sun focus april june 2014

8/10/2019 Sun Focus April June 2014

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MNRE$

30% of system benchmark cost as capital subsidy in general category states. Higher subsidy (60% ofcost) in special category states, including hilly states, islands, and border districts, except to commercialestablishments.

UNDP-GEF Project$ 15% of system benchmark cost to a maximum of Rs 75 lakh for demonstration projects of 250 sq. m and

above for online performance monitoring, O&M expenses, feasibility report/DPR, etc. For dual axis trackerdishes, the support is for project of 150 sq.m and above

$ Rs 5-10 lakh for replication projects of 250 sq. m and above for providing performance/fuel saving data,O&M expenses, etc.

$ Rs 2 lakh for projects below 250 sq. m but not less than 64 sq. m for Schefer dishes and 45 sq.m for otherconcentrators mainly for meeting part O&M expenses

$ Additional 10% of cost to a maximum of Rs 15 lakh for projects done in ESCo mode$ 20% of the system cost to a maximum of Rs 15 lakh for 5-year-old systems for repair/renovation, subject to

the condition that an equal amount is spent by the beneciary$ In addition, 80% accelerated depriciation benet is available to prot making bodies in the rst year

Financial Support Available for CST-Based Syste

Learning by SharingInviting authors to contribute to

What we require

Feature Articles Policy Case Studies Technology Focus

For contributions and comments, please contactMs Arpita Dasgupta at [email protected] or +91 11 24682100; Extn: 2720

An honorarium will be paid for published articles.

Readers may send their views on the SUN FOCUS Magazine at arpita.dasgupta@teri. res.in . Your feedback is valuable for inspiring the quality of the magazine.


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Chief PatronShri Upendra Tripathy, Secretary, MNREEditor-in-Chief Shri Tarun Kapoor, Jt Secretary, MNREEditorial BoardMr S K Singh, Director, SECDr R P Goswami, Director, MNREDr S N Srinivas, PO, UNDPMr B V Rao, CGM, IREDADr A K Singhal, NPM-CSHP, MNREMr Shirish Garud, Associate Director, TERIEditorial CoordinatorsMr Pankaj Kumar, DPM-CSHP, MNREMs Arpita Dasgupta, TERIMs Sangeeta Paul, TERIDesign and Production TeamMr Vijay Kumar, TERIMr R K Joshi, TERIMr Aman Sachdeva, TERIProduced and Published byProject Management UnitUNDP-GEF project on CSHMinistry of New and Renewable EnergyGovernment of IndiaNew Delhi& TERI Press TERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC ComplexLodhi Road, New Delhi 110 003 Tel: +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900Fax: +91 2436 3035, 2436 2288

Email: [email protected]: www.mnre.gov.inDisclaimer The views expressed by authorsincluding those of the editor in thisnewsletter are not necessarily the viewsof the MNRE and publishers.Printed atSVS Press116, Patparganj Industrial Estate,

New Delhi 110 092, India

Issue 4 AprilJune 2014a quarterly magazine onconcentrated solar heat

INside...

Case Study

Special Features 06

17

Editorial 5

Joint Secretary, MNRE

Special Features 6

Status and Scope of Solar Cooling in India

Standalone Solar Air Conditioning Systems Developed underPublicPrivate Partnership

Technology Focus 13

SolarBiomass Hybrid Cold Storage System for Rural Application

International Scenario 15

An International Scenario of a Few Solar Thermal Cooling Systems

Case Study 17

Solar Cooling Systems at Mahindra & Mahindra, Pune: A Case Study

Forthcoming Events


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Readers Responses

Feedback FormName

Organization

Did Sun Focus add value to your area of functionand your projects?

Yes No

Which issue of Sun Focus did you find the mostinteresting?

1st issue 2nd issue 3rd issue

From where did you come to hear of Sun Focus ?What other information on concentrated solartechnologies would you want us to cover in theforthcoming issues?

Any suggestions for improvement

Your feedback is valuable for improving the quality of the magazine.

Please write to us at [email protected]

We appreciate the thought behind Sun Focus. The CST industry requires credibility and the endusers need to be educated. The magazine is fullling both these objectives well by includingarticles that focus on performance and information that spreads awareness. It will add towardsthe growth of the CST industry.

Abhishek Bhatewara, Director, Clique Solar

The magazine has been interesting. I wish you all continued success in disseminating newsabout solar thermal technologies.

Dr S P Viswanathan,President, Empereal-KGDS Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd

It is excellent.Mr Niranjan Khatri, General Manager Environment, ITC Ltd

We appreciate and enjoy the news updates and technical content on CST development in India

and abroad. One comment from our side is about the lack of sharing the examples of CSTapplications installed and run by the World Renewal Spiritual Trust (WRST) in number of BrahmaKumaris Ashrams in India. The WRST has a long standing and broad experience in the eld ofthe paraboloid reectors in various CST applications. We wonder if there would be an opportunityto share those experiences with the audience of the SUN FOCUS.

Aneta Loj, India One Solar Thermal Power PlantWorld Renewal Spiritual Trust


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F rom the editors desk...

Dear Readers,

I am happy to bring to you the fourth issue of Sun Focus. In due course, Sun Focus has become aknowledge publication for various stakeholders, which is evident from the encouraging responseswe are receiving from readers. This issue focuses on solar cooling and refrigeration technologies. Cooling applications go hand-in-hand with solar energy, however, so far technical challenges have restricted the use of solar energyfor this purpose. You will nd innovative technologies and applications using solar energy for coolingapplications in this issue. The issue covers both technology assessment and case studies.

It is heartening to see the number of successful application of solar cooling technology. The projects arehowever being installed at places where electricity cost is high or people are using diesel/ LPG to run theVapour Absorption Machine (VAM) for cooling. Though a number of such plants have been installed inthe country but progress is slow and needs to be accelerated.

With this issue, Sun Focus will complete its rst cycle of four issues. We look forward to extendingcoverage and providing more relevant content in the forthcoming issues of Sun Focus.

I encourage all readers to put forward their suggestions and views towards the advancement of SunFocus magazine.

Sd/-Tarun Kapoor

Joint Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy


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6 | SUN FOCUS | AprilJune 2014

STATUS AND SCOPE OF SOLAR COOLING IN Dr A K Singhal

Special Feature

Author is National Project Manager, Concentrated Solar Heat Processes, MNRE . Email: [email protected]

Space cooling and refrigerationare highly energy-intensiveprocesses. Cooling demands in

various sectors are maximum mainlyduring day time when solar energy isalso prevalent; this is more so in the hotsummer season. Most parts of Indiaget abundant sunshine throughoutthe year. Solar cooling/refrigeration is,therefore, the most relevant applicationfor our country, especially in view ofthe rapidly increasing demand forenergy and shortage of electric power.

It is estimated that cooling consumesabout 35,000 MW of electricity forvarious end-uses. Part of this is fromconventional power plants in areaswhere electricity is easily available andthe rest is being generated throughDG sets which consume a signicantamount of highly subsidized dieselleading to noise and air pollution,besides heavy CO 2 emissions. Apartfrom this, in rural areas, where suchoptions are not available, 3040% ofagricultural produce is being destroyeddue to lack of proper post harvestcooling facilities. Thus, resorting tosolar cooling not only mitigates energyshortage and environmental pollution,but also contributes to the reduction offood spoilage. The applications of cooling includedomestic refrigeration, comfort/ spacecooling in various sectors, industrialrefrigeration and process cooling,

cold storages with deep freezing,vaccine storages in PHCs, etc. Thecapacity range of systems varies froma few Watts to thousands of kiloWatts.Solar cooling/air-conditioning systemshave the potential to catering to allthe above sectors. However, this is anemerging technology and faces many

growth barriers, which are differentfrom other heating and coolingtechnologies.

Cooling Technologies Two types of cooling machines aregenerally available in the market; onethat works on electricity, i.e, VapourCompression Machine (VCM) and theother that works on thermal heatingVapour Absorption Machine (VAM). Vapour Compression Machines They work on conventional electricity,are very common, and are commerciallyavailable in the capacity range of 1ton and above. These machines aregenerally called Air-Conditioners(ACssplit or window) are being usedin all establishments, be it residential,institutional or commercial. Thesemachines are compact because oftheir high co-efcient of performance.In these machines, the refrigerant

in the form of vapour/liquidiscompressed/expanded to obtainrequired temperature for a particularapplication.

Vapour Absorption Machines They are being used at places wherewaste heat is available or conventional

electricity is either not available all thetime or is expensive. These machinesare generally available in the capacityrange of 30 ton and above, and arebeing preferred in large establishmentsdepending on the availabilityof waste heat or other factors. The VAMs occupy a large spacebecause of their low co-efcientof performance (COP). To increasetheir COP, the machines have beendeveloped with double effect andtriple effect absorption cycles which

require higher degree of heat tooperate at that efciency. In thesemachines the refrigerant in the formof liquid is mixed up in the absorbentwhich is separated out using thermalheat in the form of vapour which isfurther condensed and expandedto get the desired temperature for aparticular application. The refrigerant used in thesemachines depends on the requirementof temperature for a particularapplication. For example, for spacecooling the temperature requirementis around 1826 C, so Freon/ R22which does not have a very lowfreezing temperature is being used inVCMs while LiBr-Water combination isgenerally being used in VAMs.

Solar Concentrator installed beingused at Turbo Energy Ltd, Chennai,

for space cooling

Vapour Absorption Machine beingused for cooling


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SUN FOCUS | AprilJune 2014 | 7

Special Feature

For applications where the temperaturerequirement are less to storeperishable food products, generallybetween -20 C and 4 C, ammonia isbeing used as the refrigerant whosefreezing temperature is much belowthe required temperature for cooling.A few other technologies have alsobeen developed but these have theirown limitations.

Solid sorption dry coolingtechnologyIn these systems, solid sorbents withdifferent sorbent-refrigerant pairsSilica GelWater, Carbon-Ammonia,etc.have been considered globally.Some demonstration systems have

been also built and are in operation.Silica gelwater systems are availableabroad commercially, even thoughto a limited extent. These systems areespecially feasible for small capacityand mobile/ portable systems. Theseare also expected to have betterpart load efciencies compared toconventional wet systems.

Other technologiesOther solar energy based technologiesinclude Vapour Jet (Ejector) CoolingSystems, Open Cycle Desiccant CoolingSystems, and Solar PV operatedVapour Compression Systems. Whilesporadic efforts have been made tobuild and test these systems, there areno major headways to bring them todemonstration / commercial levels.

Solar Cooling SystemsBoth commercially available machinesVCM & VAMcan run on solarenergy; VCM on solar photovoltaicsconnected with an inverter to convertDC power to AC power and VAM onsolar thermal collectors with the typeof collectors decided on the basis oftype of VAM used (single/ double/triple effect). Solar cooling systemsboth working on solar photovoltaicand on thermal collectors have beendeveloped and installed in the eld.

These systems, however, because ofthe added cost of solar eld, are stillexpensive at places where electricityis cheap and is available through outthe requirement without any problem. These are also not viable at places

where waste heat or other fossil fuel areavailable at very low cost. For the pastfew years, solar cooling systems aregetting attention due to the following:i. Increasing cost of electricity and its

non availability on a 24X7 hour basisat many places

ii. Decreasing cost of solar electricitythrough photovoltaic which hascome down to around Rs 8/- perunit from the earlier price of Rs 18/-per unit about 3 years back

iii. Increasing cost of diesel/ LPG,difculty in their procurement andstorage, and pollution caused bytheir use.

Between both the coolingtechnologies, VAMs operating on solarthermal technologies are nding goodacceptance in the country. There aremany places where people either donot have electricity available all thetime or it is very expensive. At suchplaces they are forced to use diesel torun DGs Sets for running the ACs orrun boilers on diesel/ LPG to generatesteam/ pressurized hot water forfeeding into the VAMs to generatecooling. Solar thermal systemsconnected to the boilers make senseand are a viable solution. Solar systemsbased on concentrating technologies(CSTs) are getting better recognitioncompared to at plate based systems

due to the fact that they can provideheat at higher temperature andpressure to operate VAMs at higherefciency. Also, CSTs require lesserspace as compared to at plattechnologies. A typical system of 30ton capacity for commercial complexesand institutions require about 250300sq. m. of CST area depending on thetype of technology used which maycost around Rs 6070 lakh. This systemshould be able to save 18,00022,000litre of diesel per year depending on thesolar radiation available at the place ofinstallation. It should be able to recoverits cost in 56 years at the current priceof diesel at the rate of Rs 55 per litre. The payback time may be reduced to

34 years with 30% subsidy availablefrom the government. It will furtherreduce the payback if depreciationbenet to the extent of 80% is availedin the First year itself by prot-makingorganizations which is available on allrenewable energy technologies.

Standalone solar coolingsystems These systems with intermittent heatstorage has also been developedby M/s Thermax Ltd, Pune, under apublicprivate partnership with MNRE. The system of 30-ton capacity usingindigenously made concentratingparabolic troughs and triple-effectVAM has been developed anddemonstrated at the Solar EnergyCentre, MNRE, for the purpose of air-conditioning of ofce complexes. Itis a standalone system for day timeuse and can take care of intermittent

Parabolic Trough Concentrators being used for Space Cooling at Honeywell Automation Ltd, Hyderabad


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Special Feature

clouds through small heat storage. Thesystem has been found to be usefulfor ofces and institutions workingduring day time when solar radiationis also available. Smaller systems withair-cooled condensers have also beendeveloped and are in operation at SEC.

Available Support from

Government for Solar CoolingSystemsA total of 30% subsidy to all categoriesof beneciaries with additional benetof 80% accelerated depreciation toprot-making bodies is availablefrom the MNRE for installations.Higher subsidy for special category

states is available. In addition, upto 15% support is available fromUNDP-GEF project for systemssizing 250 sq. m. and above forspecic activities.

Scope of Solar CoolingInstallations in the Near FutureKeeping in view the present statusand cost of electricity/diesel andother fossil fuels fuel and also theavailable solar technologies, thereseems to be a vast potential of solarcooling as per following:

Space cooling at places whereDG sets or VAMs are being used.

Retrofitting of CSTs with existingboilers are a viable option

Standalone solar cooling systemswith intermittent heat storagefor institutions and otherestablishments working duringday time

Integrated hybrid solar systemsboth for heating and cooling to

work in all seasons.

If all efforts are put to tap abovepotential, 5 million sq. m. of solarcollectors area with 25,000 TR (tonsof refrigeration) is possible to achieveby 2022 for solar cooling.

CST-based systems installed in India for space cooling

PlaceCapacity in TR &type of VAM

Type & size ofsolar eld

Solar heat fed to VAMYear ofinstallation &Manufacturer

Solar Cost(Rs inlakhs)

NPCIL, Kota,Rajasthan

100 TR with tripleeffect VAM

100 nos of PTC,641 m 2

Pressurized water at 17bar and 200 C

2013 (Thermax) 245

Honeywell Tech.Hyderabad

100 TR with tripleeffect VAM

128 nos of PTC,821 m 2

Pressurized hot water at17 bar and 165 C

2013 (Thermax) 213

NTPC, Noida, UP50 TR with 2-daystorage anddouble effect VAM

2 nos of Arun160, 338 m 2

Steam at 15 bar and170 C

2012(Clique Solar)

250

Turbo Energy Ltd.Chennai

50 TR with doubleeffect VAM

2 nos of Arun160, 338 m 2


2011(Clique Solar)

80

Civil Hospital,

Thane

212 TR (160 TRwith VAM and 52

desiccant cooling)double effect VAM

150 nos ofSchefer Dishes,2040 m 2

Steam at 7 bar and

150 C

2011

(Sharda Inv.)399

MahindraVehicles, Chakan,Pune

120 TR withdouble effect VAM

70 nos ofSchefer Dishes,1120 m 2

Steam at 8.5 bar and167 C

2010 (Thermax) 125

Magneti Mareli,Manesar, Haryana

30 TR20 nos ofSchefer Dishes,320 m 2


2010 (Thermax) 104

Cancer Hospital,Muni Seva

Ashram, Goraj,Gujarat

100 TR with

double effect VAM

96 nos. Schefer

Dishes, 1250m2

Steam at 8.5

Bar & 167 C

2008

(Gadhia Solar)100


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STANDALONE SOLAR AIR CONDITIONDEVELOPED UNDER PUBLICPRIVATEDr R R Sonde 1, S V Kulkarni 2, R R Desai 3

It is interesting to note that thecountry today faces a greaterdemand for non-electricityapplications, i.e., where the primaryenergy source could have beenapplied in a more efcient way thanuse of electricity-driven applications.However, a major focus has been onthe development of solar-to-powerapplications rather than other forms

of solar energy utilization, such asdirect solar cooling. It is estimatedthat 29% of total energy generatedis used for heated ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), especially in theservice and commercial sector. Use ofsolar energy for HVAC applications in adistributed mode is perhaps the mostpotent application of solar, after thesolar photo voltaic power application. Use of highly efcient VapourAbsorption Machines (VAMs) using single, double, and even tripleeffect coupled with mediumtemperature high efciency low-costsingle axis tracking parabolic troughbased solar collectors have made thesolar direct air-conditioning systema hugely appropriate technologyfor use in India. Thermax Ltd is aglobally recognized player in VAMs;this coupled with indigenously builtmedium temperature solar collectorswill ensure that the entire system is anindigenous effort. This developmentdoes not demand the use of anysemi-conductors and neither is itdependent on high technologysilicon VAMs being privy of only fewglobal players.

Virtual Power Generation byUsing Solar Cooling SystemA solar cooling system consists ofsolar collectors and vapour sorptionmachines. The heat generated in thesolar collectors drives the sorptionmachine to produce chilling for HVACsystems. Vapour sorption machinesare popular in industries where wasteheat is available, and there is need forprocess cooling and comfort cooling.Conventional Vapour CompressionChillers are driven by electricity. Togenerate 5 kW of cooling, 1.5 kWeelectricity is required along with 5 kWequivalent fuel. Solar heat if used withsorption machine can produce thiscooling. Thus, every 5 kW of coolingproduced saves 1.5 kWe of electricity. This saving of electricity is equal togenerating of electricity; hence, solarcooling produces virtual power.

Demonstration Projects underPPP Mode Thermax, along with the Solar EnergyCentre (SEC), MNRE, has created a worldclass facility for demonstrating thesetechnologies for various applications.

Large-scale HVAC system forcommercial complexes andlarge ofces

These include large-scale airconditioning systems using rooftop-mounted parabolic troughs and triple-effect VAMs being built at a scale of100 kW and more. These systems aretypically water-cooled centralizedair-conditioning with chilled watercirculated through air handling units.Since space is at a premium, gettingmaximum cooling from minimumarea is important. Integration of the

1 Author is Executive Vice President & CTO, Research Technology Innovation Center (RTIC), Thermax Ltd. Email: [email protected] 2 Author is Head Strategic Planning and Technology Development, RTIC, Thermax Ltd. Email: [email protected]

Special Feature

Virtual Power Generation using solar cooling system

3 Author is Technologist-Technology Development Group, RTIC, Thermax Ltd. Email: [email protected]


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PTC based 15/5 kW system using air cooled double effect Vapour Absorption Machine

Special Feature

Conguration and Performance of Demonstration ProjectsPTC based 100 Kw system using triple effect Vapour Absorption Machine

SpecicationChilled water In/Out : 127 C Hot Water In/Out : 210200 C COP: 1.7 Collector Area: 288 sq. m.

Specication: 15 kWChilled water In/Out: 1510 CHot Water In/Out: 180170 CCOP: 1.0

Collector Area: 72 sq. m.

Specication: 5 kWChilled water In/Out: 15 10 CHot Water In/Out: 180170 CCOP: 1.0Collector Area: 24 sq. m.

Con guration of 15/5 kW unit

of the concept across differentlocations under varying climaticconditions. Such a thrust will resultin acceptance of the concept andfacilitate mass multiplications of suchsystems. This would then naturallylead economy of scale manufacturingof various components within thecountry, which will have multiple-level benefits to the country. Theimportance thus lies in building

indigenous capabilities, skill sets,and know-how multipliers thatwill create a virtuous cycle in thisvital field. In order to ensure quickproliferation and deployment ofthese solutions, initially CAPEXsupport should be provided at boththe Solar Field as well as the VAMcollectively as a solar cooling system. The need for CAPEX suppor t woulddiminish once the solution is fine-

tuned and proven as per needs ofdifferent geographies. Thereafter,other support measures such asfeed-in tariff can be introduced forcooling energy harnessed from solarenergy. A mechanism for measuringsolar-based cooling for which a pre-defined feed-in tariff has alreadypassed is at the design stage. This canbe implemented as is done for solargrid connected power plants.

OPERATING PERFORMANCE


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Specication: 5 kWChilled water In/Out : 15 / 10 C Hot Water in/Out : 80/70 C COP : 0.4 Collector area : 61 Sq m

Con guration of adsorption unit

Special Feature

Concluding RemarksWith the worlds rst-of-a-kinddevelopment model built under apublicprivate partnership model by

Thermax Ltd and SEC India, it wouldbe possible to put in place the rightkind of technology backed withappropriate policy measures. Solar-

based cooling is thus the appropriatesolution for both developed andemerging economies.

Performance Details

CPC based 5 Kw Solid Vapour Absorption Machine

CHW Temp in CHW Temp out HW Temp in HW Temp out Cooling water Capacity COP

oC oC oC oC oC kW

15.1 8.4 97.3 87.0 30.4 5.8 0.4

15.2 8.5 94.6 84.2 30.7 5.8 0.4

14.7 9.0 98.4 87.4 31.3 5.0 0.3

15.0 9.6 85.4 74.9 32.3 4.9 0.3

15.3 9.3 82.4 71.9 29.9 5.2 0.4

CHW in Temp CHW out Temp HW in Temp HW out Temp Air in Temp Capacity COPoC oC oC oC oC kW

15.7 10.7 175.8 161.5 31.2 4.9 1.0

14.1 08.8 174.8 166.9 33.3 4.3 1.2

14.0 08.7 175.8 167.2 34.4 4.3 1.215.2 09.8 177.6 163.0 31.3 5.0 1.1

15.9 10.4 175.4 160.7 32.5 5.2 1.1

Performance Details


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BackgroundIndia is the second largest country inthe world producing a variety of fruitsand vegetables. Till recent times, thefruit and vegetable industry was mostlyconcentrated in rural areas, which wascatering to the requirement of urbanareas as well. A revolution in thisindustry started with the processingof fruits and marketing of fruit pulpsin the indigenous and internationalmarkets. Horticulture provides 6.5% ofGDP, 13% of employment, and accountsfor more than 9% of Indian exportswith only 9% crop acreage. Cold

storage facilities for Indias agriculturalproduce are falling short by more than10 million tonnes of storage capacity.Recent regional economic growth andchanges in dietary patterns have madeboth the production and consumptionof fruits and vegetables increasinglyimportant. The fruit and vegetablesector has a vital role in farm incomeenhancement, poverty alleviation, foodsecurity, and sustainable agriculture inAsia, especially in developing countriessuch as India. This sector howeversuffers greatly from post-harvestlosses. Some studies suggest that

about 3040% of fruits and vegetablesare lost or abandoned after leavingthe farm gate. Huge post-harvestlosses result in diminished returns forproducers. Storage losses of fruits inIndia are high owing to temperatureand humidity condition. This necessityevolved a new concept of storing theseitems at below or just above sub-zerotemperatures known as Cold Storage. It is a known fact that agricultureis the backbone of the rural economyand rural income is mainly dependenton agricultural produce. A largeamount of biomass is produced both

SOLARBIOMASS HYBRID COLDSTORAGE SYSTEMFOR RURAL APPLICATIONS K Singh

Author is Director/Scientist F, Solar Energy Centre, MNRE. Email: [email protected]

Technology Focus


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Technology Focus

in agriculture and forest sectors andthis includes vegetables, corns, straw,cotton gin thrash, rice husk, olive pits,tree pruning, saw dust, and woodchips. India is also blessed with goodsolar resource availability almost allover the country. Considering thefact that electricity, lighting, irrigation,and cold storage infrastructuralfacilities are crucial problems of ruralareas, a solution to combat theseissues can be explored by using twoof the most abundantly availablenatural resources, namely biomassand solar. Thus, a hydrid cold storagesystem based on a biomass gasierefciently using biomass for heat andpower generation, and solar thermalcollectors was conceptualized.

Project at a GlanceKeeping in view the importance andneed for cold storage and sustainabledevelopment of rural areas in India, theSolar Energy Centre (SEC), Gurgaon,a technical Institution under Ministryof New and Renewable Energy(MNRE), in collaboration with Thermax(cold storage component) and TERI(gasier component), implemented

a demonstration-cum-performanceevaluation project at the SEC campus.It involved design, development,fabrication, and eld trial of a solarbiomass hybrid absorption coolingsystem operating on thermal energyto produce cooling. The hybridsystem was also designed to generateelectricity keeping in view the demandfor electricity in rural areas. Detailedcomputer modelling was carried outto optimize system design before

going to eld-level implementation. The research initiative was fundedlater by the MNRE under the aegis ofthe Asia Pacic Partnership on CleanDevelopment and Climate.

System Components Biomass gasier (capacity: 50 kWe) Gas-engine generator

(capacity: 50 kWe)

Waste Heat Recovery Unit Solar Dish (4 Schefer dishes of 16

sq. m. area each) Chiller (15 kW) Cold storage Chamber (capacity: 20 T of vegetable storage)

Outcome TERIs biomass gasier is coupled with

Thermaxs newly developed VapourAbsorption Machine (VAM) of 15 kWcooling capacity and concentratingsolar parabolic dishes. This system canprovide clean power and cold storagefacility for about 25 tons of fruits andvegetables. Since the cold storage canbe cooled to temperatures as low as0 oC, it is able to a store a wide varietyof fruits, vegetables, and horticulturalproduce. The biomass gasierproduces 50 kWe electricity producingexhaust heat at 400 oC. About 70% ofthis waste heat can be recovered togenerate hot water at 135 0C for theVAM of 15 kW capacity system for coldstorage. Four Schefer dishes withaperture area of 16 m each have beenintegrated to provide thermal energyfor operation of the chiller duringsunny hours of the day. The gasierwill not run at its peak-rated capacity

during day time in view of the non-requirement of the lighting load inthe village; therefore, solar disheswill compensate the requirement ofheat for rated output of cold storage.Simultaneously, during non-sunnyhours, i.e., at night, the gasier will runat its peak-rated capacity to meet theelectricity requirement of the villagers.Running the gasier engine at fullrated capacity will produce 50 kW ofexhaust which would be sufcient tomeet the requirement of VAM. In case,non-availability of sunshine as wellas sufcient electrical load to meetthe heat requirement of VAM, specialarrangements have been made toutilize the producer gas in the heat

recovery unit to meet the balanceamount of heat required for VAM. Thehybrid system has thus been designedto provide electricity from locallyavailable biomass to a few villagesalong with a cold storage plant in aremote location. The solarbiomasshybrid cold storage system for ruralapplication has been commissioned.Performance evaluation of all theindependent units such as biomassgasier, solar dishes, VAM and coldstorage unit, and the integrated systemhave also been carried out. The systemhas been operational since 2013. SEC, TERI, and Thermax havegained considerable experience inthe operation of the proposed coldstorages. During the installationand commissioning of the rst of itskind prototype, considerable effortshave been dedicated to promotingsuch systems and interacting with

stakeholders involved. Knowledge ofsystem integration in such systemsis critical and necessary for theirsuccessful operation. Successfulimplementation of the solar biomasshybrid cold storage system can openavenues for its replication in otherparts of India and thus help in savingvaluable agricultural produce and alsoin achieving rural electrication.

SpecicationsCooling Capacity: 15 kWCold Storage Temperature: 05 CGas Engine Capacity: 50 kWeBiomass Consumption: 70 kg/hrHeat source for VAMDuring solar hours: Solar andproducer gas engine exhaustDuring non-solar hours: Producergas engine exhaust/auxiliary ring


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InternationalScenario

AN INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO OF A FEW SOLARTHERMAL COOLING SYSTEMSShirish Garud

Air conditioning is the dominatingenergy-consuming service in buildingsin many countries. In fact, in manyregions of the world, the demandfor cooling and dehumidication ofindoor air is growing due to increasingcomfort expectations and increasingcooling loads. Conventional coolingtechnologies exhibit several cleardisadvantages:

Energy consumption is high Cause high electricity peak loads In general, they employ refrigerants,

with considerable global warmingpotential

The utilization of solar energy towork heat-driven cooling machinesis a way to address these problems. These systems use solar heat to drivea heat-drive chiller or dehumidier,such as ab- or adsorption chillers, anddesiccant evaporative cooling systems.A well-designed solar-assisted air-conditioning system produces coolingwith considerably less electricitydemand than conventional air-conditioning systems. Furthermore,the working uids used in sorptionchillers and desiccant rotors will notcontribute to global warming, contraryto most working uids in conventionalcompression chillers.

Solar cooling system installationshave increased substantially in thelast decade and there are a number ofinstallations with successful workingrecords, especially in Europe. Recently,in last 34 years, a lot of R&D activityhas taken place for performanceand efciency improvement of solar

cooling systems. The focus of thisR&D work is to develop new andmore efcient cooling technologies,new applications such as solar-basedrefrigeration and overall optimizationof the system design of solar thermalcooling systems. Germany, Australia,and USA are the leading countriesin this on-going effort. Some of themajor solar cooling or refrigerationinstallations at the international levelhave been showcased here.

Solar Cooling System atCharlestown Square, Australia The Charlestown Square Solar ThermalCooling System is a 230 kWr absorptioncooling system that provides chilledwater to a shopping centre inCharlestown (near Newcastle), NSW. The solar eld consists of 12 PolyTrough1200 concentrating trough collectorsthat are manufactured, supplied, andinstalled by NEP Solar. The total aperturearea is 350 m which is installed on the

roof of the shopping mall, supplies180 C pressurized hot water to aBROAD double-effect absorptionchiller based on Li-Br cycle. The systemis operational since 2011. Being one ofthe few installations based on mediumtemperature heat and double-effectchiller, the commissioning activity andinitial performance of the system weremonitored carefully.

Two major lessons learnt can besummed up as: one, solar coolingsystem designs (solar collector eld andstorage tank) can be optimized usingthe transient modelling approach; andtwo, proper system design, integration,

and controls are critical for efcientoperation of the system.

Solar Thermal-based ColdStorage, Germany The research project AgroKhl wasinitiated by Fraunhofer Institute of SolarEnergy aimed at the development of

Author is Associate Director (EETD - RETA), The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). E-mail: [email protected]

Solar Cooling System at Charlestown Square, Australia


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InternationalScenario

to power the entire stadium, it isgenuinely carbon zero. The project wascommissioned in 2010 and has beensuccessfully working since then.

Concluding ThoughtsSolar-assisted air-conditioning systemstudies are very important. Experienceshows that many problems of realoperation rise at the system levelrather than at the level of components. The evaluation of successful designstrategies and successful systemlayouts in different climates will bevery important. In general, the projectsaim to develop an energy-efcienttechnology and do not discuss theprice of the system or the energeticadvantages compared to othercompeting technologies such as solarPV-based compression systems. Forfurther market development of solar-

assisted air conditioning systems, thesethemes should be better integrated intothe research projects or in subsequentstudies. Also, the number of relevantprojects where solar collectors aredeveloped is lower. The main reason isthat availability of solar collectors, at the

applicable temperature range neededto drive absorption or adsorptionchillers, are available on the market.Many manufacturers offer manydifferent products, including at platecollectors, evacuated tube collectors,single axis tracking concentrators, anddouble axis tracking concentrators.Related to the application in solar-assisted air conditioning systems, theprimary need is further reduction ofcosts in order to increase the overallcompetitiveness of the entire system.Considering this, further R&D can focuson the following:

Further R&D on smaller size systems(less than 25 TR) that are reliable andcan operate at low temperatures.

This enables the use of non-trackingconcentrators and ease of heatstorage.

Research on integrated hybrid systemswhich work on both compressioncycle and heat-driven cycle.

Interesting new options have comeup for the liquid desiccant cycles.One effect is the possibility of usingthe concentrated desiccant asenergy storage for air conditioning.Another is that it is possible to coolthe absorber and thereby to increasethe potential for dehumidicationremarkably. Such a process couldalso be combined with the soliddesiccant cycle in order to increaseits dehumidication potentialand COP.

an integrated solar thermal driven coldstorage room for agricultural produce. The pilot project was implemented bya consortium of partners from industryand science. The pilot project has beeninstalled at Kramer GmbH which islocated in Umkirch near Freiburg. Thecompany is a specialist for shoptting,cold room construction and insulationtechnology. The system is based on theCLFR-type solar collector eld suppliedby Industrial solar and absorptionchiller based on Ammonia-water cyclesupplied by Klte Grohmann GmbH &Co. KG. A total of 100 m volume waschilled using the system.

The solar collector eld size wasdeliberately oversized consideringthe local weather conditions. Thepreliminary performance results ofthe system were very promising andoverall COP of the system was observedto be about 1.2. It was observed thatthe direct cooling option was moreefcient than the use of storage. Thescope for further optimization of thesystem was also identied by bettercontrol strategy and integration.

Solar Cooling System forFootball Stadium at Doha,Qatar The heat generated by the CLFR SolarCollector Field designed and suppliedby Industrial Solar is used to power a1 MW absorption chiller, whichprovides air-conditioning for a 500-seatshowcase football stadium constructedby ES-Group/London and designedby Arup Associates in connection toQatars bid for the World Cup 2022. Inthis rst solar-cooled stadium, the air iscirculated around the stadium to keepplayers and spectators comfortable.And, because the suns energy is used

Specications

Solar Collector Field: 88 mAbsorption Chiller: 12 kWCooling Capacity: 52 kWh

SpecicationsSolar Collector Field: 1,400 mChiller: Double EffectAbsorption-based ChillerCooling Capacity: 1 MW

Source: Based on Global Status Report, REN21 (2013) and Mungier and Jakob, Keeping Cool with the Sun (2011).

2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Number ofinstalla

tions

Market Development of Solar Cooling Systems

(includes low temperature solar technologies in all establishments)


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SOLAR COOLING SYSTEMS AT MAHINDRA & MAHPUNE: A CASE STUDYDr Anagha Pathak 1, Sunil Datar 2

1 Author is Deputy Manager, Thermax Ltd, Pune. Email: [email protected] 2 Author is DGM - Utility Operations & Maintenance MVML Chakan, Mahindra and Mahindra, Pune. Email: [email protected]

Case Study

IntroductionMahindra & Mahindra Limited (M&M)is an Indian multinational automobile-manufacturing corporation and thelargest seller of tractors across theworld. It was ranked as the 10th mosttrusted brand in India by The Brand Trust Report, India Study 2014 and21st in the list of top companies ofIndia in Fortune India 500 in 2011.

The Chakan facility of Mahindrais its largest, most effective andsustainable facility spread over 700acres in the outskirts of Pune, witha phased investment of INR 5,000crore. What sets this plant apart is thefact that it has been designed withsustainability on its mind, especiallyin terms of CO 2 reduction and frugaluse of energy. In order to furtherthis goal, Mahindra embarked on a journey testing solar and renewablesolutions that fit in perfectly with itsindustrial process heat and coolingrequirements.

ObjectiveOne of the processes identied wasthe Paint Shop Process which requirescold water at a very low temperature of7 oC. This is to maintain temperature ofthe Cathodic Electro Deposition bath. The existing system consists of ElectricalChillers (a 160 TR Chiller with anotherstandby). But, continuous operation ofthe Paint Shop processes led to high

electricity cost. Additionally, LPG is alsoused and vaporized using ElectricalHeaters. Over a period of time, thesecaused carbon emissions and a seriousnancial burden on the company. Whatwas needed thus was a renewablesolution that could cut energy costs andreduce CO 2 and other harmful emissions.

Customized Integrated Solarand Heat Recovery Project forPaint ShopAt the Paint Shops that need highlevels of heating and cooling 3.6

mm/kcal per hour and 416 TR thechallenge before energy managerswas to integrate renewable energyand conventional systems andreduce overall energy intensity offossil fuel. An exclusive solar optionwas unviable. Studying the energypatterns of the paint booth that useda conventional LPG-red hot watergenerator for heating and electricalchillers for cooling, the team harnessedsolar energy and waste heat, and puttogether the various components thatwould eventually be integrated.

A Brief System Description:The SolutionNow, Mahindra's facility in Chakan isrunning an innovative solar energy cumwaste heat recovery based solutionthat has drastically reduced the useof fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions. Thecombined heating and cooling systemintegrates 70 Solar Dishes and an arrayof equipment Waste Heat RecoveryUnits, Vapour Absorption Machinesand Heat Pump, Heat Exchanger, and aHot Water Generator.

Solar FieldHot water at 130 oC is generated usingsolar thermal energy. This systemconsists of Solar Parabolic Concentrators,Receivers, hot water supply and returnheaders, an Automatic Tracking System,and valves and controls. The Parabolic Concentratorsconcentrate the suns heat andgenerate hot water. A battery of


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receivers is connected to the hot watersupply and return headers. This hotwater circuit is pressurized through N 2 blanketing in the expansion tank. Thehot water at 130 oC is pumped from theexpansion tank to the energy efcient,environment friendly, double-effectVapour Absorption Machine (VAM). The hot water returns at 120 oC fromthe VAM to the solar concentrators. The VAM supplies chilled water at10.3 oC to the Electrical Chiller whoseoutlet at 7 oC is circulated through PHEto the Paint Process. Thus way chilledwater is used for Paint Shop chillingrequirement where chilled wateris heated to 12 oC and returned tothe VAM. The balance chilling load

(10.3o

C 7o

C) is met with electrical

chillers. These chillers also cater to thechilling requirement during the initialhours of the day, when maximum solar

radiation is not available.

LPG VapouriserElectrical Heaters are used to vapouriseLPG constantly in the plant. An arrayof 30 preset electrical heaters are ona permanent standby, with 6 heatersrunning at any point of time, in orderto heat water that vapourises the LPG. This contributed to enormous electricalconsumption, which was mitigated byharnessing low-grade heat during themonsoon season for the vapourisationprocess. This has helped the systemharness energy for an extended timeduring the year, which goes on to

prove the expertise of the systemengineers who designed the process tomaximize solar usage in the plant. Thisintegrated system offers the advantageof optimizing the use of electricity andmaximizing the use of clean, renewablesolar thermal energy, while meeting therequired chilling load.

System Performance

Months Energy generation /day (kcal)

January 1,908,340

February 1,553,160

March 1,509,300

April 1,280,540May 1,046,620

June, July, August Rainy/Monsoon Season

September 475,58

October 1,359,660

November 1,756,980

December 1,875,660

Case Study

CUSTOMERS FEEDBACKSolar Heat is being used for two

different processes for effectivelymaximizing use of high grade andlow grade solar heat throughoutthe year. Solar Process Cooling inPaint Shop Process and for LPGVaporization with CO 2 mitigationof 1,40,000 kg/p.a.Electricity savings: 200000 kWh/p.a.Monetary benets: INR 15 lakhs/p.a.


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IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme (IEA SHC) 20141315 October 2014Beijing, ChinaSHC 2014, the third international conference on solar heating and cooling for buildings and industry, offers a broaddiscussion platform for researchers, technical experts, marketing specialists and policy makers. The host country Chinaoffers the opportunity to get first-hand impressions from the by far biggest solar thermal market. The internationalsolar thermal community will present their work and exchange views and ideas. In addition to key technical topics,the conference will also address market and policy issues from an international perspective.

SolarTech India 20142223 July 2014Gurgaon, India The conference addresses the current and future oppor tunit ies and issues the Indian solar market.Over 20 leading EPCs and developers active in the Indian solar energy market will share their extensive experience inplanning, building and operating medium and large solar plants in the country. Along with the developers leading PV,CSP and solar-thermal and inverters technology companies will present their latest. As solar projects in India still struggle to raise debt finance the conference will in 2014 also focus on bankabilityand debt financing and insurance options for solar projects in India by Indian and international banks, non-bankfinancial companies (NBFCs) and infrastructure funds. Speakers will present both risks and mitigation strategies fromlenders perspective and structuring debt finance from borrowers view. Over two days of sales conversations, meetings with customers, suppliers and new contacts, top insights fromseasoned industry experts and - above all - high-level networking, the event will bring together top solar energytechnology companies, project finance providers, developers and installers and allow your company to market itself

towards high-profile audiences across the entire supply chain.

Gleisdorf Solar 20142527 June 2014Gleisdorf, AustriaOrganized by the AEE Institute for Sustainable Technologies (AEE INTEC), Gleisdorf Solar 2014 is the eleventhInternational Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling. It is going to be held from 25 to 27 June 2014. The eventhas grown in reputation during the last years and now attracts considerable interest from all over the world.Approximately, 300 participants from at least 20 nations are expected to attend the conference in 2014. The eventswill take off on its first day with a technical tour. On 26 and 27 June, leading experts are going to present recentresults from research, development, and demonstration projects. The conference languages are English and Germanwith simultaneous translation. The presentations will be followed by a technical and poster exhibition.

Chilesol 20142728 May 2014

Santiago de Chile, Chile The year 2014 will witness CSP Today LATAM and PV Insider LATAM combined to create the inaugural CHILESOLconference giving attendees the perfect mix of joint networking opportunities and specialist CSP and PV technologyknowledge in one of the hottest solar markets in the world. Participants will be able to meet with mining companiesand national utilities and learn how to develop cost-competitive projects that win PPAs, find out from local andinternational banks how to ensure financing to move your project from environmental permit to construction, learnfrom regulators and transmission companies how to gain permission to connect your plant to the grid in less time,hear from industry insiders in Peru, Uruguay and Brazil to get an overview of the further opportunities for solar in theregion, and understand the critical aspects of building in the Atacama desert as manpower shortage and seismicnature of the land to optimize construction.


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CONCENTRATING SOLAR

THERMAL SYSTEMSA technology to save precious fuel oil & other fossil fuels in industries, institutions& commercial establishments for process heat, community cooking & spacecooling applications using solar energy

Interested beneciaries may contact our Channel Partners (Thermax, Pune: 020-67308885/ 6708889; Clique Solar, Mumbai:

022-28609011; Taylormade Solutions, Ahmadabad: 079-40035875/ 40040888; Megawatt Solutions, Delhi: 09654451401; Unison,Bangalore: 080- 22289663/ 22355239; Forbes, Pune: 020-27145595/39858555; Arier Natura, Bangalore: 080-23417353/ 7754/0784;Essential Equipment, Dhule: 02562- 223164; Leverage Net Solutions, Pune: 020- 30560130) or write to us at following addressindicating the heat requirement, fuel being used, space availability etc:

Salient Features Can provide steam/hot oil/ pressurized

water at 90-350 C A smallest system of 100 sq. m. reectorarea requiring double the land spacecan save 5000 to 10,000 liters of fuel oilper year during day time

Is integrated with conventional boilerto have trouble free operations duringnon-sunshine hours

A number of technologies suitable forvarious applications are available

Pays back the cost in 3-5 yearsdepending on sunshine, application&fuel being used

Over 150 systems of various capacitiesworking in country

Brahmakumaris, Mount Abu, forcommunity cooking

Hindustan Vidyut, Faridabad, forprocess heat

Solar Energy Centre, Gurgaon,for space cooling

Chittlay Dairy, Maharashtra, formilk pasteurization

NATIONAL PROJECT MANAGERUNDP-GEF Project on Concentrated Solar HeatMinistry of New & Renewable EnergyBlock 3, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003. Telefax: 011- 32314365 /24363638, E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected].

Toll Free Helpline No 1800 2 33 44 77 could also be accessed during Monday to Friday

MNRE

30% subsidy to all category of beneciaries with additional benet of 80% accelerated depreciation to prot makingbodies available from Ministry for installations. Higher subsidy for special category states. In addition,up to 15%support is available from UNDP-GEF project for systems sizing 250 sq. m. & above for specic activities.

sun focus april june 2014

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