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Survey on energy consumption in household sector – data collection and compilation
ITS Technical Assistance Mission to Ukraine,
Kiev, 7-9 October 2014 1
Introduction
• Today, regular statistical surveys on energy consumption in households are prepared for a variety of uses;
• EUROSTAT and IEA develop and promote various activities related with improvement of the data on energy consumption in households;
• Energy surveys can vary from very simple and basic statistical activity to very complex and sometimes complex procedures (as for example for energy efficiency indicators compilation).
2
Main purpose of surveys in households
• Improvement of the data on final energy consumption
for energy balance compilation;
• Needs for the information on energy consumption on local/regional levels (not only at national level);
• Development of the energy (efficiency) indicators on energy consumption for energy planning (energy demand forecasting); mmonitoring and evaluation of energy efficiency measures;
• Analysis of the costs for energy and fuel poverty in households, etc.
Each target listed above is based on specific techniques used for data collection and compilation! 3
Recent activities in EC EUROSTAT*
• Due to its size and status of data availability the household sector is evaluated as a first priority in EU statistics development.
• Initialization of the project: Final Energy Consumption in Households
– Overview of the situation at national levels in EU
– Development of the methodology and proposal for inclusing surveys in household in Energy Statistics Regulation
4
Recent activities in EC EUROSTAT
• Development of the Manual on Energy Statistics in Households
• Purpose of Project is disagreation of the total consumption on end-use consumption to calculate and monitor energy efficiency indicators in household sector:
– Space heating – Space cooling – Water heating – Cooking – Electricity only
• Needed: a lot of additional data and lot of proffesional expertises, such surveys are not pure statistical surveys
5
The aim of the energy surveys in Ukraine?
• to collect data which will be used to improve final energy consumption for household sector in energy balance (ESAP – Activity 3)
• to collect data to develop and calculate additional indicators (heating, cooking, hot water......energy efficiency indicators (ESAP – Activity 5)
• approaches to implement these two types of surveys are significiantly different
6
The most frequently questions
• What does household sector cover?
• What are the most frequently used questions when collecting data for energy balance?
• What data are needed to calculate energy needed for heating, cooking, hot water.... energy efficiency indicators?
• How to collect and compile all these data?
• Recommendations for the SSSC!
7
What does household sector cover?
• UN recommendations for energy statistics:
Household is a group of persons who share the same living accommodation, income and consume certain types of goods and services collectively.
Dilemmas:
• What is difference between dwellings/housing units and households?
• Total dwellings, total occupied dwellings?
• Difference between dwellings and buildings?
8
Comparison of strucures of standard and disagregated energy balance
• STANDARD ENERGY BALANCE shows total energy consumption in household sector in a country by energy form
• DISAGREGATED ENERGY BALANCE shows additional 5 lines which describe consumption for: space heating, space cooling, water heating, cooking, lighting and appliances appliances for each energy form.
• Clarification: consumption for transport is not included in households energy statistics
9
Survey on household energy consumption for basic energy balance
compilation SIMPLE SURVEY (ESAP – Activity 3)
10
Survey for energy balance compilation
• The main aim of simple energy survey in household sector in is:
• identification of total fuel consumption in households, primarily: fuel wood, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), light fuel oil and other which are not distributed through network;
• The main goal is improvement of national energy balance accuracy (in the way it is now designed);
• This approach requires simple statistical procedure
Way of implemenation – joint survey with other surveys in
household sector
• Living Standard Measurement Survey, Household Budget Survey, etc.
• Main aim of ITS TA 2.4 (ESAP):
• is to analyze possibilities, together with National Statistics Institutes in Partner Countries, to create joint survey with regular annual survey in household sector to collect basic data for energy balance
• Result: more accurate data on final energy consumption in household sector
Questionnaire design
• Only one question!
• Annual consumption in quantities of following: Electricity (kWh) Natural gas (m3) Heat (TJ) Liquid petroleum gas (kg) Light fuel oil (lit) Fuel oil (kg) Coal and coal brickets, (kg) Charcoal (kg) Fuel wood (pm3) Pellets, brickets, others (kg) Others (kg) Manure
• Warning: This can be different from annual costs for energy
Expected results – example Bosnia and Herzegovina
Zona 2
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 1
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 3
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 4
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 5
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 6
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 7
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 8
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 9
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 10
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
Zona 11
0
5
10
15
20
PJ
households
services
industry
final energy consumption in households (by regons)
comparable with other sectors
Experience in Croatia (1)
• Annual Survey on the Consumption in Households
Main question related with energy consumption:
Specification of the costs for the energy?
Experience in Croatia (2)
• Annual Survey on the Consumption in Households
New question related with energy consumption:
Quantities of energy used during the last heating
season?
Similar experiences in other INOGATE Partner Countries
Bulgaria NSI regularly implements survey on quantities on energy consumption together, this research is joined to the Household Budget Survey During 2010 the NSI carried out comprehensive survey related with collection of data needed for energy indicators compilation (energy used for heating, hot water, cooking, cooling, appliances and lighting).Project was funded by EU.
Tajikistan (INOGATE) In 2013 the SSC introduced questions on quantities on energy consumption in regular HBS, first results will be available in 2014.
Possibilities in Moldova
18
Place where to add
questions about
quantities consumed!
Possibilities in Georgia
19
Collection of data on household energy consumption for energy
efficiency indicators compilation COMPLEX SURVEY
20
• Clarification: indicators are calculated for different types of dwellings: single-unit houses, semi-detached dwelings, etc.
What are the most frequently used energy efficiency indicators? (1)
21
Agregated
Intermediate
Dissagregated
What are the most frequently used energy indicators? (1)
22
• 1. Agregated indicators:
– Overall energy consumption in household sector, share in total final energy consumption,
– Energy mix
• Data sources for indicators: Energy balance
These indicators allow very rough comparison between countries and they cannot be considered as energy efficiency.
They are used when accessing secotral energy policy.
More disaggregated approach is needed.
Energy indicators in household sector- United Kingdom
23
Industry 43%
Transport
19%
Other final users 13%
Households
25%
1970
Industry 20%
Transport
41%
Other final users 13%
Households
26%
2011
Energy indicators in household sector -Croatia-
24
Coal Liquids f. Gaseous f. Renewable Electricity Heat TOTAL
What are the most frequently used energy indicators? (2)
•
25
• 2. Intermediate level:
– Ratio beween energy consumption in households and simple activity data: overal population, total number of dwellings, floor area.....
• Data sources for indicators : Energy balance, National statistics
Energy indicators in household sector in EU, toe/dwelling
26 Source: ODYSSEE
What are the most frequently used energy indicators? (3)
•
27
• 3. Disaggregated level:
– End-use consumption (activity)
• HEATING – per dweling type, heating system, energy used
• COOLING - per dweling type, cooling system, energy used
• WATER HEATING – water heating system, energy used
• COOKING- per dweling type and for each energy sources
• LIGHTING – per floor area , type od dwelling
• APPLIANCES – per appliance unit
• Data sources for indicators: Energy balance, national accounts, surveys on energy consumption in households, energy models, additional statistical data
What energy data should be available for the compilation 3rd level
indicators? Per each dwelling type Per types of space heating and space cooling: central/
individual stoves Example for a country:
28
Item Unit Total final
consumption
Space
heating
Water
heating Cooking
Space
cooling Lighting Appliances
Traditional fuels ktoe 866 649 0 216
Modern biomass ktoe 0 0 0 0
Electricity ktoe 112 17 20 13 1 10 51
District heat ktoe 128 128 0 0
Soft solar ktoe 0 0 0 0
Fossil fuels ktoe 452 319 52 80
Total ktoe 1557 1113 72 310 1 10 51
LPG ktoe 50 0 0 50
Coal and Coal Pr. ktoe 24 24 0 0
Other Petroleum Pr. ktoe 82 73 8 0
Natural Gas ktoe 296 222 44 30
Fossil fuels ktoe 452 319 52 80
End – use energy indicators in EU, toe/dwelling
29 Source: ODYSSEE
End-use energy consumption in EU - heating-
•
30 Source: ODYSSEE
Energy used for space heating, kWh/dwell.
Heating energy per floor space, scaled to the average European climate, kWh/m2.
Organisation data collection needed for the energy efficiency indicators
compilation
31
The methods for data collection
•
32
• 1. SURVEYING – the most common approach, one third of practices are based on surveys
• 2. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA – to collect data on demography, climate, floor area
• 3. DATA FROM ENERGY COMPANIES – suppliers, for grossing up consumption from survey
• 4. MODELLING – usually combined with surveys to get data by end-use and/or to interpolate between survey year
• Other methods: Auditing, Measuring, Metering (expensive, problem with representativeness)
STEP 1. Survey on energy consumption
characteristics in household sector
33
The main definitions (1):
34
• The aim and purpose: to collect data on energy consumption characteristics and to determine energy consumption by different end-uses (by equipement)
• Coverage: Regions, rural/urban areas
The main definitions (2):
35
• Periodicity: every 1-5 years
• Reference period: calendar year
• Partnership:
• Target population: primary occupied dwellings (not vacant dwellings)
• Sample size: Canada – 6.500 buildings, Austria -16.000, Spain – 10.000
The main definitions (3):
36
• Sample design:
- a stratified random sample;
- stratification criteria: region, geographical location, urbanization criteria, available energy infrastructure (natural gas, heat network);
- the most costly methods but provides the most representative results.
- Sample selection:
- census, list from tax agency, other surveys (labor survey, living standard measurement survey)
The main definitions (4):
37
• Questionnaire: cca 60 questions, depends on the types of collection method
• Collection method: on-site, CATI, CAPI, by post, web application ,
• Large attention should be paid to the education/training of interviewers, Manual for interviewers.
• Can be joined to other surveys: Labor Force Survey, LSMS, other.
• Time to complete survey – 20 min
The main definitions (5):
38
• Energy Data Base: data validataion, data control, grossing-up
PRIPREMA BAZE PODATAKA • Database – storing data, data control, validation and
verification
The main definitions (6):
39
• Consolidation of energy data and activity data:
• energy companies (suppliers): electricity distribution companies, natural gas distribution companies, heat-only plants;
• national and regional households’ activity indicators available and in other administrative sources.
• Dissemination of results:
• Data, Metadata, Quality report
Additional information on survey
40
• Overall time for the preapration and implemenation of survey: 6 months
• Costs associated with surveys
• Other
Questionnaire – example for a household (1):
41
1. General information on the household:
- Gender of respondent, household size, age of household members, living status
- This data can be compared with data from Cenzus
2. Information on dwelling
- Type of dwelling: house, semi-detached house, multifamily building, ....
- Construction, age of dwelling
- Floor space, m2
- Materials, types of window, ....
Questionnaire – example for a household (2):
42
3. HEATING
- Type of heating in dwelling: not heated, individual heating units, central heating, district heating, “split” systems, .....
- Main energy source for central heating/individual heating units
- Energy source alternative to main source for central heating/individual source heating
- Age of boiler/heaters used for central heating
- Installed capacity of “split” systems, energy efficiency (according to the product specifications)
Questionnaire – example for a household (3):
43
3. HEATING (continuing)
- Number of room stoves used for heating
- Origin of biomass used for heating
- Assessment of the heated floor area, m2
- Average daily duration of heating
- Average indoor temperature of dwelling during heating season
Questionnaire – example for a household (4):
44
4. HOT WATER
- Specification of technologies used for hot water production, energy sources used;
- Total hot water consumption (district heating).
5. COOKING
- Type of energy sources used for cooking;
- Type of energy source used in stove;
- Frequency of meal preparation.
Questionnaire – example for a household (5):
45
6. LIGHTING
- Number and power of different types of lighting bulbs
7. COOLING
- Installed capacity of cooling system
- Daily duration of cooling, seasonal duration of cooling
- Cooling floor area, m2
Questionnaire – example for a household (6):
46
8. APPLIANCES IN HOUSEHOLD
- Freezer, cooler, washing machine, drying machine, dish washer, TV, microvave, PC, laptop, .......
- age of appliances
9. DATA ON PERSONAL CAR(S)
- fuel type, average fuel consumption /100km, age, capacity, number of km/year
- this statistics is used for transport statistics
Questionnaire – example for a household (7):
47
10. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
- for statistics on agriculture
11. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
- for other statistics
12. HOUSEHOLD INCOME
- average monthly income of all household members
- source of income
Questionnaire – example for a household (8):
48
13. ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF EACH ENERGY SOURCE
- averagy mothly income of all household members
It is suggested that parallel to the collection of the data from households to contact also electricity, gas and heat distribution companies and ask for the exact figures about energy consumed in each selected household.
Usual questions and dillemas?
49
- What exactly floor area is accounting?
- What about detached dwellings and buildings (garages)?
- How to treat rooms which are used as offices in private dwellings?
- Where to account specific appliances such as lawn movers? Fans?
Questions?
50
- ?
STEP 2. Collection of additional data from administrative sources and energy
companies
51
Collection of data from adminsitrative sources
52
The purpose of collection of data from administrative sources is data control and groosing up data gathered from survey. The following indicators should be collected:
• Indicators of activities
• Data on housing activities (building register)
• Age of buildings (building register)
It is needed to identify activity indicators for defined stratums (administrative units).
Collection of data from energy suppliers
53
The purpose of collection of data on energy consumption is to validate and control data from survey and to identify of actual energy consumption for surveyed household. The following data (databases) should be collected:
• Data (or database) on electricity, gas and heat customers/households (annual consumption) from electricity, gas and heat distribution companies.
It is needed to identify energy indicators for defined stratums (administrative units).
STEP 3. Energy efficiency indicators modeling and compilation
54
Process for EEI compilation
55
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS
Models
SURVEY
Other data
Examples of the EEI compilation using survey data
56
Energy consumption per household for cooking:
1. Create query and select from the database all the households which use only one energy source only for cooking. Usually such energy source is LPG.
2. Calculate average final LPG consumption for different sizes of household.
3. Calculate useful LPG consumption using energy efficiency factor of the appliance which use LPG for cooking.
4. Calculate final consumption for cooking for other energy sources using energy efficiency factor for relevant appliances.
STEP 1
Examples of the EEI compilation using survey data
57
End – use energy consumption for cooking
261
230
189
154 126
100 84
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
cooking kWh/household member
Example: Town of Zagreb No. 536
Number of household members
STEP 1
Examples of the EEI compilation using survey data
58
End – use energy consumption for appliances and lighiting
1088,6
912,8
777,3 701,2 650,1 610 576
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
appliances and ligh.
kWh/household member
Example: Town of Zagreb No. 536
Number of household members
STEP 1
Examples of the EEI compilation using survey data
59
End – use energy consumption for heating, kWh/m2
211,7
187,8
169,8
169,4
157,6
139,1
119,0
113,0
108,9
91,4
88,2
78,6
56,3
0 100 200 300
Apartments - central heating - PCP*
Apartments - central heating - PHP**
Family houses-central heating- Fuel oil
Family houses-central heating-Natural gas
Family houses-central heating- Wood
Family houses-room heating- Fuel oil
Family houses-central heating- Elec. energy
Apartments-central heating- Natural gas
Apartments - room heating - Natural gas
Family houses-room heating- Elec. energy
Family houses-room heating- Wood
Family houses-room heating- Natural gas
Apartments - room heating- Elec. energy
kWh/m2
STEP 1
Model for the total final energy consumption allocation
60
Based on the calculated energy efficiency indicators the model
allocates total final energy consumption on the end-use
consumptions for heating, hot water, cooking, cooling, lighting and appliances for each household in the sample.
STEP 2
Total final energy consumption in households for different activities
61
End-use consumptions for households from the sample are
added together, after that follows calculation of estimates for
entire population.
Item Unit Total final
consumption
Space
heating
Water
heating Cooking
Space
cooling Lighting Appliances
Traditional fuels ktoe 866 w649 0 216
Modern biomass ktoe 0 0 0 0
Electricity ktoe 112 17 20 13 1 10 51
District heat ktoe 128 128 0 0
Soft solar ktoe 0 0 0 0
Fossil fuels ktoe 452 319 52 80
Total ktoe 1557 1113 72 310 1 10 51
LPG ktoe 50 0 0 50
Coal and Coal Pr. ktoe 24 24 0 0
Other Petroleum Pr. ktoe 82 73 8 0
Natural Gas ktoe 296 222 44 30
Fossil fuels ktoe 452 319 52 80
STEP 3
Comparison – electricity consumption per household in different regions
62
Model for energy efficiency indicators compilation (presentation)
63
Experiences in other INOGATE Partner Countries
64
Azerabaijan, Belarus!
- Assistance in the organisation and implemenation of survey in household sector
- Assistance in the organisation of the institutional framework for energy efficiency indicators compilation, monitoring and verification.
- Assistance in the developement of the models for the energy demand modeling, EEI and end-use consumption compilation
IPA 2009 PROJECTS in Croatian Burro of Statistics
1. Technical assistance in Business statistics (2012 – 2014)
Energy Survey in Household Sector 2. Technical assistance in Business statistics and Quality
Documentation (2012 – 2014)
Energy Survey in Service Sector (Pilot project) 3. Technical assistance in development of business statistics
and upgrading of data collection system (2014 -2015)
Energy Survey in Transport Sector (Pilot project)
Experience in Croatia CROATIAN BUREAU
OF STATISTICS
IPA 2009 PROJECTS in Croatian Bureau of Statistics
• To achieve required compliance level with the EU Acquis communautaire in Business Statistics/Energy Statistics;
• To improve the Data Collection System;
• To meet the requirements related to the EU’s Energy Efficiency Directive, calculation of energy efficiency indicators and the monitoring of the results achieved in applying measures for energy efficiency.
Experience in Croatia CROATIAN BUREAU
OF STATISTICS
Thank you for attention!
Alenka Kinderman Lončarević
Damir Pešut Senior Experts, Energy Statistics
INOGATE Technical Secretariat and Integrated Programme in
support of the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership energy objectives
67