2005 -2020

SUSTAINABLE ENERGYACTIONPLANB

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Contents

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1. Introduction 10

1. Introduction 101.1 A sustainable future for Birmingham 101.2 Covenant of Mayors: Sustainable

Energy Action Plan 101.3 Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy Action Plan 12

2. Sustainable Energy Action Plan for Birmingham 14

2.1 The objectives of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan 14

2.2 Development of Birmingham’s SEAP 14

3. Birmingham’s starting point: the baseline inventory 16

3.1 Baseline Year 163.2 Development of the inventory 163.3 Birmingham’s Energy Consumption (2005) 183.4 Birmingham’s Carbon Emissions (2005) 203.5 Local electricity production in Birmingham (2005) 233.6 Local heat/cold production in Birmingham (2005) 23

4. Birmingham’s Sustainable Future: targets and the strategic framework for change 24

4.1 2005-2011 12% reduction 244.2 1990 – 2020 42% reduction 254.3 1990 -2026 60% reduction 254.4 Long-term vision 254.5 Organisational and financial aspects 274.5.1 Partnership and co-ordinated approach 274.5.2 Resourcing the plan 284.5.3 Involvement of stakeholders and citizens 284.5.4 Overall estimated budget 284.5.5 Sources of finance 304.5.6 Economic impact 31

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7.4.3 Energy from Waste - power only 637.5 Land Use Planning 657.5.1 Strategic urban planning 677.5.2 Transport / mobility planning 687.6 Public Procurement of Products and Services 697.7 Working with Birmingham’s’ citizens

and stakeholders 717.7.1. Advisory services 717.7.2 Financial support and grants 717.7.3 Awareness raising and local networking 717.7.4 Training and education 74

8: National contribution (Green Grid) 76

9: Monitoring of the SEAP 789.1 Summary of requirements 789.2 Reviewing the Context (Annual) 789.3 Reviewing the Activities within the SEAP (Annual): 789.4 Reviewing the strategy that underpins the

SEAP (Annual): 799.5 Annual report on SEAP performance and

comments on progress + adjustments needed 799.6 Real-time monitoring 799.7 Covenant of Mayors Requirements 809.8 Proposed timetable for reviews 80

10: Governance 8210.1 Need for strong governance 8210.2 City Council role for the SEAP 8210.3 Scrutiny and democratic accountability 8210.4 Dynamic SEAP steering group 8310.5 Project teams 83

5. Birmingham: Business As Usual 32

5.1 Housing 325.2 Industry and commerce 345.3 Transport 345.4 Business As Usual emissions and the SEAP 35

6. Understanding the limits 36

6.1 Behaviour change 366.2 Energy efficiency in buildings and equipment 366.3 Metering 386.4 District Energy 386.5 Renewable Energy 396.6 Transport 396.7 Limitations and the SEAP 39

7: Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy Action Plan: achievements to date and proposed actions 407.1 Buildings, Equipment, Facilities & Industry 407.1.1 Birmingham City Council buildings

and operations 407.1.2 Commercial and industrial

buildings and operations 427.1.3 Residential buildings 447.1.4 Street lighting 477.2 Transport 507.2.1 Birmingham City Council Fleet 507.2.2 Public, private and commercial transport 517.3 Local Electricity Production 567.3.1 Hydroelectric 567.3.2 Wind power 567.3.3 Solar Photovoltaic 57

Local Electricity Production - Summary 597.4 Local district heating / cooling and

combined heat/power 597.4.1 Combined Heat and Power schemes 597.4.2 District Heating 63

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SummaryBefore joining the Covenant ofMayors programme in 2009,Birmingham was already makingprogress to develop a moresustainable future. A secure andaffordable supply of energy fromsustainable sources is vital to thecity’s future. And to achieveambitious carbon reductiontargets, a step change inimplementing large scale energyprogrammes is now imperative.

The Covenant of Mayor’sprogramme, an initiative thatinvolves more than 2,000councils including Europe’smajor cities, requires that aSustainable Energy Action Plan,or SEAP, is submitted withintwo years of joining theprogramme. The SEAP includes a baseline of energyconsumption and theassociated carbon emissions.Europe’s ambition is to achievea 20% reduction in CO2

emissions and 20% of energyconsumed to come fromrenewable sources by 2020 –the ‘20/20/20’ commitment.The second part of the SEAPincludes the strategic directionthat is needed to achieve atleast these targets. The action

plan includes actions aimed atbuildings, transport, districtenergy and lifestyle changes.

Birmingham City Council andthe BeBirmingham Partnershiphave already set ambitioustargets for the city: a 60%reduction in the CO2 emittedper head of population by 2026(on a 1990 baseline). A shortterm action plan was publishedin 2010. As part of developing a longer term strategy andimplementation plan, twostakeholder events, held inOctober and November 2010provided a rounded view onwhat Birminghamorganisations, communities and residents want from futureenergy provision. To preparedifferent scenarios to achievethe ambitious carbon reductiontarget, a software tool VantagePoint was used. Only onescenario – a hybrid approach –achieved the necessary targetsand those consulted felt that amixed programme thatincluded significant levels ofenergy from waste, renewables,energy efficiency measures andbehaviour change was the

right forward path. Many ofthose consulted felt thatBirmingham needed to seizethe initiative and not to dependon national efforts todecarbonise the grid electricitysupply, although this will alsobe important in achievingfuture goals. The linked Issuesand Options paper providesthe detail of the workshops andconsultation process as well asthe wider context whichimpacts on Birmingham’sstrategic approach to energy.Birmingham’s SEAP is based onthe hybrid scenario developedwithin Vantage Point and is thesecond of these outputs fromthe development work in 2010.The SEAP points to a generaldirection rather than aprescriptive set of programmesand in this sense is notBirmingham’s energy strategy –it provides a guide and somegeneral boundaries for a more detailed look atimplementation. This will be developed by BirminghamCity Council and partners during 2011.

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For Birmingham’s SEAPbaseline, 2005 was chosen asthe baseline year. This isbecause accurate localised dataon carbon emissions and

energy consumption onlybecame available from thattime. Birmingham’s overallenergy consumption isestimated as:

CategoryEnergy consumed(MWh in 2005)

Contribution

Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

SUBTOTAL 18,126,712 75%

Transport

SUBTOTAL 6,139,625 25%

TOTAL 24,266,337 100%

CategoryCarbon emissions(tCO2 in 2005)

Contribution

Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

SUBTOTAL 5,396,401 77%

Transport

SUBTOTAL 1,579,150 23%

TOTAL 6,975,551 100%

The equivalent carbon emissions are these:

The Covenant of Mayorsfocuses on a horizon of 2020whilst Birmingham’s 60% targetis directed at six years later. Thecarbon reduction model usedas the basis of the SEAP followsBirmingham’s 2026 timeline butthe targets are included in theSEAP to provide someheadroom. Actions are aimedfor completion by 2020 – ifsuccessful, the Covenant ofMayor’s targets will be farexceeded, if not Birminghamhas a further six years toaddress the challenges. Both

ambitions relate to 1990because this is the year thatformed the basis of the KyotoProtocol which underpins all theagreements in place withinEurope for carbon reductionand the UK’s carbon budgets.Using a 2005 baseline isnecessitated by the availabilityof localised data. On this basis(2005 baseline) Birminghamlong term ambition equates toan estimated 42% reductiontarget, taking account of theachievements between 1990 and 2005.

The SEAP submitted to theCovenant of Mayors inNovember, 2010 included awide range of actions toachieve this. In outline terms theactions described are expectedto achieve specific contributionsto the overall targets.

Reduction in CO2 emissions per year: 2,929,731 tCO2/yrThe target to achieve 20% of energy demand from sustainable sources is:Estimated energy consumption in 2020: 24,266,337 – *10,449,693 = 13,816,644 MWh/yrContribution from sustainable sources: 2,7633,288 MWh/yr

*this reduction in consumption relates to impact of CO2 saving measures in the plan’

The aim is therefore to achieve by 2020, within the Birmingham area:

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Category Estimated energy saving (MWh /yr)

Expected renewableenergy generation(MWh/yr)

Estimated carbon reduction (tCO2 /yr)

Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

SUBTOTAL 2,875,125 433,598 667,640

Transport

SUBTOTAL 2,234,438 0 556,621

Local Electricity Production

SUBTOTAL 46,400 46,400 9,300

Local district heating / cooling and CHP

SUBTOTAL 3,862,030 3,862,030 408,600

Working with the citizens and stakeholders

SUBTOTAL 1,431,700 0 330,000

Green Grid (decarbonised electricity supply)

SUBTOTAL 1,500,000

TOTAL 10,449,693 4,342,028 3,472,161

The SEAP as submitted woulddeliver just over 30% fromsustainable sources, which is the target proposed by the UK for Europe.

The investment required todeliver the SEAP is considerable.The consequence of not takingaction is similarly significant forBirmingham’s economy. TheStern Review’s conclusion wasthat 2% of Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) should beinvested to avoid a 20% fall inglobal GDP. In Birmingham thisequates to £390M per year. The Vantage Point model for a hybrid scenario predicts acapital investment programme of up to £1,000M per year whilstprevious estimates set theinvestment required at £500-600M per year. Each actionwithin the programme willeventually have a separatebusiness case andimplementation plan but thisevidence points to the scale ofchange needed. Financing willbe from a mix of public andprivate sector funding andborrowing from global markets.The city already leads the way toa sustainable future. The districtheating and cooling scheme andlocal power generation was one

of the first in the UK andcontinues to be extended.Birmingham has strongpartnerships and ambitiouscommunity groups that haveestablished centres for adviceand demonstration projects.Birmingham Energy Savers is a£100M programme aimed atretrofit of 14,000 existing homeswith insulation measures andultimately will impact at least halfof city homes by 2020. TheTyseley energy from waste plantprovides 26MW capacity oflocally generated electricity.There are plans to bring the heatfrom Tyseley into the city centre and to create the Tyseley EnvironmentalEconomy District that has a fargreater capacity to sustainBirmingham’s energy needs andto contribute to the nationalpicture. These early actions andthe city’s strong ambitions pointtowards an exciting future.

Making progress against theSEAP needs not only substantialinvestment but the team effortof hundreds of inspired, creativeand capable people. TheCovenant of Mayor’s requiresregular reporting of progressagainst the plan. A stronggovernance arrangement is

needed so that those involved inthe SEAP can be heldaccountable by those whorepresent the people ofBirmingham. The City Councilhas a strategic role to play inorchestrating the opportunitiesand partners involved in deliveryand the recently formed CabinetCommittee, Climate Changeand Sustainability will providescrutiny and challenge. Asteering group that includesthose who manage and operatethe energy networks andsupplies to Birmingham as wellas representatives of the mainsectors – communities,commercial and industrialorganisations, transportagencies, strategic planners,waste and energy managers anduniversities providing novelsolutions will be in place bySummer 2011. This group willprovide a dynamic overview of a great many and variedprogrammes to deliver the SEAPwith the best outcome. In so doing, Birmingham can notonly become more self-reliant with a local energyscheme, backed by a greenernational supply, but also enjoyeconomic growth founded onsustainable energy.

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Introduction

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1.1 A sustainable future for BirminghamBirmingham has beendescribed as the powerhouse ofthe Industrial Revolution andthe workshop of the world. It ishome to more than one millionpeople and to businesses withan economic output of £18billion each year. The city facesthe challenge of a new future –one that allows its citizens and economy to thrive onsustainable use of resources.The Sustainable Energy ActionPlan is a step towards that new future.

Birmingham’s growth was basedon man’s ingenuity to developnew scientific and engineeringsolutions which changed theshape of everyday life. The city’singenuity and ambition is againbeing called into play – changesthat are profound, bothtechnologically and socially. TheSustainable Energy Action Planincludes programmes that canachieve significant reductions incarbon emissions and localgeneration of heat, cooling andpower. Tackling such problemstoday provides the opportunityfor Birmingham’s technicallycreative mindset and its

manufacturing heart to providesustainable solutions. The ‘cityof a thousand trades’ cansupport energy efficiencymeasures, renewable energysystems, district energy heatand power engines andinfrastructure, low carbonvehicles with the parts andservices that deliver change butonly if this is delivered fromexperiences of such within the city itself.

Birmingham has much to beproud of already. Ambitiouscarbon reduction targets (60%reduction by 2026 on 1990targets) have been set and ashort term action planpublished. The city is alreadyactive in large scale retrofitprogrammes for energyefficiency and small-scalerenewables, in electric vehiclepilot programme and has manycity-centre buildings usinglocally generated heat andpower; the city’s domestic waste is being used to generateelectricity. Communities in the city play their part; theSummerfield Eco Neighbourhoodwas an early example of large-scale roll out of solar electricpanels. Birmingham’s climate

change festivals celebrates theachievements by a diverserange of individuals and groupswho are concerned about thelong term impacts of their useof fossil fuels.

1.2 Covenant of Mayors:Sustainable Energy Action PlanIn January, 2009 Birminghamjoined the 2,181 cities andlocalities across Europe that arealso concerned about climatechange by signing to the EU Covenant of Mayorsprogramme. This programme isimportant as a route to learnfrom other cities in Europe and to showcase Birmingham’sachievements. Taking part in the Covenant of Mayorsprogramme also allows the cityto benefit from involvement inmajor EU research and fundingprogrammes.

The Covenant of Mayorsencourages local governmentto drive local reduction incarbon emissions and increasein generation of sustainableenergy and to achieve a 20%change in both as a minimumby 2020.(1)

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The programme requires cityauthorities to lodge a baselineof energy use and carbonemissions within two years ofjoining the programme and todemonstrate how the 20%changes can be delivered inbroad terms(1). The breakdownof activity is submitted as aSustainable Energy Action Plan(SEAP). Birmingham’s initial planwas submitted in November, 2010 and this now acts as an outline guide for a moredetailed Energy Strategy for thecity, which will be developedduring 2011/12.

1.3 Birmingham’s SustainableEnergy Action PlanThis report explains the thinkingbehind the numbers that weresubmitted to the Covenant of Mayors.

Section 2 explains further whatthe SEAP includes (and what itdoes not) and how it can beused to shape futureprogrammes (and what it is not intended to provide). This section also describesthe strategic framework for the SEAP.

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To drive change, it is importantto understand the starting pointand the future direction.

Sections 3 looks atBirmingham’s baseline carbonemissions and energy use(which form part of theCovenant of Mayorssubmission) whilst Section 4 explains the mid and long term targets and the strategicframework for delivery.

There are over 400,000 homesin Birmingham and the vastmajority will still provideaccommodation for manydecades to come. Around 1,200homes will be replaced eachyear and almost 50,000 newhomes are expected to bedeveloped by 2020; newhousing will be far more energyefficient than the existing stock.The nature of business activityin the city is changing withindustrial buildings beingredeveloped and replaced toprovide more retail and officespace. Although local trendssuggest that more people inBirmingham may be travellingless or using public transport,the national trends point to asignificant increase in personal

transport. Whilst Birmingham isactive in piloting low-carbonvehicles and the city’suniversities undertake globallyrecognised research intoalternatives, such changes intransport will also impact onfuture carbon emissions anddemand for petrol and diesel.

These ‘business as usual’impacts are briefly described in Section 5 whilst Section 6covers some of the limitationson the options for drivingchange – as simple as thenumber of lofts and cavity walls that remain un-insulatedto issues as complex as theavailability of wood or wastethat can be used to generateheat and power locally.

The SEAP provides a frameworkto describe changes tobuildings, transport, local heatand power generation andbehaviour and the impact oncarbon emissions and energy use. Several projects and programmes have alreadybeen identified in Birmingham,some already implemented sincethe baseline year and othersbarely at the concept stage.These have been wrapped up

within the SEAP and linked withother activity for which thethinking needs to be developed.Section 7 provides the rationalebehind the submitted SEAPspreadsheet.

Within the issues and optionsconsidered for Birmingham,participants debated whether ornot national programmes aresufficient to deliver the requiredsavings in carbon emissions andsecurity of energy supply. For theSEAP, some contribution fromnational programmes has beenassumed and this is discussed inSection 8.

Finally there are certainrequirements on Birmingham tomonitor and report progress andthis alone requires a governancearrangement. The scope andscale of the activity that will beneeded to deliver the changewhich the SEAP reflects will alsoneed a variety of partneringarrangements and overall insightinto how individual projects aredelivered for the over-archingprogramme. Some of theseissues are examined in Section 9(monitoring) and Section 10(governance).

(1) In Birmingham’s case, to achieve the ambitious 2026 target of a 60% carbon reduction(1990 baseline year), an interim target of 42% by 2020 has been declared (1990 baseline).

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Sustainable Energy Action Plan for Birmingham2.1 The objectives of the Sustainable Energy Action PlanThe SEAP is developed toshape future, more detailedplans and is a guide to areas of priority. It demonstrates inbroad terms how the targets for carbon reduction and localenergy generation can beachieved. It is not prescriptiveand not intended to drivespecific projects andprogrammes. It does howeveroffer a guide to strategicthinking and highlights theneed for working in partnershipand for political buy-in to some major changes.

There are three components ofthe SEAP:

• A baseline inventory ofcarbon emissions and energyuse (Section 3)

• The strategic framework forchange (Section 4)

• A series of actions thatdemonstrates delivery oftargets (Section 5)

2.2 Development ofBirmingham’s SEAPIn Birmingham, the SEAP wasdeveloped alongside a series of studies and workshops thatinvolved various teams withinthe City Council and a greatmany partners across the city,within the public, private andthird sectors, who are alsopassionate about ensuring a sustainable future forBirmingham. The process ofengagement and outcomes are described in the ‘Issues and Options’ paper that sitsalongside this report.

The strategic framework hasbeen developing over recentyears: the Birmingham ClimateChange Action Plan 2010 andthe Council’s 2015 Declarationprovide the implementationguidance for achieving the 60% carbon reduction by 2026.This has been absorbed intothe SEAP.

To develop the baselineinventory and analysis ofcontributions, the VantagePoint(2) tool has been used .

The tool, aimed specifically atcarbon reduction, provides theopportunity to developscenarios that include action onenergy efficiency, renewables,district energy schemes andbehaviour change and coversthe domestic, commercial,industrial and transport sectors(up to 50 different measures).Both local and nationalinterventions can be included.The scenarios can be analysedover a range of timeframes toallow activity to be modelled for early or late intervention,ramping up or down over timeas appropriate.

Using the Vantage Point tool,a number of scenarios werecreated for stakeholders to consider within thedevelopment of the Issues andOptions paper. These includeda variety of emphasis – onbehaviour change, on use ofwood and waste or gas fordistrict energy, on reliance onrenewables and all werecompared to a’ ‘do nothing’approach. It was clear thatactions across the whole rangeof interventions were needed

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(2) A software tool developed by Carbon Descent, with support from the Energy Saving Trust.

to achieve the medium to longterm targets set for Birminghamand the UK.

One such ‘hybrid’ approach wasdeveloped. This includedprogrammes that are alreadyunderway together withpotential projects which the CityCouncil is already working on oraware of. Further measureswere included where it is clearthat national programmes willhave impact in Birmingham aswell as the proposed greeningof the national grid supplies.

This ‘hybrid scenario’ represents

just one way of achievingBirmingham’s long termambitions. There are inevitablyother possible mixtures ofactivity and focus that couldachieve similar outcomes. Thescenario developed was used asthe basis for the SEAP whichwas lodged with the Covenantof Mayors programme inNovember 2010.

The outputs from the VantagePoint tool provide anassessment of the expectedlocal generation of heat andpower from renewable sourcesand the likely financial

investment that the city willrequire for implementation.These have also been used withthe SEAP submission butrequire much greaterrefinement as Birmingham’sEnergy Strategy is developedand specific partneringarrangements established.

Further details of the scenariosand the hybrid approach,together with Vantage Pointoutputs, are provided in theaccompanying Issues andOptions paper.

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Birmingham’s starting point: the baseline inventory3.1 Baseline YearAll of Birmingham’s carbonreduction targets relate to a1990 baseline. This is becausethe Kyoto protocol, whichengaged over 190 nations intackling global warming, setspecific targets for greenhousegas emissions using 1990 as thestart point.

The UK began to develop amonitoring process, whichexamined the energy use (gas,electricity and a range of otherfuels) in buildings (homes andbusinesses) together with petroland diesel (and some otherfuels) used for transport. Thecollection of this data on anational scale involved lookingat a wide range of sources,ranging from the sales byenergy companies of gas andelectricity through to countingvehicles on roads to estimatefuel usage. The national datawas provided to report on theUK’s progress against the Kyototargets.

The data did not becomeavailable for the Birmingham

area until 2005. Thereafter, thedata has been publishedannually, with four sets offigures now available for the period 2005 to 2008.(3)

Consequently, the year selected for Birmingham’sbaseline inventory has beenchosen as 2005.

3.2 Development of the inventoryThe Covenant of Mayorsprogramme provides a specifictemplate for examining thebaseline energy consumptionand the associated carbonemissions (note that theemphasis is on carbon dioxideemissions from use of fossilfuels rather than the full rangeof greenhouse gas emissions).

As a starting point, theinventory examines the use ofenergy in buildings and fortransport, both fossil fuels andfrom sources of renewableenergy. Using emission factorsthat are appropriate for the UK(4),the resulting carbon emissionscan be calculated for buildings and for transport. The

assessment does not take intoaccount issues such as carbonembedded in constructionmaterials, emissions associatedwith movement of goods (apartfrom the fuel used for transportwithin the UK) or emissionsrelating to air travel.

Finally, the inventory looks atelectricity and heat/coldproduced in the local area fromrenewable energy systems, fromenergy from waste or otherdistrict energy centres. Itemsincluded in the baselineinventory and action plans areintended to relate to localinitiatives and not to includelarge generation facilities thatmight be part of the EUEmissions Trading Scheme orform a major part of the UK’spower supply. A limit of 20MWper site is applied to filter outthese kinds of generationfacility on the basis that they arelikely to fall outside of localcontrol. In Birmingham’s case,generating facilities such as theEnergy from Waste plant at Tyseley have a capacity for electricity generation that is

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(4) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 2005’ provided by DEFRA in the June, 2007 update (available from: www.defra.gov.uk/business/reporting/pdf/conversion-factors.pdf (3) National Indicator 186: Per capita CO2 emissions in the local authority area’, available from:

http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/indicators/ni186/ni186.aspx

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Fuel usedEnergy consumption(MWh in 2005)

Contribution

Electricity 5,033,268 21%

Mains Gas 119,638,980 49%

Heating Oil 1,038,321 4%

Coal 91,143 0.4%

Diesel (transport) 2,582,471 11%

Petrol (transport) 3,557,154 14%

TOTAL 24,266,337 100%

Private and commercial transport, 25%

Municipal fleet, 0.03%

Industry, 30%

Municipal public lighting, 0.2%

Residential buildings, 37%

Tertiary (non municipal) buildingsequipment/facilities, 5%

Municipal buildingsequipment/facilities, 2%

Birmingham energy consumption2005 (by End Use)

greater than this limit; it isincluded in Birmingham’sbaseline because it is undermunicipal control.

ENERGY

3.3 Birmingham’s EnergyConsumption (2005)Birmingham’s total energyusage in 2005 is estimated as24,266,337 MWh. Compare thisagainst the energy used in a

typical Birmingham home thatyear which was 24 MWh. Three quarters of the energyconsumed was used inbuildings and a quarter fortransport. The detailed analysisis shown below:

In terms of fuel usage, half of the energy used was from mains gas supplies and a fifth from electricity:

CategoryEnergy consumed(MWh in 2005)

Contribution

Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

Council assets + operations 583,267 2%

Commercial sectors 1,180,298 5%

Domestic sector 9,074,663 37%

Street lighting 59,265 0.2%*

Industrial sector 7,229,219 30%

SUBTOTAL 18,126,712 75%

Transport

Council fleet 6,397 0.03%*

Private + commercial transport 6,133,228 25%

SUBTOTAL 6,139,625 25%

TOTAL 24,266,337 100%

* Percentages of less than 1% are shown to two decimal places whilst thetotal figure is rounded to the nearest whole number

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When considered in terms of reducing carbon emissions, the consumption of electricity is a far higherpriority based on the baseline data from 2005, contributing more than a third of the total emissions. Infuture years, when the emissions factor for grid supplied electricity is expected to fall significantly (usingnuclear and renewable energy for generation) the picture could be very different.

CategoryCarbon emissions(tCO2 in 2005)

Contribution

Buildings, equipment, facilities and industry

Council assets + operations 183,269 3%

Commercial sectors 558,783 8%

Domestic sector 2,434,870 35%

Street lighting 30,996 0.4%

Industrial sector 2,188,483 31%

SUBTOTAL 5,396,401 77%

Transport

Council fleet 16,282 0.03%*

Private + commercial transport 1,577,467 23%

SUBTOTAL 1,579,150 23%

TOTAL 6,975,551 100%

Petrol (transport), 14%

Diesel (transport), 11%

Coal, 0.40%

Heating Oil, 4%

Mains Gas, 49%

Electricity, 21%

CARBON EMISSIONS

3.4 Birmingham’s CarbonEmissions (2005)Based on the energyconsumption described, thecarbon emissions are calculatedby applying the emissions factorsrelevant for 2005.

Birmingham’s total carbonemissions in 2005 are estimatedas 6,975,551 tCO2e. Birminghamhad a population of 1,028,700people in 2005 and each personwas therefore associated with 6.8tCO2 per person.(5)

The relative contributions fromeach sector vary slightly to the

comparison above for energybecause different fuels areassociated with differentemissions factors (electricity isassociated with nearly threetimes the emissions for mainsgas for each unit of energyconsumed mainly because of thetransmission losses and fuel mixfor generation).

Birmingham energy consumption 2005 (by Fuel)

(5) Note these figures differ slightly from those provided in the latest version of DECC’s National Indicator 186 data, which quotesBirmingham’s per capita emissions as 6,463,000 tCO2 and 6.44 tCO2 per person

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3.5 Local electricityproduction in Birmingham(2005)In 2004, a large solarphotovoltaic (PV) array wasinstalled on the AlexanderStadium. At the time, this systemwas the largest solar PV schemein the UK. The system isestimated to generate 80 MWhof electricity each year, whichreduces Birmingham’s carbonemissions by around 42 tCO2.

The Tyseley Energy from Wasteplant has a peak capacity of 28 MWe of which 25MWe isexported’to the grid. Theincinerator burns municipaldomestic waste. The Tyseleyplant is operated by Veolia undercontract to the City Council andon this basis has been includedin the SEAP. It is estimated thatthe plant delivers 140,000 MWheach year of locally generatedelectricity which reducesemissions by around 73,220 t CO2.

Together these facilities generate140,080 MWh of electricity eachyear, saving the equivalent of73,262 tCO2.

3.6 Local heat/coldproduction in Birmingham(2005)Birmingham’s district energyscheme was not commissioneduntil 2007. The BirminghamDistrict Energy Company now supplies public and commercialbuildings in the central businessdistrict near Broad Street, servingthe Council House and

Town Hall, the InternationalConvention Centre, BirminghamRep theatre and the Hyatt Hotel.The scheme has since beenextended though new CHP(Combined Heat and Power)energy centres to link with AstonUniversity and the BirminghamChildren’s hospital and theEastside development.

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3

Fuel usedCarbon emissions(tCO2 in 2005)

Contribution

Electricity 2,632,399 38%

Mains Gas 2,464,580 35%

Heating Oil 267,887 4%

Coal 31,535 0.5%

Diesel (transport) 679,190 10%

Petrol (transport) 899,960 13%

TOTAL 6,975,551 100%

Petrol (transport), 13%

Diesel (transport), 10%

Coal, 0.50%

Heating Oil, 4%

Mains Gas, 35%

Electricity, 38%

Birmingham CarbonEmissions 2005 (by Fuel)

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Birmingham’s Sustainable Future:targets and the strategic framework for changeWhilst Birmingham’s main focus is set on 2026 and achieving a 60% reduction in carbon emissions (on a per person basis), there are other interim milestones to achieve:

4.1 2005-2011 12% reduction Along with other localauthorities, Birminghamestablished a local strategicpartnership which agreed thepriorities for the city. A LocalArea Agreement (LAA) providedclear targets for achievementduring a three year period untilthe end of March, 2011. ForBirmingham, carbon emissionsper person were required toreduce by 12% (using theavailable data for 2005 as thebaseline). Part of this target is tobe achieved locally whilstnational programmes will alsoprovide a local impact.

Achievement of the target isbeing assessed by usinggovernment data for theNational Indicator 186. Thesefigures suggest the inprovementshown in the graph top right.The figures for 2010 are unlikelyto be available until October,

2012. Indications are that theeconomic recession has equatedto significant reductions for 2009 in energy consumptionnationally, although emissionshave risen again in 2010.Indications for gas and electricityconsumption continueddownward trend (a 7% drop)which suggests that theperformance will remain below

the target for that year. Currentlythere is no local analysisavailable for 2010.

Meanwhile the City Council andthe BeBirmingham Partnershiphas set specific targets forcarbon reduction and hasmonitored progress each year toidentify whether the minimumtarget has been achieved locally:

4

2005

6.60

6.44

6.28

6.136.07

6.40

6.20

6.00

5.80

5.60

5.40

5.202006 2007 2008

Year2009 2010

Year Targeted reduction(t CO2e)

Actual reductionachieved(tCO2e)

Number of organisations reporting

2008/9 100,000 103,039 18

2009/10 120,000 120,745 27

2010/11 130,000

The information for 2010/11 will be published in June, 2011.

The signs are encouraging; these figures already suggestthat Birmingham’s carbonemissions have fallen by over 4% in the three years since thebaseline year.

4.2 1990 – 202042% reduction Birmingham’s Climate ChangeAction Plan, which was publishedin 2010, confirmed an interimtarget of a 42% reduction inemissions over the 1990 baseline(estimated at 32% on a 2005baseline). This target aligns withthe intended global target toaddress climate change and hasalso been adopted by severalother ambitious local authoritiesas well as the ScottishParliament.

Because the EU’s Covenant ofMayors programme looks to2020 it is this target thatapplies to Birmingham’sSEAP.

4.3 1990 -2026 60% reductionBirmingham’s main focus is for a60% reduction in per capitacarbon emissions by 2026 (1990 baseline). This is anambitious and accelerated targetcompared to the UK’s frameworkbut reflects the degree ofimportance given to climatechange and sustainable energyin Birmingham.

Because of the clear importanceof this target, this has been usedto develop the Vantage Pointscenario for Birmingham. Theactivities and the associatedcarbon and energy savings for

the ‘hybrid scenario’ are aimedat delivering the 2026 target buthave been included within theSEAP which is concerned withachievements by 2020. Thisprovides a comfortable margin:to ensure the SEAP target (42%reduction) is met in 2020 and toallow a further six years to ensureBirmingham’s main focus isachieved by 2026.

4.4 Long-term visionBirmingham’s vision is moving ona trajectory to tackle the causesof climate change and to adaptto changes that have alreadytaken place. The City Council isactive not only in developingplans for Birmingham’s resiliencebut also in sharing experience and supporting adaptationplanning with other cities withinEurope.

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The long-term vision forBirmingham is to become aSustainable Global City and inthe coming decades to passthrough a period of transitionfrom a carbon-based economy toone that plays a leading role inthe UK’s goal to emit just a fifthof carbon emissions by 2050compared to the Kyoto baselineyear of 1990. To do this,Birmingham intends to:• Minimise, reduce, reuse and

recycle all waste• Generate energy from low-

carbon sources and methods

• Use resources efficiency,including use of energy inbuildings and for transport andin generating local suppliesfrom combined heat andpower and district heating andcooling

• Meet local needs as far aspossible from local production– food, material, energy,services, etc

• Raise high awareness of andcompliance withenvironmental and socialresponsibilities – industry, commerce and citizens

Birmingham’s Climate ChangeAction Plan sets out the initialpath to developing Birmingham’seconomy for job creation, growthin energy related businesses andstimulation of new investment forlow carbon technologies andservices.

Specific targets have been set todeliver carbon reductions in thevarious sectors that contribute toBirmingham’s carbon footprint:

The priority areas for movingforward against these targets are to:

• Improve the energy efficiencyof Birmingham’s homes andbuildings

• Reduce the city’s reliance onunsustainable energy bygenerating more electricity,heat and cooling locally

• Reduce the city’s impact onnon-renewable resources byimproved management

• Taking action to impactBirmingham’s mobility needsthrough low carbon transport

• Prepare for the effects ofclimate change

• Engage with citizens andbusinesses in terms ofawareness campaigns

4.5 Organisational andfinancial aspects

4.5.1 Partnership and co-ordinated approachThe scale of action required isimmense and each project thatcontributes to the delivery ofBirmingham’s sustainable futurewill require differing sets of skillsand experience. No singleapproach will be suitable for thewide range of tasks, from highlysocial interventions for

influencing behaviour to thespecific technical knowledgerequired to deliver districtenergy. Some programmes maybe entirely managed andfinanced by the city council whilstothers will be private sectorinitiatives. Communities have arole to play and there will beopportunities for socialenterprise to flourish. Indeed amix of financing and deliverymodels and a constantlychanging pattern of engagementbetween partners will beimportant to address the issuesof the day and to ensure that theright people are in place todeliver the right solutions thatwill accelerate Birminghamtowards achieving the city’sambitions.

Birmingham has alreadydemonstrated strongpartnerships. BeBirmingham hasbeen the strategic partnershipthat has included people andorganisations from all sectors. To deliver specific aspects of the SEAP, programme boardsand operating teams arecommissioned as required. Forexample, the Birmingham EnergySavers programme has beendeveloped with a number ofpartners to create a large scale

domestic retrofit programme,expected to impact a half of cityhomes over the next 5-10 years.The city council has alsoestablished an Energy ServicesCompany, Birmingham DistrictEnergy Company – BDEC, withCofeley District Energy (part ofGDF Suez Energy) formanagement and expansion ofthe district heating and coolingnetwork in the city centre.

The city council remains at theheart of the strategicintervention required and toorchestrate the changing mix ofplayers and expertise that areneeded today and for the futureto best serve the people wholive, work, study and holiday inBirmingham. Elected membersare involved in a cross-partyClimate Change CabinetCommittee which scrutinisesprogress made against theactivities highlighted in the SEAP.

Further governancearrangements, involving keyplayers in the energy sector, will be established to takeBirmingham’s SEAP and shape it into a more detailed EnergyStrategy for delivery over thenext decade.

4

CO2 emissions from domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year)

1990 2005 2007 2011 2026

2.34 tCO2 2.21 tCO2 2.15 tCO2 1.91 tCO2 0.94 tCO2

CO2 emissions from non-domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year)

1990 2005 2007 2011 2026

3.28 tCO2 3.02 tCO2 2.84 tCO2 2.42 tCO2 1.13 tCO2

Homes and Buildings:

CO2 emissions from domestic sector (tonnes CO2 per person per year)

1990 2005 2007 2011 2026

1.25 tCO2 1.57 tCO2 1.54 tCO2 0.89 tCO2 0.66 tCO2

Transport:

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4.5.2 Resourcing the planThe city council’s Sustainabilityand Climate Change teamincludes the equivalent of six fulltime staff, a small team dedicatedto driving forward withimplementing the SEAP. Unlikeother major cities across Europewith larger dedicated groups,Birmingham’s team is not alone intaking action but is supported bystaff and members from aroundthe council and by partnersacross the city. Birmingham’sClimate Change Action Plan, forexample, identified responsibilityacross a wide range of serviceareas – including directors ofHousing, Development,Environment and Culture withinthe council as well as supportfrom strategic partners.

It is testament to the importanceplaced on taking action onclimate change that futureprogrammes are cross-cuttingand embedded withindevelopment plans forBirmingham. Far from providing‘bolt-on’ solutions, deliveredindependently of the everydaydecisions made about the city’sfuture, the SEAP will be part ofcohesive decision making thatcements sustainability into

Birmingham’s future.

4.5.3 Involvement ofstakeholders and citizensBirmingham’s existing Climate Change Action Plan wasreviewed by a wide variety of partners within theBeBirmingham’s EnvironmentalPartnership group. The groupincluded leaders of communitygroups and third sectororganisations and the businesscommunity within the city.

The new energy strategy and thehybrid scenario upon which theSEAP is based have been widelydiscussed with stakeholders.Engagement events took place inOctober (50 stakeholdersattended) and in November 2010(more than 100 people wereinvolved); both events stimulatedsignificant interest. Furtherdetails of the outcomes areprovided in the accompanyingIssues and Options paper.

4.5.4 Overall estimatedbudgetAchieving change on the scalerequired needs significant levelsof investment. The Stern Reviewlooked at the likely impacts of climate change on the UK’s

economy and the projection,published in 2006 and laterrevised in 2008 to take account ofworsening levels of carbondioxide in the atmosphere,suggested that an investment ofat least 2% of gross domesticproduct per annum was required.Failure to invest could potentiallycost the global economy a 20%reduction in gross domesticproduct. On this basis,Birmingham needs to invest over £390M each year.

Using the Vantage Point modelfor the hybrid scenario, theestimated annual expenditure isfar higher. The estimated capitalinvestment is £1,000M per year to2015, £1,550M per year from 2015to 2026 and £2,000M per yearfrom 2026 to 2050. However, inthe model, at least half of thisexpenditure is focussed on asingle measure – generatingpower from low carbon materials(biomass or waste). The businesscase for specific programmes andtechnologies to deliver thiselement of the SEAP will bemuch more precise than thisgeneric model can provide and it is unlikely that the final level of investment required will be this high.

4

Output from Vantage Point model showing capital investment required by measure (in £M). Note: the largestcontributor to the capex required comes from the measure 'power only biomass', used as a proxy for power from low-carbon source materials which could include biomass and waste materials

Capital expenditure, by measure

CHP biomassCHP large gasCHP buildings gasHeat from power stationPower only biomassGreen gridWind largeWind mediumWind (Domestic)Solar PV (Domestic)Solar thermal (Domestic)Biomass boilers (Domestic)Air source heat pump (Domestic)Ground source heat pump (Domestic)Solar PV (Non-Domestic)Biomass boilers (Non-Domestic)Air source heat pump (Non-Domestic)Ground source heat pump (Non-Domestic)Cavity wall insulation (Domestic)Solid wall insulation (Domestic)Loft insulation (Domestic)Tank insulation (Domestic)Draught proofing (Domestic)Double glazing (Domestic)Energy efficient lighting (Domestic)Energy efficient appliances (Domestic)Boiler replacement (Domestic)Fuel switch (Domestic)Heating controls (Domestic)Community heating meters (Domestic)Smart meters Electric (Domestic)Smart meters Gas (Domestic)Energy assessment (Domestic)Fuel reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Domestic)Electricity reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Domestic)Double glazing (Non-Domestic)Energy efficient lighting (Non-Domestic)Energy efficient appliances (Non-Domestic)Smart meters Electric (Non-Domestic)Smart meters Gas (Non-Domestic)Fuel reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Non-Domestic)Electricity reduction by behavioural change and technology mix (Non-Domestic)Energy efficient street lightingRoad transport fuel reduction by behavioural changeRoad transport efficiency improvementsReplace road transport fuels with biofuelsReplace road transport fuels with electricity

2005-2015 2016-2026 2027-2050

£ m

illio

ns p

er y

ear

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Other broad estimates made bythe city council, based onexperience of similar large scaleprojects, have suggested that£400-500M per year would needto be invested to ensure the 60%carbon reduction target isachieved by 2026. These various estimates pointtowards one clear picture – thatBirmingham’s future requiresmajor capital investment. Thiswill come from the private andpublic sectors working togetheras well as investment byindividuals through schemessuch as the proposed Green

Deal. The latter, of which a localversion (Birmingham EnergySavers) is already beingdeveloped, will provide upfrontcapital for energy efficiencyimprovements, with repaymentsbeing less than the savings inenergy bills – so an overall netgain. This is a good model forthe other measures required –that investment costs are offsetby savings in the cost of carbon,energy and fuel.

4.5.5 Sources of financeThe exact mechanism andsources of funding for each

component of the SEAP isdependent on the nature of thespecific initiative. For example,the Birmingham District EnergyCompany has been created as acollaboration with CofeleyDistrict Energy (formerlyUtilicom); investment in theenergy centre and heat networkwas funded by Utilicom withinitial programme support by thecity council to establish anchorloads.

A dialogue has begun with theEuropean Investment Bank withrespect to large European

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4

funding programmes, ELENA,JESSICA and Intelligent Energyas well as other appropriateEuropean investmentopportunities. Investment in thedistrict energy scheme is alreadysupporting the extension of heat,power and cooling suppliesacross the centre of the City.Private funding together with amix of grant funds have providedthe £9M capital investment.

For the Birmingham EnergySavers programme, a largeretrofit insulation andmicrogeneration projectaffecting at least half ofBirmingham’s homes, hasreceived an initial £1.2M of grantfunding from the WorkingNeighbourhood Fund whilst thesecond phase is underwritten bythe city council using nearly£14M of prudential borrowings.The third phase (with anestimated investment value of£100M, impacting 14,000 homes)may be funded by a mix ofpublic and private sectorinvestment. This will provide arecycling fund for future phasesthat will impact up to 200,000homes in the coming years.

These are examples of projectsthat are already under way anddemonstrate that there is no‘one size fits all’ approach to acomplex programme coveringthe scope and scale of the SEAPambitions.

4.5.6 Economic impactWhilst the investment cost forchanging the way that energy isused and delivered inBirmingham requires significantinvestment, there are clearconsequences of doing nothing.

Development in some parts ofthe city is being affected by thelimits on the supply from theexisting power infrastructure. The city council and partners are already looking at utilising thelatest technologies and thinkingto enable a smart grid to provideinnovative solutions to thesekinds of problems.

In other respects, the city cannotharness the opportunities foreconomic growth within the‘green’ sector without becomingboth an exemplar for large-scaleimplementation of existingsolutions and an innovator of

new ones. By delivering theprogrammes outlined in theSEAP, there is a clear expectationthat the local economy willbenefit and jobs will be created.The initial Birmingham EnergySavers programme for examplehas the potential to create anestimated 260 jobs(6) and todeliver an estimated £16M gross value added to the local economy. For otherprogrammes, the long term net effect of a secure and price-stable energy supply which makes best use of the latest technologies formonitoring and managing supplyand demand will be far greaterthan the immediate impact. At this stage there is no estimateof the economic benefit ofimplementing the SEAP but asthe business case for each of themeasures is developed, thedetails will emerge. It is howeverclear that the benefit will be ofmajor importance to the futuregenerations that live and work in Birmingham.

(6) Using the Energy Saving Trust’s Economic Impact Tool, based on 10,000 homes (Birmingham Energy Savers Phase 3 proposedprogramme) and assuming solar PV, loft, cavity and solid wall insulation.

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Birmingham: Business As UsualBirmingham’s Core Strategy 2026 provides the framework for sustainable growth in Birmingham.

The Core Strategy identifies theopportunity for over 50,000 newhomes and the creation of100,000 new jobs throughdevelopments that are plannedacross the city. These newdevelopments have impact onthe energy and transport fuelused and on the carbonemissions for Birmingham overthe coming decades. Effectivelythe resulting changes in homes,businesses and in transportcreate a baseline that shifts yearon year – some changes create a positive benefit such as thedisplacement of older, inefficientbuildings by low-carbon orcarbon negative (the situationwhere there is an overall annualexport of energy) homes whilstother changes will serve toincrease the problem.

These have been taken intoaccount within the developedVantage Point hybrid scenarioand in the SEAP(7).

5.1 HousingIn the 1960s, there was adeliberate policy of demolitionand replacement of poor qualityhousing by mainly high riseapartments. Currently, this is notthe strategy being adopted forBirmingham. Each year a smallproportion of the housing stockwill become unsuitable andrequire demolition. A demolitionrate of 1,200 houses, just 0.2% ofthe total housing stock, will bereplaced by new homes per year.Overall, the Core Strategy putsforward proposals for a netaddition of 50,600 homes by 2026.

As the national programme fornew housing, the Code forSustainable Homes, enshrined inbuilding regulations, takes effect,the energy use in new homes willfall gradually until by 2016, therewill be no overall carbonemissions from new builds. Thiswill inevitably require greater useof renewable energy systemswithin the home or uptake oflocally supplied heat and power.

Taking account of these changes– the anticipated demolition andoverall growth in housingtogether with the improvementsin new housing designs to meettougher regulations – the overallimpact on Birmingham’s carbonfootprint is positive. It isestimated that:

By 2020:The additional new homes willcontribute an extra 16 ktonnes ofcarbon emissions each yearwhilst demolitions would reduceemissions by 96 ktonnes per year.This is a net reduction of 80ktonnes from the 2005 baseline.

Replacement of old homes withcarbon neutral housing from2020 to 2050 is expected to have a net improvement incarbon emissions of 246 ktonnes each year.

5

(7) All of the detailed assumptions behind the figures for ‘Business As Usual’ carbon emissions are provided in an associated report‘Birmingham Energy Strategy Carbon Descent scenarios – Maximum Potential calculations and assumptions’. This document wasprovided at the stakeholder workshop in October, 2010.

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5

Transport emissions for theBirmingham area already show adownward trend, with attributedCO2 emissions falling by nearly2% in the period 2005-2007.Similarly, the city council hasmeasured a 1% fall in vehiclekilometres in 2007 compared to 2005.

The Core Strategy identifies that Birmingham will see a re-opening of passenger servicesand new stations in the suburbs,support for rapid transportsystems from the east of the cityto the centre, development of a strategic cycle network andimproved park and ride facilities.Primary routes will be protected.

Changes to the rail network willbe of major significance forBirmingham’s future. A highspeed rail link from London will see journey times between the cities nearly halved (46 minutescompared to 84 minutescurrently). A new international railterminus will be created inBirmingham. Development isunlikely to start until 2017.Meanwhile, improvements are

already being made and themain city centre New StreetStation is being modernised. The station is currently serving140,000 people each day, morethan double the capacity of theoriginal 1960s design. The newstation is expected to be open to the public from 2012, withcompletion in 2015. The newfacility is being built withsustainability in mind;construction materials andequipment will be brought ontosite by train, with an anticipatedsaving of 10,000 lorry journeys.The SEAP includes a scheme fora new combined heat and powerproject located within the NewStreet site.

Despite indications that carbonemissions from Birmingham’sroad network may be reducingand certainly plans are in placeto improve public transport, thenational picture of increasingvehicles and journeys has beenused as a basis for the models.In developing the hybrid model,the assumptions for vehiclegrowth result in a negativeimpact on the city’s footprint.

By 2020:The assumed increase in vehiclerelated emissions (relating tominor and major roads) isexpected to create an additional176 ktonnes of CO2 emissionsper year by 2020. If trends in vehicle use were tocontinue as predicted by theDepartment for Transport, thiswould result in an increase of 769ktonnes of CO2 per year by 2050.

5.4 Business As Usualemissions and the SEAPThese three areas of change incarbon emissions for the cityhave been included in theVantage Point models and in thedevelopment of the hybridscenario, described in the linkedIssues and Options paper.

Section 7 provides more detail ofthe SEAP and these activities.

5.2 Industry and commerceThe Core Strategy 2026 identifiesthe opportunity for developmentof two new industrial andcommercial sites and threedistrict growth points for retailand office development. Whilstsome poor quality industrial siteswill be released for change ofuse development, other sites willbe protected and developedfurther (200 hectares). City centreand outlying retail and officesectors will be expanded andlinked to a network of smallerdistrict centres.

In the recent past, Birmingham’scommercial and industrial spacehas seen a net reduction peryear, driven mainly by the loss offactories and warehousing in the1990s, replaced by offices andretail. If the trends over the pastten years are used as a basis forthe future, then it is expectedthat 83,800 m2 of commercial andindustrial floor space will bereplaced with new buildings (lessthan 0.7%) and there will be a netreduction of 3,600 m2 each year.The impact of changes in thepast decade may not be a goodindicator of those in the comingdecade but these are the bestassumptions currently available.The rationale for improvements

in new non-domestic buildings issimilar to that for housing,although the requirements andtimescales for carbon neutralityhave yet to be defined. The bestavailable indications suggest thatby 2019, new non-domesticbuildings will create carbonemissions that have a 54%reduction over the 2006 buildingregulation requirements. Newbuildings will achieve this by acombination of improved energyefficiency through fabric andequipment improvements and byusing renewable sources of heat,power and cooling as well as useof district energy supplies.

By 2020:The assumptions made fordemolitions, new developmentand improvements in

performance for commercial andindustrial buildings suggests anet saving of 166 ktonnes CO2

per year by 2020.

This impact is expected toprovide a net 540 ktonnes CO2

saving per year (on the 2005baseline) by 2050.

5.3 TransportModelling changes in transportare even more difficult. Past datafor the UK indicate a growing useof private transport with a yearon year growth in the number ofvehicles. The national predictionfor the West Midlands region,from the Department ofTransport, is for a 6% rise invehicle kilometres by 2015 and a22% increase by 2025. This is ona baseline year of 2003.

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Understanding the limitsThe plans for a more sustainable future must be based in reality. In planning ahead, the potential forimprovements and the availability of sustainable energy resources are factored into the assumptionsand models. Whilst the SEAP is ambitious it must also be achievable.

The Vantage Point tool allowscarbon reduction models to bedeveloped by looking at nearly50 different measures. Theserelate to:

• Behaviour change• Energy efficiency in buildings

and equipment• Metering• District energy (heat and

power)• Renewable energy systems

(micro to large scale; all themain technologies)

• Transport

For each measure, the toolallows the user to adjust thelevels of implementation and therate of adoption, for example:the number of homes thatrequire insulation or the installedcapacity for heat and power (inMW) which can be generated indistrict energy centres. Theupper limit for each of theseaspects defines the degree towhich any of the measures cancontribute to the end goals. Toguide decisions on the broadstrategy for the SEAP, soft and

hard limits were imposed. Hardlimits are those that are simplyimpossible to exceed whilst softlimits provide boundaries thatallow for the ambitious, toughbut realistic levels ofintervention. These have rarelybeen exceeded in thedevelopment of the SEAP unlesssome specific programmes inBirmingham deliberately seek topush the boundaries.

6.1 Behaviour changeReducing energy use by changesin lifestyle and behaviour areachieved by general awarenessraising, training, campaigningand providing feedback. Someprogrammes in the UK reportimpacts of up to 30% savings inenergy use although between 5-10% is more typical. For thehybrid model which underpinsthe SEAP, a hard limit of 80% wasused and a soft limit of 30%.

6.2 Energy efficiency inbuildings and equipmentFor housing, a variety of datasources begin to build a pictureof the capacity for improvement.

Lofts with little or no insulation,un-insulated cavity walls, theopportunity for improved glazingor cutting draughts – theseaspects and more have beenexamined. Nearly half the homesin Birmingham could benefitfrom loft top ups. In fact only15% of existing homes havelevels of insulation that meetcurrent building standards.

Available data provide the hardlimits to the need for energyefficiency improvement in homes (less is available for thecommercial and industrialsectors). In reality some lofts and cavity walls may never beinsulated because of practicalproblems – access for example.The Building ResearchEstablishment has suggestedthat half of the UK’s homes builtwith solid walls may never besuitable for insulation due to avariety of real-life issues. The soft limits for each measure take these practical issues intoaccount.

6

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potentially energy-hungryprocesses. Birmingham couldbenefit from this approach andfor the SEAP, the opportunity touse materials that wouldotherwise go to landfill has notbeen restricted.

6.5 Renewable EnergyBirmingham has an extremelylimited potential for hydropowerand few sites that could supportsignificant investment in windturbines.

Generating heat and power fromsolar panels provides a goodopportunity within the cityalthough this is generally limitedto roof space that is pitched, un-shaded and faces south.

Use of biomass and heat pumpsis typically linked to housing,which is off mains gas suppliesand would otherwise burn oil orcoal. There are barely 4,000homes in Birmingham in thissituation. Commercial andindustrial properties may benefitfrom using reversible chillers, withground loop or open loopsupplies, drawing water from theunderlying sandstone aquifer.Heat exchangers placed in Birmingham’s network of canalsalready provide low-cost cooling

in some new developments. The national targets for take-upof these sustainable energytechnologies have been scaleddown to realistic levels forBirmingham by considering the gas consumption for the non-domestic sector in the city(a limit of 9MW).

A comprehensive study ofcapacity for district energy andrenewables for the WestMidlands region has recentlybeen completed. The outcomeof this study provides a muchmore detailed assessment of the renewable resource and can be used for future updates of the SEAP

6.6 TransportMeasures for reducing transportemissions in the hybrid scenarioinclude behaviour change,efficiency improvements and fuel switching (biofuels andelectricity).

The hard limit for behaviourchange is set at 80% because afifth of all journeys are consideredessential and will never bediverted to public transport,walking or cycling.

Efficiency improvements are

guided by European policy andnational implementation but canbe enacted locally by initiativessuch as congestion charging orlimiting access through lowcarbon zones. Estimates forcross-fleet average consumptionwould suggest that by 2020,emissions per vehicle will havefallen by 14% through efficiencyimprovements. Switching from fossil fuels to lowcarbon alternatives is limited bythe current fuel consumption andthat predicted for 2020.Assumptions have been madeabout the number of vehiclesthat will use Birmingham’s roads,their average consumption andannual mileage. This provides anupper limit to the number of litresof fuel being used that could bereplaced by alternatives.

6.7 Limitations and the SEAPThese limits define the potentialfor intervention. They have beenused to shape the model thatunderpins the SEAP; hard limitshave not been exceeded. Inreality the SEAP is based onprogrammes and projects thathave largely been identified –either locally or nationally – and afar greater degree of realism hasbeen adopted in defining themeasures included.

6

6.3 MeteringUnder national programmes,every home is expected to havesmart metering of mains gas andelectricity installed by 2020starting in 2013. The roll-out willinclude small and medium sizedbusinesses with an energydemand similar to domesticconsumers.

6.4 District Energy Limitations on the potential fordistrict energy schemes clearlydepend on the fuel used. Energycentres running on mains gas arelimited by the overall supplycapacity to the city. Those usingbiomass or biogas are limited byavailability of resources withinthe local area (generally definedas within 40 kilometres or 25miles). Deriving energy fromwaste is also bounded by thewaste arising from within the cityand this will potentially reduce asmore is recycled and reused.Waste is becoming an importantcommodity and could potentiallyhave a market value rather than adisposal cost. Developmentsacross the UK are beginning toestablish material processingsites which provide a source oflow-carbon and sustainable fuel,linked to business parks with

41

that for Manchester (0.25 tCO2

per person) although higher thanSheffield (0.15 tCO2 per person).

Birmingham City Councilannounced an aim to reduceenergy use by 25% before 2015(and for half of the energyconsumed to be fromsustainable sources) in theBirmingham Declarationapproved by the City Council inDecember 2009. This reduction isbeing managed via the ‘Workingfor the Future’ BusinessTransformation Programme. Thisincludes improvements infacilities, shared working spaces,

more energy-efficient buildings,flexible working patterns,increased use of smartertechnology for operations andfor accessing services.The city council is alsoinvestigating ideas such as theClinton Initiative which offers anovel solution for energy-savingactivities –guaranteedenergy/cost reduction andpayback, thereby de-risking thecapital investment andstrengthening the business case.

The city council spends around£30m each year on energy. Many of the council’s city

centre buildings are part ofBirmingham’s heritage and are of particular public andarchitectural interest. Improvingenergy efficiency is therefore areal challenge. The council hasovercome some of theseproblems by providing an anchorload on the Broad Street districtenergy supply network. This notonly reduces the council’s carbonemissions and energy bills butalso helped to secure theBirmingham District EnergyScheme and private sectorinvestment.

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Birmingham’s Sustainable Energy Action Plan: Achievements and Actions7.1 Buildings, Equipment, Facilities & Industry

7.1.1 Birmingham CityCouncil buildings andoperationsThe city council owns andoperates a wide range offacilities including the counciloffices, schools, care homes,museums, libraries, markets andcrematoria. The city council isone of Europe’s largest becauseit serves a large urbanpopulation as a single entity.Compare this to London (withnearly 8 times the population ofBirmingham), which has 33distinct local authorities togetherwith the Greater LondonAuthority.

The council monitors energyused in its buildings, in vehiclesused for council business and inservices delivered by contractorson behalf of the council(8) . For2008/9, Birmingham City Council

reported CO2 emissions of177,357 ktonnes CO2 as definedby the National Indicator 185(8).The vast majority of theemissions arose from use ofbuildings of which nearly 60%came from the use of electricity.These emissions account foraround 3% of Birmingham’s totalcarbon footprint.

These emissions put Birminghamat the top of the list of localauthorities, aside from theGreater London Authorities and the larger county councils.

When considered against thenumber of people served, theCouncil emitted 0.17 tCO2 perperson. This level is well below

7

Action 7.1.1: Birmingham City Council – own estate and operations

Reduce carbon emissions from Birmingham City Council’s own estate and operations by 25% over theperiod 2009 to 2015 under the Birmingham Declaration. This will be achieved through the BusinessTransformation Programme ‘Working for the Future’ covering flexible working, property management,monitoring and management of energy use, cross-portfolio working and central building administration.

Estimated energy saving: 145,820 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 291,630 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 45,820 tonnes CO2 per year

(8) This energy use and associated carbon emissions were reported under the now defunct national indicator 185, for which theoutcomes are published on the DECC website.

Total carbon emissions for all UK councils

Birmingham CityCouncil CO2

emissions comparedto the total and toother councils’

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lead to energy savings. It mayalso allow variable tariffs andload control which will alsoensure more efficient localsupplies, leading indirectly tofurther savings. Birmingham isalready a test-bed for smartmetering with 49 households inthe Edgbaston Summerfield andSouth Lozells supporting theFamily Housing Associations increating an eco-village within thecity. Electricity usage is beingmonitored via an ‘onlinedashboard’ which displaysinformation to the householder.The trials during the summer of 2010 showed an 8%improvement in the averagedaily consumption.

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7.1.2 Commercial andindustrial buildings andoperations(9)

Replacing old buildings with newThe impact of replacing oldstock with new commercial andindustrial developments willprovide reductions in carbonemissions (as discussed inSection 5). Retrofit solutions willalso have impact. Use of energy(mains supplied gas andelectricity) in the commercial andindustrial sector has alreadyfallen by 22% over the four yearsfrom 2005 to 2009. Thispotentially reflects the change infocus for Birmingham’s economyfrom manufacturing to a servicebase but it will also includeefforts by local businesses tobecome more sustainable.

Energy efficient lightingImprovement in lightingtechnologies has alreadyprovided replacements oftraditional strip lighting with lowenergy alternatives. LED lightingis also providing good optionsfor retail, offices, factories andwarehouses. Continuedreplacement of existing lighting

has been factored into theAction Plan on the basis thatthere is potential forimprovements in a third ofBirmingham’s existingcommercial and industrial spaces by 2020 (1,000,000 m2).

Heat pumpsAcross the UK, plans to achievethe carbon budgets over thenext decade allow for a nationaltarget for heat pump thermalcapacity (ground and air source)of 540 MW. Looking at anallocation of that target forBirmingham on the basis ofcurrent demand for gas in thecity provides a target of 8MWcapacity.

Ground source heat pumps havealready been used to heat andcool Birmingham buildings.Haybridge High School, forexample, installed a 70kWsystem in 2007, extracting heatfrom twelve boreholes. Parts ofthe city sit on a sandstoneaquifer which could potentiallyprovide water for heating andcooling using heat pumps. Useof the aquifer to heat and coolthe new library building, due forcompletion in 2013, is being

scoped within the design phase.

Birmingham has more navigablecanals than Venice and thesealso provide an opportunity forlow-carbon heating and cooling.The Mailbox development inBirmingham already uses a canalbased cooling system for acomplex of shops, officesrestaurants and apartments.Birmingham’s strategic master-planning, published as a Core Strategy, supports the use of appropriate renewableand district energy solutions innew development but there issimilar potential to reduceenergy costs and carbonemissions by using heat pumpswithin improvement ofBirmingham’s existing buildings.

Smart meteringA further national target andpolicy is to provide smartmetering to domestic consumersby 2020. Around 30% ofdomestic consumers are likely tobe small and medium businessesand should benefit from theprogramme, which will begin rollout from 2015. Smart metering will provide feedback toconsumers which in itself can

7

(9) Includes public sector buildings other than Birmingham City Council assets and operations

Action 7.1.2: Birmingham’s commercial and industrial sector buildings and operationsAction (i): Replacement of demolished commercial and industrial space with more efficient buildingsAction (ii): Replacement of inefficient lighting in non-domestic buildingsAction (iii): Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps for heating and cooling

in non-domestic buildingsAction (iv): Installation of smart metering in small and medium sized businesses

Estimated energy saving: 678,945 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 77,712 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 202,150 tonnes CO2 per year

45

Deal will help to support this andthe energy company ECOfunding will also help to alleviatefuel poverty and is likely toinclude boiler replacement where appropriate. Around threequarters of Birmingham homesuse a boiler with radiators witharound 6% already havingcondensing boilers. The SEAPassumes that boilers in half ofBirmingham’s homes will bereplaced with energy efficientdesigns by 2020.

Smart meteringThe national programme of rollout for smart metering is likely toaffect every Birmingham homefor electricity and the majority interms of gas metering by 2020. Aphased roll out is likely from 2013but Birmingham hopes to buildon existing pilots to encourageearly adoption in the city.

Installation of minor energyefficiency measuresThere remains scope withinBirmingham to improve thehousing stock with relativelyminor, low cost measures. Theseinclude addition of draught strip,use of heating controls(thermostatic radiator valves,timers and thermostats) and tank

insulation. Nearly a third of UKhomes lack sufficient draughtproofing measures. Informationgathered by the Energy SavingTrust suggests that the vastmajority of Birmingham’s homesalready have insulated watertanks. We anticipate that heatingcontrols will be upgraded alongwith boiler replacements.

Providing detailed energyassessments with a tailored planof action can help householderstackle these easier measures.The Birmingham Energy Saversprogramme (and the nationalGreen Deal) is likely to providethis detailed support in at least14,000 homes in the city by 2015and the SEAP assumes that afurther 2,000 homes will receivean energy assessment by 2020 –a modest target. Insulation ofthree quarters of Birmingham’sremaining water tanks, improvedheating controls along withreplacement boilers in half of thecity’s homes and additionaldraught strip in a quarter are alsoincluded in the SEAP.

Ground and air source heatpumps in housingBirmingham future housingdevelopments will be built to

increasingly stringent standardsfor sustainable energy. Use of airand ground source heat pumpsmay become more common. Thevast majority of Birmingham’shousing stock is connected tothe mains gas supply and heatpumps currently provide amarginal saving in carbonemissions over use of a gasboiler. This situation will changewhen the grid supply ofelectricity is decarbonised.

Around 4,000 of Birmingham’shomes are off the mains gassupply. The SEAP includes amodest uptake of heat pumps(500 ground source systems and 600 air source heat pumps)by 2020.

Replacing old buildings with newIn the slum clearance of the1960s, up to 4,000 homes werebeing replaced each year andduring the more recent citycentre redevelopment around3,500 new homes were beingcreated. Birmingham no longerfollows a deliberate policy oflarge-scale demolitions. Over thepast eight years (2001-2009)demolition of housing has

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7.1.3 Residential buildingsLoft and cavity wall insulationThe Household EnergyManagement Strategy, publishedin March, 2010, set out the plansto tackle carbon emissions andenergy consumption in homes.The UK’s carbon budgets are setto deliver a 29% saving by 2020.A particular aim is to insulate allloft and cavity wall properties by 2015.

The Birmingham Energy Savers isa programme that the citycouncil is establishing to ensurethat local residents can accessfunding and a high quality, trustworthy, local service. This willsupport energy efficiencyimprovements and domestic-scale renewables that areappropriate for each home aswell as boosting Birmingham’seconomy. By 2015, BirminghamEnergy Savers, a £100M schemewill impact on at least 14,000homes (and ultimately half of thecity’s homes) and help to achievethe UK’s national targets.

Birmingham is a leader in thedevelopment of a local ‘GreenDeal’ programme and is workingwith the UK Government to

identify the appropriate role oflocal authorities in the nationalprogramme. Birmingham hasbeen one of the UK’s Pay As YouSave pilots (in 2010/11), triallingthe concept of makingrepayments on borrowings usedfor home improvements that areless than the money saved onenergy bills – the so called‘golden rule’.

To reach saturation, 52,000 cavitywalls and 95,000 lofts inBirmingham homes will requireinsulation or top-ups by 2020. Bycomparison, over 28,000 cavitywalls and 14,000 lofts have beeninsulated under various energycompany funded schemes overthe past eight years (with asignificant ramp-up over the pastfour years)(10).

Solid wall insulationThe Birmingham Energy Saversand the national version, GreenDeal, is expected to includemeasures for ‘hard to treat’homes with solid walls. Thesignificant cost of installing solidwall insulation will receivesupport from additional fundingfrom the energy supplycompanies (under the Energy

Company Obligation or ECOscheme). Given some of thepractical difficulties and the needto develop the local supply chainfor solid wall insulation, a targetof insulating 20,000 homes by2026 is included in the SEAP.

Energy efficient lighting,boilers and appliancesAs energy labelling (with clear A to G ratings) continues totransform the market for lightingand appliances, inefficientdesigns are unlikely to beavailable after 2015. Even today,research suggests that nearlythree quarters of shoppers lookfor an energy efficiency logo anda similar proportion will buy themost energy efficient modelsavailable(11). By 2020, the SEAPassumes that in half ofBirmingham’s homes these kindsof attitudes to low energy bulbsand appliances will apply andhighly energy efficient modelswill be in use.

Boilers typically have a ten yearlifetime so during the nextdecade it is reasonable toassume that most of the older,inefficient boilers will bereplaced. The national Green

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(10) Energy Saving Trust estimates based on EEC and CERT installations from 2002-2010(11) Energy Saving Trust research: 71% look for the Energy Saving Recommended logo when buying appliances; 72% bought the

appliance with the logo.

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averaged out at 1,200 homes peryear and this has been used asthe basis for the SEAP. Housingthat is demolished will bereplaced with buildings thatadopt increasingly higher levelsof the Code for Sustainablehomes, which in the UK will seecarbon neutral housing by 2016.

Solar thermal panels andbiomass boilersThe UK’s Renewable HeatIncentive is expected to belaunched by 2012, providing along term additional payment foreach unit of heat energygenerated by solar panels or

wood-fuelled boilers. Thisincentive is expected to trigger a more rapid uptake of bothsystems and a consequent dropin system costs as the marketexpands.

The potential for solar thermaland biomass boilers is thought tobe relatively low in Birmingham.The city’s rows of terracedhousing often use combinationgas boilers with electric showerswith no hot water storage; solarthermal panels tend not to be used with these kinds of systems.With most of Birmingham onmains gas, the scope forreplacing boilers with wood-

fuelled designs is also less likelythan in more rural areas. There ismore scope for centralised heatsupply within apartment blocksfrom wood-fuelled combinedheat and power units, such asManton House and ReynoldsHouse in Newtown. These 13storey residential buildingsreceived funding from the UK’sLow Carbon Infrastructure fundfor connection to a biomassheating supply, replacing electricpanel heaters.

For the SEAP, a target of 16,000domestic solar thermal systemsand 1,000 biomass boilers by2020 has been included.

7.1.4 Street lightingBirmingham has around 95,000street lights. Almost half of these(41,000 units) are due to bereplaced over the next five yearsby state of the art LED lightsunder a private financinginitiative with Amey. Furtherimprovements will be made overthe 25 year contract period.

Birmingham’s street lightscurrently cause emissions of alittle more than 175,000 tonnesof carbon dioxide – equivalent tothe carbon emitted by 33,000Birmingham homes.

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Action 7.1.3: Birmingham’s residential buildingsAction (i): Loft and cavity wall insulation fitted to all remaining homesAction (ii): Large-scale solid wall insulation programmeAction (iii): Replacement of lighting, appliances and boilers with energy efficient modelsAction (iv): Installation of smart metering for domestic consumersAction (v): Large scale installation of minor energy efficiency (draught-proofing, tank insulation

and heat controls) in domestic propertiesAction (vi): Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps in domestic propertiesAction (vii): Replacement of demolished domestic buildings with more efficient housingAction (viii) Installation of solar thermal panels and biomass boilers in domestic properties

Estimated energy saving: 2,039,560 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 64,256 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 417,470 tonnes CO2 per year

Action 7.1.4: Birmingham’s street lightingAction : Replacement of existing street lights with energy efficient units (expect to replace at least

30% by 2015 and 50% by 2026)

Estimated energy saving: 10,800 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 2,200 tonnes CO2 per year

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Buildings, Equipment / Facilities and Industries

Estimated energy saving (MWh/yr)

Expected renewableenergy generation(MWh/yr)

Estimated Carbon Reduction (tCO2

per year)

Birmingham City Council buildings andoperations

145,820 291,630 45,820

Industrial, commercialand other public sector buildings and operations

678.945 77,712 202,150

Residential buildings 2,039,560 64,256 417,470

Street lighting 10,800 0 2,200

TOTAL 2,875,125 433,598 667,640

Buildings, Equipment & Industries Summary

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7.2.2 Public, private andcommercial transportAlmost a quarter of Birmingham’semissions arise from transport.The city has been always been at the heart of the UK’s auto industry and Birmingham’s universities are activelyresearching fuel options to replace petrol and diesel.Professor Julia King, ViceChancellor of Aston University,led a review into thedecarbonisation of the UK’s roadtransport in 2007 and continues to influence national and localstrategy. The city also hosts

hydrogen refuelling points andleading experts in hydrogen fuelscells at Birmingham University.

Shifting from private vehiclesto walking, cycling or publictransportThe SEAP includes a 15%reduction in carbon emissionsrelating to a shift in behaviour,encouraging people to walk,cycle and use public transport inpreference to their cars.

Birmingham has a number ofstrategic interventions, outlinedin the Local Transport Plan,

Intelligent Transport Strategyand the City Parking Policy. Carsharing and car clubs will beencouraged. 42% of journeysmade in the city are less than2km in distance yet a third of alljourneys are made by car.Birmingham’s Big City Planidentifies as a priority theextension of existingpedestrianised areas, with anetwork of linked public spaces.New public squares will becreated around the city centreproviding better access to underutilised spaces.

Cycleways have been creatednot only for reasons of climatechange but also to allow accessto some beautiful parts ofBirmingham, away from thehustle and bustle of city life. The16 km (10 mile) route along theRiver Rea to its source in theWaseley Hills and the 10 km (6mile) route from the city centrethrough Ward End Park are twosuch routes. Nine urban explorer routes have been created, suitable for leisure cycling withfamilies, visiting attractions alongthe way. The ‘PushBikes’ initiative encourages cycling withinBirmingham and the wider urbanarea. Giving cyclists priority atroad junctions is also being

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7.2 Transport

7.2.1 Birmingham CityCouncil FleetIn 2008/9, the City Councildeclared annual emissions fromfleet transport of just over 2,000tonnes CO2 (equivalent tocarbon emissions from 370homes). Birmingham hasexcellent public transportconnections to the rest of the UK and over 6 million kilometres(nearly 4 million miles) weretravelled by national rail oncouncil business. 1.5 millionkilometres (almost 900,000 miles)were travelled by plane torepresent Birminghaminternationally.

The City Council has set itself a target to reduce carbonemissions overall by 25%between 1990 to 2015. By thenthe intention is for all fleetvehicles to be running onelectricity or LPG.

Action 7.2.1: Birmingham City Council’s FleetAction : Reduction of City Council’s carbon emissions by 25% by the end of 2015

Estimated energy saving: 1,600 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 421 tonnes CO2 per year

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considered within Birmingham’s‘Vision for Movement’ whichaddresses transport in the citycentre.

Birmingham’s intelligenttransport proposals will providefar greater knowledge to supportusers of public transport. Betterinformation about the availabilityof bus routes and real timeupdates on arrivals will help toencourage use of Birmingham’sbuses. Real time information willbe available at rail stations,public buildings and at majoremployment sites across the city.Smart ticketing is also plannedwhich will ease transitions acrossdifferent modes of transport.There were 320 million busjourneys undertaken in the citylast year; the City Council worksin partnership with organisationsacross the city and wider regionto ensure that this figureincreases significantly over thenext decade. Birmingham’sGreen Bus Company is focussingon the school run and is alreadyproviding 32 services toBirmingham schools (and to twoof Birmingham’s premier footballclubs), supported by transportprovider, Centro. Information totrack the bus location and arrivaltimes are streamed to parents

and students via the internet andmobile phones. Students haveaccess to free wi-fi whilst on the buses.

Rail use in the area will also see acomplete transformation with thehigh speed link to London andimproved connections betweenthe city centre and BirminghamInternational Airport through arapid transport system known asthe ‘Birmingham Sprint’. As wellas improvements to the mainNew Street Station,enhancements of the Metro CityCentre system are included inthe draft Local Transport Plan.

Encouraging fuel efficientvehiclesEuropean regulation andnational policy is expected todrive reduction in carbonemissions through vehicleefficiency improvements of 10%by 2015 and 20% by 2026.

Birmingham will play a part inensuring traffic congestion isreduced and major routes flowfreely. Investment in intelligentsystems is intended to maintaintraffic flow along major routes.However, there is no local policyto introduce penalties such ascongestion charging or bonuses

such as priority parking for highlyefficient vehicles.

Campaigns to encourageappropriate selection of fuelefficient vehicles and smarterdriving will also help in achievingthe targets set.

Replacing road transportfuels with bio-fuelsTotal consumption by cars andvans owned by city residents isestimated at around 310 millionlitres of fuel each year.Birmingham has no specificpolicy to encourage fuelswitching to bio-fuels although anumber of biofuel suppliers (bulksuppliers and retailers) arespringing up across the city.

The SEAP includes a switch tobio-fuels to replace up to 15million litres of fossil fuel by 2020(5% of current usage).

Replacing road transportfuels with electricityBirmingham is very active inencouraging a switch to electric(or hybrid electric) vehicles.

The City Council, as lead partnerin the programme CABLED(Coventry and Birmingham LowEmission vehicle Demonstrators),

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has been active alongside othercouncils in the Midlands to pilotelectric cars and to develop thecharging infrastructure needed. eighteen new charging pointshave been installed across the cityand 110 vehicles are being trialledto assess driver behaviour and tolearn of any issues and barriers towide scale uptake. The initialresearch suggests an averagejourney of 37 km (23 miles) withvehicles stationary for 97% of theday. The electric vehicles havebeen used in the extreme weatherconditions of late 2010, withtemperatures as low as minus10oC. Birmingham has once againbeen successful in a consortiumbid for further infrastructurefunding from the ‘Plugged inPlaces’ programme which will see500 charging points added across

the Midlands. Birmingham willhave charging points at variouskey locations, includingBirmingham University, BroadwayPlaza, the Arcadian, BrindleyPlace, the Bullring andLongbridge Technology Park.E.ON is supporting both initiativesusing fast-charging technology.

National Express West Midlandsand transport authority Centroreceived £1.3M of national GreenBus Funds to purchase 20 newdiesel hybrid buses. Thesevehicles are expected to enterservice in early 2011 and will use athird less fuel compared to aconventional bus.

National incentives to encouragepurchase of electric vehicleslaunch in 2011 with a £5,000

subsidy. A recent study(12) suggeststhat 1.8% of those surveyed woulddefinitely buy an electric vehicle inthe next few years, rising to 3% ifissues around the limitations ofuse are addressed.

68% were concerned about theavailability of charging points. Thepilot programmes in Birminghamwill seek to address these issues.Another recent survey(13) revealedthat the number of peopleinterested in buying an electric orhybrid vehicle had risen from 9%to 53% in just 6 months. The SEAP includes an increasinglychallenging ambition to focus onreplacement of fossil fuels withelectricity. The proposal includesreplacement of 62 million litres offossil fuel by 2026 (20% of totalconsumption in cars and vans).

Action 7.2.2: Birmingham’s Public, private + commercial transportAction (i) : Encourage a modal shift from use of private transport to low carbon alternativesAction (ii): Encourage use of more fuel efficient vehiclesAction (iii): Replace road transport fuels with biofuelsAction (iv): Replace road transport fuels with electricity

Estimated energy saving: 2,232,840 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 556,200 tCO2 per year

(12) GfK Automotive survey of 5,053 people interviewed in November 2010, available at: http://www.gfknop.com/pressinfo/releases/singlearticles/007223/index.en.html

(13) Glass Guide survey of 397 motorists in December, 2010, available at: http://www.glassguide.co.uk/News/GlassGuideNews/?News=1295

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Transport

Estimated energy saving (MWh/yr)

Expected renewableenergy generation(MWh/yr)

Estimated Carbon Reduction (tCO2 peryear)

Birmingham City Council fleet

1,600 0 421

Public, private and commercial transport

2,232,838 0 556,200

TOTAL 2,234,438 0 556,621

Transport Summary

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7.3 Local ElectricityProduction

7.3.1 HydroelectricGenerating power from the flowof water requires either a fastflowing water course with a highvolume of water or a river with asignificant change in levels.Birmingham has neither and nohydro schemes have beenincluded in the SEAP. In thefuture, some suitable sites mayemerge and could contribute toBirmingham sustainable energytargets.

7.3.2 Wind powerBirmingham’s central locationmeans that the city sees relativelylow wind speeds and especiallyso due to the effect of a largelyurban profile. There are somepotential sites in Birminghamthat are suited to large (over 500kW) and medium sized (50 to 500kW) wind turbines. A recentstudy on renewable energycapacity in the West Midlandssuggested that Birmingham hassuitable sites for over 50MW ofgenerating capacity. For theSEAP, some sites to the

south-west of the city, on higherground could perhaps besuitable for large or mediumwind turbines and up to 6MW ofeach have been included.

No small or micro wind (under50kW) turbines have beenincluded although there may besome sites that are suitable (tallbuildings such as the AstonUniversity installation providesome potential)

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Action 7.3.2: Wind power in Birmingham

Action : Install 6MW of large and 6MW of medium wind turbine capacity

Estimated energy saving: 21,000 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 21,000 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 4,200 tCO2 per year

Action 7.3.3: Solar PV in BirminghamAction : Install 10MW of non-domestic solar PV and systems on 8,000 homes

Estimated energy saving: 25,400 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 25,400 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 5,100 tCO2 per year

7.3.3 Solar PhotovoltaicThe UK’ s Feed In Tariff (FITs)initiative has created a wave ofinvestment in small generatingequipment, with the greatestimpact in terms of domestic solarPV. An additional 10,000 systemshave been installed nationally inthe first six months of the FITsscheme and the cost of systemshas tumbled by around 25%. InBirmingham, the BirminghamEnergy Savers scheme is expected to include an offer ofsolar PV on a ‘rent a roof scheme’and has the potential to deliveran expected 2,500 systems from2012 to 2015. The SEAP assumesthat 8,000 Birmingham homeswill have retrofit PV systemsinstalled by 2020.

Following the highly successfulAlexander Stadium installation,

commercial properties alsoprovide an opportunity for solarPV. For example, the Germanbased company, the juwi group,has recently established an officenearby with plans for a 60MWsolar PV generating capacity.

This new venture alone isexpected to create 60 new jobsby the end of 2012. The SEAPincludes an ambition for 10 MWby 2020 on non-domesticbuildings in Birmingham.

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Local Electricity Production

Estimated energy saving (MWh/yr)

Expected renewableenergy generation(MWh/yr)

Estimated Carbon Reduction (tCO2 peryear)

Hydro power 0 0 0

Wind power 21,000 21,000 4,200

Solar PV 25,400 25,400 5,100

TOTAL 46,400 46,400 9,300

Local Electricity Production - Summary

Note: generation from combined heat and power and energy from waste facilities is included in thesection that follows.

7.4 Local district heating /cooling and combinedheat/power

7.4.1 Combined Heat and Power schemes

Tyseley EnvironmentalEconomy DistrictBirmingham has plans todevelop the area neighbouringthe existing Tyseley energy fromwaste plant to become an areaof focus for environmental andenergy recovery businesses.(Tyseley Environmental EconomyDistrict) Sources of investmentare currently being identified tofund links between Tyseley andthe city centre to provide heatand a much-needed additionalpower supply. The capacity ofthe site for generation is thoughtto be around 50MWe. Manyopportunities exist on theTyseley site, with interest in CHP,power only generation orinjection to the mains gas supplyfrom biogas. The city council islooking to encouragedevelopment of enterprises inthis area of Birmingham byoffering the infrastructure totransport heat and power and toidentify suitable consumers andanchor loads. Whilst thetechnology options may vary, the

SEAP includes the opportunity togenerate to full capacity from theTyseley site by 2020.

Extension of city centreenergy centresThe city’s first energy centre,established with Cofeley(formerly Utilicom) as theBirmingham District Energy

Company or BDEC, opened to provide heat and power in the Broad Street area from 1stOctober, 2007. The BDEC projectwas recognised as a UK leading venture when Utilicom receivedthe Queen’s Award forSustainable Development in 2008.

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Street, through to 2015 a furtherenergy centre is being planned,with additional capacity of 10.6MWe. Eventually it isexpected that all the energycentres will be linked togetherand whilst they all initially usemains gas as a fuel supply, aswitch to biomass or injectedbiogas are possibilities beingexplored.

The SEAP includes an ambitionfor up to 20MWe generationcapacity from CHP energycentres in the city centre andelsewhere in Birmingham.

Community CHP satellitesBirmingham is home to agrowing number of youngpeople. Births increased by 21%from 2001 to 2008 and theseyoung people are just enteringthe education system.Birmingham’s schools are alreadyup to full capacity. 17 newschools in Birmingham are beingbuilt to high standards of energyefficiency and with somerenewable energy planned, dueto complete by 2013 under theUK’s Building Schools for theFuture programme. Manyprimary schools will also beimproved and refurbished.

Additionally, several apartmentblocks around the city will berefurbished with replacedheating systems, such as MantonHouse and Reynolds House. All of these projects provideopportunity to develop school orcommunity based district heatingor CHP.

An outline concept is to developpotential for up to 4MWe of gasfired district heating, making useof schools as energy centres,switching to biomass CHP as thetechnology and supply chainimprove.

This generating capacity for theSEAP is included in the 20MWementioned above.

Development of the biomass and waste supply chains.Currently in Birmingham,biomass supplies equivalent to2.6MW in woody materialscollected by the city council areavailable for use in CHP. Interestin a range of technologies andprocesses is being expressed bycompanies interested in plans forthe Tyseley EnvironmentalEconomy District concept.The site is well serviced by road, rail and canal links and

sustainable transport of non recyclable waste streams is feasible.

The city council and partners are looking at opportunities to increase the availability ofbiomass and waste supplies tomeet a capacity demand of up to 50MWe power generated.Birmingham published the TotalWaste Strategy in 2010 whichincludes a target that only half ofBirmingham’s waste should go tolandfill by 2015 and that waste tolandfill should be eliminated by2026. This strategy recognisesthe need to link waste withenergy for Birmingham’ssustainable future, includingplans for anaerobic digestion of food waste and increasedcapacity using energy from waste.

The ideas explored inconsultation on the strategysuggest that 160,000tonnes/annum anaerobicdigestion plant could generateenergy revenues in the region of£4.4 million/annum and anadditional 175,000 tonnes of Energy from Waste capacity

The scheme provides heating,cooling and power to the nearbyInternational Conference Centreand Indoor Arena as well ascouncil buildings in the citycentre, to the Repertory theatre, Paradise Circus offices and theHyatt Regency Hotel. The supplylines continue to expand; twotower blocks which provide 124units at Cambridge + Crescentwill also be linked to takeheating from the energy centrein 2011, saving nearly 350 tonnes

CO2 per annum. The new library building will also connect to thescheme, which in total alreadysaves more than 12,000 tonnes of CO2 in Birmingham.

Across the city, the CHP facility atAston University was expandedin 2009/10 to provide a further3MW generation to supply theuniversity needs as well asplanned new buildings in theneighbouring Eastsidedevelopment.

The nearby BirminghamChildren’s Hospital is alsoproviding a further 1.5 MWesupplying the city councilbuilding at Lancaster Circus andthe new student accommodationcurrently under construction.

These three energy centresalready provide a combined capacity for generating 6.6 MWe,installed since the baseline year of 2005. In the redevelopment ofBirmingham’s main station, New

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Action 7.4.1: Combined Heat and Power in BirminghamAction (i) : Develop additional opportunities to generate from non-recyclable waste streams to 50MWeAction (ii): Extend existing city centre heat/cooling networks with additional energy centres to 20MWeAction (iii): Develop additional community CHP centres around the city as satellitesAction (iv): Continue to develop the biomass and waste supply chains, from 2.6 MWe to 50MWe

equivalent suppliesAction (v): Commission buildings specific CHP on key public and private sector sites, to 30 MWeAction (vi): Support and develop full-scale versions of lab-based technologies for alternative fuels

Estimated energy saving: 2,015,730 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 2,015,730 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 291,300 tCO2 per year

7.4.2 District HeatingInitially it is proposed to createcommunity district heatingcentres based in the new schoolsto absorb the existing available

supplies of biomass. This isexpected to provide up to 2.6MWth of district heat supplieswhich would be expanded to5MWth by 2020. The district

heating would be converted at alater stage to biomass CHP whenthe technology matures.

Action 7.4.2: District heating from biomass in Birmingham

Action : Develop community district heat centres whilst increasing the biomass supply chain

Estimated energy saving: 25,000 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 25,000 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 7,400 tCO2 per year

around £11.4 million/annuminput to the local economy. The Strategy identifies theopportunity to generate nearly24 GWh of electricity from foodwaste in the 20 miles aroundTyseley and an additional 71GWh of electricity and 280 GWhof heat energy, from the 175,000tonnes of waste per year throughthe incinerator and CHP facility(additional to the 525,000 tonnecapacity).

Building specific CHP on key sitesApart from the existing andproposed energy centres in thecity centre and those at aconcept phase for satellite

community centres, there isfurther opportunity to install gasor biomass fired CHP in specificbuildings – on public and privatesector sites. A scheme to deliver14 MWe on the eastern outskirtsof the city has already beenidentified. An allowance in theSEAP for an additional 30MWecapacity of CHP to serve specificsites and buildings has been made.

Support and development of full-scale versions of lab-based technologies for alternative fuelsAston University’s leadingEuropean Bio-Energy ResearchInstitute is to explore the use of a

range of energy fuels fromsewage, algae, waste and energycrops grown on marginal land ina trial facility that will see afurther 1 MW generated on theAston campus.

Whilst not directly included inthe SEAP in contributing to thedistrict CHP potential forBirmingham to 2020, it isimportant to Birmingham tosupport the opportunities fromemerging technologies foralternative fuels.

7.4.3 Energy from Waste - power onlyDevelopment of the area aroundTyseley provides the opportunityto create new streams of wasteprocessing and energy from

waste technologies. Interest hasalready been shown in a processto generate up to 300MWe fromwaste streams by 2026 (100MWeby 2015) with export of poweronly to the grid. This is currently

only at a concept phase but anumber of smaller developmentsmay also provide this capacityusing different supplies andtechnologies.

Action 7.4.3: Energy from waste stream – power only

Action : Explore power only from a number of non-recyclable waste streams

Estimated energy saving: 1,821,300 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 1,821,300 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 109,900 tCO2 per year

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Local District Heating / Cooling + CHP

Estimated energy saving (MWh/yr)

Expected renewableenergy generation(MWh/yr)

Estimated Carbon Reduction (tCO2 peryear)

Combined Heat and Power

2,015,730 2,015,730 291,300

District Heating 25,000 25,000 7,400

Energy from Waste(power only)

1,821,300 1,821,300 109,900

TOTAL 3,862,030 3,862,030 408,600

Local District Heating / Cooling + CHP Summary

(14) Birmingham Core Strategy 2026, available from: http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/corestrategy

7.5 Land Use PlanningThis section focuses on actionsthat underpin some of the majorprogrammes mentioned earlier,notably the district energy andenergy from waste schemes. Theplanning process has massivepotential to support suchambitions through policiesrelating to land use as well asconditions applied to newdevelopment which encouragesuse of local energy supplies.

7.5.1 Strategic urbanplanning Birmingham Core StrategyCity council strategic plannershave drafted a core strategy that looks at the possibilities forBirmingham over the next 15years to 2026. The strategy aimsto deliver 50,600 homes and afurther 100,000 new jobs.

The Core Strategy aims toinclude achieving Birmingham’s60% carbon reduction target for2026 and the sustainablemanagement of the City’s waste.It specifically includes aims fornew development that meetshigh standards for sustainabledesign and construction andmaximises the use of CHP.

The Core Strategy includesspecific ambitions for the variousareas of Birmingham, includingthe creation of an environmentalfocus for Tyseley’s industrial areaand specific sustainable urbanneighbourhoods as well aspolicies that underpin theimprovements in publictransport.

The city council is currentlypreparing a supplementaryplanning document ‘Places forthe Future’ which will provideguidance on achievingBirmingham’s reduced carbonfootprint. Larger developmentsare required to adopt CHP or touse district energy supplies andbeing ready for ‘smart grids’ isalso encouraged. The council

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will actively encourageprocessing of waste for recyclingor energy generation onappropriate sites such as Tyseley.

Birmingham Waste StrategyA comprehensive waste strategywas published by the city councilin 2006, which highlighted theapproach for the next twodecades to achieve greater levelsof recycling (17% by 2010; 40%by 2026). The strategy waslaunched after extensiveconsultation on how these levelsof recycling and compostingcould be achieved and includedtwo break points when reviewwould be undertaken. The first of these was scheduled for2011/12 and a new study wascommissioned resulting in a finalreport in January, 2011. Sincelaunch of the original strategy,the BeBirmingham has set farmore ambitious targets – toachieve waste to landfill targetsof 50% by 2015 and a zero wastepolicy by 2026.(15)

Birmingham’s ‘Total WasteStrategy’ recognises theimportant role that carefulmanagement of waste and use of the residual non-recyclable

waste for carbon reduction andenergy generation plays inBirmingham’s sustainable future.It is possible that more than halfthe municipal solid waste andcommercial / industrial waste isgoing to landfill. When levels of hazardous waste and thepossible recycling ofcommercial/industrial waste(over which the city council haslimited control) are taken intoaccount this figure drops toaround a third.

Consultation on the Total WasteStrategy highlighted the wish tosend 100% of Birmingham’swaste through a waste recoveryprocess. This should include theopportunity to recover energyfrom anaerobic digestion of foodwaste, to use available heat fromincineration processes withindistrict schemes as well as usingother outputs from wastetreatment and recycling as low-carbon energy sources for Birmingham. A secondconsultation identified theoption to divert food waste and to increase capacity forenergy from waste as well asincreased levels of recycling asthe most appropriate in terms

of carbon impact.

Birmingham Energy StrategyDuring 2010, the BeBirminghampartnership and the city council undertook a study of Birmingham’s carbonemissions and baseline energyconsumption as well as acomprehensive review of theavailable evidence on sources of zero and low-carbon fuels.

As part of this exercise theVantage Point models and hybridscenario were created and usedto consult with stakeholders. Twoworkshops were held in Octoberand November, 2010 andstakeholders were invited tocomment on which directionBirmingham’s future energystrategy might take. This processis further described in theassociated Issues and Option paper.

In the second of the twostakeholder engagement eventsderiving energy from waste wasclearly an important area forfocus and a range oftechnologies were discussed. As for the Total Waste Strategy,partners felt that the city council

(15) Total Waste Strategy, published Jan ’11; available from:http://www.bebirmingham.org.uk/documents/Birmingham_Total_Waste_Strategy_Final_Report_24.11.10.pdf

should take the lead on matters of strategic energy managementand requested considerableclarity in taking future action(locations of potential generatingsites, capacities, infrastructure,patterns of supply and demand,anchor loads).

This consultation and the hybridscenario led to the submission ofBirmingham’s Sustainable EnergyAction Plan to the Covenant of Mayors in November, 2010.The SEAP presents a generaldirection and will be refined in amore detailed action plan, alongwith key partners in a specifictaskforce, and will provide thelink between energy generationand the total waste strategy.

Action 7.5.1: Strategic urban planningAction (i) : Consult and publish Birmingham’s Core Strategy (incorporating policies on energy and

carbon emissions)Action (ii): Consult on and publish the Total Waste Strategy (which identifies waste streams and use

for power/heat generation)Action (iii): Continue to consult on and development Birmingham’s Energy Strategy through a task

force chaired by the city council to incorporate identified opportunities in the Total Waste Strategy

These underpin estimated energy savings, expected renewable energy generation and estimated carbonreduction in all sectors.

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7.6 Public Procurement ofProducts and Services

The BeBirmingham partnerssigned a compact agreement(17)

for sustainable procurement inMarch, 2008. The compactreflected all aspects ofsustainability, using the collectivepressure on the supply chain toimprove social, economic andenvironmental aspects forBirmingham. In terms of energy,the compact included thefollowing requirements:

Signatories will:

• Ensure that they minimiseoverall purchases of energyand maximise renewablesources of energy as apercentage of their totalenergy consumption

• Keep their energy purchasesunder regular review and makeongoing reductions whereverpracticable in order to complyas a minimum with targets setby national government

• Take steps to ensure that theirpurchases of goods andservices:

• Minimise embedded energyand especially embeddedgreenhouse gas emissions

(16) The draft Local Transport Plan (LTP3) is available on the consultation website http://www.westmidlandsltp.gov.uk/formalconsultation (17) The ‘Birmingham Sustainable Procurement’ compact is available from:

http://www.bebirmingham.org.uk/uploads/Compact%20Doc%20Complete.pdf

Action 7.5.3: Standards for refurbishment and new developmentAction : Policies for refurbishment and new development are incorporated into the Core

Strategy and national policy through building regulations

Action 7.5.4: Big City PlanAction : Strategic planning for future development in Birmingham City Centre has been

published and will be implemented

7.5.2 Transport / mobilityplanningLocal Transport Plans (LTP3) arebeing reviewed across the UK.The future mobility needs andtransport plans for Birminghamare not considered in isolationand include neighbouring areasof Sandwell, Dudley, Walsall,Wolverhampton, Solihull andCoventry. These plans werepublished in draft format(16) andavailable for consultation until theend of January, 2011. The LTP3plans include a strategy that lastsuntil 2026 with a series of rollingimplementation plans.

Birmingham’s ‘Big City Plan’,published in September 2010,includes details of connectivityand walk-ability for the citycentre. For each of the key areasof development (the City Core,Eastside, Digbeth, Southside andHighgate, Westside andLadywood, the Jewellery Quarterand the Gunsmith’s Quarter),movement and flow of people,public transport and vehiclesbetween the sectors and toneighbouring areas are includedand described. Sustainable traveland transport are important toBirmingham City Centre plans.

The Intelligent Transport Strategywas published in December, 2010and looks at transport in thewidest sense (traffic flow, roadsafety, information, publictransport, freight efficiency andimproving the environmentalimpacts). This will impact ontransport carbon emissions byseeking to improve traffic flowand reduced need for privatetransport. Better provision ofinformation and ticketing usingsmarter technologies andimproved infrastructure meanthat public transport becomes amore realistic option forBirmingham’s commuters.

Action 7.5.2: Transport / mobility planningAction : Develop Birmingham’s Intelligent Transport System Strategy (and implement

improvements from the LTP3 and Big City Plans)

These underpin estimated energy savings and carbon reduction from transport.

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Action 7.6.1: Energy efficiency requirements/standardsAction 7.6.2: Renewable energy requirements / standardsAction : Develop policies and tools to include lifecycle carbon emissions in procurement decisions

These underpin estimated energy savings, renewable energy provision and carbon reduction from all sectors.

(18) ‘Going for Green’, published by Birmingham City Council in 2006, available from: http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Corporate-Procurement-Services%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092714832&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper

(19) ‘Sustainable Procurement Toolkit Guidance’ from Forum for the Future, published in 2007/8 is available here: http://www.forumforthefuture.org/files/SP_Tool_Guidance.pdf

7.7 Working withBirmingham’s’ citizens andstakeholders

7.7.1. Advisory servicesThe BeBirmingham Partnershipoperates a householderawareness raising website, uing a pledging scheme originallydeveloped by the University ofEast Anglia (CRed). 340 peoplehave made pledges and savedan estimated 54 tonnes CO2.

The Energy Saving Trustoperates a national helpline andwebsite with regional advicecentres. The West Midlandsadvice centre recorded savingsof over 605,000 tonnes CO2

across the region in 2009/10 with62,300 tonnes CO2 savings inBirmingham. In 2010/11 savingsof over 31,000 tonnes CO2 havealready been recorded formeasures installed (the final, yearend figure is likely to be farhigher) as a result of advicegiven. The Energy Saving Trustprovides advice on energyefficiency measures (insulation,boilers, appliances), transportmeasures (vehicle choice andsmarter driving), water usage aswell as microgeneration ofrenewable energy.

7.7.2 Financial support and grantsA number of national incentivesare helping to improve energyefficiency measures andencourage renewable energy forresidents and businesses in thecity. These include the Feed InTariff scheme introduced in April,2010 which is stimulatingdemand for solar PV inBirmingham.

Birmingham is involved in anational Pay As You Save pilotprogramme which is beingconducted by the UKgovernment to test response to the future Green Dealprogramme. This provides anaccredited home assessmentfollowed by provision of up-frontcapital to fund energy efficiencyimprovements. The repaymentsmust always be less than thepredicted savings in energy billswith a net overall benefit to thehouseholder or tenant. The pilotprogramme is aimed at around100 homes and is linked torepayments through a credit union. This experience hasbeen useful in developing theBirmingham Energy Savers. In 2009, Birmingham homesreceived funding for energy

efficiency measures aimedspecifically at easing fuel povertyin some of the most deprivedareas of the city. This wasprovided on a ‘whole house’basis through the nationalCommunity Energy SavingProgramme (CESP) by British Gas.

The Birmingham EnergyEfficiency Partnership helpsspecific areas of the city to makeuse of the Warm Zone fundedprogramme to provide DecentHomes retrofit measures. Thisscheme provides no or low costloft and cavity insulation to thosein greatest need.

7.7.3 Awareness raising and local networkingIn 2008 and 2010 Birminghamheld a Climate Change Festival.Birmingham will be planning fora 3rd Climate Change Festival in 2012.

• Minimise overall energy useand maximise the proportionof renewable energy in theirapplications

• Ensure that purchases ofgoods and services fromsuppliers and sub-contractorsare specified in line withsignatories’ commitment tocutting greenhouse gasemissions, which will be setout in the Birmingham ClimateChange Strategy

• Encourage suppliers and sub-contractors with over 250full-time equivalent employeesto commit to achieving, as aminimum, targets set bynational government forreductions in greenhouse gasemissions produced in thecourse of their own operations

• Incentivise and encouragesuppliers and sub-contractorsto commit to and progresstowards the agreed target set by Be Birmingham and to ensure that their sub-contractors and supplychains in turn do likewise

• Where practicable andappropriate, identify andimplement effective ways ofoff-setting carbon emissionsembedded in or arising fromtheir purchases

The city council published aguidance document ‘Going forGreen’ in 2006 for businessesand organisations seeking towork with the council.(18) Thisguidance provided informationabout aspects of environmental

performance for small, mediumand large organisations(depending on number ofemployees). Energy efficiency isincluded as part of theassessment which is includedwhere appropriate within thetendering process.

The city council is alsoinvestigating a whole life costand carbon approach toprocurement, trialling use of theForum for the Future SustainableProcurement Toolkit on twomajor decisions. This toolkit hasbeen pioneered by Fife Counciland if successful will form part ofthe council’s procurementdecision making process. Thetoolkit applies a carbon cost forall aspects of the lifecycle forproducts and services.(19)

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Street Champions are trainedvolunteers who help to look aftertheir neighbourhoods withinBirmingham. As part of theirtraining, the team of championslearn about environmentalsurveying and auditing to helpwith energy issues in local homes.

The city is home to a number ofvery active communities groups;

Sustainable Moseley (Susmo). In 2009, the community groupwere successful in the British GasGreen Streets competition thatprovided energy measures andrenewable energy systems forthe allotment site, threecommunity buildings and 20 homes.

The Northfield Eco Centre, anidea put into practice by theCentral England Quakers, wasopened in 2009 to providesupport and advice on a range of issues that relate to livingsustainably. The buildingincludes demonstrators for awide range of energy savingmeasures. It provides a focus and venue for workshops andactivities for the local community.

The Ecocentre is aiming to:• Become a known example of

good practice in the city• Be a trusted independent

‘sustainable living’ adviceservice

• Help build a sustainablecommunity

• Secure future funding (2 further years)

Summerfield is Birmingham’s firsteco-neighbourhood. The project,valued at €2.8M (£2.3M), was thelargest renewable energy projectof its kind in the UK. Nearly 330homes benefited from solarpanels in a joint project betweenthe city council and the FamilyHousing Association. FiveVictorian semi-detached houseswere improved with a variety ofenergy saving measures to serveas demonstrators and were lateroffered as much-needed familyhomes. The developmentprovided early trials of solar PV,heat pumps, insulation fromnatural materials and low energyappliances. Over 500 schoolchildren were involved increating an eco-website andradio station plus an energysaving DVD. The direct impactsand the influence on lifestyle

and behaviour are estimated tohave achieved a 35% saving inenergy use. Summerfield wonthe Eurocities Award in 2009 for its work on energy andsustainability.

‘Balsall Heath is Our Planet’ isanother community group thatinvolves representatives from anumber of faith groups insustainability. The groupmaintains an action plan forenergy savings provides tailoredadvice to householders in BalsallHeath and is looking to establishenergy plans for five communitybuildings in the area. The BalsallHeath Housing Co-op plans torefit a Victorian terraced houseas a demonstrator to helplandlords with energy savingmeasures. Balsall Heath is hometo Birmingham’s most energyefficient home – the Zero CarbonHouse. It has no external heatingwith solar panels provided hotwater and electricity. The original1840s buildings has beenconverted and extended byarchitect John Christopher tocreate an award winning fourbedroom home.

(20) The garments are sold at very low cost to traders in developing countries and provide an income for breast cancer charities

Last year’s event included a solarpowered green circus androadshow, ethical and fairtrademarket, a solar powered stagewith music, pledge points,recycling area, biodiversity zoneand range of information andactivities for all the family. As partof awareness raising the eventincluded a bra bank, invitingBirmingham’s residents to recycleunwanted garments. The brabank proved very popular!20

“The Birmingham ClimateChange Festival is a fun,entertaining and informative wayfor people to learn about what isbeing done to make Birminghamgreen for those that live, workand visit the city.”

“Everyone has a role to playwhen it comes to cutting carbonemissions and makingBirmingham green. I hope the wide variety of activities that we

have organised will lead to agood turnout inspire people to do their bit.”

Cllr Paul Tilsley, Deputy Leader,Birmingham City Council

A week long series of events areorganised on a climate changetheme around the city, involvingthe universities, businesses andcommunity groups.

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Bengal. The research will identifya variety of alternative fuels fromwaste and biomass and is aimedat alleviating fuel poverty as wellas supporting Birmingham’scarbon reduction targets.Birmingham City University isalso investigating cultivation ofalgae for energy use andbioenergy for urban farming. The university’s Centre forEnvironment and Societyresearch is looking at the

barriers in construction tosustainable solutions whilst theCentre for Low Carbon Researchis investigating design andretrofit for sustainable productsand buildings.

The Birmingham Science Cityinitiative pulls together the bestbrains from across the city andneighbouring areas to findsolutions to a range of issues.‘Low Carbon’ is one of four key

themes. The city council hasworked with Harpur Adams, arural agricultural college, toidentify sources of biomass.Birmingham University heldenergy challenge clubs to look at smart energy systems and bio-fuels. The Hydrogen Energyprogramme has investigatedgeneration and storage of hydrogen for transport and buildings.

Action 7.7: Working with the Citizens and Stakeholders

Action : Combining the impacts of advice, financial programmes, awareness raising, networking, training and education, the aim is to reduce energy demand through behaviour change by 8% in demand for electricity and gas for both domestic and non-domestic sectors (2005 baseline with 2020 target)

Estimated energy saving: 1,431,700 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 0 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 330,000 tCO2 per year

• For the business sector,Birmingham holds an annualgreen awards ceremony whichcelebrates the people andorganisations that are makinga difference for climate change. In 2010 a new green award scheme was providedfor restaurants that seek toreduce energy use, create lesswaste, support staff and thelocal community and toprocure goods and services in a sustainable way. TheEastside Café won theprocurement award forsourcing 90% of supplieslocally whilst the WarehouseCafé won the waste award forreleasing waste cooking oil fortransport biofuels. The MoorHall Hotel won the energysaving category and werejudged overall winners for

fitting efficiency boiler plantand heat recovery equipmentwith regular energymonitoring.

7.7.4 Training and educationThe city council actively supportsschools in terms of energy savingand with curriculum activities.More than 30 Birminghamschools took part in ‘Green Day’last year as their contribution tothe Climate Change Festival.

Birmingham colleges aredeveloping courses to supportinstallers of renewable energysystems gain the necessaryaccreditation. The BirminghamMetropolitan College providescourses in renewable energy andin energy efficiency assessmentat the city centre’s MatthewBolton campus.

At Birmingham University, theInstitute for Energy Research andPolicy contributes to nationaland global research on energyrelated matters, such as thestorage of hydrogen in newmaterials, fuel cells and biogasas well as policy and socialissues, such as the Russianeconomy and trade or energypoverty in Eastern Europe. Theuniversity leads on global research into Fuel Cells with oneof England’s first hydrogenrefuelling facilities. The universityis part of the West Midlandsconsortium within the UK’ssupport for the EuropeanClimate-Knowledge andInnovation Centre (Climate KIC).

As well as Vice Chancellor JuliaKing’s advisory role on the UK’sapproach to low carbon vehicles,Aston University is highly activein researching alternative fuels.The university is home to theEuropean Bioenergy ResearchInstitute and was recentlyawarded €3.6M (£3M) toestablish decentralised energysystems on the Birminghambased campus and inconjunction with the Institute ofIndian Technology at West

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National contribution (Green Grid)8

The UK government has set anational target to achieve 15% ofenergy from renewable sourcesby 2020. Further carbon savingsover a longer period can beexpected by increasing supplyfrom nuclear power stations andfrom carbon capture allowinguse of coal.

The current grid supply forelectricity is taken as 0.523 kgCO2 per kWh. By 2020 it isassumed that this will fall to 0.184 kg CO2 per kWh.

Within the Vantage Point model,the impact of national measuresto decarbonise the Grid supply istaken account of by effectivelyreducing the 2005 baselinewithin the model. Thiscontribution features within thehybrid model and within theSEAP to indicate the impact ofthis measure.

At the stakeholder events as

part of the consultation forBirmingham’s energy strategy,there was some concernexpressed that national planswould not be enacted within the timeframe proposed. Consequently, the proposedreductions in energy and carbonemissions based on local activityare set to go beyond the originaltargets for Birmingham (60% percapita CO2 reduction by 2026)

and in excess of the Covenant of Mayors requirements for theSEAP which is a 20% reduction in CO2 and a 20% contributionfrom renewable energy by 2020.

The picture will be reviewedregularly and if necessary localactivity will be adjustedaccordingly.

Potential mix in fuel sources for the national electricity supplies to 2050 (DECC presentation 2010)

Action 8: Green Grid (decarbonisation of the UK grid supply)Estimated energy saving: 0 MWh per yearExpected renewable energy generation: 7,383,720 MWh per yearEstimated carbon reduction: 1,500,000 tCO2 per year

Note: the national contribution of energy from renewable sources has not been included in the target for Birmingham’s SEAP.

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Local data (annual basis):

• Activities completed as part of the SEAP + estimate ofenergy/CO2 savings

• Activities completed by keypartners in past year +estimate of energy/CO2

savings

9.4 Reviewing the strategythat underpins the SEAP(Annual):

The SEAP is currently based on ascenario created in the VantagePoint tool. For the short term,this underlying basis can beadjusted relatively easily withinthis tool. In the longer term,other tools may becomeavailable and new models can be developed and adjusted.

• Review of underlying VantagePoint scenario in light of newlocal + national policies

• Review of progress andadjustment of activity (usingVantage Point) to achieve longterm targets

9.5 Annual report on SEAPperformance and commentson progress + adjustmentsneeded

An annual report should beprovided that aligns with theneeds of the Covenant of Mayors(see below). It should incorporatethe quantitative and qualitativeinformation described and becommunicated widely toreinforce the desired changes inenergy use within Birmingham.

9.6 Real-time monitoring

Best practice is to communicateachievement (or progress) inactivities on an ongoing basis. Itis recommended that a websitebe created so record monthlyachievements. The large scaleprogramme included in the SEAPcan have short regular newsfeeds. Individuals, communities,businesses, public + privatesector can be encouraged toupload data (on energy, waterand waste) and to recordactivities that relate tosustainable energy.

Dialogue is needed with thedistribution network operatorsto gather data on energyconsumption on a city-wide basis(gas, electricity, water), with finergranularity if this is available.Ideally this should be real time –similar to the display for DECC(http://www.decc.gov.uk/ andhttp://www.carbonculture.net/orgs/decc/whitehall-place/ ) and the Scilly Isles experiment (http://www.e-day.org.uk/home.aspx ).

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Monitoring the SEAP9.1 Summary of requirementsPerformance against the SEAPshould be monitored on anannual basis, using post-datednational data and local data,collected in-year. The SEAPshould be reviewed in terms ofthe context, current policies andopportunities each year but witha light-touch basis unlessprogress is very slow or thecontext changes radically.

In line with national carbonbudgets, the basis of the SEAPshould be re-assessed, reviewingthe underlying basis in terms ofbusiness-as-usual emissions andthe maximum potential forchange. The SEAP should berebuilt every five years to ensurethat the long term aims areachieved and that Birminghammaximises the economic value oftaking early action on sustainableenergy.

The Covenant of Mayorprogramme requires reportingon the SEAP every two yearsalthough reporting on an annualbasis is encouraged.

This section sets out what needsto be monitored, when and by whom.

9.2 Reviewing the Context(Annual)

Given the current national, sub-regional and city context forenergy and climate change, arethe activities being pursued andthe targets set the right ones?

The SEAP should be adjusted totake account of any changes inpolicy and strategy that affectBirmingham and in terms of theeconomic impact and currentopportunities for funding andinnovation.

If necessary the fundamentals ofthe strategy, the objectives andthe targets may need to beadjusted.

Review of:• Impact of contextual changes

on activities – are they stillappropriate?

• Targets and timescales

9.3 Reviewing the Activitieswithin the SEAP (Annual):

The annual review should assess progress for each item in the SEAP.

Review of:

• What has been achieved? (with numbers as appropriate)

• Estimate of CO2 savingsachieved

• Estimate of energy savingsachieved

• Estimate of energy generatedlocally

• Estimate of energy fromrenewable/low carbon sources

• Estimate of jobs created or saved

• Lessons learned – successesand failures

• Activities that are movingslowly – analysis of barriers

Key Performance Indicators:

Official data (24 month lag) for:• Per capita CO2 emissions• Total CO2 emissions (total and

by end-use)• Total energy consumption

(total and by end use)• Electricity consumption – total

and average per consumer(domestic + non-domestic)

• Gas consumption – total andaverage per consumer(domestic + non-domestic)

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9.7 Covenant of Mayors RequirementsThe Covenant of Mayors requires submission of a Monitoring Emissions Inventory (MEI), an ImplementationReport and an Action Report. These provide the following information:

Monitoring Emissions Inventory:

CO2 emissions reporting, on similar lines to the original baseline submissionDue at least four years from the submission of the SEAP

Implementation Report: Quantified information on measures implemented, their impacts onenergy consumption and CO2 emissions, and an analysis of the SEAP implementation process, including corrective and preventive measures when this is required.

Due every two years from the submission of the SEAP

Action Report: Qualitative information about the implementation of the SEAP. It includes ananalysis of the situation and qualitative, corrective and preventive measures.

2011 Review of progress against ClimateChange Action Plan + SEAP

coincides with national carbon budget review

2012Implementation + Action Report required for Covenant of Mayors

2 years from SEAP submission (due 30-Nov-12)

2014Monitoring Emissions Inventory, Implementation + Action Reports forCovenant of Mayors

4 years from SEAP submission (due 30-Nov-14)

2016

Implementation + Action Report required for Covenant of MayorsReview of underlying model and strategy for SEAP

6 years from SEAP submission (due 30-Nov-16)

coincides with national carbon budget review

2018Monitoring Emissions Inventory, Implementation + Action Reports forCovenant of Mayors

8 years from SEAP submission (due 30-Nov-18)

2020 Monitoring Emissions Inventory, Implementation + Action Reports forCovenant of Mayors -

10 years from SEAP submission (due 30-Nov-20)

Final report for the span of the Covenant ofMayors programme

2021 Review of progress against Climate Change Action Plan + SEAP

coincides with national carbon budget review

2026 Review of progress against Climate Change Action Plan + SEAP

coincides with national carbon budget review

Final report for the 60% target period set in Climate Change Action Plan

Timetable for review of the SEAP

Specific templates will beprovided for each of theseaspects. Highlights will appearon the Covenant of Mayorswebsite under the BirminghamCity profile.

The Covenant of Mayors is toprovide guidance on whataspects should be reviewed.Until this guidance is completesuggestions for monitoring are provided.

9.8 Proposed timetable forreviews• Real-time energy demand

monitoring (own estate, city-wide if possible)

• Ongoing/monthly updates – CO2/energy savingactivity completed (web-basedreport, with opportunity forindividuals, partners, etc toupdate)

• Annual – review and report onSEAP (context, content +strategic approach)

• Specific reports (linked toannual reporting):

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Governance10.1 Need for stronggovernanceBirmingham has been highlyactive in building a sustainablefuture for the city. The energyfrom waste facility and plans tocreate a much larger energydevelopment at Tyseley, thedistrict energy scheme whichcontinues to grow across the city, the UK-leading schemeBirmingham Energy Savers whichwill address retrofit energyefficiency measures, the highquality research into low-carbonfuels for transport – these allpoint to a positive future. 2010witnessed a transition within the UK – from strategy toimplementation, with schemessuch as the Feed In Tariff andproposed Renewable HeatIncentive stimulating markets for renewable energy. The greeneconomy is now the mostimportant economic sector forgrowth in the UK and especiallyfor Birmingham. A step changein effort and investment is now required.

10.2 City Council role for the SEAPTo manage this ambition and riskneeds highly professional skills –

in programme management,procurement, marketing andfinancial and legal support.Birmingham City Council sits atthe heart of these past schemesand holds the reigns for themaster-plan for Birmingham’sfuture. Council officers andelected members can be heldaccountable for the success orfailure of the SEAP. As such thecity council is in a position tonegotiate and secure relativelylow cost sources of investmentfrom the Public Works LoanBoard and the EuropeanInvestment Bank. These publicsector investments can beimportant to underpin schemes,such as the Birmingham EnergySavers programme.

However, the city council can notwork in isolation; it does notpossess all the necessary skillsand expertise and investmentson the scale required by theSEAP have to be supported bythe private sector. Whilst thestakeholders involved in both theTotal Waste Strategy and EnergyStrategy workshops wished tosee the city council at the helm,setting the direction and pullingtogether the threads of the

various programmes, a widerange of partners must berecruited to progress each actionto make progress.

10.3 Scrutiny and democraticaccountabilityBirmingham City Council’sCabinet Committee for ClimateChange and Sustainability mustultimately be the body toscrutinise progress on the SEAPand hold to account those whohave responsibility to deliver it.The current committee is led bythe Council’s deputy leader andincludes six elected members,supported by observers andcritical friends. The currentmembership includes:

• Deputy Leader of the Council(as Chairman)

• Cabinet Member for ChildrenYoung People and Families

• Cabinet Member for Housing• Cabinet Member for Local

Services and CommunitySafety

• Cabinet Member forTransportation Environmentand Regeneration

• Cabinet Member for Leisure,Sport and Culture

• Chairman of Co-ordinatingOverview and ScrutinyCommittee (Observer)

• Leader of Principal OppositionGroup (or nominee) (Observer)

• Chairman of Be BirminghamEnvironmental PartnershipExecutive Board (Observer)

• Foundation Director of Forumfor the Future (Observer)

This group was formed in thesummer, 2010.

10.4 Dynamic SEAP steering groupTo deliver programmes thatrange from highly technicalenergy decentralised energyschemes to social interactionwith communities will requirespecific partners for eachscheme. It is clear that theenergy infrastructure is key toprogress. A small but dynamicsteering group is needed thatincludes the energy companiesand managers of the gas andelectric infrastructure (forBirmingham these are CentralNetworks for the electricitydistribution network andNational Grid for the gasnetwork). The steering groupwould include:

Birmingham City Council strategic support (Head of Climate Change + Sustainability; Head of Strategic Planning;Head of Waste Services)

Birmingham City Council technical support (Urban Design)Energy companies (min. 2 organisations from British Gas, E.ON, Scottish Power, EDF,Scottish + Southern)

Energy infrastructureCentral Networks, National Grid

Communications + digitalcontrol1 representative Digital Birmingham

Commercial + industrialsector2 representatives

Universities2 representatives

Communities2 representatives

TransportCentro + City Council’s strategic planner

The steering group will changeas the SEAP is implemented tobring the necessary andappropriate skills needed at anygiven time. The team will besupported by the city council’slegal, financial, marketing,regeneration services andspecific partners as required todeliver the SEAP.

10.5 Project teamsEach action within the SEAP will require its own projectgovernance structure, with aproject board and operationsteam. The project teams willreport into the steering group for overall progress managementfor the SEAP.

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Appendix ASubmitted SEAP

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Category

FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION [MWh]

Electricity Heat/coldFossil fuels

Natural gas Liquid gas Heating Oil Diesel Gasoline Lignite CoalOther fossil

fuelsPlant oil Biofuel

Other biomass

Solar thermal

Geothermal

BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES AND INDUSTRIES:

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities 196108 0 368895 0 18264 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 583267

Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, equipment/ facilities

995715 0 184583 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1180298

Residential buildings 1777420 0 7264900 0 28185 0 0 0 4158 0 0 0 0 0 0 9074663

Municipal public lighting 59265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59265

Industries (excluding industries involved in the EUEmission trading scheme - ETS)

2004760 0 4145602 0 991872 0 0 0 86985 0 0 0 0 0 0 7229219

Subtotal buildings, equipments/facilities and industries

5033268 0 11963980 0 1038321 0 0 0 91143 0 0 0 0 0 0 18126712

TRANSPORT:

Municipal fleet 0 0 0 0 0 6397 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6397

Public transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private and commercial transport 0 0 0 0 0 2576074 3557154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6133228

Subtotal transport 0 0 0 0 0 2582471 3557154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6139625

Total 5033268 0 11963980 0 1038321 2582471 3557154 0 91143 0 0 0 0 0 0 24266337

A. Final energy consumption

Municipal purchases of certified green electricity (ifany) [MWh]:

0

CO2 emission factor for certified green electricitypurchases (for LCA approach):

n/a

Total

Renewable energies

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Category

CO2 emissions [t]/ CO2 equivalent emissions [t]

Electricity Heat/coldFossil fuels

Natural gas Liquid gas Heating Oil Diesel Gasoline Lignite CoalOther fossil

fuelsBio fuel Plant Oil

Other biomass

Solar thermal

Geothermal Total

BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES AND INDUSTRIES:

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities 102564 0 75992 0 4712 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 183269

Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, equipement/facilities

520759 0 38024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 558783

Residential buildings 929591 0 1496569 0 7272 0 0 0 1439 0 0 0 0 0 0 2434870

Municipal public lighting 30996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30996

Industries (excluding industries involved in the EUEmission trading scheme - ETS)

1048489 0 853994 0 255903 0 0 0 30097 0 0 0 0 0 0 2188483

Subtotal buildings, equipments/facilities and industries

2632399 0 2464580 0 267887 0 0 0 31535 0 0 0 0 0 0 5396401

TRANSPORT:

Municipal fleet 0 0 0 0 0 1682 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1682

Public transport 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private and commercial transport 0 0 0 0 0 677507 899960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1577467

Subtotal transport 0 0 0 0 0 679190 899960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1579150

OTHER:

Waste management

0Waste water management

Please specify here your other emissions

Total 2632399 0 2464580 0 267887 679190 899960 0 31535 0 0 0 0 0 0 6975551

Corresponding CO2-emission factors in [t/MWh] 0.523 0.206 0.258 0.263 0.253 0.346

CO2 emission factor for electricity not produced locally [t/MWh]

0.523

B. CO2 or CO2 equivalent emissions

Total

Renewable energies

89

C. Local electricity production and corresponding CO2 emissions

Locally generated electricity(excluding ETS plants , and all plants/units > 20 MW)

Locally generatedelectricity

[MWh]

Energy carrier input [MWh]

CO2 / CO2-eq emissions [t]

Correspon-ding CO2-emission

factors forelectricity

production in[t/MWh]

Fossil fuels

Steam Waste Plant oilOther

biomassOther

renewableother

Natural gas Liquid gas Heating oil Lignite Coal

Wind power 0 0 0

Hydroelectric power 0 0 0

Photovoltaic 80 42 0.523

Combined Heat and Power 140000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73220 0.523

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 140080 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 73262

D. Local heat/cold production (district heating/cooling, CHPs…) and corresponding CO2 emissions

Locally generated heat/cold

Locally generatedheat/cold

[MWh]

Energy carrier input [MWh]

CO2 / CO2-eq

emissions [t]

Correspon-ding CO2-emission

factors forheat/cold

production in[t/MWh]

Fossil fuels

Waste Plant oilOther

biomassOther

renewableother

Natural gas Liquid gas Heating oil Lignite Coal

Combined Heat and Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

District Heating plant(s) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

88

9190

SECTORS& fields of

action

KEY actions/measuresper field of action

Responsible department, person or company (in case of involvement of 3rd parties)

Implementa-tion [start

time]

Implementa-tion [end

time]

Estimated costs

per action/measure

Expected energy

saving permeasure[MWh/a]

Expected renewable

energy production

per measure[MWh/a]

ExpectedCO2

reductionper measure

[t/a]

Energy savingtarget

per sector[MWh]in 2020

Local renew-able energyproduction target per

sector [MWh]in 2020

CO2

reduction target

per sector [t]in 2020

BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT / FACILITIES & INDUSTRIES: 2875125 433598 667640

Municipal buildings, equipment/facilities

Birmingham Declaration published December 2009. Commits Birmingham City Council to reduce emissions by 25% before 2015. The Business Transformation Programme 'Working for the Future' I addressing: 1) flexible working, 2) single property management function, 3)first-class property management systems, 4) cross -portfolio working and 5) central building administration

Birmingham City Council 2009 2020 145820 291630 45820

Tertiary (non municipal) buildings, equipment/facilities

Action 1: Replacement of demolished commercial and industrial space with more energy efficient buildings.

Birmingham City Council + developers 2005 2020 555445 17712 166000

Action 2: Replacement of inefficienct lighting in non-domestic buildings

Birmingham public + private sector organisaitons and businesses

2005 2020 29000000 16000 0 5250

Action 3: Retrofit of ground and air source heat pumps for heating/cooling

Birmingham public + private sector organisations and businesses

2005 2020 16000000 60000 60000 15700

Action 4: Installation of smart metering for gas and electricity

District Network Operators 2012 2020 47500 0 15200

Residential buildings

Action 1: Install loft and cavity wall insulation in all remaining homes

UK Government, Birmingham City Council, energy companies + installers

2005 2020 52000000 308000 0 67000

Action 2: Large scale solid wall insulation programme Birmingham City Council via a Special Purpose Vehicle and procured operating company

2012 2020 42000000 240000 0 48000

Action 3: Replace lighting and appliances with energy efficienct models

National policy; Birmingham City Council (local campaigns); supply chain

2005 2020 376000000 817600 0 164400

Action 4: Install smart metering for domestic consumers National policy; Ofgem; distribution network providers; Birmingham City Council (local campaigns + support)

2012 2015 144000000 143600 0 13400

Action 5: Install minor energy efficiency measures in domestic properties

National policy; Birmingham City Council (local programmes); supply chain; energy supply companies

2005 2020 37000000 124300 0 35200

Action 6: Retrofit ground and air source heat pumps in domestic properties

National policy; Birmingham City Council (local programmes); supply chain; energy supply companies

2005 2020 6000000 21000 21000 2200

Action 7: Replacement of demolished domestic buildings with more efficient buildings

National policy; Birmingham City Council (scale of localimplementation); developers

1990 2020 341900 96 79000

Action 8: Install solar thermal panels and biomass boilers in domestic properties

UK Government, Birmingham City Council, energy companies + supply chain

2005 2020 60000000 43160 43160 8270

Municipal public lighting

Replacement of existing street lights with energy efficient units (e.g. LEDs). Expect to replace at least 30%by 2015 (30,000 units) and 50% by 2026 (50,000 units).

Amey 2010 2015 20000000 10800 0 2200

Industries (excluding industries involved in the EU Emission trading scheme - ETS) & Small andMedium Sized Enterprises (SMEs)

9392

SECTORS& fields of

action

KEY actions/measuresper field of action

Responsible department, person or company (in case of involvement of 3rd parties)

Implementa-tion [start

time]

Implementa-tion [end

time]

Estimated costs

per action/measure

Expected energy

saving permeasure[MWh/a]

Expected renewable

energy production

per measure[MWh/a]

ExpectedCO2

reductionper measure

[t/a]

Energy savingtarget

per sector[MWh]in 2020

Local renew-able energyproduction target per

sector [MWh]in 2020

CO2

reduction target

per sector [t]in 2020

TRANSPORT: 2234438 0 556621

Municipal fleet Action: Reduce overall council emissions by 25% by 2015 Birmingham City Council 2005 2020 1600 0 421

Public transport Included in Actions for private and commercial transport

Private and commercial transport

Action1: Encourage modal shift from use of privatetransport to low carbon alternatives

Birmingham City Council and partners (Centro leading on Transport Plan)

2005 2020 723650 0 180260

Action 2: Encourage use of more fuel efficient vehiclesNational policy; Vehicle manufacturers; Birmingham CityCouncil and partners

2005 2020 953830 0 237600

Action 3: Replace road transport fuels with biofuelsBirmingham City Council; national policy; vehicle manufacturers and dealers; universities

2005 2020 75870 0 18900

Action 4: Replace road transport fuels with electricityBirmingham City Council; national policy; vehicle manufacturers and dealers; universities

2005 2020 479490 0 119440

LOCAL DISTRICT HEATING / COOLING, CHPs: 3862030 3862030 408600

Combined Heat and Power

Action 1: Develop addiitonal opportunities to generateenergy from non-recyclable

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities

2010 2010

2015730 2015730 291300

Action 2: Extend existing city-centre heat/cooling network with additonal

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities

2010 2010

Action 3: Develop additional community CHP centresaround as satellites around the city

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities

2010 2010

Action 4: Continue to develop the biomass and waste supplychain, from 2.6 MWe to 50MWe

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy,waste); Birmingham's universities 2010 2010

Action 5: Commission building specific CHP on key public sector sites, to 30 MWe

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities

2010 2010

Action 6: Support and develop full-scale versions of lab-based technologies for alternative fuels

Birmingham City Council, private sector partners (energy, waste); Birmingham's universities

2010 2010

District heating plantAction: Develop community district heat centres whilstincreasing the biomass supply chain

Birmingham City Council; private sector energy partners;biomass supply chain

2010 2010 25000 25000 7400

Energy from Waste (power only) Action: Explore power only generation from a variety of non-recyclable waste streams

Birmingham City Council; private sector energy andwaste partners

2010 2010 1300000 1821300 1821300 109900

LOCAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION: 46400 46400 9300

Hydroelectric power Not applicable Not applicable 2010 2020

Wind powerAction: Install large and medium scale wind turbines on appropriate sites

Birmingham City Council; private sector investors + energy generators

2010 2020 21000000 21000 21000 4200

PhotovoltaicAction: Install solar PV on appropriate domestic and non-domestic buildings (to 8,000 homes and 10MWp respectively)

Birmingham City Council; national policy; private investors; supply chain; energy companies

2005 2020 67000000 25400 25400 5100

Combined Heat and Power See below See below 2010 2010

9594

SECTORS& fields of

action

KEY actions/measuresper field of action

Responsible department, person or company (in case of involvement of 3rd parties)

Implementa-tion [start

time]

Implementa-tion [end

time]

Estimated costs

per action/measure

Expected energy

saving permeasure[MWh/a]

Expected renewable

energy production

per measure[MWh/a]

ExpectedCO2

reductionper measure

[t/a]

Energy savingtarget

per sector[MWh]in 2020

Local renew-able energyproduction target per

sector [MWh]in 2020

CO2

reduction target

per sector [t]in 2020

LAND USE PLANNING: 0 0 0

Strategic urban planning

Action1 : Consult on and publish Birmingham's Core Strategy (which incoporates policies on energy demand and CO2 emissions)

Birmingham City Council 2010 2020

Action 2: Consult on and publish Waste Strategy (which identifies waste streams and use for power/heat generation)

Birmingham City Council 2010 2020

Action 2: Consult on and publish Waste Strategy (which identifies waste streams and use for power/heat generation)

Birmingham City Council 2010 2020

Transport / mobility planningAction: Develop Birmingham's Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy

Birmingham City Council + partners 2010 2020

Standards for refurbishment andnew development

Included in core strategy and within national policy 2010 2020

Big City Plan Strategic planning for future development (Big City Plan)has been published and will be implemented

Birmingham City Council + partners 2010 2010

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: 0 0 0

Energy efficiency requirements/standards

Action: Develop policies and tools to include lifecyclecarbon emissions in procurement decisions

Birmingham City Council Procurement 2010 2020

Renewable energy requirements/standards

2010 2010

WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS: 1431700 0 330000

Advisory services Energy advice is provided nationally. National policy 1990 2020

Financial support and grants

Birmingham Energy Savers programme will provide alocal Pay As You Save programme, initially providing upto 10,000 homes (2012 - 2015) with a 12K Euro loan forretrofit household improvements - developed with publicprivate sector partnership and 100M Euro local fund.Measures have been included above - in section on residential buildings

Birmingham City Council + procured special purpose vehicle + operating company

2012 2020

9796

SECTORS& fields of

action

KEY actions/measuresper field of action

Responsible department, person or company (in case of involvement of 3rd parties)

Implementa-tion [start

time]

Implementa-tion [end

time]

Estimated costs

per action/measure

Expected energy

saving permeasure[MWh/a]

Expected renewable

energy production

per measure[MWh/a]

ExpectedCO2

reductionper measure

[t/a]

Energy savingtarget

per sector[MWh]in 2020

Local renew-able energyproduction target per

sector [MWh]in 2020

CO2

reduction target

per sector [t]in 2020

WORKING WITH THE CITIZENS AND STAKEHOLDERS:: 1431700 0 330000

Awareness raising and local networking

Birmingham has a pledging website for householders;Street Champions are community wardens, trained inenvironmental issues (including surveying and auditing);a climate change festival is held every year inBirmingham; several community groups have beenestablished in the city to reduce energy demand andcarbon emissions. A Green Restaurant award is providedto encourage energy reduction in the catering setcor;local Green Business awards are presented each year.These activities will continue.

Birmingham City Council + partners 1990 2020

Training and education

Local colleges provide training and education forinstalling renewable energy systems under the nationalmicro-generation certification scheme (MCS).Birmingham’s universities are highly active in researchand innovation on energy saving and sustainable energy,with a particular focus on low carbon transport.Birmingham universities and the city council are involvedin the Climate-Knowledge and Innovation Communityprogramme. This activity will continue. Impactsincluded above.

Birmingham colleges, universities + local enterprise partnerships

1990 2020

Impact of all above interventions

The above engagement with citizens and stakeholders is aimed at achieving:8% reduction in domestic demand for gas and electricity8% reduction in commercial + industrial demand for gas and electricity

Birmingham City Council + partners 2005 2020 1431700 0 330000

OTHER SECTOR(S) - Please specify: 1500000

Green Grid

UK government has a target of providing 30% of electricity from renewable energy by 2020. This willsignificantly reduce the carbon factor of grid-suppliedelectricty. Emissions factors released by UK government(September, 2010) have been included in this scenario.

National policy; energy generators; private sector in-vestors

2010 2020 0 7383720 1500000

Total 10449693 4342028 3472161