Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test

18 (A)

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) Discuss the role of American

entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates, Sam Walton, , Robert Johnson, Lionel Sosa, & millions of small business entrepreneurs who achieved

the American dream

Entrepreneurship

In political economics, entrepreneurship is a

process of identifying and starting a business venture, sourcing and organizing the

required resources and taking both the risks and

rewards associated with the venture.

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) 1 Discuss the role of American entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates

William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor,

programmer, inventor and philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company,

which he co-founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked in the Forbes list of the world’s

wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009—excluding 2008, when he was ranked

third; in 2011 he was the wealthiest American and the world’s second wealthiest person. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires List, Gates is the world’s

richest person in 2013, a position that he last held on the list in 2007.

William Henry “Bill” Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, investor, programmer, inventor and philanthropist. Gates is the former chief executive and chairman of Microsoft, the world’s largest personal-computer software company, which he co-founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked in the Forbes list of the world’s wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009—excluding 2008, when he

was ranked third; in 2011 he was the wealthiest American and the world’s second wealthiest person. According to the Bloomberg Billionaires List, Gates is the world’s richest person in 2013, a position that he last held on the list in 2007.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-

competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by judicial courts. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through

the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000. Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft

in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself. In June

2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has been criticized for his business tactics, which have been considered anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by judicial courts. In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through

the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000. Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time

work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates Sr., and Mary Maxwell Gates. His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on

the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates’s maternal

grandfather was JW Maxwell, a national bank president. Early on in his life, Gates’s parents had

a law career in mind for him. The family encouraged competition; one visitor reported that

“it didn’t matter whether it was hearts or pickleball or swimming to the dock . . . there was

always a reward for winning and there was always a penalty for losing.”

Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates Sr., and Mary Maxwell Gates. His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way. Gates’s maternal

grandfather was JW Maxwell, a national bank president. Early on in his life, Gates’s parents had a law career in mind for him. The family encouraged competition; one visitor reported that “it didn’t matter whether it was hearts or pickleball or swimming to

the dock . . . there was always a reward for winning and there was always a penalty for losing.”

Gates was born into privilege and improved on it. Look for

how will he differ from the

other entrepreneurs we will look at?

At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at

Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who would later succeed Gates as CEO of Microsoft. In his sophomore year, Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems presented in a combinatorics class by Harry Lewis, one of his professors. Gates’s solution held the record as the fastest version for over thirty years; its successor is faster by

only one percent. His solution was later formalized in a published paper in collaboration with Harvard computer

scientist Christos Papadimitriou. Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time. He had talked this

decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.

At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school. Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973. While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who would later succeed Gates as CEO of Microsoft. In his sophomore year, Gates devised an

algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems presented in a combinatorics class by Harry Lewis, one of his professors. Gates’s solution held the record as the fastest version for over thirty years; its successor is faster by only one percent. His solution was later formalized in a published paper in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou. Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company. Gates dropped out of Harvard at this time.

He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.

Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership “Micro-Soft” and had their first office located in Albuquerque. Within a year, the hyphen was

dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name “Microsoft” was registered with the Office of the Secretary

of the State of New Mexico. Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies. The company moved

from Albuquerque to its new home in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979. During Microsoft’s early

years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company’s business. Gates oversaw the business details,

but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, Gates personally reviewed every line of code the company

shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit.

Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership “Micro-Soft” and had their first office located in Albuquerque. Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name “Microsoft”

was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico. Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies. The company moved from Albuquerque to its new home in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979. During Microsoft’s early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company’s business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, Gates personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he

saw fit.

From Microsoft’s founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company’s product

strategy. He aggressively broadened the company’s range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained

a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that “Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls.” Another executive

recalled that after he showed Gates a game and defeated him 35 of 37 times, when they met again a month later Gates “won or tied every game. He had

studied the game until he solved it. That is a competitor.”

From Microsoft’s founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company’s product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company’s range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that “Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls.” Another executive recalled that after he showed Gates a game and defeated him 35 of 37 times, when they met again a month later Gates

“won or tied every game. He had studied the game until he solved it. That is a competitor.”

According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Gates was the world’s highest-earning billionaire in 2013, as

his fortune increased by US$15.8 billion to US$78.5 billion. As of January 2014, most of Gates’s assets are held in Cascade Investment LLC, an entity through

which he owns stakes in numerous businesses, including Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts and Corbis

Corp. Gates was number one on the Forbes 400 list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on Forbes list of “The World’s Richest People” from 1995 to 2007

and 2009. In 1999, his wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call Gates a

“centibillionaire.”

According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Gates was the world’s highest-earning billionaire in 2013, as his fortune increased by US$15.8 billion to US$78.5 billion. As of January 2014, most of Gates’s assets are held in Cascade Investment LLC, an entity through which he owns stakes in numerous businesses, including Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts and Corbis Corp. Gates was number one on the Forbes 400 list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on Forbes list of “The World’s Richest People”

from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, his wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call Gates a “centibillionaire.”

Gates began to appreciate the expectations others had of him when public opinion mounted suggesting that he could give more of his wealth

to charity. Gates studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, Gates

and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable Bill & Melinda

Gates Foundation, which is the largest transparently operated charitable foundation in

the world.

Gates began to appreciate the expectations others had of him when public opinion mounted suggesting that he could give more of his wealth to charity. Gates studied the work of Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which is the largest transparently operated charitable

foundation in the world.

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) 2 Discuss the role of American entrepreneurs

such as Sam Walton

Samuel Moore “Sam” Walton (1918–1992) was an American businessman and entrepreneur born in

Kingfisher, Oklahoma, best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam’s Club. Sam Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee, in

Kingfisher, Oklahoma. There, he lived with his parents on their farm until 1923. Sam’s father decided farming

did not generate enough income on which to raise a family and decided to go back to a previous profession of farm mortgaging, working for his brother’s Walton

Mortgage Company, which served as an agent for Metropolitan Life Insurance where he repossessed

farms during the Great Depression.

Samuel Moore “Sam” Walton (1918–1992) was an American businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma, best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam’s Club. Sam Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee, in Kingfisher,

Oklahoma. There, he lived with his parents on their farm until 1923. Sam’s father decided farming did not generate enough income on which to raise a family and decided to go back to a previous profession of farm mortgaging, working for his brother’s Walton Mortgage

Company, which served as an agent for Metropolitan Life Insurance where he repossessed farms during the Great Depression.

He and his family (now with another son, James, born in 1921) moved from Oklahoma to Orlando, Florida. There they moved from one small town to another for several

years. While attending eighth grade in Shelbina, Missouri, Sam became the youngest Eagle Scout in the state’s history. Eventually the family moved to Columbia,

Missouri. Growing up during the Great Depression, Walton had numerous chores to help make financial ends meet for his family as was common at the time. He milked

the family cow, bottled the surplus, and drove it to customers. Afterwards, he would deliver Columbia Daily

Tribune newspapers on a paper route. In addition, he also sold magazine subscriptions. Upon graduating from David H. Hickman High School in Columbia, he was voted “Most

Versatile Boy.”

He and his family (now with another son, James, born in 1921) moved from Oklahoma to Orlando, Florida. There they moved from one small town to another for several years. While attending eighth grade in Shelbina, Missouri, Sam became the youngest Eagle Scout in the state’s history. Eventually the family moved to Columbia, Missouri. Growing up during the Great Depression, Walton had numerous chores to help make financial ends meet for his family as was common at the time. He milked the family cow, bottled the surplus, and drove it to customers. Afterwards, he would deliver Columbia Daily Tribune newspapers on a paper route. In addition, he also sold magazine subscriptions. Upon graduating from David H. Hickman High School in

Columbia, he was voted “Most Versatile Boy.”

After high school, Walton decided to attend college, hoping to find a better way to help support his family. He attended the University of Missouri as a ROTC cadet. During this time, he worked various odd jobs, including waiting tables in exchange

for meals. In 1940, Walton joined J.C. Penney as a management trainee in Des Moines, Iowa three days after

graduating from college. This position paid him $75 a month. Walton spent approximately eighteen months with J.C.

Penney. He resigned in 1942 in anticipation of being inducted into the military for service in World War II. In the meantime, he worked at a DuPont munitions plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma. Soon afterwards, Walton joined the military in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps, supervising security at aircraft plants and

prisoner of war camps. In this position he served at Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, Utah. He eventually reached the

rank of Captain.

After high school, Walton decided to attend college, hoping to find a better way to help support his family. He attended the University of Missouri as a ROTC cadet. During this time, he worked various odd jobs, including waiting tables in exchange for meals. In 1940, Walton joined J.C. Penney as a management

trainee in Des Moines, Iowa three days after graduating from college. This position paid him $75 a month. Walton spent approximately eighteen months with J.C. Penney. He resigned in 1942 in anticipation of being inducted into the military for service in World War II. In the meantime, he worked at a DuPont munitions plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma. Soon afterwards, Walton joined the military in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps, supervising security at aircraft

plants and prisoner of war camps. In this position he served at Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, Utah. He eventually reached the rank of Captain.

Sam Walton’s store in Bentonville, Arkansas

In 1945, after leaving the military, Walton took over management of his first variety store at the age of 26.

With the help of a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law, plus $5,000 he had saved from his time in the Army, Walton purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in

Newport, Arkansas. The store was a franchise of the Butler Brothers chain. Walton pioneered many

concepts that became crucial to his success. Walton made sure the shelves were consistently stocked with a wide range of goods. His second store, the tiny “Eagle”

department store, was down the street from his first Ben Franklin and next door to its main competitor in

Newport. The sales volume grew from $80,000 to $225,000 in three years.

In 1945, after leaving the military, Walton took over management of his first variety store at the age of 26. With the help of a $20,000 loan from his father-in-law, plus $5,000 he had saved from his time in the Army, Walton purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in Newport, Arkansas. The

store was a franchise of the Butler Brothers chain. Walton pioneered many concepts that became crucial to his success. Walton made sure the shelves were consistently stocked with a wide range of goods. His second store, the tiny “Eagle” department store, was down the street from his

first Ben Franklin and next door to its main competitor in Newport. The sales volume grew from $80,000 to $225,000 in three years.

Walton later opened a new location on the downtown square of Bentonville, Arkansas. Before he bought the Bentonville store, it was doing $72,000 in sales and it

increased to $105,000 in the first year and then $140,000 and $175,000. After succeeding with two

stores at such a distance (and with the post war baby boom in full effect), Sam became enthusiastic about

scouting more locations and opening more Ben Franklin franchises. In 1954, he opened a store with

his brother Bud in a shopping center in Ruskin Heights, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri. With the help of his brother, father-in-law, and brother-in-law,

Sam went on to open many new variety stores.

Walton later opened a new location on the downtown square of Bentonville, Arkansas. Before he bought the Bentonville store, it was doing $72,000 in sales and it increased to $105,000 in the first year and then $140,000 and $175,000. After succeeding with two stores at such a distance (and with the post war baby boom in full effect), Sam became enthusiastic about scouting more locations and opening

more Ben Franklin franchises. In 1954, he opened a store with his brother Bud in a shopping center in Ruskin Heights, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri. With the help of his brother, father-in-law, and brother-in-law, Sam went on to open many new variety stores.

The first true Wal-Mart opened on July 2, 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Called the Wal-Mart

Discount City store, it was located at 719 West Walnut Street. Soon after, the Walton brothers teamed up with Stefan Dasbach, leading to the

first of many stores to come. He launched a determined effort to market American-made

products. Included in the effort was a willingness to find American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire

Wal-Mart chain at a price low enough to meet the foreign competition.

The first true Wal-Mart opened on July 2, 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Called the Wal-Mart Discount City store, it was located at 719 West Walnut Street. Soon after, the Walton brothers teamed up with Stefan Dasbach, leading to the first of many stores to come. He launched a determined effort to market American-made products. Included in the effort was a willingness to find

American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire Wal-Mart chain at a price low enough to meet the foreign competition.

As another chain store grew, Meijer, it caught the attention of Walton. He acknowledges that his one-stop-shopping center format was based on Meijer’s

innovative concept. Contrary to the prevailing practice of American discount store chains, Walton located

stores in smaller towns, not larger cities. To make his model work, he emphasized logistics, particularly

locating stores within a day’s drive proximity to Wal-Mart’s regional warehouses, and distributed through

its own trucking service. Buying in volume and efficient delivery permitted sale of discounted name brand merchandise. Thus, sustained growth— from

1977’s 190 stores to 1985’s 800— was achieved.

As another chain store grew, Meijer, it caught the attention of Walton. He acknowledges that his one-stop-shopping center format was based on Meijer’s innovative concept. Contrary to the prevailing practice of American discount store chains, Walton located stores in

smaller towns, not larger cities. To make his model work, he emphasized logistics, particularly locating stores within a day’s drive proximity to Wal-Mart’s regional warehouses, and distributed through its own trucking service. Buying in volume and efficient delivery permitted sale of discounted name brand merchandise. Thus, sustained growth— from 1977’s 190 stores to 1985’s 800— was achieved.

At the time of Walton’s 1992 death, his company employed 380,000 people. Annual sales of nearly $50

billion flowed from 1,735 Wal-Marts, 212 Sam’s Clubs, and 13 Supercenters. Forbes ranked Sam Walton as the richest person in the United States from 1982 to

1988. Walmart operates in the U.S. and in 15 international markets, including Argentina, Brazil,

Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico,

Nicaragua and the United Kingdom. In 1998, Walton was included in Times’ list of 100 most influential

people of the 20th Century. Walton was honored for all his pioneering efforts in retail in March 1992, when he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from

President George H. W. Bush.

At the time of Walton’s 1992 death, his company employed 380,000 people. Annual sales of nearly $50 billion flowed from 1,735 Wal-Marts, 212 Sam’s Clubs, and 13 Supercenters. Forbes ranked Sam Walton as the richest person in the United States from 1982 to 1988. Walmart operates in the U.S. and in 15 international markets, including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico,

Nicaragua and the United Kingdom. In 1998, Walton was included in Times’ list of 100 most influential people of the 20th Century. Walton was honored for all his pioneering efforts in retail in March 1992, when he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H. W. Bush.

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) 3 Discuss the role of American entrepreneurs

such as Estée Lauder

Estée Lauder (1906–2004) was an American businesswoman. She was the co-founder,

along with her husband, Joseph Lauder, of Estée Lauder Companies, her eponymous cosmetics company. Lauder was the only

woman on Time magazine’s 1998 list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th

century. She was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She was inducted to the Junior Achievement U.S.

Business Hall of Fame in 1988.

Estée Lauder (1906–2004) was an American businesswoman. She was the co-founder, along with her husband, Joseph Lauder, of Estée Lauder Companies, her eponymous cosmetics company. Lauder was the only woman on Time magazine’s 1998 list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th century . She was the recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She was inducted to the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1988.

Lauder was born Josephine Esther Mentzer in Corona, Queens in 1906, the second child

born to Rose Schotz Rosenthal and Max Mentzer. Her mother was French Catholic on her maternal side and Hungarian Jewish on

her father’s side. Rose emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1898 with her five children to join her then husband,

Abraham Rosenthal. But, in 1905, she married Max Mentzer, a shopkeeper of Hungarian Jewish descent who had also

immigrated to the United States in the 1890s.

Lauder was born Josephine Esther Mentzer in Corona, Queens in 1906, the second child born to Rose Schotz Rosenthal and Max Mentzer. Her mother was French Catholic on her maternal side and Hungarian Jewish on her father’s side. Rose

emigrated from Hungary to the United States in 1898 with her five children to join her then husband, Abraham Rosenthal. But, in 1905, she married Max Mentzer, a shopkeeper of Hungarian Jewish descent who had also immigrated to the United

States in the 1890s.

Her parents spent much of Estée’s childhood trying to make ends meet. Like most of her eight siblings, she helped out at the family’s hardware store, where she got her first taste of

business, of entrepreneurship and what it takes to be a successful retailer. Her

girlhood dream was to become an actress with her “name in lights, flowers and

handsome men.”

Her parents spent much of Estée’s childhood trying to make ends meet. Like most of her eight siblings, she helped out at the family’s hardware store, where she got her first taste of business, of entrepreneurship and what it takes to be a

successful retailer. Her girlhood dream was to become an actress with her “name in lights, flowers and handsome men.”

When Estée grew older she agreed to help her uncle, Dr John Schotz (a chemist), with his business. His

company, New Way Laboratories, sold beauty products such as creams, lotions, rouge, and

fragrances. She became more interested in his business than her father’s. She was fascinated watching her

uncle create his products. He also taught her how to wash her face and do facial massages. After

graduating from Newtown High School, she focused on her uncle’s business. She named one of his blends

Super Rich All-Purpose Cream and began selling his products to her friends. She sold creams like Six-In-

One Cold Cream and Dr Schotz's Viennese Cream to beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.

When Estée grew older she agreed to help her uncle, Dr John Schotz (a chemist), with his business. His company, New Way Laboratories, sold beauty products such as creams, lotions, rouge, and fragrances. She became more interested in his business than her father’s. She was fascinated watching her uncle create his products. He also taught her how to wash her face and do facial massages. After graduating from Newtown High School, she focused on her uncle’s business. She named one of his blends Super Rich All-Purpose Cream and began selling his products to her

friends. She sold creams like Six-In-One Cold Cream and Dr Schotz's Viennese Cream to beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts.

One day, as she was getting her hair done at the House of Ash Blondes, Florence Morris, the salon owner, asked Lauder about her perfect skin. Soon, she returned to the beauty parlor to hand out four of her uncle’s creams and demonstrate their use. Morris was so impressed she asked Lauder to sell her products at her new salon. In 1953, Lauder

introduced her first fragrance, Youth Dew, a bath oil that doubled as a perfume. Instead of using French perfumes by the drop behind each ear, women began using Youth Dew by the bottle in their bath water. In the first year, it sold 50,000

bottles, and by 1984, the figure had jumped to 150 million.

One day, as she was getting her hair done at the House of Ash Blondes, Florence Morris, the salon owner, asked Lauder about her perfect skin. Soon, she returned to the beauty parlor to hand out four of her uncle’s creams and demonstrate their use. Morris was so impressed she asked Lauder to sell her products at her new salon. In 1953, Lauder introduced her first fragrance, Youth Dew, a bath oil that doubled as a perfume. Instead of using French perfumes by the drop behind each ear, women began using Youth Dew

by the bottle in their bath water. In the first year, it sold 50,000 bottles, and by 1984, the figure had jumped to 150 million.

Lauder was a subject of a 1985 TV documentary, Estee Lauder: The Sweet Smell of Success. Explaining her success, she said,

“I have never worked a day in my life without selling. If I believe in something, I sell it, and I sell it hard.” Lauder once said, “If you have

a goal, if you want to be successful, if you really want to do it and become another Estee Lauder, you’ve got to work hard, you’ve got to stick to it and you’ve got to believe in what

you’re doing.”

Lauder was a subject of a 1985 TV documentary, Estee Lauder: The Sweet Smell of Success. Explaining her success, she said, “I have never worked a day in my life without selling. If I believe in something, I sell it, and I sell it hard.” Lauder once said, “If you have a goal, if you want to be successful, if you really want to do it and become another Estee Lauder, you’ve got to

work hard, you’ve got to stick to it and you’ve got to believe in what you’re doing.”

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) 4 Discuss the role of American entrepreneurs

such as Robert Johnson

Robert L. (Louis) Johnson is an American businessman, media magnate, executive, philanthropist and investor.

He is the founder of Black Entertainment Television, which was

sold to Viacom in 2001. He also founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company that invests in various business sectors.

Johnson is the former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. He became the

first African-American billionaire.

Robert L. (Louis) Johnson is an American businessman, media magnate, executive, philanthropist and investor. He is the founder of Black Entertainment Television, which was sold to Viacom in 2001. He also founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company that invests in various business sectors. Johnson is the

former majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. He became the first African-American billionaire.

Johnson was born in 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the ninth out of ten children to Edna and Archie Johnson. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father a farmer. His parents moved the family to

Freeport, Illinois when he was a child. He attended Freeport High School, where he was an honors

student. Johnson graduated from the University of Illinois in 1964 with a bachelor’s degree in social

studies. While at the University of Illinois, Johnson was a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha

Psi fraternity. He received a master’s degree in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at

Princeton University in 1972.

Johnson was born in 1946 in Hickory, Mississippi, the ninth out of ten children to Edna and Archie Johnson. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father a farmer. His parents moved the family to Freeport, Illinois when he was a child. He attended Freeport High School, where he was an honors student. Johnson graduated from the University of Illinois in 1964 with a

bachelor’s degree in social studies. While at the University of Illinois, Johnson was a member of the Beta chapter of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He received a master’s degree in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University in 1972.

After graduating Princeton he found a job in Washington, D.C. that introduced him to the

television industry. He served as the public affairs director for the Corporation for Public

Broadcasting. In this position is where he learned of the power and untapped potential of television.

Around the same time he also worked as the director of communications for the Washington,

D.C. office of the National Urban League Johnson worked as a press secretary for Congressman

Walter E. Fauntroy. He later became vice president of government relations at the National

Cable and Television Association. In 1980, Johnson launched Black Entertainment Television.

After graduating Princeton he found a job in Washington, D.C. that introduced him to the television industry. He served as the public affairs director for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. In this position is where he learned of the power and untapped potential of

television. Around the same time he also worked as the director of communications for the Washington, D.C. office of the National Urban League Johnson worked as a press secretary for Congressman Walter E. Fauntroy. He later became vice president of

government relations at the National Cable and Television Association. In 1980, Johnson launched Black Entertainment Television.

Johnson left NCTA in 1979 to create Black Entertainment Television, the first cable television network aimed at African-Americans. When the network launched in 1980, it only aired for two

hours on Friday night. BET first turned a profit in 1985 and it became the first black-controlled

company listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991. In 1998, Johnson and Liberty Media

bought all outstanding shares of the company. This purchase gave Johnson 42% of the company.

Viacom acquired BET in 2000 for a reported $3 billion. Johnson remained BET CEO until 2006.

Johnson left NCTA in 1979 to create Black Entertainment Television, the first cable television network aimed at African-Americans. When the network launched in 1980, it only aired for two hours on Friday night. BET first turned a profit in 1985

and it became the first black-controlled company listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1991. In 1998, Johnson and Liberty Media bought all outstanding shares of the company. This purchase gave Johnson 42% of the company. Viacom

acquired BET in 2000 for a reported $3 billion. Johnson remained BET CEO until 2006.

Johnson founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company with a diverse portfolio including hotel real estate investment; private equity; financial services;

asset management; automobile dealerships; sports and entertainment; and Video Lottery Terminal (VLT) gaming. The RLJ Companies is headquartered in

Bethesda, Maryland; with affiliate offices operating in Charlotte, North Carolina; Little Rock, Arkansas; Los

Angeles, California; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Monrovia, Liberia. Johnson became the first African-American majority club owner of a major American sports league with his 2002 purchase of the Charlotte Bobcats. In 2010, Johnson sold his majority stake in

the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan.

Johnson founded The RLJ Companies, a holding company with a diverse portfolio including hotel real estate investment; private equity; financial services; asset management; automobile dealerships; sports and entertainment; and Video Lottery Terminal (VLT) gaming. The RLJ Companies is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland; with affiliate offices operating in Charlotte, North Carolina; Little Rock, Arkansas; Los Angeles, California; San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Monrovia, Liberia. Johnson became the first African-American majority club owner of a major American sports league

with his 2002 purchase of the Charlotte Bobcats. In 2010, Johnson sold his majority stake in the Charlotte Bobcats to Michael Jordan.

Supporting Standard (18)The student understands the economic effects

of increased worldwide interdependence as the U. S. enters the 21st century.

The Student is expected to:(A) 5 Discuss the role of American entrepreneurs

such as Lionel Sosa

Lionel Sosa serves as Chief Executive Officer of MATT.org.. and Mexicans and Americans Thinking Together, Inc. Mr. Sosa has been Chief Executive Officer of KJS Marketing Agency since January 1996. He has been a

marketing consultant with Sosa Consultation and Design since 2000. In 1980, Mr. Sosa

founded the agency of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar, Noble & Associates (now Bromley Communications), an advertising agency

specializing in Hispanic marketing in the U.S.

Lionel Sosa serves as Chief Executive Officer of MATT.org.. and Mexicans and Americans Thinking Together, Inc. Mr. Sosa has been Chief Executive Officer of KJS Marketing Agency since January 1996. He has been a marketing consultant with Sosa Consultation and Design since 2000. In 1980, Mr. Sosa founded the agency of Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar, Noble & Associates (now

Bromley Communications), an advertising agency specializing in Hispanic marketing in the U.S.

Sosa is the founder of the nation’s largest Hispanic advertising firm, now known as Bromley

Communications.Sosa remembers, “I was 23, married with three kids and another on the way – making minimum wage. It was a tough life. . . .In my day, Mexican kids

weren’t expected to achieve much.” He found a job with a sign company and by chance overheard a conversation

between a salesman and a customer that led him to enroll in the Napoleon Hill School for Personal Achievement, whose mantra and best-selling book “Think and Grow

Rich” was among the personal success genre’s first published. Sosa said he never questioned one thing he

learned: Whatever your mind can conceive, believe, and you’ll achieve.

Sosa is the founder of the nation’s largest Hispanic advertising firm, now known as Bromley Communications.Sosa remembers, “I was 23, married with three kids and another on the way – making minimum wage. It was a tough life. . . .In my day, Mexican kids weren’t expected to achieve much.”

He found a job with a sign company and by chance overheard a conversation between a salesman and a customer that led him to enroll in the Napoleon Hill School for Personal Achievement, whose mantra and best-selling book “Think and Grow Rich” was among the personal success genre’s

first published. Sosa said he never questioned one thing he learned: Whatever your mind can conceive, believe, and you’ll achieve.

Over the years Sosa set deadlines and goals to reach – each time achieving new ones. “I told myself I wanted to open a design studio and

earn $35,000 a year. I did that in three years. He then told himself he wanted to build the largest Hispanic advertising agency in San

Antonio and did it – followed by a dream to create the largest national Hispanic

advertising agency – and did it again. “I learned as you set these goals it’s easier to get

through the barriers because the barriers become opportunities.”

Over the years Sosa set deadlines and goals to reach – each time achieving new ones. “I told myself I wanted to open a design studio and earn $35,000 a year. I did that in three years. He then told himself he wanted to build the largest Hispanic

advertising agency in San Antonio and did it – followed by a dream to create the largest national Hispanic advertising agency – and did it again. “I learned as you set these goals it’s easier to get through the barriers because the barriers become

opportunities.”

Sosa’s last goal was to get into political advertising, where he became part of the late-Texas Sen. John Tower’s team. Tower would

later introduce him to then-Gov. Ronald Reagan and other presidential hopefuls – all

trying to reach Hispanics. Sosa met with Reagan for three minutes one day. “He told me Latinos are Republicans who just don’t know it yet.’ That’s why they called him the

great communicator. I took that message and used it.” Since then, he has worked for

George W. Bush and John McCain.

Sosa’s last goal was to get into political advertising, where he became part of the late-Texas Sen. John Tower’s team. Tower would later introduce him to then-Gov. Ronald Reagan and other presidential hopefuls – all trying to reach Hispanics. Sosa

met with Reagan for three minutes one day. “He told me Latinos are Republicans who just don’t know it yet.’ That’s why they called him the great communicator. I took that message and used it.” Since then, he has worked for George W. Bush and John

McCain.

Sosa was named one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the U.S. by Hispanic Business magazine.

He is the author of The Americano Dream: How Latinos Can Achieve Success in Business and in Life, published in 1998 by Dutton. Sosa is a member of the Board of

Regents of The Texas A&M University System and is a member of the board of ACT (American College

Testing), AVANCE and the Hispanic Scholarship Fund. He serves on Eastman Kodak’s Diversity Advisory Panel and is a former Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees

of the University of the Incarnate Word. Sosa has chaired both the United Way of San Antonio and the San Antonio Symphony. In the spring of 2001, Lionel

was a Fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard University in Cambridge.

Sosa was named one of the 100 Most Influential Hispanics in the U.S. by Hispanic Business magazine. He is the author of The Americano Dream: How Latinos Can Achieve Success in Business and in Life, published in 1998 by Dutton. Sosa is a member of the Board of Regents of The Texas A&M

University System and is a member of the board of ACT (American College Testing), AVANCE and the Hispanic Scholarship Fund. He serves on Eastman Kodak’s Diversity Advisory Panel and is a former Vice-Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the University of the Incarnate Word. Sosa has chaired both the United Way of San Antonio and the San Antonio Symphony. In the spring of 2001, Lionel was a Fellow at the Institute of Politics at

Harvard University in Cambridge.

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