed formulation (MF) respectively Recovery studies are indicative of


accurate and can be adopted for routine quality control of Thirikadu choornam


With a view to develop the fingerprint method for Thirikadu choornam simple high-

performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination using piperine as a

standard was performed RP- HPLC methods for determination of Piperine from the

fruits of Pippali Marica and Thirikadu choornam have been developed A C 18

LUNA (5 micron 25 cmtimes46 mm) column from Phenomenex in binary gradient mode

with mobile phase methanol at flow rate is 10mlmin used and effluent was


demonstrate its selectivity linearity precision and accuracy The piperine is the chief

constituent of the Thirikadu choornam and two of its component of fruits of Piper

longum (Pippali) Piper nigrum (Marica) The concentration of piperine present in

raw materials is found to be 3685 plusmn 0164 ww in Piper nigrum and 1852 plusmn 0001

ww in Piper longum respectively and in three identical laboratory batch of Thirikadu

choornam name TC-I TC-II and TC-III and marketed formulation were 1841 plusmn

0005 1837 plusmn 0009 1832 plusmn 0111 and 1645 plusmn 0741 ww respectively The

HPLC method developed for the estimation of piperine was validated by statistical

analysis and recovery studies



Formulations 186


To develop the solvent system samples were run in different solvent Better results

are obtained with mobile phase consisting toluene ethyl acetate (7030vv) On the

basis of TLC profile HPTLC study is performed HPTLC fingerprint method is

developed for Thirikadu choornam using piperine as a standard which is an

important and major content of formulation HPTLC methods for determination of

piperine from the Thirikadu choornam along with its raw materials have been

developed The method was validated for linearity accuracy limit of detection limit

of quantification inter-day and intra - day assay precision repeatability of

measurement and repeatability of sample application The concentration of piperine

present in raw materials is found to be 3699 plusmn 0064 ww in Piper nigrum and 1889

plusmn 0011 ww in Piper longum respectively and in three identical laboratory batch of

Thirikadu choornam name TC-I TC-II and TC-III and marketed formulation were

1852 plusmn 0005 1843 plusmn 0009 1831 plusmn 0121 and 1639 plusmn 0852 ww respectively

The HPTLC method developed is simple accurate and the statistical analysis proved

that the method is reproducible and efficient for the analysis of piperine

Stability studies

Accelerated stability studies were performed on the basis of physicochemical

parameters viz colour odour taste moisture content volatile oil content and piperine

content Through out the duration of study little or insignificant observable changes

are recorded and the formulations found stable for the length of time of study ie 6

months

54 Standardization of Safoof-E-Sana

Tibb-e-Unani (Unani medicine) claims to possess many safe and effective drugs

useful in various abdominal disorders The formulations despite being widely used in

the management of abdominal ailments have not been scientifically studied for their

pharmacological effects and physicochemical evaluation for assurance of uniformity

of the quality of formulations



Formulations 187

Safoof-E-Sana is a fine powder form (Unani Formulation) which is widely used as

laxative at dose of 3-6 gmday It is composed of Burge Sana (Senna leaves) used in

constipation fever skin diseases and gout Zanjabeel (dry ginger) used in asthma

diarrhea cardiac diseases and wounds Poste Haleel e zard (haritakee) used in cardiac

diseases jaundice cough and carcinoma and Namak e Siyah (balck salt) claims to

posses laxative and carminative The key ingredient of Safoof-E-Sana is senna leaves

(Cassia angustifolia) All the ingredients are firstly powdered separately and mixed

together The genus senna is known to possess important medicinal properties as it is

a rich source of anthraquinones flavonoids polysaccharides sterols and stilbenoids

showing a wide spectrum of biological activity From the therapeutical point of view

the most important characteristics is the laxative property The biological activity is

related to the contents of anthraquinones and flavonoids in this genus

Three batches of Safoof-E-Sana designated as SS-I SS-II and SS-III were prepared

in laboratory using method described in Unani Pharmacopoeia These three batches of

lab formulation and one marketed preparation were evaluated for organoleptic

characters The results for the marketed formulations M I and Laboratory formulation

are found comparable

The moisture content of Zingiber officinale Cassia angustifolia Terminalia chebula

lab formulation (SS-I) and marketed formulation were found 313plusmn0682 334plusmn0445

382plusmn0474 325plusmn0582 and 393plusmn0323 ww respectively The moisture content of

formulation was within acceptable range (lt8) thus implying that the formulation

can be stored for a long period and would not easily be attacked by microbes

Physical properties namely tapped density bulk density angle of repose hausner

ratio and carrrsquos index were calculated for Safoof-E-Sana and its raw materials The

value of angle of repose for raw materials Zingiber officinale Cassia angustifolia

Terminalia chebula Balck salt lab formulation (SS-I) and marketed formulation

were 3448 2952 2892 2254 2768 and 2668 respectively which shows good flow

properties of prepared lab formulation The flow properties are also confirmed by

Hausnerrsquos ratio and Carrrsquos index Values of Hausnerrsquos ratio less than 125 indicate

good flow (20 Carr Index) and the value greater then 125 indicates poor flow (33



Formulations 188

Carr Index) The flow properties of lab (SS-I) and marketed formulations were also

confirmed by Hausnerrsquos ratio and Carrrsquos index it was found 123 19 and 127 2115

respectively and indicates good flow characteristics

One notable difference as a result of the methods of extraction is the possibility that

the alkaloids in Cassia angustifolia are more water soluble the reason why the

presence of that group was not detectable in the ethanolic extract Furthermore where

more than one test was conducted for the detection of a chemical group such as the


nine phytochemical groups investigated five namely carbohydrate glycosides

tannins and proteins were detected in the ethanolic extract of lab formulation and

seven were present in the aqueous extract of lab formulation including alkaloids and

saponins with previously stated five Fixed oil and steroids were absent in all the

ingredients and lab formulation for both methods of extraction

Total ash value of Zingiber officinale Cassia angustifolia Terminalia chebula lab

formulation (SS-I) and marketed formulation were 5023plusmn 0643 7023 plusmn 0426

3891 plusmn0423 19146plusmn0237 and 20223plusmn0336 respectively The value of total ash in

formulation is comparatively high because of the presence of black salt in

formulation Acid-insoluble ash value of lab formulation (SS-I) and marketed

formulation were 2351plusmn0223 and 2541 plusmn 0056 which shows that a very small

amount of the inorganic component is insoluble in acid it indicates adulteration of

raw ingredients by substance like silica rice husk is very less

Higher water-soluble extractive value of lab and marketed preparation (45784plusmn0876

and 40147plusmn1654 respectively) implies that water is a better solvent of extraction for

the formulation than ethanol


Safoof-E-Sana and Terminalia chebula is estimated spectrophotometrically for its

gallic acid content against standard gallic acid solution on UV-Visible

Spectrophotometer at λmax 271 nm The concentration of gallic acid present in

Terminalia chebula was 2952 plusmn 0 124 ww and in three identical laboratory batch

of Safoof-E-Sana SS-I SS-II and SS-III it was found to be 0704 plusmn 0 012 0699 plusmn



Formulations 189

0114 and 0702 plusmn 0123 ww respectively In marketed formulation the gallic acid

content was found 0612plusmn0151 ww The method was validated statistically The

gallic acid content of all the three batches is found to be in close proximities with

each other and recovery studies are indicative of reproducibility of method The

results were comparable to marketed formulations Hence the present method is

simple and accurate and can be adopted for routine quality control of Safoof-E-Sana


The study is an attempt to develop the fingerprint method for Safoof-E-Sana by

simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination using gallic

acid as a standard which are important and major content in formulation RP- HPLC

methods for simultaneous determination of gallic acid have been developed A C 18



monitored at 271 nm Validation of the method was done with a view to demonstrate

its selectivity linearity precision and accuracy The content of gallic acid in

Terminalia chebula different batches of Safoof-E-Sana lab formulations (SS-I SS-II

SS-III) and marketed formulation were found to be 3145plusmn0013 0735 plusmn 0012

0738 plusmn 0016 0730 plusmn 0015 0646 plusmn 0062 ww respectively


HPTLC fingerprint method for Safoof-E-Sana using gallic acid as a standard is

developed The gallic acid is an important content in the formulation and all of its



of measurement and repeatability of sample application The content of gallic acid in

Terminalia chebula different batches of Safoof-E-Sana (SS-I SS-II SS-III) and

marketed formulation were found 3152 plusmn 0002 0739 plusmn 0011 0738 plusmn 0018 0733

plusmn 0011 and 0649 plusmn 0022 ww respectively


analysis of gallic acid in formulations These findings can be used as routine



Formulations 190


materials as well as the finished formulation of Safoof-E-Sana

Stability studies

In the accelerated stability studies physicochemical parameters as per Who (1998)

viz colour odour taste moisture content and gallic acid content were studied The

result of study reveals that there are no or little observable changes in the parameters

during a time period of 6 months It indicates that the formulations are stable under

the different stability studies parameters

55 Development of Modern dosage form (Capsule) of selected Indigenous

formulations

In present study we have taken four traditional medicines and all are in powder

(churna) form We have developed the capsule dosage form for these four

formulations to increase their dose accuracy stability convenience to handle and

over and all to improve their global acceptance All the selected indigenous

formulations have the dose of 500 to 1000 mgday as per their official formularies

Hence they are very much suitable to be developed as capsule dosage form The size

of the capsule shell was selected Zero ldquo0rdquo as this size have the reported filling

capacity between 500-600 mg

Uniformity of weight

Uniformity of weight were determined for the each selected formulations as per the

method described above The capsules produced were physically elegant and

acceptable and met the pharmacopoeia specifications for content and weight

uniformity (The average deviation in weight were 0081plusmn0093 0108plusmn0093

0115plusmn0117 and 0246plusmn0143 respectively for BC (Balacaturbhadrika churna) SC

(Shringyadi churna) TC (Thirikadu choornam) and SS (Safoof-E-Sana) Results

shows that all the capsule formulations complies with the Indian Pharmacopoeia

range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time

Disintegration time for each selected formulations BC (Balacaturbhadrika churna)

SC (Shringyadi churna) TC (Thirikadu choornam) and SS (Safoof-E-Sana) were

estimated as per Indian Pharmacopoeia Finding of disintegration time of above

mentioned formulations were 520plusmn0480 546plusmn0456 510plusmn0431and 535plusmn0009

respectively Results were in the acceptable range (lt 7 min)

Moisture content

After the capsules were filled the moisture level of its contents were tested The

results of these tests indicated that the moisture level of the contents of the each

formulations BC (Balacaturbhadrika churna) SC (Shringyadi churna) TC (Thirikadu

choornam) and SS (Safoof-E-Sana) were 302plusmn034 288plusmn234 270plusmn332 and

396plusmn345 respectively The entire freshly prepared capsule shows moisture content at

acceptable range (lt 8) as per WHO guidelines Since the moisture absorbed may

speed up degradation the humidity conditions during the manufacture of the capsules

can thus be a crucial factor and these capsules should preferably be manufactured

under more tightly controlled humidity conditions

Stability studies

Following storage conditions were selected as per ICH guidelines which are long

term storage condition (25degC60 relative humidity (RH) for 12 months) accelerated

conditions (40degC75 RH) for 6 months and to reveal the effect of container we were

also determined the moisture content outside the container at 25degC60 relative

humidity (RH) for 6 months

25degC60 relative humidity (RH) inside container

Results shows that at 25degC60 relative humidity (RH) inside container all the

selected lab formulations do not posses the significant moisture content which was

331plusmn055 318plusmn066 309plusmn023 and 472plusmn054 for BC (Balacaturbhadrika churna)



Formulations 192

SC (Shringyadi churna) TC (Thirikadu choornam) and SS (Safoof-E-Sana)

respectively Hence it reflects that in this storage condition moisture content of each

capsule was lt5 ww which indicates that there is less chances of microbial growth

and capsule will not become soft Percent active ingredient was estimated with

respect to its initial concentration present before storage in respective formulations It

was found 9888plusmn029 9789plusmn043 and 9691plusmn087 ww of piperine in BC SC and

TC respectively Similarly for SS gallic acid was found 9868plusmn022 ww with

respect to its concentration present in formulation before storage The above results

reveal that this storage condition is suitable for this developed capsule dosage form

formulations

25degC60 relative humidity (RH) outside the containers

At this condition all the formulations shows significant increase in the percent

moisture content It was 1786plusmn034 1751plusmn043 1763plusmn012 and 1888plusmn043 for BC

(Balacaturbhadrika churna) SC (Shringyadi churna) TC (Thirikadu choornam) and

SS (Safoof-E-Sana) respectively Results at this condition reflect that powder is

hygroscopic in nature and it should be kept inside the container immediately after the

formulation Percent active ingredient was estimated with respect to its initial

concentration present before storage in respective formulations It was found

9120plusmn041 9062plusmn034 and 8948plusmn073 ww of piperine in BC SC and TC

respectively Similarly for SS gallic acid was found 9222plusmn028 ww with respect to

its concentration present in formulation before storage The above results depict

significant loss of active ingredients in formulations

40ordmC75 relative humidity (RH) inside containers

This condition reveals that even inside the container storage of the capsule in

atmospheres of high humidity will increase the moisture content which typically

accelerates decompositions that result from hydrolysis Also an increase in

temperature causes an increase in the rate of chemical reaction The results at this

condition shows percent moisture content 884plusmn012 867plusmn032 850plusmn087 and



Formulations 193

1003plusmn012 for BC (Balacaturbhadrika churna) SC (Shringyadi churna) TC

(Thirikadu choornam) and SS (Safoof-E-Sana) respectively Percent active ingredient

was estimated with respect to its initial concentration present before storage in

respective formulations It was found 9363plusmn011 9228plusmn085 and 9061plusmn032 ww

of piperine in BC SC and TC respectively Similarly for SS gallic acid was found

9111plusmn048 ww with respect to its concentration present in formulation before

storage The above result again shows significant loss of active ingredients in

comparison with 25degC60 relative humidity (RH) inside container storage

condition

Through these studies we can conclude that the capsule of each selected lab

formulations passed the test for uniformity of weight All capsules disintegrated

within 7 minutes Moisture content of capsule was lt5 ww at 25degC60 relative

humidity (RH) inside container which indicates that there is less chances of microbial

growth and capsule will not become soft and most important at this storage condition

(25degC60 relative humidity (RH) inside container) the amount of active ingredients

was also found comparable with fresh formulation

The present research work establishes the organoleptic physicochemical

phytochemical and fingerprinting aspects of selected traditional indigenous

formulations The above established quality control parameters ensures the quality

safety and efficacy of selected formulations and hence their global acceptance This

work also gives guidelines for the standardization of other indigenous formulations

with the help of standard marker compounds On the other hand development of

modern dosage forms like capsule increase their dose accuracy stability convenience

to handle and worldwide recognition

References

[Development and Standardization of Modern Dosage Form for Indigenous Medicinal

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Association Europeacuteenne des Speacutecialiteacutes Pharmaceutiques Grand Public The

Association of the European Self-Medication Industry (AESGP) 1998

Agrawal RG Joshi PC Pandey MJ Pandey G Ancient Sci Life 1996 15(3)169-

71

Ahmad M Khan MA Zafar M Sultana S Afr J Trad CAM 2007 4 (1) 112- 120

Ajazuddin Saraf S Fitoterapia (Elsevier) 2010 81(7)680ndash689

Ajazuddin Saraf S Pharmacog Rev 2012 (Article in Press)

Alam M Sarawathy VN Venugopalan TN Jaya N Namboodiri PKN Ramarao

B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67

Alam M Dasan KKS Rukmani B Purshothaman KK Bull Med Ethnobot Res

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Alam M Dasan KKS Sathiavasan K Purshothaman KK Bull Med Ethnobot

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Alam M Rukmani B Meenakshi N Dasan KKS Bhima Rao R J Res Ayur

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Alam M Sathiavasan K Varadarajan TV Shanmugadhasan KK Purshothaman

KKA J Res Ayur Siddha 19823(3-4)216-20

Alderborn G Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design 2nd edition

Churchill Livingstone 2002 398

Anand KA Thirugunana sambanatham P Rajendran V Muralidharan R

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Artuso A Pharmaceutical Products Press 1997 New York

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Souza Moreira I Palma MS Calixto JB Filho SA Ribeiro dos Santos R Soares

MBP Santos DS Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro 2005 100(6) 575-606

Berry JP McFerren MA Rodriguez E Phytochemicals and Health ASPP

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Bhagwat M Kashalkar RV Bhave AS Vaidya SS Ramaswami V Ind Drugs

200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18

Bhavsar GC Pundrikakshudu K Kudalkar VP Patel RK Ind J Nat Prod

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Bhutani KK Gupta DK Kapil RS Update Ayurveda-94 Bombay India 1994

52-63

Biringanine G Chiarelli MT Faes M Duez P Talanta 2006 69(2) 418-424

Bleicher KH Bohm HJ Muller K Alanine AI Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003 2

369-378

Bodekar G Kronenberg F Am J Public Health 2002921582ndash91

Brijesh S Daswani PG Tetali P Rojatkar SR Antia NH Birdi TJ J Zhejiang

Univ SCIENCE B 2006 7 665-674

Butcher SP Target discovery and validation in the postgenomic era Neurochem

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Cardellina JH JNatProd 2002 651073ndash84

Chanabra RS Bucher M Wolfe abd Portier C Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003

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CHEMEXCIL 1992 Selected Medicinal Plants of India Bhartiya Vidya

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Chrubasik S Sporner F Wink M Forsch Komplementar med 1996357ndash63

Cragg GM Boyd MR Khanna R Kneller R Mays TD Mazan KD Newman DJ

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Drews J Drug Discov Today 2003 8 411-420

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Gibson M Pharmaceutical Preformulation and Formulation A Practical Guide

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Giri JN Sachitra Ayur 1999 51(9)672-76

Govindarajan R Singh DP Rawat AKS J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007 43527ndash32

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Heide L Phytother Res 1991 121-8

Hepsibah PTA Rosamma MP Prasad NBR Kumar PS Ancient Scie Life 1996

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Hoareau L Elect J Biotech 1999 2 56ndash70

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IUCN Guidelines on the conservation of medicinal plants International Union

for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Gland 1994 Pp 50

Ibanez E Kubatova A Senorans FJ Cavero S Reglero G Hawthorne SB J Agric

Food Chem 2003 51 375-382

Jain UK Dixit VK Ind drugs 200340(6)333-39

Jain UK Dixit VK Ind drugs 200441(8) 469-72

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Jain V Saraf S Saraf S Asian J Chem 200719 (7) 5331-35

Jain V Vyas A Saraf S Saraf S Asian J Res Chem 2011 4 (2) 183-186

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Keane FM Munn SE DuVivier AWP Taylor NF Higgins EM Brit Med J 1999

318563ndash64

Kenakin T Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003 2 429-438

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299-306

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Knowles J Gromo G Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003 2 63-69

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113

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1152

Kursar TA Capson TL Coley PD Corley DG Gupta MB Harrison LA Ortega-

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56

Lange D Europersquos medicinal and aromatic plants their use trade and

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Lewis WH Elvin-Lewis MP Ann Mo Bot Gard 1995 82 16-24

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Weinheim

Mitra A Chakraboty S Auddy B Triphati P Sen S Saha AV Mukherjee B J

Ethnopharmacog 200280147-53

Moore K Rees S J Biomol Screen 2001 6 69-74

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Mukherjee PK Saha K Perumal P Pal SK Saha BP J Scie Ind Res

199655(4)286-88

Mukherjee PK 2005 Exploring green resources for drug development through

ethnobotany In Shrivastava MM Sanghi R (Eds) Chemistry for Green

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Mukherjee PK Clin Res and Reg Affairs 2003 249ndash264

Mukherjee PK Drug Info Journal 2001 35 631ndash640

Mukherjee PK Drug Info Journal 2002b 63 635ndash644

Mukherjee PK Eastern Publishers Business Horizons Ltd New Delhi India

2002a 1ndash37

Mukherjee PK Quality control of Herbal Drugs 1st edition India Horizons

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Musthaba SM Baboota S Ahmed S Ahuja A Ali J Exp Opin Drug Del 2009

6(6) 625-637

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Nahata A Dixit VK Ind J Pharm Sci 200870(6) 834-837

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Raina MK Indian J Nat Prod 1993 918-22

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Raskin I Ribnicky DM Komarnytsky S Ilic N Poulev A Borisjuk N Brinker A

Moreno DA Ripoll C Yakoby N OrsquoNeal JM Cornwell T Pastor I Fridlender B

Trends in Biotech 2003 20522ndash531

Rastogi S Bala S Govindrajan R Shukla M Mehrotra S Indian J Pharm Sci

200466(6)753-57

Remirez DC J Compl Int Med 2006 3(1) Article 3

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Saleem AM Gopal V Rafiullah MRM Bharathidasan P Afr J Trad comp and

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Saraswathy A Girija RM Shankari R journal of research in Ayurveda amp Siddha

1993 14(3-4)174-78

Saraswathy A Girijarani M Suganthan J Bulletin of Medico-Ethnobotanical Res

1998a 19(3-4)165-75

Saxena RB Dholikia MV Bulletin of Medico-Ethnobotanical Res1990 11(4)84-

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Sharma GP Singh JS Raghubanshi AS Current Science 2005 88(5) 726-734

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Sheth A Lal K Handa SS Phytochem Anal 2000 3129-39

Shukla K Saraf S Saraf S Ind J Pharm Edu Res 2008 42 (2) 33-38

Shukla K Saraf S Saraf S Nat Prod - An Ind J 2007 3(2) 92-95

Shukla SS Saraf S Saraf S Der Pharm Lettr 2010 2(3) 8-18

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Shukla SS Saraf S Saraf S Syst Rev Pharm 2011 2(1) 48-54

Siddha Pharmacopoeia Part-I Vol-I Govt of India Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare Department of AYUSH 2008 56 132 198

Siddiqui MK CCRUM New Delhi India 1996 3ndash5

Siddiqui SH Zaidi SJH Khan G Sharma HD Ind J Unani Med 1991 1(1)37-42

Singh J Ramprakash L Ind Drugs 1997 34 (6) 360-61

Sinko PJ Martinrsquos physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 5 th edition

Indian edition B I publication private limited 2006555

Somanathan AR Sadanandan K Damodaran NP Anc Sci Life 1989 9(2) 54-60

Summers M Pharmaceutics the science of dosage form design 2nd edition

Churchill Livingstone 2002 360-361

Sun G Zhi X Bi K Anal Sci 2009 25(4) 529-34

Taylor JLS Rabe T McGaw LJ Jaumlger AK Stad J Plant Growth Regulation 2001

34 23ndash37

Thankamma A Radhika LG Saudamini C Ancient science of Life1995 14(4)

276-80

Thankamma A Radhika LG Saudamini C J Res Ayur and Siddha 1996 17(1-2)

98-104

The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I 1st edition Delhi Govt of India

Ministry of Health and Family Planning Dept of Health 2003

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The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Vol I 1st edition New Delhi Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare Government of India Department of Health 1986

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules government of INDIA Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare1940 191-204

The Pharmacopoeia of India 2nd

edition Delhi Manager of publications Govt of

India 1966Appendix XXXI XXXII 971-85

Tiwari SK Pattanshetty JK Pushpalatha H J Res Ayur and Siddha 199314(1-

2)83-87

Unani Pharmacopoeia New Delhi IMPCOPS Publication 2004 137

Vaidya ADB Ind J Pharmacol 2006 38 311-315

Vasudevan H 2004 The Science Creative Quarterly

(httpwwwscqubccap=286)

Verkman AS Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004 286 C465-C474

Verpoorte R J Pharm Pharmacol 2000 52 253-262

Vlietinck AJ Vanden Berghe DA J Ethnopharmacol 199132 141-153

Wadekar MP Rode CV Bendale YN Patil KR Gaikwad AB Prabhune AA J

Pharm Biomed Anal 20061473-78

Wallis TE Text book of Pharmacognosy 5th

edition London J and A Churchill

Ltd 19676

Wei X Zhang S Zhai W Zhang S and Wang Z Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi

2009 34(3)304-6

WHO 2001 Legal status of traditional medicine complementaryalternative

medicine a worldwide review 2001 Geneva

WHO guidelines for Formulation of National Policy on Herbal Medicines

Alexandria 199416-36

WHO guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal MedicinesGeneva1991

WHOTRM914

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WHO guidelines Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials 2004

3-70

WHO Essential drugs and medicines policy httpwwwwhoInt

medicinesorganizationtrmorgtrmdefshtml August 2005

WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations

Thirty-fourth report Geneva 1996 863178-84

WHO Guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for

medicinal plants 2003 8-24

WHO National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines

Geneva 20059-78

WHO Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plants Materials Geneva 19981-

115

WHO Regulatory situation of herbal medicines a Worldwide Review

WHOTRM9811998 (b)

WHO The Use of Traditional medicine in primary health care Delhi AITBS

publisher and distributor 200440


publisher and distributor 2004a86


publisher and distributor 2004b3


publisher and distributor 2004c90


publisher and distributor 2004d 66


publisher and distributor 2004e67


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publisher and distributor 2004g 98

WHO Traditional Medicine Programme WHOEDMTRM2000

WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005 6-86

WHO 2003 WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices

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Williams M Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003 3 571-577

List of Publication

1 Ajazuddin Shailendra Saraf Applications of novel drug delivery system for

herbal formulations Fitoterapia 81 (7) (2010) 680ndash689

2 Ajazuddin Shailendra SarafEvaluation of physicochemical and

phytochemical properties of Safoof-E-Sana a Unani polyherbal formulation

Pharmacognosy Research 2 (5) (2010) 318-322

3 Ajazuddin Shailendra Saraf Development of Fingerprinting Methods of

Balacaturbhadrika Churna An Ayurvedic Formulation Pharmacognosy

Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24

4 Legal regulations of complementary and alternative medicines in different

countries Pharmacognosy Reviews (Article in Press)

5 Development of Fingerprinting Methods of Shingyadi Churna An Indian

integrative medicine Research Journal of Medicinal Plant (Communicated)

Manuscript ID (35993-RJMP-AJ)

6 Ajazuddin Shailendra Saraf Development and standardization of capsule

dosage form for some traditional Indian medicines Fitoterapia

(Communicated)

Papers presented in conferences

1 Ajazuddin Shailendra Saraf Development of fingerprinting methods for

Balacaturbhadrika churna An Ayurvedic formulation Poster NoC-359

62nd Indian Pharmaceutical Congress 2010 Manipal (KA) India

2 Shailendra Saraf Ajazuddin Swarnlata Saraf Development of fingerprinting

methods of Shringyadi churna an Indian alternative medicine Natural

Products Posters 5 September 2011 FIP Congress in Hyderabad (India)

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand education use including for instruction at the authors institution

and sharing with colleagues

Other uses including reproduction and distribution or selling orlicensing copies or posting to personal institutional or third party

websites are prohibited

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of thearticle (eg in Word or Tex form) to their personal website orinstitutional repository Authors requiring further information

regarding Elsevierrsquos archiving and manuscript policies areencouraged to visit

httpwwwelseviercomcopyright

Authors personal copy

Review

Applications of novel drug delivery system for herbal formulations

Ajazuddin S SarafUniversity Institute of Pharmacy Pt Ravi Shankar Shukla University Raipur CG 492010 India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article historyReceived 6 January 2010Accepted in revised form 28 April 2010Available online 12 May 2010

Over the past several years great advances have been made on development of novel drugdelivery systems (NDDS) for plant actives and extracts The variety of novel herbalformulations like polymeric nanoparticles nanocapsules liposomes phytosomesnanoemulsions microsphere transferosomes and ethosomes has been reported usingbioactive and plant extracts The novel formulations are reported to have remarkableadvantages over conventional formulations of plant actives and extracts which includeenhancement of solubility bioavailability protection from toxicity enhancement ofpharmacological activity enhancement of stability improved tissue macrophagesdistribution sustained delivery and protection from physical and chemical degradation Thepresent review highlights the current status of the development of novel herbal formulationsand summarizes their method of preparation type of active ingredients size entrapmentefficiency route of administration biological activity and applications of novel formulations

copy 2010 Elsevier BV All rights reserved

KeywordsHerbal drugsNovel drug delivery systems (NDDS)

Contents

1 Introduction 6802 Liposome 6813 Nanoparticles 6824 Phytosome 6825 Emulsions 6856 Other novel vesicular herbal formulations 6867 Microspheres 6868 Proprietary novel drug delivery system of plant actives and extracts 6869 Conclusion 687Acknowledgement 688References 688

1 Introduction

In the past few decades considerable attention has beenfocused on the development of novel drug delivery system

(NDDS) for herbal drugs The novel carriers should ideallyfulfill two prerequisites Firstly it should deliver the drug at arate directed by the needs of the body over the period oftreatment Secondly it should channel the active entity ofherbal drug to the site of action Conventional dosage formsincluding prolonged-release dosage forms are unable to meetnone of these In phyto-formulation research developing nano

Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 680ndash689

Tel +91 7712262832 fax +91 7712263773E-mail address shailendrasarafrediffmailcom

0367-326X$ ndash see front matter copy 2010 Elsevier BV All rights reserveddoi101016jfitote201005001

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Fitoterapia

j ourna l homepage wwwe lsev ie rcom locate f i to te


dosage forms (polymeric nanoparticles and nanocapsulesliposomes solid lipid nanoparticles phytosomes and nano-emulsion etc) have a number of advantages for herbal drugsincluding enhancement of solubility and bioavailability pro-tection from toxicity enhancement of pharmacological ac-tivity enhancement of stability improving tissuemacrophagesdistribution sustained delivery protection from physical andchemical degradation etc Thus the nano sized novel drugdelivery systems of herbal drugs have a potential future forenhancing the activity and overcoming problems associatedwith plant medicines Liposomes which are biodegradableand essentially non-toxic vehicles can encapsulate both hy-drophilic and hydrophobic materials [1] Liposome based drugdelivery systems offer the potential to enhance the therapeuticindex of anti-cancer agents either by increasing the drug con-centration in tumor cells andor by decreasing the exposurein normal tissues exploiting enhanced permeability and reten-tion effect phenomenon and by utilizing targeting strategies[2] The main advantages of using liposomes include i) thehigh biocompatibility ii) the easiness of preparation iii) thechemical versatility that allows the loading of hydrophilicamphiphilic and lipophilic compounds and iv) the simplemodulation of their pharmacokinetic properties by chang-ing the chemical composition of the bilayer components [3]Delivery of agents to the reticuloendothelial system (RES) iseasily achieved sincemost conventional liposomes are trappedby the RES [1] The application of novel approaches can alsoimprove the efficacy of herbal cosmetic formulations on thehuman body [4] Similarly the other vesicular systems likenanoemulsion ethosomes and transferosomes are highlyuseful assemblies and find various advantages in the deliveryof herbal medicines some of them are summarized in presentarticle

The phytosome process has also been applied to manypopular herbal extracts including Ginkgo biloba grape seedhawthorn milk thistle [5] green tea and ginseng Theflavonoid and terpenoid components of these herbal extractslend themselves quite well for the direct binding tophosphatidylcholine Phytosome is produced by bindingindividual components of herbal extracts to phosphatidylcholine resulting in a dosage form that is better absorbed andthus produces better results than the conventional herbalextracts [6] The results indicate that the absorption of silybinfrom silybin phytosome is approximately seven times greatercompared to the absorption of silybin from regular milkthistle extract [5] Drugs can be embedded or dissolved innanoparticles and can also be adsorbed or coupled on thesurface [7] Encapsulating drugs within NPs can improve thesolubility and pharmacokinetics of drugs and in some casesenable further clinical development of new chemical entitiesthat have stalled because of poor pharmacokinetic properties[8] The major carrier materials of nanoparticles are syntheticbiodegradable high molecular polymer and natural polymerThe former usually includes poly-α-cyanoacrylate alkylesters polyvinyl alcohol polylactic acid and polylacticco-glycolic acid etc The latter is usually divided into two classesproteins (albumin gelatin and vegetable protein) andpolysaccharides (cellulose starch and its derivatives alginatechitin and chitosan etc) [9]

In this article an attempt has been made to touch upondifferent aspects related to the development of novel herbal

formulations including method of preparation type of activeingredient entrapment efficiency and applications etc

2 Liposome

The liposomes are spherical particles that encapsulate afraction of the solvent in which they freely diffuse (float) intotheir interior They can have one several or multipleconcentric membranes Liposomes are constructed of polarlipids which are characterized by having a lipophilic andhydrophilic group on the same molecules [10] Uponinteraction with water polar lipids self-assemble and formself-organized colloidal particles Simple examples are deter-gents components form micelles while polar lipids withbulkier hydrophobic parts cannot associate into micelles withhigh curvature radii but form bilayers which can self-closeinto liposomes or lipid vesicles A cross-section of a liposome(Fig 1) depicts the hydrophilic heads of the amphiphileorienting towards the water compartment while the lipo-philic tails orient away from the water towards the center ofthe vesicle thus forming a bilayer Consequently watersoluble compounds are entrapped in the water compartmentand lipid soluble compounds aggregate in the lipid sectionUniquely liposomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic andlipophilic materials Liposomes usually formed from phos-pholipids have been used to change the pharmacokineticsprofile of not only drugs but herbs vitamins and enzymes Avariety of herbal liposomal formulations has been studiedwhich are summarized in Table 1 Because of their uniqueproperties liposomes are able to enhance the performance ofproducts by increasing ingredient solubility improvingingredient bioavailability enhanced intracellular uptake andaltered pharmacokinetics and biodistribution [9] and in vitroand in vivo stability Liposomes as a drug delivery system canimprove the therapeutic activity and safety of drugs mainlyby delivering them to their site of action and by maintainingtherapeutic drug levels for prolonged periods of time [11ndash13]

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is one of the few herbaldrugs whose excellent pharmacological profile readily lendsitself to proof of clinical efficacy [13] Meanwhile silymarin ispoorly absorbed (20ndash50) from the gastrointestinal tract [14]that causes the effects of silybin one of the main activeflavonoids commonly found in the dried fruits of silymarin tobe greater after parenteral than oral administration [15]

Fig 1 Cross-section of a liposome [4]

681Ajazuddin S Saraf Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 680ndash689


Incorporation of silymarin into liposomal dosage formadministered buccaly can improve its bioavailability In thisconnection to improve the bioavailability of silymarinthrough its incorporation in a stable liposomal buccal dosageform using commercially available soybean lecithin El-Samaligy et al [16] prepared silymarin encapsulated hybridliposomes which shows successful preparation with efficientencapsulation of silymarin Mixing silymarin loaded hybridliposomes with unloaded ones in a (11) proportion wasuseful in prevention of aggregates which threaten liposomalstability M50 proved stability regarding encapsulationefficiency turbidity measurement and particle size analysisafter 3 months of storage at 4 degC or at ambient temperatureRefrigeration is recommended to achieve better stability Theintroduced hybrid liposomal silymarin formula for buccaladministration have the advantages of exerting a mucoadhe-sive effect [17] besides its deformability due to the presenceof Tween 20 as edge activator allowing the medicatedliposomes to squeeze through buccal mucosal cells It wasalso shown to be safe upon contacting the rat buccal mucosa

3 Nanoparticles

In recent year the nanonization of herbal medicines hasattracted much attention [30] some of them are illustrated in

Table 2 Nanoparticles and nanoemulsions (Fig 2) arecolloidal systems with particles varying in size from 10 nmto 1000 nm [3132] Nanoparticle systems with mean particlesize well above the 100 nm standard have also been reportedin literature including nanonized curcuminoids [33] pacli-taxel [34] and praziquantel [35] which have a mean particlesize of 450 1477 and even higher than 200 nm respectivelyIn addition nanoparticles could also be defined as beingsubmicronic (b1 lm) colloidal systems [36] The nanosphereshave a matrix type structure in which the active ingredient isdispersed throughout (the particles) whereas the nanocap-sules have a polymeric membrane and an active ingredientcore Nanonization possesses many advantages such asincreasing compound solubility reducing medicinal dosesand improving the absorbency of herbal medicines comparedwith the respective crude drugs preparations [36]

4 Phytosome

Over the past century phytochemical and phytopharma-cological sciences established the compositions biologicalactivities and health promoting benefits of numerous plantproducts Most of the biologically active constituents of plantsare polar or water soluble molecules However water solublephytoconstituents (like flavonoids tannins terpenoids etc)

Table 1Liposomal herbal formulation

Formulations Activeingredients

Applications of liposomeformulations

Biological activity Method ofpreparation

Entrapmentefficiency

Route ofadministration

Reference

Quercetin liposomes Quercetin Reduced dose enhancepenetration in blood brainbarrier

AntioxidantAnticancer

Reverseevaporationtechnique

60 Intranasal [18]

Liposomesencapsulated silymarin

Silymarin Improve bioavailability Hepatoprotective Reverseevaporationtechnique

6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]

Liposoma artemisiaarborescens

Artemisiaarborescensessential oil

Targeting of essential oils tocells enhance penetrationinto cytoplasmatic barrier

Antiviral Film method andsonication

60ndash74 In vitro [19]

Ampelopsin liposome Ampelopsin Increase efficiency Anticancer Film-ultrasoundmethod

6230 In vitro [20]

Paclitaxel liposome Paclitaxel High entrapment efficiencyand PH sensitive

Anticancer Thin filmhydration method

94 In vitro [21]

Curcumin liposome Curcumin Long-circulating with highentrapment efficiency

Anticancer Ethanol injectionmethod

8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]

Garlicin liposome Garlicin Increase efficiency Lungs Reverse-phaseevaporationmethod

9077 ndash [23]

Flavonoids liposomes Quercetinand rutin

Binding of flavonoids with Hbis enhanced

Hemoglobin Solventevaporation

ndash In vitro [24]

Usnea acid liposome withβ-CD

Usnea acid Incrase solubility andlocalization with prolonged-release profile

Antimycobacterial Hydration of a thinlipid film methodwith sonication

995 In vitro [25]

Wogonin liposome Wogonin Sustained release effect Anticancer Film dispersionmethod

8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]

Colchicine Liposome Colchicine Enhance skin accumulationprolong drug release andimprove site specificity

Antigout Rotaryevaporationsonication method

663plusmn22 Topical [27]

Catechins liposomes Catechins Increased permeationthrough skin

Antioxidant andchemopreventive

Rotaryevaporationsonication method

930plusmn01 Transdermal [28]

Breviscapine liposomes Breviscapin Sustained delivery ofbreviscapine

Cardiovasculardiseases

Doubleemulsificationprocess

879plusmn31 Intramuscular [29]

682 Ajazuddin S Saraf Fitoterapia 81 (2010) 680ndash689


Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid

eDecreasingthetoxicity

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]



are poorly absorbed either due to their large molecular sizewhich cannot absorb by passive diffusion or due to their poorlipid solubility severely limiting their ability to pass acrossthe lipid-rich biological membranes resulting poor bioavail-ability [53] It has often been observed that the isolation andpurification of the constituents of an extract may lead to apartial or total loss of specific bio-activity for the purifiedconstituent mdash the natural constituent synergy becomes lostVery often the chemical complexity of the crude or partiallypurified extract seems to be essential for the bioavailability ofthe active constituents Extracts when taken orally someconstituents may be destroyed in the gastric environment Asstandardized extracts are established poor bioavailabilityoften limits their clinical utility due to above said reasons It

has been observed that complexation with certain otherclinically useful nutrients substantially improves the bio-availability of such extracts and their individual constituentsThe nutrients so helpful for enhancing the absorption are thephospholipids Phytosome is a patented technology devel-oped by a leading manufacturer of drugs and nutraceuticalsto incorporate standardized plant extracts or water solublephytoconstituents into phospholipids to produce lipid com-patible molecular complexes called as phytosomes and sovastly improve their absorption and bioavailability [54](Table 3) In liposomes no chemical bond is formed thephosphatidylcholine molecules surround the water solublesubstance There may be hundreds or even thousands ofphosphatidylcholine molecules surrounding the water solu-ble compound In contrast with the phytosome process thephosphatidylcholine and the plant components actually forma 11 or a 21 molecular complex depending on the substance(s) complexed involving chemical bonds (Fig 3) Phospho-lipids are complex molecules that are used in all known lifeforms to make cell membranes In humans and other higheranimals the phospholipids are also employed as naturaldigestive aids and as carriers for both fat-miscible and watermiscible nutrients They are miscible both in water and inlipid environments and are well absorbed orally Phytosomesare more bioavailable as compared to conventional herbalextracts owing to their enhanced capacity to cross the lipoidalbiomembrane and finally reaching the systemic circulation

Fig 2Cross-section of (a) nanoemulsion and (b) biopolymeric nanoparticle [4]

Table 3Phytosomal herbal formulations


Applications of phytosomal formulations Biological activity Method ofpreparation

Dose Route ofadministration

Reference

Ginkgo bilobaphytosomes

Flavonoids Flavonoids of GBP stabilize the ROS Cardio-protectiveantioxidantactivity

Phospholipidscomplexation

100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]

Ginkgoselectphytosome

Flavonoids Inhibits lipid peroxidation (LPO)stabilize the ROS

Hepatoprotectiveantioxidant


25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome

Flavonoids Absorption of silybin phytosomefrom silybin is approximatelyseven times greater

Hepatoprotectiveantioxidant forliver and skin

Silybin-phospholipidcomplexation

120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome

Ginsenosides Increase absorption Nutraceuticalimmunomodulator


150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome

Epigallocatechin Increase absorption Nutraceuticalsystemicantioxidant anti-cancer


50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome

Procyanidins The blood TRAP nTotal Radical-trappingAntioxidant Parameter) were significantlyelevated over the control

Systemicantioxidantcardio-protective


50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome

Flavonoids Increase therapeutic efficacyand absorption

Cardio-protectiveandantihypertensive

PhospholipidsComplexation

100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome

Quercetin Exerted better therapeutic efficacy Antioxidantanticancer

Quercetinndashphospholipidcomplexation

ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes

Curcumin Increase antioxidant activity andIncrease bioavailability

Antioxidantanticancer

Curcuminndashphospholipidcomplexation

360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]

Naringeninphytosomes

Naringenin Prolonged duration of action Antioxidantactivity

Naringeninndashphospholipidcomplex

100 mgkg

Oral [61]



Phytosome has been an emerging trend in delivery of herbaldrugs and nutraceuticals

5 Emulsions

Emulsion refers to a non-homogeneous dispersion systemthat is composed of two kinds of liquids unable to dissolve eachother and one of which disperse in the other one in a form ofdroplets [62] Generally emulsion is composed of oil phase

water phase surfactant and sub-surfactant Its appearance istranslucent to transparent liquid Emulsion can be classifiedinto ordinary emulsion (01ndash100 μm) micro-emulsion (10ndash100 nm) sub-micro-emulsion (100ndash600 nm) etc (Table 4)Among them themicro-emulsion is also called nanoemulsionsand the sub-micro-emulsion is also called lipid emulsion As adrug delivery system emulsion distributes in vivo in thetargetedmanner due to its affinity to the lymph In addition thedrug can be sustained release in a long time because the drug ispackaged in the inner phase and kept off direct touch with thebody and tissue fluid [63] After the oily drugs or lipophilicdrugs beingmade intoOWorOWOemulsion the oil dropletsare phagocytosised by the macrophage and get a highconcentration in the liver spleen and kidney in which theamount of the dissolved drug is very largeWhilewater solubledrug is produced intoWO orWOW emulsion it can be easilyconcentrated in the lymphatic system by intramuscular orsubcutaneous injection The size of the emulsion particle has animpact on its target distribution

Apart from its targeted sustained release producing theherbal drug into emulsion will also strengthen the stability ofthe hydrolyzedmaterials improve the penetrability of drugs tothe skin andmucous and reduce the drugs stimulus to tissuesSo far somekinds of herbal drugs suchas camptothecinBruceajavanica oil coixenolide oil and zedoary oil have been madeinto emulsion For example Zhou et al [64] studied theinfluence of the elemenum emulsion on the human lungadenocarcinoma cell line A549 and protein expression Resultsshowed that the elemenum emulsion has a significantinhibition on the growth and proliferation of the A549 invitro and it showed a time and dose-dependent relationshipElemenum emulsion is a type of new anti-cancer drug withgreat application prospects Furthermore it has no marrowinhibition and no harm to the heart and liver

Fig 3 Difference between liposome and phytosome [58]

Table 4Emulsion herbal formulations


Applications ofemulsionformulations

Biological activity Method of preparation Dropletsize

Drugloading


Reference

Self-nanoemulsifyingZedoary essential oil

Zedoaryturmericoil

Improved aqueousdispersibilitystability and oralbioavailability

Hepatoprotectionanticancer andanti-bacterial

Drawing ternary phaseDiagram

683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]

Triptolide micro-emulsion

Triptolide Enhance thepenetration ofdrugs through thestratum corneumby increasedhydration

Anti-inflammatory

High pressureHomogenization method

b100 nm ndash Topical [30]

Docetaxel submicronemulsion

Docetaxel Improve residencetime

Anticancer High pressureHomogenization method

16600 nm 90 Intravenous [66]

Berberinenanoemulsion

Berberine Improve residencetime andabsorption

Anticancer Drawing ternary phasediagram

5680 nm 050 Oral [67]

Silybin nanoemulsion Silybin Sustained releaseformulation

Hepatoprotective Emulsification method 2120 nm ndash Intramuscular [68]

Quercetin micro-emulsion

Quercetin Enhancepenetration intostratum corneumand epidermis

Antioxidant High speedHomogenization method

10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]



6 Other novel vesicular herbal formulations

Transferosomes are applied in a non-occluded method tothe skin which permeate through the stratum corneum lipidlamellar regions as a result of the hydration or osmotic forcein the skin It can be applicable as drug carriers for a range ofsmall molecules peptides proteins and herbal ingredientsTransferosomes can penetrate stratum corneum and supplythe nutrients locally to maintain its functions resultingmaintenance of skin [70] in this connection the transfero-somes of Capsaicin has been prepared by Xiao-Ying et al [71]which shows the better topical absorption in comparison topure capsaicin Ethosome as a novel liposome is especiallysuitable as a topical or transdermal administration carrier[7273] Ethosome has a high deformability and entrapmentefficiency and can penetrate through the skin completely andimprove drug delivery through the skin Compared to otherliposomes the physical and chemical properties of ethosomesmake the delivery of the drug through the stratum corneuminto a deeper skin layer efficiently or even into the bloodcirculation [74] This property is very important as the topicaldrug carrier and transdermal delivery system Moreover theethosomes carrier also can provide an efficient intracellulardelivery for both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs [75]percutaneous absorption of matrine an anti-inflammatoryherbal drug is increased [76] it also permits the antibacterialpeptide to penetrate into the fibrocyte easily [77] The roles ofthese types of novel vasicular system over herbal drugdelivery are summarized in (Table 5)

7 Microspheres

Administration of medication via micro particulate sys-tems is advantageous because microspheres can be ingestedor injected and they can be tailored for desired releaseprofiles and used site-specific delivery of drugs and in somecases can even provide organ-targeted release [80] So far aseries of plant active ingredients such as rutin camptothecinzedoary oil tetrandrine quercetine and Cynara scolymusextract has been made into microspheres (Table 6) Inaddition reports on immune microsphere and magneticmicrosphere are also common in recent years Immunemicrosphere possesses the immune competence as a resultof the antibody and antigen was coated or adsorbed on thepolymer microspheres

8 Proprietary novel drug delivery system of plant activesand extracts

Cosmetochem International AG is a Swiss-based companyspecialized in the production of high quality customizedbotanical extracts and actives launch botanical standardizedliposomal powders named Liposome Herbasecreg [86] a novelrange of standardized botanical extracts in a liposomal-basedpowder form As the liposome carriers are very effectivepenetration enhancers which serve as carriers to the skinincreasing the bioavailability of the plant extracts In presentformulation the freeze-dried dispersion of Liposome Herba-secreg is reformed when dispersed in water re-encapsulating

Table 5Other novel vesicular herbal formulations

Formulations Active ingredients Applications Biologicalactivity

Droplet size Route ofadministration

Reference

Capsaicin transferosomes Capsaicin Increase skin penetration Analgesic 1506 nm Topical [71]Colchicine transferosomes Colchicine Increase skin penetration Antigout ndash In vitro [77][79]Vincristine transferosomes Vincristine Increase entrapment efficiency and skin

permeation yAnticancer 120 nm In vitro [77]

Matrine ethosome Matrine Improve the percutaneous permeation Anti-inflammatory

110plusmn8 nm Topical [76]

Ammonium glycyrrhizinateethosomes

Ammoniumglycyrrhizinate

Increase of the in vitro percutaneouspermeation

Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]

Table 6Microspheres encapsulated herbal formulations


Applications offormulations


Size inmicrom


Reference

Rutinndashalginatendashchitosanmicrocapsules

Rutin Targeting into cardiocascularand cerebrovascular region

Cardiovascular andCerebrovasculardiseases

Complex-coacervation method

16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]

Zedoary oilmicrosphere

Zedoary oil Sustained release and Higherbioavailability

Hepatoprotective Quasi-emulsionndashsolvent diffusionmethod

100ndash600

Oral [82]

CPT loadedmicrospheres

Camptothecin Prolonged-release ofcamptothecin

Anticancer Oil-in-waterevaporation method

10 Intraperitoneallyand intravenously

[83]

Quercetinmicrospheres

Quercetin Significantly decreases thedose size

Anticancer Solvent evaporation 6 In vitro [84]

Cynara scolymusmicrospheres

Cynarascolymusextract

Controlled release ofneutraceuticals

Nutritionalsupplement

Spray-dryingtechnique

6ndash7 Oral [85]



the concentrated plant extract Phospholipids used for thepreparation of formulation are the safest mildest substanceswhich allow the penetration of the plant actives into thedeeper layers of the epidermis and avoid the use of solventsThere are five extracts in the current Liposome Herbasecregrange (Table 7) which are standardized for specific phyto-chemicals White and green tea are standardized for caffeineand total polyphenols white hibiscus for fruit acids guaranafor caffeine and aloe vera is aloin-free [86] LiposomeHerbasecreg can be used in a wide range of personal careapplications Smilarly based on Phytosomereg technology aline of products has been developed and commercialized byIndena [87] (Table 7) The Phytosomereg formulation increasesthe absorption of active ingredients when topically appliedon the skin [88ndash97] and improves systemic bioavailabilitywhen administered orally [98ndash102] A Phytosomereg is gen-erally more bioavailable than a simple herbal extract dueto its enhanced capacity to cross the lipid-rich biomembranesand reach circulation [103ndash105] To overcome the poor bio-availability of silybin Indena has complexed it with soyphospholipids exploiting the Phytosomereg technology Asdemonstrated by comparative pharmacokinetic studiesSilipidereg represents the most absorbable oral form of silybinknown The pharmacokinetics of Silipidereg in healthy humansubjects showed that complexationwith phosphatidylcholineimproved the oral bioavailability of silybin 46 fold comparedwith silymarin presumably because of a facilitated passageacross the gastrointestinal mucosa [97] The good bioavail-ability of Siliphosreg was confirmed in a human pharmacoki-netic study in prostate cancer patients The study employedhigh dosages and was aimed at getting information ontoxicity and phase II dosage of the product Siliphosreg at adaily oral dose of 13 g in 3 divided doses waswell tolerated inall patients and this dosage was recommended for the phase

II study [106]The results including the optimal tolerabilityobtained in these ldquoextremerdquo clinical situations provide strongsupport for the use of Siliphosreg also in less severe pathologiesassociated with liver damage Ginkgoselectreg Phytosomeregwas administered at a dosage of 360 mgday (120 mg threetimes per day) to 22 subjects affected by the Raynaudsdisease in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial Patientswere required to record the frequency and duration of anyvasospastic attack also completing a scoring scale of theoverall perception of the severity of the episodes Patientswere reviewed after two four and ten weeks of treatmentThis pilot study showed the efficacy of GinkgoselectregPhytosomereg in promoting a clear and highly statisticallysignificant reduction in the frequency (56) and severity ofRaynauds attacks per day [107] Merivareg is a patentedcomplex of curcumin a dietary phenolic with soy phospha-tidylcholine [108] A lot of work that has been published inthe journal Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology [109]demonstratedMerivaregs superior bioavailability compared toa standardized curcumin extract in rats while very promisinginitial preclinical results in terms of improved hydrolyticalstability and human pharmacokinetics have been shownmore recently[108] Including the advantages of these abovementioned commercialized NDDS preparation of plantactivesextracts a variety of other preparations is alsoavailable (Table 7) which show the remarkable advantagesover pure plant activesextracts

9 Conclusion

An extensive research is going on in the area of novel drugdelivery and targeting for plant actives and extracts How-ever research in this area is still at the exploratory stageMany problems in the research production and application

Table 7Marketed novel drug delivery formulations of plant active and extracts

SN Brand name Plant activeextracts Type ofNDDS

Companyname

Reference

1 White tea liposome Herbasecreg Camellia sinensis extract Liposome Cosmetochem [86]2 Green tea liposome Herbasecreg Camellia sinensis Extract Liposome Cosmetochem [86]3 White hibiscus liposome Herbasecreg White hibiscus extract Liposome Cosmetochem [86]4 Aloe vera liposome Herbasecreg Aloe vera Extract Liposome Cosmetochem [86]5 Guarana liposome Herbasecreg Guarana extract Liposome Cosmetochem [86]6 18szlig-glycyrrhetinic acid Phytosomereg 18szlig-glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice rhizome Phytosome Indena [87]7 Centella Phytosomereg Triterpenes from Centella asiatica leaf Phytosome Indena [87]8 Crataegus Phytosomereg Vitexin-2Prime-O-rhamnoside from Hawthorn flower Phytosome Indena [87]9 Escin szlig-sitosterol Phytosomereg Escin szlig-sitosterol from horse chestnut fruit Phytosome Indena [87]10 Ginkgoselectreg Phytosomereg Ginkgoflavonglucosides ginkgolides bilobalide from

Ginkgo biloba leafPhytosome Indena [87]

11 Ginselectreg Phytosomereg Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng rhizome Phytosome Indena [87]12 Ginkgo biloba terpenes Phytosomereg Ginkgolides and bilobalide from Ginkgo biloba leaf Phytosome Indena [87]13 Ginkgo biloba dimeric flavonoids Phytosomereg Dimeric flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaf Phytosome Indena [87]14 Greenselectreg Phytosomereg Polyphenols from green tea leaf Phytosome Indena [87]15 Leucoselectreg Phytosomereg Polyphenols from grape seed Phytosome Indena [87]16 Merivareg Curcuminoids from turmeric rhizome Phytosome Indena [87]17 PA2 Phytosomereg Proanthocyanidin A2 from horse chestnut bark Phytosome Indena [87]18 Sericoside Phytosomereg Sericoside from Terminalia sericea bark root Phytosome Indena [87]19 Siliphosreg Silybin from milk thistle seed Phytosome Indena [87]20 Silymarin Phytosomereg Silymarin from milk thistle seed Phytosome Indena [87]21 Virtivareg Ginkgoflavonglucosides ginkgolides bilobalide from


22 Visnadexreg Visnadin from Ammi visnaga umbel Phytosome Indena [87]



need to be solved In addition more attention should be paidto the research on the carrier materials in order to developmore suitable carriers which can reduce the toxicity of drugsenhance their activity and improve the overall quality of theagents Herbal drugs have enormous therapeutic potentialwhich should be explored through some value added drugdelivery systems Lipid solubility and molecular size are themajor limiting factors for drug molecules to pass the bio-logical membrane to be absorbed systematically followingoral or topical administration Several plant extracts andphytomolecules despite having excellent bio-activity in vitrodemonstrate less or no in vivo actions due to their poor lipidsolubility or improper molecular size or both resulting poorabsorption and poor bioavailability Standardized plantextracts or mainly polar phytoconstituents like flavonoidsterpenoids tannins xanthones when administered throughnovel drug delivery system show much better absorptionprofile which enables them to cross the biological membraneresulting enhanced bioavailability Hence more amount ofactive constituent becomes present at the site of action (liverbrain heart kidney etc) at similar or less dose as comparedto the conventional plant extract or phytomolecule Hencethe therapeutic action becomes enhanced more detectableand prolonged Several excellent phytoconstituents havebeen successfully delivered using NDDS Hence there is agreat potential in the development of novel drug deliverysystems for the plant actives and extracts

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the University Grant Commis-sion [F no 34-1312008 (SR)] New Delhi INDIA for financialsupport

References

[1] Medina OP Zhu Y Kairemo K Curr Pharm Des 2004102981ndash9[2] Sharma G Anabousi S Ehrhardt C Kumar MNVR J Drug Target

200614301ndash10[3] Terreno E Castelli DD Cabellab C Dastru W Saninoa A Stancanellob J

et al Chem Biodivers 200851901ndash2[4] Chanchal D Swarnlata S J Cosmet Dermatol 2008789ndash95[5] Barzaghi N Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 199015(4)333ndash8[6] wwwdoctormurraycomarticlesphytosomes html[7] Yuan DF Yi YM Her Med 200322113ndash4[8] Alexis F Basto P Levy-Nissenbaum E Radovic-Moreno AF Zhang LF

Pridgen E et al Chem Med Chem 200831839ndash43[9] Xiao YL Li B Chine Trad Herb Drugs 200233385ndash8

[10] Lasic DD lsquoLiposomes From Physics to Applicationsrsquo Elsevier Amster-damLondon New York Tokyo 1993

[11] Abou El Wafa AA Mursi NM El-Shaboury KM A pharmaceuticl studyon certain ocular drug delivery systems MS Thesis Cairo UnivercityCairo 2003

[12] Barragan-Montero V Winum J Moles J Juan E Clavel C Montero J EurJ Med Chem 2005401022ndash9

[13] Weiss R Fintelmann V Herbal medicine 2nd ed Stuttgart New YorkThieme 2000

[14] Blumenthal M Goldberg A Brinkmann J Herbal medicine IntegrativeMedicine Communications Newton 2000

[15] Carini R Comogoliom A Albano A Poli G Biochem Pharmacol1992432111ndash5

[16] El-Samaligy MS Afifi NN Mahmoud EA Int J Pharm 2006319121ndash9[17] Takeuchi H Matsui Y Yamamoto H Kawashima Y 2003 J Control

Release 200386235ndash42[18] Aroonsri P Jintanaporn W Saengrawee S Wathita P Supaporn M

Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 2008470ndash8

[19] Chiara S Alessandro DL Francesco L Donatella V Maria M Giuseppe Let al Eur J Pharm Biopharm 200559161ndash8

[20] He ZF Liu DY Zeng S Ye JT J Chine Mat Med 20083327ndash30[21] Rane S Prabhakar B Int J Pharm Technol Res 20091914ndash7[22] Hong W Chen DW Zhao XL Qiao MX Hu HY China J Chine Mat Med

200833889ndash92[23] Sun P Den SH Yu WP J Shand Univ TCM 20073137ndash9[24] Juqun X Rong G Int J Biol Macromol 200740305ndash11[25] Lira MCB FerrazMS da Silva DGVC Cortes ME Teixeira KI Caetano NP

Santos-Magalhatildees NS J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 200964215ndash24

[26] Ke X Xu Y Yan F Ping QN J China Pharm Univ 200738502ndash6[27] Godin B Touitou E J Control Release 200494(2ndash3)365ndash79[28] Fang J Hwang T Huang Fang C Int J Pharm 2006310(1ndash2)131ndash8[29] Zhong H Deng Y Wang X Yang B Int J Pharm 2005301(1ndash2)15ndash24[30] Zhinan M Huabing C Ting W Yajiang Y Xiangliang Y Eur J Pharm

Biopharm 200356189ndash96[31] Ratnam DV Ankola DD Bhardwaj V Sahana DK Kumar MN J Control

Release 2006113189ndash207[32] Alleacutemann E Gurny R Doelker E Eur J Pharm Biopharm 199339

173ndash91[33] Tiyaboonchai W Tungpradit W Plianbangchang P Int J Pharm

2007337299ndash306[34] Arica YB Benoit JP Lamprecht A Drug Dev Ind Pharm 200632

1089ndash94[35] Mainardes RM Evangelista RC Int J Pharm 2005290137ndash44[36] Brigger I Dubernet C Couvreur P Adv Drug Deliv Rev 200254

631ndash51[37] Feng-Lin Y Tzu-Hui W Liang-Tzung L Thau-Ming C Chun-Ching L

Food Chem Toxicol 2008461771ndash7[38] Zhinan M Xiaokuan L Qunrong W Sheng H Xiangliang Y Pharmacol

Res 200551345ndash51[39] Youfang C Xianfu L Hyunjin P Richard G Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol

Med 20095316ndash22[40] Su YL Fu ZY Zhang JY Wang WM Wang H Wang YC et al Powder

Technol 2008184114ndash21[41] Fu RQ He FC Meng DS Chen L ACTA Academiae medicinae militaris

tertiae 28 2006 p 1573ndash4[42] Lin AH Li HY Liu YM Qiu XH China Pharm 200718755ndash7[43] Li YC Dong L Jia K Chang XM Xue H J Xian Jiaotong University (Med

Sci) 200728517ndash20[44] Xiaoyan A Jun Y Min W Haiyue Z Li C Kangdec Y et al Int J Pharm

2008350(1ndash2)257ndash64[45] Hou J Zhou SW ACTA Academiae medicinae militaris tertiae 200830

1043ndash5[46] Tzu-Hui W Feng-Lin Y Liang-Tzung L Tong-Rong T Chun-Ching L

Thau-Ming C Int J Pharm 2008346(1ndash2)160ndash8[47] Liu M Li H Luo G Liu Q Wang Y Arch Pharm Res 200831(4)

547ndash54[48] Lertsutthiwong P Noomun K Jongaroonngamsang N Rojsitthisak P

Carbohydr Polym 200874209ndash14[49] Feng-Lin Y Tzu-Hui W Liang-Tzung L Thau-Ming C Chun-Ching L

Pharm Res 200926(4)893ndash902[50] Mukerjee A Vishwanatha JK Anticancer Res 200929(10)3867ndash75[51] Min KH Park K Kim YS Bae SM Lee S Jo HG et al J Control Release

2008127208ndash18[52] Shimada S Composition comprising nanoparticle Ginkgo biloba extract

with the effect of brain function activation IPC8 Class-AA61K914FIUSPC Class-424489 2008

[53] Manach C Scalbert A Morand C Am J Clin Nutr 200479727ndash47[54] Bombardelli E Curri SB Loggia DR Del NP Tubaro A Gariboldi P

Fitoterapia 1989601ndash9[55] Vandana SP Suresh RN Exp Toxicol Pathol 200860397ndash404[56] Suresh RN Vandana SP Fitoterapia 200879439ndash45[57] Yanyu X Yunmei S Zhipeng C Quineng P Int J Pharm 2006 3 307(1)

77ndash82[58] Bhattacharya S Pharma Times 200941(3)9ndash12[59] Maiti K Mukherjee K Gantait A Ahamed HN Saha BP Mukherjee PK

Iran J Pharmacol Ther 2005484ndash90[60] Maiti K Mukherjee K Gantait A Saha BP Mukherjee PK Int J Pharm

2007330(1ndash2)155ndash63[61] Maiti K Mukherjee K Gantait A Bishnu PS Mukherjee PK J Pharm

Pharmacol 2006581227ndash33[62] Zhang Y Chin Tradition Herbal Drugs 200637641ndash7[63] Lu MF Cheng YQ Li LJ Wu JJ Mater Rev 200519108ndash10[64] Zhou X Li LY Guo ZJ Chin Clin Oncol 20049229ndash34[65] Zhaoa Y Wanga C Albert HL Chowb KR Gongc T Zhangc Z et al Int J

Pharm 2010383(1ndash2)170ndash7[66] Li L Wang DK Li LS Jia J Chang D Ai L J Shenyang Pharm Univ

200712736ndash9



[67] Sun HW Ouyang WQ J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ (Agric Sci) 2007160ndash5

[68] Song YM Ping QN Wu ZH J China Pharm Univ 20055427ndash31[69] Fabiana TMCV Thaıacutes RMS Jose ODC Nilce OW Dimitrius LP Mamie

MI et al Eur J Pharm Biopharm 200869948ndash57[70] Benson HA Expert Opin Drug Deliv 20066727ndash37[71] Xiao-Ying L Luo JB Yan ZH Rong HS HuangWM Zhongguo Zhong Yao

Za Zhi 200631(12)981ndash4[72] Jain S Tiwary AK Sapra B AAPS PharmSciTech 20078E111[73] Fang YP Tsai YH Wu PC Int J Pharm 2008356(1ndash2)144ndash52[74] Dayan N Touitou E Biomaterials 2000211879ndash85[75] Touitou E Godin B Dayan N Biomaterials 2001223053ndash9[76] Zhaowu Z Xiaoli W Yangdel Z Nianfeng L J Liposome Res 200919(2)

155ndash62[77] Zheng Y Hou SX Chen T Lu Y China J Chin Mater Med 200631(9)

728ndash31[78] Paolino D Lucania G Mardente D Alhaique F Fresta M J Control

Release 200510699ndash110[79] Singh HP Utreja P Tiwary AK Jain S AAPS J 2009254ndash64[80] Sanli O Karaca I Isiklan N J Appl Polym Sci 20091112731ndash40[81] Xiao L Zhang YH Xu JC Jin XH Chine Trad Herb Drugs 20082209ndash12[82] You J Cui F Han X Wang Y Yang L Yu Y et al Colloids Surf B 200648

(1)35ndash41[83] Machida Y Onishi H Kurita A Hata H Morikawa A Machida Y J

Control Release 200066(2ndash3)159ndash75[84] Chao P Deshmukh M Kutscher HL Gao D Rajan SS Hu P et al

Anticancer Drugs 201021(1)65ndash76[85] Gavini E Alamanni MC Cossu M Giunchedi P J Microencapsul

200522(5)487ndash99[86] httpwwwcosmetochemcom[87] httpwwwphytosomesinfopublicbioavailabilityasp[88] Bombardelli E Curri SB Gariboldi PG Fitoterapia 19896055ndash70[89] Bombardelli E Boll Chim Farma 1991130431ndash8[90] Bombardelli E (Indena SPA) Pharmaceutical and cosmetic composi-

tions containing complexes of flavanolignans with phospholipidsPatent EP0300282B1 1992

[91] Bombardelli E Patri G Pozzi R (Indena SpA) Complexes of saponinsand their aglycons with phospholipids and pharmaceutical andcosmetic compositions containing them Patent US5166139 1992

[92] Bombardelli E Patri G (Indena SpA) Complex compounds ofbioflavonoids with phospholipids their preparation and use andpharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing them PatentEP0275005B1 1993

[93] Bombardelli E Patri G Pozzi R (Indena SpA) Complexes of saponinswith phospholipids and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositionscontaining them Patent EP0283713B1 1993

[94] Bombardelli E Sabadie M (Indena SpAndashSanofi SA) Phospholipidiccomplexes of Vitis vinifera extracts process for their preparation andpharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing them PatentEP0300282B1 1993

[95] Di Pierro F (Indena SpA) Pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositionsagainst skin aging Patent EP0283713B1 1993

[96] Bombardelli E Cristoni A Morazzoni P Fitoterapia 199465387ndash401[97] Bombardelli E Patri G Pozzi R (Indena SpA) Complexes of neolignan

derivatives with phospholipids the use thereof and pharmaceuticaland cosmetic formulations containing them Patent EP0464297B11995

[98] Barzaghi N Crema F Gatti G Pifferi G Perucca E Eur J Drug MetabPharmacokinet 199015333ndash8

[99] Morazzoni P Magistretti MJ Giachetti C Zanolo G Eur J Drug MetabPharmacokinet 19921739ndash44

[100] Morazzoni P Montalbetti A Malandrino S Pifferi G Eur J Drug MetabPharmacokinet 199318289ndash97

[101] Maiti K Mukherjee K Gantait A Ahamed HN Saha BP Mukherjee PKIran J Pharmacol Ther 2005484ndash90

[102] Marczylo TH Verschoyle RD Cooke DN Morazzoni P Steward WPGescher AJ Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 200760171ndash7

[103] Mauri PL Simonetti P Gardana C Minoggio M Morazzoni PBombardelli E Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 200115929ndash34

[104] Kidd PM Head K Altern Med Rev 200510193ndash203[105] Rossi R Basilico F Rossoni G Riva A Morazzoni P Mauri PL J Pharm

Biomed Anal 200950224ndash7[106] Flaig TW Gustafson DL Su L Zirrolli JA Crighton F Harrison GS Invest

New Drugs 200725139ndash46[107] Muir AH Robb R McLaren M Daly F Belch J Vasc Med 20027265ndash7[108] Kidd PM Alt Med Rev 200914226ndash46[109] Marczylo TH Verschoyle RD Cooke DN Morazzoni P Steward WP

Gescher AJ Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 200760(2)171ndash7


234 Pharmacognosy Reviews | July-December 2011 | Vol 5 | Issue 10

Legal regulations of complementary and alternative medicines in different countriesAjazuddin Shailendra Saraf

University Institute of Pharmacy Pt Ravi Shankar Shukla University Raipur Chhattisgarh India

Submitted 25-03-2011 Revised -- Published --

Q1

R E V I E W A R T I C L EP H C O G R E V

Address for correspondenceMr Ajazuddin University Institute of Pharmacy Pt RSU Raipur Chhattisgarh IndiaE-mail write2ajazgmailcom

Traditional medicines that formed the basis of health care throughout the world since the earliest days of mankind are still widely used and have considerable importance in international trade Recognition of their clinical pharmaceutical and economic value is still growing although this varies widely between countries and therefore regulation of exploitation and exportation is essential together with international cooperation and coordination for their conservation so as to ensure their availability for the future World Health Organization and European Union issued the guidelines defi ned the basic criteria for the evaluation of quality safety and effi cacy of herbal medicines with the goal of assisting national regulatory authorities scientifi c organizations and manufacturers in assessing documentation submissions and dossiers in respect of such products Legislative controls in respect of medicinal plants have not evolved around a structured control model There are different ways in which countries defi ne medicinal plants or herbs or products derived from them The present review highlights the status of different countries adopted various approaches to licensing dispensing manufacturing and trading to ensure their safety quality and effi cacy

Key words Effi cacy legislation quality safety traditional medicines

A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION

During the past decade complementary and alternative medicines have become a topic of global importance Current estimates suggest that in many developing countries a large proportion of the population relies heavily on traditional practitioners and medicinal plants to meet primary healthcare needs Although modern medicine may be available in these countries herbal medicines (phytomedicines) have often maintained popularity for historical and cultural reasons Concurrently many people in developed countries have begun to turn to alternative or complementary therapies including medicinal herbs World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the world market for herbal medicines and herbal products is worth US$ 62 billion and would hit US$ 5 trillion by 2050 The market is growing at 7 per annum (The Times of India 7-4-2000)

A common feature of most systems of traditional medicine (TM)complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is that they take a holistic approach to promote health prevent disease and help the individual treat disturbances by regulating hisher physical emotional and mental aspects and living environment According to its characteristics and concepts TMCAM can be used not only for curing disease and relieving symptoms but also for the regulation improvement and promotion of the function of the human body Few plant species that provide medicinal herbs have been scientifi cally evaluated for their possible medical application Safety and effi cacy data are available for even fewer plants their extracts and active ingredients and the preparations containing them Furthermore in most countries the herbal medicinesrsquo market is poorly regulated and herbal products are often neither registered nor controlled Assurance of the safety quality and effi cacy of medicinal plants and herbal products has now become a key issue in industrialized and in developing countries Both the general consumer and healthcare professionals need up-to-date authoritative information on the safety and effi cacy of medicinal plants With the widespread use of TM as well as CAM and the rapid expansion of international herbal medicine markets the development of national policies and regulations on TMCAM has become an important concern for both health authorities and the public Providers of TMCAM other healthcare professionals and TMCAM consumers alike are calling for regulations that can ensure the safety of TMCAM therapies and products promote recognition of these systems and modalities and further defi ne their role in

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wwwphcogrevcom

DOI

Pharmacognosy Reviews | July-December 2011 | Vol 5 | Issue 10 235

Ajazuddin and Saraf Legal regulations of complementary and alternative medicines in different countries

modern healthcare systems National policies and regulations on TMCAM could ensure the safety quality and effi cacy of these therapies and products and function as important steps toward integrative healthcare systems However relatively few countries have developed policies and regulations on TMCAM so far Only 25 of WHOrsquos 191 countries have a national policy on TMCAM and only 64 countries regulate herbal medicines[1]

To assist countries in the development of TMCAM policies and regulations of herbal medicines WHO has published a series of technical guidelines and reviewed regulations on herbal medicines in the document ldquoRegulatory Situation of Herbal Medicines a Worldwide Reviewrdquo[2] The purpose of the document is to share national experience in formulating policies on traditional medicinal products introduce measures for their registration and regulation and facilitate information exchange on these subjects among Member States

In present review we have compiled name of various regulatory authorities made for herbal medicines in different countries with their major responsibilities and year of establishment which will defi nitely help the new researchers working in the fi eld of quality control and standardization of TMCAM

The role of herbal medicines in traditional healingThe pharmacological treatment of disease began long ago with the use of herbs[3] Methods of folk healing throughout the world commonly used herbs as part of their tradition Some of these traditions are briefl y described below providing some examples of the array of important healing practices around the world that used herbs for this purpose[4]

Traditional Chinese medicineTraditional Chinese medicine has been used by Chinese people from ancient times Although animal and mineral materials have

been used the primary source of remedies is botanical Of the more than 12000 items used by traditional healers about 500 are in common use[4] Botanical products are used only after some kind of processing which may include for example stir-frying or soaking in vinegar or wine In clinical practice traditional diagnosis may be followed by the prescription of a complex and often individualized remedy Traditional Chinese medicine is still in common use in China More than half the population regularly uses traditional remedies with the highest prevalence of use in rural areas About 5000 traditional remedies are available in China they account for approximately one-fi fth of the entire Chinese pharmaceutical market[4]

Japanese TMMany herbal remedies found their way from China into the Japanese systems of traditional healing Herbs native to Japan were classifi ed in the fi rst pharmacopoeia of Japanese TM in the ninth century[5]

Indian TMAyurveda is a medical system primarily practised in India that has been known for nearly 5000 years It includes diet and herbal remedies while emphasizing the body mind and spirit in disease prevention and treatment[6]

WHO GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL MEDICINES

These guidelines recognized the importance of herbal medicines to the health of many people throughout the world stating ldquoA few herbal medicines have withstood scientific testing but others are used simply for traditional reasons to protect restore or improve healthrdquo Most herbal medicines still need to be studied scientifi cally although the experience obtained from their traditional use over the years should not be ignored As there is not enough evidence produced by common scientifi c approaches to answer questions of safety and effi cacy about

Table 1 Different WHO guidelines with their major resolutions and year of establishmentWHO guidelines Major resolutions taken Year RefQuality control methods for medicinal plant materials

Emphasized the need to ensure the quality of medicinal plant products by using modern control techniques and include suitable standards and limits for contaminants are included

1998 [7]

WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems

Provide technical guidance on the principles of good pharmacovigilance and the inclusion of herbal medicines in existing national drug safety monitoring systems

2004 [8]

Guidelines for the Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the South-East Asia Region

This guideline aims to facilitate the registration and regulation of herbal medicines by establishing the foundation for a harmonized regulatory standard to meet the common demands of the region

2003 [9]

General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine

Harmonize the use of certain accepted and important terms in TM summarize key issues for developing methodologies for research and evaluation of TM improve the quality and value of research in TM and provide appropriate evaluation methods to facilitate the regulation and registration of TMs

2000 [10]

National policy on TM and regulation of herbal medicines Report of a WHO global survey

Main objectives of this report are framing policy for safety effi cacy and quality of herbal medicines and its promoting rational use

2005 [1112]

WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants

Quality assurance of medicinal plant materials used as the source for herbal medicines and encourage and support the sustainable cultivation and collection of medicinal plants of good quality

2003 [13]



Table 2 Legal status of different countries for herbal drug regulationCountry Legal statuspolicy Major responsibilities Year of

establishmentRef

Australia Therapeutic Goods Act (Commonwealth of Australia 2001a)

The overall objective of the Act is to ensure the quality safety and effi cacy of therapeutic goods including medicines and medical devices available to the Australian public

1989 [1617]

Argentina Health Ministry of the Provincia de Buenos Aires

Regulation for registration and commercialization of medicinal plants

1993 [18]

Austria Herbal medicine regulation Law No541

Marketing authorizationsIssuing of license

1989 [19 20]

Belgium Ministry of Health Under the law proof of quality safety and effi cacy became an essential precondition for the registration of drugs

1995 [21-23]

Canada Natural Health Products Regulations

Ensure that the herbal medicinal plant product is safe under the recommended conditions of use without a prescription effective for the proposed claims and of high quality

2004 [24-27]

Chile Unidad de Medicina Tradicional Incorporating TM with proven effi cacy into health programs and of contributing to the establishment of their practice

1992 [28]

China The Drug Administration Law ofthe Peoplersquos Republic of China

Encourages the development of both modern and traditional drugs protects the resources of wild herbal drugs and promotes domestic cultivation of herbal drugs

1984 [18]

Colombia Ministry of Health Issuing of licenseDocumentation on the manufacturing process quality control and if necessary toxicity studies

1990 [29]

Denmark Danish Ministry of Health Order No 790

Proof of quality safety and effi cacy must be given a bibliographic application with respect to therapeutic use is accepted if it contains descriptions in the relevant scientifi c literature of Europe or North America

1992 [30 31]

Egypt National Applied Research Centre for Medicinal Plants and National Organization for Drug Control and Research

Medical health and nutrient content claims made by lawRules of GMP are implemented for herbal medicines

1995 [18]

Estonia Medicinal Products Act To maintain the documents concerning chemical pharmaceutical biological pharmacological-toxicological and clinical information of the herbal drugs

1996 [32]

Fiji Pharmacy and Poisons Act of Fiji Permits importation of TMs for use by ethnic communities 1994 [3334]Finland Administrative regulation 993

(Marketing Authorization 1993)Quality and manufacture of herbal remedies 1993 [35]

France French Medicines Agency Marketing authorizations [36] Germany Medicines Act of 24 August 1976 Herbal fi nished drugs have to comply with the same criteria for

quality safety and effi cacy as all other fi nished drugs 1976 [37-39]

Greece Ministry of Health Issuing of license documentation on the manufacturing process and toxicity studies

1994 [40]

Hungary Law on Public Health Chapter IV Section 104

Herbal drugs regulated as over the counter medicines for self-medication purposes and by law medical claims and health claims may be made

1996 [41]

India Drugs and Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules of 1945

Regulate the import manufacture distribution and sale of drugs and cosmetics

1945 [42]

Indonesia Directorate of Traditional Drug Control

Production distribution and labeling of traditional drugs and licensing of traditional drugs and imported traditional drugs

1975 [18]

Ireland Guidelines for Application for Product Authorization of Herbal Products issued by National Drugs Advisory Board

Licensing of manufacturers and authorization of herbal products

1985 [4344]

Italy Italian Health Authority Grant licensed and ensure the quality safety and effi cacy 1981 [45]Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare Improve quality control of Kampo drugs 1972 [46]Korea The Ministry of Public Health and

Social AffairsRegulate and rule on the herbal medicines and their preparations

1969 [47-50]

Malaysia National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau Ministry of Health

Manufacturing import supply or sailing of the TMs [18]

Mali Traditional Medicine Department under the Ministry of Health

Postmarketing surveillance and adverse effect monitoring of herbal medicines

1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef

Mongolia Traditional Medicine Department under Mongolian National Medical University

Production development and investigation of TMs 1989 [51]

Nepal Department of Drug Administration under the Ministry of Health

Price approval safety effi cacy and quality of productsAuthorization for import export and distribution of the product and the mode of distribution and promotion

1996 [52]

New Zealand

Medicines Act of 1981 Control of active ingredients and excipients method of manufacture control tests of the fi nished product labeling stability etc

1981 [18]

Nicaragua The national pharmaceuticals law-292

Safety assessment 1998 [53]

Oman Ministry of Health Grant of license for manufacturing and import permission 1995 [54]Pakistan The Drugs Act of 1962 Controls the regulation of herbal medicines as regards

advertising and prevention of misuse1962 [18]

Portugal Portugal Drug Act Regulation of herbal medicines in the same laws as those covering conventional pharmaceuticals

1995 [55]

Qatar Ministry of Public Health By law medical health nutrient content and structurefunction claims may be made about herbal medicines

1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia

Ministry of Health KSA Medical health nutrient content and structurefunction claims may be made

1996 [18]

Singapore Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Act

Marketing authorization and licensing of manufacturers 2000 [5758]

South Africa

Medicines Control Council (MCC) Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of

Safety assessment requirements include traditional use without demonstrated harmful effects reference to documented scientifi c research on similar products and clinical data

1994 [2]

Spain The Spanish Medicinal Products Act No 25

Objective of the Act is to ensure the quality safety and effi cacy of therapeutic goods including herbal medicines

1990 [59 60]

Switzerland

The Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic) under Federal Department of Home Affairs

Marketing authorization And implementation of GMP rules 2002 [61]

Thailand The Drug Act BE 2510 Premarketing control licensing and registration process and postmarketing control by quality control analysis

1967 [18]

United Kingdom

Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and Medicines Act 1968

Postmarketing surveillanceLicensed medicinal products require evidence of quality safety and effi cacy and are regulated by the Medicines Control Agency

1968 [62-66]

United States

Food Drug and Cosmetics ActDietary Supplement Health and Education Act

Ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed and the United States Food and Drug Administration is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market

20001994

[67-70]

most of the herbal medicines now in use the rational use and further development of herbal medicines will be supported by further appropriate scientifi c studies of these products and thus the development of criteria for such studies In this regard WHO has issued guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines These guidelines defi ned the basic criteria for the evaluation of quality safety and effi cacy of herbal medicines with the goal of assisting national regulatory authorities scientifi c organizations and manufacturers in assessing documentation submissions and dossiers in respect of such products

The below mentioned WHO guidelines [Table 1] stressed the need for assessment of effi cacy including the determination of pharmacological and clinical effects of the active ingredients cultivation and collection of the medicinal plants and labeling which includes a quantitative list of active ingredient dosage and contraindications

THE EUROPEAN UNION

The European Pharmacopoeia was created in 1964 its efforts have resulted in the creation of 83 monographs on herbal drugs that are used either in their natural state after desiccation or concentration or for the isolation of natural active ingredients The Association of the European Self-Medication Industry has carried out a study for the European Commission on herbal medicinal products in the European Union (EU) The following summary is taken from this report[14] The importance of herbal medicinal products varies from one country to another These products are not a homogeneous group In general they are either fully licensed medicinal products with effi cacy proven by clinical studies or by references to published scientifi c literature (in accordance with Article 48 a (ii) of Council Directive 6565EEC)[15] or are available



as products with a more or less simplifi ed proof of effi cacy according to their national use Many Member States have these two categories but there are major discrepancies between the Member States in the classifi cation of individual herbal drug preparations and products into one of these categories as well as in the requirements for obtaining a marketing authorization According to Council Directive 6565EEC[15]

which has been implemented in national law in all Member States medicinal products require prior marketing approval before gaining access to the market In almost all Member States herbal medicinal products are considered as medicinal products and are in principle subject to the general regulations for medicines as laid down in the various national medicine laws In many cases a specifi c defi nition of herbal medicinal products is available which is in line with the EU Guideline ldquoQuality of Herbal Medicinal Productsrdquo This includes plants parts of plants and their preparations mostly presented with therapeutic or prophylactic claims Different categories of medicinal products containing plant preparations exist or are in the process of being created For instance draft legislation in Spain includes the defi nitions ldquoherbal medicinal productsrdquo and ldquophytotraditional productsrdquo The latter are not considered as ldquopharmaceutical specialtiesrdquo and are therefore not classifi ed as herbal medicinal products

Legal status of different countries for herbal drug regulationLegislative controls in respect of medicinal plants have not evolved around a structured control model There are different ways in which countries defi ne medicinal plants or herbs or products derived from them and countries have adopted various approaches to licensing dispensing manufacturing and trading to ensure their safety quality and effi cacy and due to these reasons herbal preparations varies from country to country In some phytomedicines are well established whereas in others they are regarded as food and therapeutic claims are not allowed This article follows a generalized template that includes regulatory authorities of various countries and their major responsibilities with year of establishment [Table 2]

CONCLUSION

The growth of the pharmaceutical industry and the unceasing development of new and more effective synthetic and biological medicinal products have not diminished the importance of medicinal plants in many societies On the contrary population growth in the developing world and increasing interest in the industrialized nations have greatly expanded the demand for medicinal plants themselves and the products derived from them Regulations in countries for the assessment of the quality safety and effi cacy of medicinal plants and the work of WHO and EU in supporting the preparation of model guidelines in this fi eld have been helpful in strengthening recognition of their role in health care It is hoped that assessment of these traditional

remedies could become the basis for a future classifi cation of herbal medicines as well as for evaluative studies on their effi cacy and safety and their potential use in national healthcare systems in different parts of the world

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors acknowledge the University Grant Commission [F No 34-1312008 (SR)] New Delhi India for fi nancial support

REFERENCES

1 World Health Organization Research Guidelines for Evaluating the Safety and Effi cacy of Herbal Medicines Manila 1993

2 World Health Organization Regulatory Situation of Herbal Medicines A Worldwide Review (WHOtrm981) Geneva 1998

3 Schulz V Haumlnsel R Tyler VE Rational Phytotherapy A Physicianrsquos Guide to Herbal Medicine 4th ed Berlin Springer 2001

4 Li L Opportunity and challenge of traditional Chinese medicine in face of the entrance to World Trade Organization Chin Inform trad Chin Med 200077-8

5 Saito H Regulation of herbal medicines in Japan Pharmacol Regul 200041515-9

6 Morgan K Medicine of the Gods Basic Principles of Ayurvedic Medicine 2002 Available from httpwwwcompulinkcoukmandrake ayurvedahtm [Last accessed on 2010 Jul 02]

7 World Health Organization Regulatory Situation of Herbal Medicines A Worldwide Review Geneva World Health Organization 1998

8 World Health Organization Guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems 2004

9 World Health Organization Guidelines for the Regulation of Herbal Medicines in the South-East Asia Region 2003

10 World Health Organization General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine Geneva WHO 2000

11 World Health Organization National policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines Report of a WHO global survey 2005

12 World Health Organization Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002ndash2005

13 World Health Organization Guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants 2003

14 AESGP (Association Europeacuteenne des Speacutecialiteacutes Pharmaceutiques Grand Public The Association of the European Self-Medication Industry) 1998

15 European Commission Council Directive 6565EEC on the approximation of provisions laid down by Law Regulation or Administrative Action relation to proprietary medicinal products Off J 196522369-73

16 Briggs DR The regulation of herbal medicines in Australia Toxicology 2002181-182565-70

17 Therapeutic Goods Administration Medicines Regulation and the TGA Woden ACT Australia 1999

18 Xiaorui Z Regulatory situation of herbal medicines A worldwide review Tradit Med Program 19981-45

19 Verordnung des Bundesministers fuumlr Gesundheit Sport und Konsumentenschutz mit der die Verordnung betreffend Erleichterungen bei der Zulassung bestimmter Arzneispezialitaumlten geaumlndert wird Bundesgesetzblatt fuumlr die

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10



Republik Oumlsterreich 19923912-5 20 Verordnung des Bundesministers fuumlr Gesundheit und

oumlffentlicher Dienst und des Bundesministers fuumlrwirtschaftliche Angelegenheiten vom 21 November 1989 betreffend die Abgabe und Kennzeichnung bestimmter Arzneimittel im Kleinverkauf (Abgrenzungsverordnung) Bundesgesetzblatt fuumlr die Republik Oumlsterreich 19894049-78

21 Sofi a Bulgaria Information letter of the Ministry of Health National Drug Institute dated 1996 Feb 07

22 Ministegravere de la Santeacute Publique et de lEnvironnement Circulaire ministeacuterielle directives agrave la constitution du dossier denregistrement des meacutedicaments agrave base de plantes Moniteur belge 19953103-9

23 Ministegravere de la Santeacute Publique et de lEnvironnement Circulaire ministeacuterielle nE 367 du 1989

24 Jordan SA Cunningham DG Marles RJ Assessment of herbal medicinal products Challenges and opportunities to increase 2 the knowledge base for safety assessment Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010243198-216

25 Johnson T Chinese medicine now part of primary care scene in BC CMAJ 20011641195

26 Sibbald B New federal offi ce will spend millions to regulate herbal remedies vitamins CMAJ 19991601355-7

27 Kozyrskyj A Herbal products in Canada How safe are they Can Fam Physician 199743697-702

28 Calixto JB Effi cacy safety quality control marketing and regulatory guidelines for herbal medicines (phytotherapeutic agents) Braz J Med Biol Res 200033179-89

29 Ministerio de Salud de la Republica de Colombia resolucion Numero 1990

30 Bekendtgoslashrelse om naturlaeliggemidler Sundhedsministeriet Nr 1992790

31 NLN Regulatory Seminars in Quality Assessment of Natural Remedies NLN Publication No 40 Uppsala Nordic Council on Medicines 1996

32 Procedure for registration of medicinal products and approval of variations to the terms of registered medicinal products Estonia 1996

33 Bailey M Communication of the Ministry of Health Suva Fiji with World Health Organization 1996

34 The NSW Therapeutic Medicines Information Centre The uncertain world of herbal medication - a drug information viewpoint Drug Bull 199319

35 Commission Directive 91507EEC of 19 July 1991 modifying the Annex to Council Directive 75318EEC on the approximation of the laws of Member States relating to analytical pharmacotoxicological and clinical standards and protocols in respect of the testing of medicinal products Offi cial Journal of the European Communities nE L 27032 of 26 Sept 1991

36 Castot A Djezzar S Deleau N Guillot B Efthymiou ML Drug surveillance of herbal medicines Theacuterapie 19975297-103

37 Kraft K Herbal medicine products and drug law Forsch Komplementaumlrmed 1999619-23

38 Sandberg F Corrigan D Natural remedies Their Origins and Uses New York Taylor and Francis 2001

39 Keller K Legal requirements for the use of phytopharmaceutical drugs in the Federal Republic of Germany J Ethnopharmacol 199132225-9

40 Minister of health providence and social insurance regulation Ankara 1994

41 Association Europeacuteenne des Speacutecialiteacutes Pharmaceutiques Grand Public (AESGP) editor Economic and Legal Framework for Non-Prescription Medicines in Europe Brussels AESGP

Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21

1996 p 105-942 Drug and cosmetic act Government of India 194243 Morris JM Communication of the Irish Medicines Board with

World Health Organization 1996 44 Guidelines for Application for Product Authorization of Herbal

Products Dublin National Drugs Advisory Board 198545 Prodotti a base di piante medicinali Circolare n 1 (N

8007AG8254) Direzione Generale del Servizio Farmaceutico Divisione VII 1981

46 Eguchi K Hyodo I Saeki H Current status of cancer patientsrsquo perception of alternative medicine in Japan A preliminary cross-sectional survey Support Care Cancer 2000828-32

47 Choi DW Kim JH Cho SY Kim DH Chang SY Regulation and quality control of herbal drugs in Korea Toxicology 2002181-182581-6

48 Bonati A Guidelines for the chemical and biological assessment of herbals and herbal preparations UNIDO 19891-18

49 Korean Pharmacopoeia 7th ed Seoul Korea Medicine Publishers 1997

50 Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare 1987

51 Ministry of Health Traditional Mongolian Medicine Information sheet Mongolia 1996

52 Gewali MB Personal communication 1995 Nov 1653 Sotomayor U Traditional Medicine in Nicaragua and its

Integration into the Local Health Systems Lecture held at the Morris Arboretum Symposium Philadelphia 1993 Apr 19-21

54 Ministry of Health of the Sultanate of Oman Conditions to allow import of traditional drugs Muscat 1995

55 Farinha A Cachadinha M Algumas consideraccedilotildees sobre a Legislaccedilatildeo Portuguesa Fitoterapia LEF July 1994 no 2

56 World Health Organization Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines (WHO Technical Report Series No 863) Geneva WHO 1996

57 World Health Organization Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce (WPRO) 1996

58 Pharmaceutical Department of the Ministry of Health of Singapore Communication with WHO 1996 Mar 13

59 La Ley des Medicamento Madrid Art 42Ley 25199060 Orden de 3 de octubre de 1973 por la que se establece el registro

especial para preparados a base de especies vegetables medicinales Ministerio de la Gobernacioacuten BOE nE 247 de 15 de octubre de Madrid 1973

61 Mitteilungen der IKS IKS Monatsbericht Bern 19926345 62 Griffi n JP The evolution of human medicines control from a

national to an international perspective Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 19981719-50

63 Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF) Herb Legislation London Herb Society 1998

64 Mills SY The House of Lords report on complementary medicine A summary Complement Ther Med 2001934-9

65 Shaw D Risks or remedies Safety aspects of herbal remedies J R Soc Med 199891294-6

66 De Smet PA Should herbal medicine-like products be licensed as medicines BMJ 19953101023-4

67 Chang J Scientifi c evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine under DSHEA A conundrum Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act J Altern Complement Med 19995181-9

68 Angell M Kassirer JP Alternative medicine-the risks of untested and unregular remedies N Engl J Med 1998339839-41

69 Goldman SA Kennedy DL FDArsquos Medical Products Reporting

Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31



Program A joint effort toward improved public health Postgrad Med 199810313-6

70 Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Industry Botanical Drug Products Washington DC Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 2000 Available from httpwwwfdagovcder guidanceindexhtm [Last accessed on 2010 Jul 02]

Authey Quary

Q1 Plz provide departmentQ2 Plz provide publication nameQ3 plz confi rm journal nameQ4 plz confi rmQ5 Plz provide publication name and cityand city Q6 Plz provide publication name and cityand city and cityand cityQ7 Plz provide publication name and cityand city and cityand cityQ8 Plz provide name of authors and confi rm journal nameQ9 Plz confi rm journal name and provide volume numberQ10 Plz provide in English translation and also provide volume numberQ11 Plz provide in English translation and also provide volume numberQ12 Plz provide in English translation and also provide volume numberQ13 Plz provide in english translationQ14 Plz confi rm journal nameQ15 Plz provide in English translationQ16 plz provide publication name And authors nameQ17 Plz provide journal name and volume number And confi rm titleQ18 Plz provide page numbers and authors nameQ19 plz provide publication nameQ20 plz provide name of authorsQ21 plz provide publication name and city and authors name Q22 plz provide journal name and volume number and page numberQ23 plz provide in english translationQ24 plz provide journal name and volume noQ25 Plz provide name of authorsQ26 plz provide publication nameQ27 plz provide publication nameQ28 Plz provide publication name and authors nameQ29 plz provide English translationQ30 Plz provide in English translationsQ31 Plz confi rm tilte

How to cite this Article

Source of Support University Grant Commission [F No 34-1312008 (SR)] New Delhi India Confl ict of Interest None declared



Formulations 176

it is a need to develop the modern dosage form like Tablet Mouth Dissolving Tablets

and Capsules of traditional dosage form (vati gutika churna or safoof etc) with

respect to increase the stability dose accuracy production rate quality of packaging

material elegance of design overall aesthetic appeal and so on Some innovative

research efforts are required to define the advantages of standardization and

development of modern dosage form to make the herbal drug acceptable globally

The present study is an approach to develop quality control parameters and

development of modern dosage form (Capsule) of identified formulations viz

Balacaturbhadrika churna (Ayurvedic) Shingyadi churna (Ayurvedic) Thirikadu

choornam (Siddha) and Safoof-E-Sana (Unani) which are official in their respective

formularies

51 Standardization of Balacaturbhadrika churna

Balacaturbhadrika churna is a fine powder form which is widely used in Diarrhoea

Fever Cough and Asthma at dose of 500 mg to 1 gmday It is composed of Cyperus

rotundus (musta) Piper longum (pippali) Aconitum heterophy (ativisa) and Pistacia

integerrima (sringi) All the ingredients are firstly powdered separately and mixed

together All the plant raw materials were purchased from the local market of Raipur

CG and identified morphologically and microscopically and compared with standard

pharmacopoeial monograph All the reagents and solvents used were of analytical

grade The sample of crude drug was also authenticated by University Institute of

Pharmacy Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur The ash values extractive

values with various reagents were determined as per the WHO guidelines

Three batches of Balacaturbhadrika churna designated as BC-I BC-II and BC-III

were prepared in laboratory using method described in Ayurvedic Formulary of India

Evaluation of organoleptic characters of raw materials Ghana (musta) Krsna

(pippali) Aruna (ativisa) and Sringi (karkatasringi) was performed and characters are

recorded Laboratory batches of Balacaturbhadrika churna (BC-I BC-II and BC-III)

and one marketed preparations were also evaluated for organoleptic characters The

results for the marketed formulation (MF) and Laboratory formulations (LF) are

found comparable



Formulations 177

































Formulations 178
































Formulations 179
















Stability studies















Formulations 180









recorded















characteristics








Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 177

































Formulations 178
































Formulations 179
















Stability studies















Formulations 180









recorded















characteristics








Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 178
































Formulations 179
















Stability studies















Formulations 180









recorded















characteristics








Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 179
















Stability studies















Formulations 180









recorded















characteristics








Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 180









recorded















characteristics








Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 181































Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 182
























respectively







Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 183

Stability studies































Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 184









found























Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 185
































Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 186

















Stability studies





months









Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 187

































Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 188

































Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 189
































Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 190



Stability studies







formulations

















range (lt75)



Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 191

Disintegration time






Moisture content










Stability studies












Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 192










formulations





















Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Formulations 193









condition
















References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 194






71





B Aryavidyan 1998 11(3)164-67


1985 6(2-4)133-40


Res 1983 4(3-4)158-61


Siddha 199314(1-2)68-73













References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 195









200414(4)207-13


200441(1)12-18


200120(1)33-35


52-63



369-378





Res 2003 28 367-371



206 437-445




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 196








1991 12(1-2)85-92




Anal 2005 37937- 41









Ernst E Am J Med 1998 104 170-178








References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 197








Press ISBN 1-57491-120-1






15(3)222-25



edition 1966165





Food Chem 2003 51 375-382








References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 198


2004 18-23


41




318563ndash64



299-306




113


1152





56








References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 199





Weinheim






199655(4)286-88








2002a 1ndash37




6(6) 625-637




18(3-4)151-56


1996296

References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 200









Ootacamund1995 A44







200466(6)753-57





Altern med 20063(2)27-36


1993 14(3-4)174-78


1998a 19(3-4)165-75


95



References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 201






















34 23ndash37


276-80


98-104



References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 202











2)83-87












Ltd 19676


2009 34(3)304-6






WHOTRM914

References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 203


3-70








Geneva 20059-78


115


WHOTRM9811998 (b)















References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




References


Formulations] 204








List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary




List of Publication








Journal 4 (27) (2012) 20-24








(Communicated)
















Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary












Review








Contents


1 Introduction







Fitoterapia







2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary









2 Liposome







3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






3 Nanoparticles



4 Phytosome








Reference




60 Intranasal [18]



6922plusmn06

Buccal [16]







6230 In vitro [20]



94 In vitro [21]



8827plusmn216

In vitro [22]


9077 ndash [23]




ndash In vitro [24]




995 In vitro [25]


8120plusmn420

In vivo [26]














Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary





Table2

Nan

ostructured

herbal

form

ulations

Form

ulations

Active

ingred

ients

App

lications

ofna

nostructured

form

ulations

Biolog

ical

activity

Metho

dof

prep

aration

En

trap

men

tefficien

cyRo

uteof

administration

Referenc

e

Triptolid

ena

nopa

rticle

Triptolid

eEn

hanc

ethepe

netrationof

drug

sthroug

hthe

stratum

corn

eum

byincrea

sedhy

dration

Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Topical(

skin)

[30]

Nan

oparticles

ofCu

scuta

chinen

sis

Flav

onoids

andlig

nans

Improv

ewater

solubility

Hep

atop

rotectivean

dan

tiox

idan

teffects

Nan

osus

pens

ionmetho

d90

Oral

[37]

Triptolid

e-load

edsolid

lipid

nano

particle

Triptolid


Anti-inflam

matory

Emulsification

-ultrasoun

dndash

Oral

[38]

Artem

isinin

nano

caps

ules

Artem

isinin

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Self-

assemblyproc

edure

90ndash93

In

vitro

[39]

Radixsalvia

miltiorrhiza

nano

particles

Rsalvia

miltiorrhiza

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Corona

ryhe

artdiseasesa

ngina

pectoris

andmyo

cardialinfarction

Spray-drying

tech

niqu

eUpto96

68

Invitro

[40]

Taxe

l-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Taxe

lEn

hanc

ethebioa

vaila

bilityan

dsu

staine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Emulsion

solven

tev

aporation

metho

d99

44

ndash[41]

Berberine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Berberine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Antican

cer

Ionicge

lation

metho

d65

40plusmn

070

In

vitro

[42]

Silib

ini-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Silib

ini

Highen

trap

men

tefficien

cyan

dstab

ility

Hep

atop

rotective

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

9564

ndash[43]

Tetran

drine-load

edna

nopa

rticles

Tetran

drine

Sustaine

ddrug

release

Lung

Self-

emulsification

andsolven

tev

aporating

84

Invitro

[44]

Glycy

rrhizicacid-loa

ded

nano

particles

Glycy

rrhizic

acid

Improv

ethebioa

vaila

bility

Anti-inflam

matory

antihy

perten

sive

Rotary-eva

porated

film

ultrason

icationmetho

d91

76

ndash[45]

Que

rcetin-loa

ded

nano

particles

Que

rcetin

Increa

sean

tiox

idan

tactivity

andreleaseof

the

drug

74times

high

erAntioxida

ntNan

oprecipitation

tech

niqu

eov

er99

In

vitro

[46]

Brev

iscapine

-loa

ded

nano

particles

Brev

iscapine

Prolon

gtheha

lf-lifean

dde

crea

seRE

Sup

take

Cardiova

scular

andcerebrov

ascu

lar

Spon

tane

ousem

ulsification

solven

tdiffus

iontech

niqu

e93

1

IntraVen

ous

[47]

Zedo

aryturm

eric

oil

nano

caps

ule

Zedo

ary

turm

eric

oil

Increa

sethedrug

load

ingan

dstab

ility

ofZT

OHep

atop

rotectionAntican

ceran

dan

ti-bacterial

Highpressu

reHom

ogen

izationmetho

d162

plusmn015

Lo

adingCa

pacity

ndash[48]

Naringe

nin-

load

edna

nopa

rticles

Naringe

nin

Improv

edthereleaseof

NARan

dim

prov

editssolubility

Hep

atop

rotective

Nan

oprecipitation

metho

dndash

Oral

[49]

Curcum

inoids

solid

lipid

nano

particles

Curcum

inoids

Prolon

ged-releaseof

thecu

rcum

inoids

Antican

ceran

dan

tiox

idan

tMicro-emulsion

tech

niqu

e70

In

vitro

[50]

CPT-en

caps

ulated

nano

particles

Camptothe

cin

Prolon

gedbloo

dcirculationan

dhigh

accu

mulationin

tumors

Antican

cer

Dialysismetho

dN80

In

vitro

[51]

Ginkg

obiloba

nano

particles

Ginkg

obiloba

extract

Improv

ingthecerebral

bloo

dflow

and

metab

olism

Brainfunc

tion

activa

tion

Highpressu

reho

mog

enization

metho

dndash

Oral

[52]










Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary












Reference




100 mgand200 mgkg

Subcutaneous [55]





25 and50 mgkg

Oral [56]

Silybinphytosome




120 mg Oral [57]

Ginsengphytosome



150 mg Oral [58]

Green teaphytosome



50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

Grape seedphytosome




50ndash100 mg

Oral [58]

HawthornPhytosome




100 mg Oral [58]

Quercetinphytosome



ndash Oral [59]

Curcuminphytosomes




360 mgkg

Oral [60][49]




100 mgkg

Oral [61]




5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






5 Emulsions









Drugloading


Reference


Zedoaryturmericoil




683plusmn16 nm

30 Oral [65]



Anti-inflammatory










5680 nm 050 Oral [67]






10ndash100 nm

03solution

Topical [69]





7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary







7 Microspheres







Reference








Anti-inflammatory

350 nm to100 nm

Topical [78]





Size inmicrom


Reference





16500ndash19500

In vitro [81]




100ndash600

Oral [82]





[83]









6ndash7 Oral [85]





9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary







9 Conclusion




Companyname

Reference









Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary






Acknowledgement


References














































200712736ndash9





































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary







































Q1





A B S T R A C T

INTRODUCTION




wwwphcogrevcom

DOI















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary


















1998 [7]



2004 [8]



2003 [9]



2000 [10]



2005 [1112]



2003 [13]




establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary







establishmentRef



1989 [1617]



1993 [18]



1989 [19 20]


1995 [21-23]



2004 [24-27]


1992 [28]



1984 [18]


1990 [29]



1992 [30 31]



1995 [18]


1996 [32]






1994 [40]



1996 [41]



1945 [42]



1975 [18]



1985 [4344]



1969 [47-50]





1968 [18]

Table 2 Contd




establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary







establishmentRef





1996 [52]

New Zealand


1981 [18]






1995 [55]


1990 [56]

Saudi Arabia


1996 [18]



South Africa



1994 [2]



1990 [59 60]

Switzerland




1967 [18]

United Kingdom



1968 [62-66]

United States



20001994

[67-70]



THE EUROPEAN UNION







CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary









CONCLUSION



AKNOWLEDGEMENT


REFERENCES




















Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q9

Q10


























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary





























Q11

Q12

Q13

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q17

Q18

Q19

Q20

Q21





























Q22

Q23

Q24

Q25

Q26

Q27

Q28

Q29

Q30

Q31





Authey Quary








Authey Quary




summary and conclusion - inflibnetshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/29448/10/10_chapter...

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