survey of 3g and lte. agenda introduction of telecommunication wireless generation 1g / 2g/ 3g and...

Survey of 3G and LTE

Agenda

Introduction of Telecommunication Wireless Generation 1G / 2G/ 3G and 4G GSM Architecture Call Path Mobile to Mobile 3G Requirement LTE

Introduction of Telecommunication

What is Telecommunication ? Telecommunication means to change

information into electronic signals for remote transmission and switching.

Fast Deployment

Saving Transmission cost.

Easy and Fast Access.

Frequency

The frequency of a radio wave is the number of

timesthat the wave oscillates per second."

FM Radio : 100 MHz Approx. Television : 300 MHz Approx. Mobile Networks : 300 – 2000 MHz Approx.

An MS Communicate with a BTS by transmitting and receiving radio waves, which consist of electromagnetic energy.

Bandwidth In electronic communication, bandwidth is the

width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium.

In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-frequency signal component.

Bandwidth = Highest freq – Lowest Freq

Channels A Channel is a frequency or set of frequency which can be

allocated for the transmission and reception of information. Types Of Communication Channels.

GSM Frequency Concepts

What is Multiple Access

Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple independent users is called Multiple Access.

Advantages Of Multiple Access

• Increased capacity• Reduced capital requirement• Decreased per user expense

FDMA, TDMA & CDMA FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different frequency A channel is a frequency TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different window period in time slot. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Each user uses the same frequency all the time but

mixed with different distinguished code patterns.

Cellular Generation

Wireless Access Evolution & Background

New ServicesNew Services

EfficiencyEfficiency

More Data More Data Services Services requiredrequired

Broadband

Subscribers

Voice

CoverageCoverage

MobilityMobility

Voice Voice QualityQuality

PortabilityPortability

CapacityCapacity

Data ServiceData Service

BroadbandBroadband

Network Network SimplificationSimplification

Cost of Cost of OwnershipOwnership

1st Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in early 1980s.

Analogue modulation. FM

Frequency division multiple access. FDMA

Voice traffic only.

No inter-network roaming possible.

Insecure air interface.

Examples :

AMPS (Advance mobile Phone System, American based,800MHz)

TACS (Total Access Communications System, UK based,900MHz)

C-450 (German standard, 450MHz)

JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System,900MHz).

2nd Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in 1990s.

Use digital modulation. GMSK

Variety of multiple access strategies.

More efficient use of radio spectrum.

International roaming capability.

Secure air interface.

Compatibility with ISDN.

GSM STRUCTURE

GSM Architecture Overview A GSM system is made up of three subsystems:

The mobile station (MS) The Base station subsystem (BSS) The Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

The interfaces defined between each of these sub systems include:

“A” interface between NSS and BSS “Abis” interface between BSC and BTS (Within the BSS) “Um” air interface between the BSS and the MS

BASIC GSM BLOCKS

MSC/VLRWarid

BSC

BSC

THE GSM Mobile Station (MS)The Mobile station (MS) consists of the physical equipment used by aa PLMN subscriber to connect to the network. It Comprises

Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

The SIM stores permanent and Temporary data about the mobile, the subscriber and the network, including

International Mobile subscriber Identity (IMSI) MSISDN number of subscriber Authentication key and Algorithms for authentication check.

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)The Base Station Subsystem is the system of Base station equipments

(BTS and BSC), which is viewed by the MSC through a single A-interface

The BSS Consist of : One Base station Controller (BSC) One or more Base Transceiver (BTS)

The Purpose of BTS is to : Provide radio access to the mobile stations Manage the radio access aspects of the system

BTS Contains : Radio Transmitter/Receiver (TRX) Signal processing and Control equipment Antennas and Feeder cables

The BSC : Allocates a channel for the duration of a call Controls the power transmitted by the BTS or MS Generates the handover to another cell when required.

Base Station Subsystem

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Key Elements of NSS:

Mobile switching center (MSC) with: Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Authentication center (AuC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Gateway MSC (GMSC)

The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

The Mobile services switching center is an exchange which performs all the

switching and signaling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical

area designated as the MSC area.

Functions Of MSC:

Switching calls, controlling calls .

Interface with PSTN, ISDN

Mobility management over the radio network and other networks.

Billing information.

The Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Each MSC has a VLR but a VLR may serve many MSCs.

VLR Stores data temporarily for mobiles served by the MSC.

Information stored includes :

IMSI

MSISDN

MSRN

TMSI

LAI

Supplementary service parameters.

Home Location Register (HLR)

HLR stores details of all subscribers in the network, such as:

Subscription information

Location information : MS roaming number, VLR, MSC.

MS ISDN number.

Service restrictions.

Supplementary services.

Together with the AuC, HLR checks the validity and service profile of

subscribers.

Call Path Mobile to Mobile

MSC SMSC

EIR

PSTNFixed Network

BSC

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail

HLR

OMO

MSC SMSC

EIR

BSC

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail

HLR

OMOPSTNFixed Network

BSC HLR

MSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail


BSCBSC

Base Station ControllerBase Station Controller

The call request reaches the BSC from the The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to MSC.BTS and is forwarded to MSC.

After call is established, the BSC will perform After call is established, the BSC will perform decodingdecoding of the call (in typical config.) of the call (in typical config.)

BSC HLR

MSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail


Checks A number.Checks A number. To whom is A subscriber calling?To whom is A subscriber calling?

(Checks B number)(Checks B number) Example : A subscriberExample : A subscriber has has

prepaid number.prepaid number.

MSC MSC

Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching Centre

BSC HLR

MSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail


BSC HLR

MSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaidPrePaid

VMSVoicemail


Does the A subscriber have Does the A subscriber have money left on his/her account?money left on his/her account?

When the call is established When the call is established and on-going the subscriber’s and on-going the subscriber’s account is decremented account is decremented accordingly.accordingly.

PrePaid NodePrePaid Node

BSCHLR

MSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail


BSCHLR

MSCMSC SMSC

EIR

PrePaid

VMSVoicemail


Where is the B subscriber?Where is the B subscriber? MSC interrogates in HLR.MSC interrogates in HLR.

(HLR = Home Location (HLR = Home Location Register)Register)

MSCMSC Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching Centre

BSCHLR

MSCMSCPrePaid

VMSVoicemail


SMSC

EIR

BSCHLR

MSCMSC


PrePaid

VMSVoicemail

SMSC

EIR