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Permeable reactive barrier for remediation of mine waterThe Olifants River catchment area is currently being polluted by mining activities from active and abandoned mines and contains high concentrations of contaminants. The Olifants River flows into the Loskop Dam, which is situated in a con-servation area and supports a vast variety of plant and animal species, including hippos, crocodiles, giraffes and a number of antelope. The area also supports recreational activities, such as tourism and game fishing. The aim of this project is to treat the mine-water pollution before it enters the dam in order to allow the natural ecosystem to return to normal.

The effect of the pollution in the dam has received much media interest and the public outcry over the issue has been detailed in a number of newspapers. Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) are used as a method of passive water treat-ment. PRBs allow contaminated water to diffuse through a ment. PRBs allow contaminated water to diffuse through a chosen medium and emerge clean. Contaminants are treated and/or removed by the reactive barrier medium.

The proposed site for the PRBs will be in the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve. The Loskop Dam is currently showing signs of stress from the highly contaminated inflow. Significant quantities of dead fish and other aquatic animals, such as terrapins and crocodiles, have been reported. The tourism industry in the area is adversely affected by the toxic effects of the inflowing water, as is the sport-fishing industry that uses the dam for a number of competitions.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Industrial minerals mapping The Industrial Minerals Mapping Programme of the CGS is aimed at capturing information on industrial mineral depo-sits, mines and occurrences on the databases of the CGS. Industrial mineral maps for South Africa are produced from these data, as well as other products that provide basic information concerning the occurrence and location of industrial minerals.

Industrial minerals mapping has been completed in the Free State, Eastern Cape, Gauteng and North West Provinces, and information on more than 2 000 industrial mineral deposits and occurrences has been compiled and captured. A total of 539 industrial mineral targets were visited in the North West Province of South Africa alone.

The most important industrial mineral commodities inves-tigated in the North West Province include dimension stone, andalusite, construction-material sites for construc-tion sand, aggregates for use in road building and concrete

Laboratory trials for determining the reactive medium required for the permeable reactive barrier. Columns containing reactive medium are subjected to synthetic acid mine drainage and continuously monitored for acidity and electrical conductivity.

Dimension stone quarry north of Marikana, North West Province.

Silica quarry in Brits, North West Province.

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manufacture, limestone for cement manufacture, slate occurrences and deposits, silica for glass production and filters, brick and possibly ceramic clays, pyrophyllite and wonderstone, agricultural limestone products, dolomite, calcrete, nepheline syenite and fluorite.

Compilation of a carbon-dioxide geological storage atlas for South AfricaCarbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of several mitigation measures for handling excess CO2 emissions. Assessment of the potential for CCS in South Africa requires a detailed inves-tigation into locating and characterising geological storage sites for carbon dioxide. An eighteen-month investigation was initiated in September 2008 and is sponsored by Sasol, Eskom, PetroSA, Anglo American plc and the South African National Energy Research Institute (SANERI). The CGS, along with the Petroleum Agency of South Africa, has been appointed to compile and publish the resulting Carbon-Dioxide Geological Storage Atlas. This pro ject was announced by the Minister of Minerals and Energy, the Honourable Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, MP, at the annual meeting of the international Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum in Cape Town.

The atlas will report results of the storage-potential evalua-tions for all the onshore and offshore basins of South Africa, will provide ranking of the suitability of the basins accord-ing to geological criteria and will discuss storage-capacity estimations based on the available data. It will also contain maps showing the geographic distribution of the basins and the relevant geological profiles to support salient findings. The findings will focus on storage-capacity estimates for deep saline formations, oil and gas reservoirs and those for unminable coal seams.

Worldwide, storage reservoirs are commonly associated with the sedimentary basins in which oil and gas occur. South Africa unfortunately lacks natural world-class storage reser-voirs, but the onshore basin of the Karoo with its substantial sedimentary formations may offer storage opportunities. Offshore sedimentary basins, e.g. the Outeniqua Basin, are potentially the most prospective for the storage of CO

2.

Carbon-dioxide sequestration by industrial mine ral carbonationIndustrial carbonation of steel slag is being investigated as it offers a solution for the permanent long-term sequestration of CO2, in solid form. Recent theoretical findings based on four South African slags showed that 357 to 475 kg of CO2 could potentially be sequestered by each ton of slag waste generated by steelmaking plants. The most promising tech-nological leaching process developed to date at the CGS allows the rapid extraction of calcium (the element of inter-est for reaction with CO

2) from slags with minimal energy

requirement, along with the generation of non-dissolved leached residues which appear to exhibit properties of com-mercial value. Optimisation of the extraction process and development of carbonation processes are under way.

TARGET GENERATION

Geophysical study of the Nietverdiend area, North West ProvinceCombined interpretations of magnetic, radiometric and elec-tromagnetic data sets were carried out in the Nietverdiend area, which is located in the North West Province. Geologically, the area lies at the far-western extension of the western lobe of the Bushveld Complex. The main aim of the integrated geophysical study is to map the lithology and identify potential mineralised targets. In order to achieve this objective, new and existing geophysical data and exist-ing regional-scale geological and geochemical data sets were combined. An anomalous area was identified, using the combined interpretation of the geophysical data sets, that stretches over an area of approximately 200 km2. This area has been selected as a prime target for further detailed geochemical and geological studies, which could confirm the presence of platinum-group elements, chromium, nickel, vanadium, copper and cobalt.

Regional geochemical survey of the 1:100 000-scale Tzaneen map sheetThe regional geochemical soil survey of the Tzaneen 1:100 000-scale map sheet, which forms part of the on going MTEF-funded programme of the CGS, was completed in 2007. Three prominent anomalies of possible economic sig-nificance were selected for follow up as part of a standard verification process.

The most prominent anomaly comprises a cluster of seven smaller anomalies in an area covering approximately 16 km2. The anomalies occur in gneissic terrain at different altitudes on the face of an escarpment. Owing to the high rainfall and deep-weathering profile, outcrops are sparse and highly weathered. Copper values of up to 4 800 ppm are supported by zinc values of up to 1 200 ppm, as well as anomalous lead and sulphur.

A Cr-Ni-Pt-Pd-Au anomaly occurs within the Murchison Greenstone Belt and covers an area of approximately 15 km2. The anomaly comprises a typical multi-element anomaly normally associated with a mafic–ultramafic complex. A few outcrops of ultramafic rocks were previously mapped in the area, but the geochemical survey suggests a much larger complex in the area. Since the anomaly shows strong sup-port for Cr-Ni-Pt-Pd-Au-Co-As, the geology and economic potential of the area should be researched.

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Another anomaly of Cr-Ni-Pt-Pd-Au also occurs within the Murchison Greenstone Belt and covers an area of approxi-mately 8 km2. The anomaly comprises a typical multi-ele-ment anomaly normally associated with a mafic–ultramafic complex.

Gold geochemical anomalies on the 1:100 000-scale Giyani map sheetThe regional geochemical gold assay of the Giyani 1:100 000-scale map sheet, which forms part of the ongoing MTEF-funded programme of the CGS, was completed in 2008. The most prominent gold anomalies of possible economic impor-tance will be selected for follow up as part of a standard veri-fication process in the next financial year.

RECAPITALISATION

New CGS marine survey vesselThe launch of the new marine survey vessel, Geo Manzi, was Manzi, was Manziheld on 13 February 2009 in Cape Town.

The vessel was commissioned by the Minister of Minerals and Energy, the Honourable Ms Buyelwa Sonjica, MP, who emphasised the importance of the vessel as a scientific plat-form which will be utilised for geological research, mineral-resource exploration, and fisheries and habitat management programmes and surveys. The address by the Chairperson of the Board of the CGS, Professor Ngoepe, similarly empha-sised the importance of marine-resource evaluation.

Geo Manzi is a custom-built catamaran for nearshore and Manzi is a custom-built catamaran for nearshore and Manzishallow-water geophysical and bathymetric research. She has a length of 8,5 m, a beam of 3,1 m and a draught of

0,6 m. The survey vessel is equipped with state-of-the-art geophysical-survey equipment, including a Reson SEABAT 7125 multibeam echosounder and a Klein 3000 digital side-scan sonar. It also has both starboard and aft mountings for towed equipment.

New geophysical equipment – SYSCALPro resis-tivity and IP systemNew electrical resistivity equipment was purchased for the CGS. This equipment is currently being used in key areas of the CGS, including environmental as well as geological projects.

The instrument has so far been used successfully for investi-gating old mine workings, and to detect underground tunnels and shafts. The instrument has also been used to map ground-water contamination in the Krugersdorp Game Reserve.

Remote sensing and spatial modellingThe Remote Sensing Research Laboratory of the CGS at the Bellville office is engaged in new research and development, including three major innovative projects.

Radar interferometry is being developed in South Africa for the first time. The technology allows the measurement of small-scale surface deformations and, consequently, has sig-nificant implications in the field of geohazard assessment. The technology is currently being applied to monitoring sur-face subsidence related to mining activities, as well as for earthquake-hazard assessments.

Hyperspectral remote sensing (256 bands) for mineral explo-ration is taking place in Namaqualand. It is a collaborative project between South Africa and Namibia to investigate the

The CGS survey vessel, GeoManzi, in the Port Elizabeth harbour. The Geo Manzi is equipped with sophisticated geophysical-survey equipment.

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detailed geological features south of the Orange River. New lithological features have been mapped with this technique.

Bayesian network modelling, an artificial-intelligence tech-nique, is being applied to spatial data for assessment of unknown parameters and for time-series prediction. The technique is currently being applied to catchment sustaina-bility and groundwater analysis. The technique enables the integration of multivariable qualitative and quantitative data at different spatial and temporal scales. Acceptable results can be obtained with missing or incomplete data sets, and this technique provides an evaluation of uncertainty which prevents overconfidence in results.

Development of the Environmental Geoscience Laboratory in terms of environmental chemical speciation (metal and organic) and biogeochemistryThe drive towards understanding the impact of pollution on South Africa’s water resources has brought an integrated approach, namely Environmental Water Quality (EWQ) to the forefront. The EWQ approach is based on a combination of three main components, which are physico-chemistry, biomonitoring and ecotoxicology, to assess the water qual-ity and health of an ecosystem.

Before 1998 the monitoring of water resources was gener-ally done instream or end-of-pipe; this type of monitoring provides basic information about the chemical character of

the water. Although this information is valuable, it is not suf-ficient to assess the actual impact of pollution on the aquatic ecosystem. With the promulgation of the National Water Act (Act No. 36 of 1998), the need for the protection of the water resources in order to ensure long-term sustainable use was formally recognised. This brought the need for toxicity test-ing to the forefront.

Ecotoxicology is defined as the study of the harmful effects of chemicals upon the ecosystem. It involves the experimen-tal linking of physical and chemical conditions to biological responses and provides for effective environmental water-quality implementation.

Investigating the water chemistry in combination with the organisms living in the aquatic environment and their interac-tion, will afford a holistic picture of the quality of the water resource. Thus far, the main focus of studies at the CGS has been on water quality, with little to no attention having been given to the bio-availability and impact of the chemicals on the ecosystem as a whole.

Establishing the capacity for ecotoxicological studies at the CGS is a necessity. Furthermore, the establishment of an ecotoxicity capacity will bring the CGS in line with the future requirements in environmental studies, as well as the Water Management Policy, the National Water Act and the National Water Resource Strategy. At the same time, capacity will be built in water treatment methodologies.

The Environmental Geoscience Laboratory has developed and modified a number of biogeochemical techniques of importance to the CGS and to clients in the mining and asso-ciated industries. The global environmental chemistry and toxicology field was viewed and technologies applicable to South African systems were highlighted for further study.

EDUCATION AND INFORMATION

The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)/International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP)The CGS, as a member of the IUGS/IGCP National Committee, has been involved in the activities of the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE), which include several contributions to a special IYPE issue of Quest – Science for Society, published by the Academy of Science, South Africa. This magazine has been extensively distributed to schools and universities throughout South Africa, as well as to other interested par-ties across the world in an effort to make people aware of the role of the geosciences in society. A staff member of the CGS, representing the IYPE South African National Committee,

Satellite image of the Richtersveld, Northern Cape.

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also contributed towards the National Schools Debate com-petition, organised by the South African Agency for Science and Technology Advancement (SAASTA) in conjunction with the South African School Debating Board. Twenty six learners, comprising the regional teams, debated five broad, societally relevant and multidisciplinary themes around the International Year of Planet Earth initia-tive: megacities, earth observation, earth conser-vation, water, and non-renewable resources. At the final awards function in Pretoria in September 2008, the Deputy Minister of Science and Technology, Mr Derek Hanekom, was the keynote speaker.

Geoscience Museum holiday programme for learnersThe past year saw the launch of the first holiday programme for primary school learners at the CGS Museum. The goal of this initiative is to expose primary school The goal of this initiative is to expose primary school learners to the wonders of the earth in a fun and enter-taining way. Positive feedback was received from attendees and parents regarding this programme.

the South African School Debating Board. Twenty six learn-ers, comprising the regional teams, debated five broad,

the Deputy Minister of Science and Technology, Mr

The past year saw the launch of the first holiday pro-gramme for primary school learners at the CGS Museum. The goal of this initiative is to expose primary school The goal of this initiative is to expose primary school learners to the wonders of the earth in a fun and enter-taining way. Positive feedback was received from atten-

International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE)

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The following publications were released during the year:

Memoir 97: Geology of the Vredefort Impact Structure: A guide to sites of interest by R.L. Gibson and U.W. Reimold

Bulletin 139: Principles for mainstreaming gender equal-ity in the South African rural water services sector by U.A. Rust

Bulletin 140: Preferential flow modelling in a vadoze zone using Macro 5.0 by K.A. Majola

Explanation: Sheet 2628BA. The geology of the Delmas area (1:50 000) by S.A.B. Laubscher and C. Lubbe

Explanation: Sheets 3322CD and 3422AB. The geology of George and environs (1:50 000) by D.L. Roberts, J.H.A. Viljoen, P. Macey, L. Nhleko, D.I. Cole, L. Chevallier, L. Gibson and F.D.J. Stapelberg

Explanation: Sheet 2429AA. The geology east of Mokopane (1:50 000) by N. Baglow and G. Brandl

Explanation: Sheet 2627DB. The geology of the Vereeniging area by P.J.A. Bosch and M.S. Cronwright

Explanation: Sheet 2531AC. The geology of the Witrivier area (1:50 000) by M.S. Cronwright, L.J. Robb and P.J.A. Bosch

Explanation: Sheet 3318DC. The engineering geology of Bellville and environs, Western Cape, South Africa (1:50 000) by F.D.J. Stapelberg

Explanation: Sheet 2930CB. The engineering and geo-technical conditions for the Pietermaritzburg 2930CB 1:50 000-scale map sheet by N.P. Richards, G.A. Botha, P. Schoeman, B.M. Clarke, M.W. Kota and F.N. Ncgobo

Seismological Series 41: Catalogue of earthquakes in south-ern Africa and surrounding oceans for 2005 by I. Saunders and D.L. Roblin

Annual Report of the Council for Geoscience 2007/08Annual Technical Report of the Council for Geoscience

2007/8

publications

GeoIndaba 2006. Colloquium Programme of the Council for GeoIndaba 2006. Colloquium Programme of the Council for Geoscience

South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS). Catalogue of Lithostratigraphic Units. Volume 10 by M.R. Johnson

South African Committee for Stratigraphy (SACS). Litho-stratigraphic Series No. 50. Lithostratigraphy of the Msikaba Formation (Cape Supergroup) by M.R. Johnson

35th International Geological Congress 2016 Bid Document by the Council for Geoscience of South Africa, the Geological Society of South Africa and the South African National Committee of the IUGS

International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior (IASPEI) General Assembly 2009 Booklet.

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INTERNATIONAL

GEOLOGICAL

CONGRESS2 0 1 6

B I D

D O C U M E N T

th

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The following maps were released during the year:

1:2 500 000 Geological MapsGeological Map of the Southern African Development

Community (SADC) Countries

1:50 000 Geotechnical Maps3418AB&AD Cape Peninsula3318DC Bellville2931CA Verulam

MADAGASCAR

1:100 000 Carte Geologique de MadagascarFeuille N° I46 - AmbararataFeuille N° I47 - ItondyFeuille N° I48 - MiandrivazoFeuille N° I49 - AnkotrofotsyFeuille N° J46 - BepoakaFeuille N° J47 - BelobakaFeuille N° J48 - BetrondroFeuille N° J49 - DabolavaFeuille N° K47 - AmbatofotsyFeuille N° K48 - AmbatondradamaFeuille N° K49 - Anjoma RamartinaFeuille N° L49 - VasianaFeuille N° M49 - AnkazomiriotraFeuille N° N49 - AntsirabeFeuille N° G41 (F41, F40, G40) - AmbohipakyFeuille N° G42 (F42) - MangobokyFeuille N° G43 (G44, F43, F44) - AndolamasaFeuille N° H41 (I41, H40, I40) - BevaryFeuille N° H42 (I42) - BekodokaFeuille N° H43 - Andrafialava

1:200 000 Carte Geochimique de MadagascarRégions d’Antsirabe–Tsiroanomandidy–Miandrivazo (33 Maps)Ag, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Mo, Nb,

Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr

Région de Soalala–Bekodoka–Ambohipaky–Mahabe (NW Madagascar) (33 Maps)

Ag, As, Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, La, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Te, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr

1:500 000 Carte Geologique de MadagascarFeuille N° 5 – Maintirano

1:500 000 Carte Géomorphologique de MadagascarRégion d’Antsirabe-Tsiroanomandidy-Miandrivazo

Région de Soalala-Bekodoka-Ambohipaky-Mahabe (NW Madagascar)

1:500 000 Carte Hydrogeologique de MadagascarRegion d’Antsirabe-Tsiroanomandidy-MiandrivazoRégion de Soalala-Bekodoka-Ambohipaky-Mahabe

(NW Madagascar)

1:500 000 Carte Structurale de MadagascarRégion de Soalala-Bekodoka-Ambohipaky-Mahabe

(NW Madagascar)

Map Metaux de Base, Metaux Precieux, Terres Rares et Pierres Gemme

Régions d’Antsirabe-Tsiroanomandidy-Miandrivazo

Mineraux IndustrielsRégions d’Antsirabe-Tsiroanomandidy-Miandrivazo

Map Metaux de Base, Metaux Precieux, Terres Rares et Pierres Gemme

Mineraux IndustrielsRégions de Soalala-Bekodoka-Ambohipaky-Mahabe

(NW Madagascar).

Publications in Academic Journals and Books

Bateman, M.D., Carr, A.S., Murray-Wallace, C.V., Roberts, D.L. and Holmes, P.J., 2008. A dating intercomparison study on Late Stone Age coastal midden deposits, South Africa. Geoarchaeology, 23(6), pp. 715–741.

Bisnath, A., McCourt, S., Frimmel, H.E. and Buthelezi, S.B.N., 2008. The metamorphic evolution of mafic rocks in the Tugela Terrane, Natal Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 111(4), pp. 369–386.

Bosch, P. and Eriksson, P., 2008. A note on two occurrences of inferred microbial mat features preserved in the c. 2.1 Ga Magaliesberg Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup) sandstones, near Pretoria, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 111(2–3), pp. 251–262.

Clarke, B.M., 2008. The geology of the Natal Metamorphic Province in the Durban area. South African Journal of Geology, 111(1), pp. 1–20.

Coetzee, H., Van Wyk, N., Wade, P., Holmstrom, P., Tarras-Wahlberg, H. and Chaplin, S., 2008. Migration of uranium in groundwater in three naturally occurring anoma-lous areas in South Africa. In: Uranium Mining and

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Hydrogeology (B.J. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 653–662.

Cole, D.I., 2008. The geology of building stone and quar-ries in the South Peninsula. Bulletin, Kalk Bay Historical Association, 11, pp. 120–146.

Dondo, C. and Nhleko, L., 2008. Boreholes: 3D geological modeling and representation. Position IT, Nov/Dec 2008, pp. 49–51.

Gastaldo, R.A., Neveling, J., Kittinger Clark, C. and Newbury, S.S., 2009. The terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary event bed is a non-event. Geology, 37(3), pp. 199–202.

Grantham, G.H., Macey, P.H., Ingram, B.A., Roberts, M.P., Armstrong, R.A., Hokada, T., Shiraishi, K., Jackson, C., Bisnath, A. and Manhica, V., 2008. Terrane correlation between Antarctica, Mozambique and Sri Lanka; com-parisons of geochronology, lithology, structure and metamorphism and possible implications for the geo-logy of southern Africa and Antarctica. In: Geodynamic Evolution of East Antarctica: A key to the east-west Gondwana connection (M. Satish-Kumar, T. Hokada, T. Kawakami and D.J. Dunkley, eds). Special Publications, Geological Society of London, 308, pp. 91–119.

Green, A. and Uken, R., 2008. Submarine landsliding and canyon evolution on the northern KwaZulu-Natal con-tinental shelf, South Africa, SW Indian Ocean. Marine Geology, 254(3–4), pp. 152–170.

Jacobs, Z. and Roberts, D.L., 2008. Eustacy, isostacy, catas-trophe and archaeology: application of optical dating to coastal sediments. Quaternary Geochronology, 44, pp. 14–35.

Mendonidis, P., Armstrong, R.A. and Grantham, G.H., 2009. U–Pb SHRIMP ages and tectonic setting of the Munster Suite of the Margate Terrane of the Natal Metamorphic Belt. Gondwana Research, 15(1), pp. 28–37.

Moen, H.F.G. and Armstrong, R.A., 2008. New age con-straints on the tectogenesis of the Kheis Subprovince and the evolution of the eastern Namaqua Province. South African Journal of Geology, 111(1), pp. 79–88.

Moyen, J-F., Stevens, G., Kisters, A.F.M. and Belcher, R.W., 2008. TTG plutons of the Barberton granitoid-green-stone terrain, South Africa. In: Earth’s oldest rocks. Developments in Precambrian Geology (M.J. van Kranendonk, R.H. Smithies and V. Bennet, eds). Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 15, pp. 607–668.

Murray, R., Goedhart, M.L. and Baron, J., 2008. High-yielding groundwater areas around the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. Water Research Commission Report, TT327/08, 19 pp.

Polteau, S., Ferre, E., Planke, S., Neumann, E.R. and Chevallier, L., 2008. How are saucer-shaped sills emplaced? Constrains from the Golden Valley sill, South Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, B12104.

Porat, N. and Botha, G.A., 2008. The chronology of dune development on the Maputaland coastal plain, southeast Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, pp. 1024–1046.

Porraz, G., Texier, P-J., Rigaud, J-P., Parkington, J., Poggenpoel, C. and Roberts, D.L., 2008. Preliminary characterization of a Middle Stone Age lithic assemblage preceding the ‘classic’ Howieson’s Poort Complex at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series, 10, pp. 105–121.

Prevec, R., Gastaldo, R.A., Neveling, J. and Reid, S.B., 2008. A remarkable Latest Permian autochthonous flora from Wapadsberg Pass, southern Karoo Basin of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana, 43, pp. 57–58.

Rigby, M., Mouri, H. and Brandl, G., 2008. P-T conditions and the origin of quartzo-feldspathic veins in metasye-nites from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 111(2–3), pp. 313–332.

Roberts, D.L., 2008. Last Interglacial hominid and associated vertebrate fossil trackways in coastal eolianites, South Africa. Ichnos, 15(3), pp. 190–207.

Roberts, D.L., Bateman, M.D., Murray-Wallace, C.V., Carr, A.S. and Holmes, P.J., 2009. West coast dune plumes: Climate driven contrasts in dunefield morphogenesis along the western and southern South African coasts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271(1–2), pp. 24–38.

Roelofse, F. and Ashwal, L.D., 2008. Symplectitic augite from the Platreef – textural evidence for fluid/rock interac-tion in the Northern Sector of the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex? South African Journal of Geology, 111(1), pp. 21–26.

Singh, M., Kijko, A. and Durrheim, R., 2009. Seismotectonic models for South Africa. Synthesis of geoscientific information, problems and way forward. Seismological Research Letters, 80, pp. 65–73.

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Singh, R.G., Botha, G.A., Richards, N.P. and McCarthy, T.S., 2008. Holocene landslides in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology, 111(1), pp. 39–52.

Svensen, H., Bebout, G., Kronz, A., Li, L., Planke, S., Chevallier, L. and Jamtveit, B., 2008. Nitrogen geochemistry as a tracer of fluid flow in a hydrothermal vent complex in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(20), pp. 4929–4947.

Temme, A.J.A.M., Baartman, J.E.M., Botha, G.A., Veldkamp, A., Jongmans, A.G. and Wallinga, J., 2008. Climate controls on late Pleistocene landscape evolution of the Okhombe valley, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Geomorphology, 99(1–4), pp. 280–295.

Trollip, N., Van Rooy, L. and Eriksson, P., 2008. Analysis of the occurrence and importance of slot development (grykes) within shallow dolomite zones in a selected type area on the Eccles Formation. South African Journal of Geology, 111(2–3), pp. 333–344.

Van Wyk, N. and Coetzee, H., 2008. The distribution of uranium in groundwater in the Bushmanland and Namaqualand areas, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. In: Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology (B.J. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 639–644.

Wade, P. and Coetzee, H., 2008. Risk assessment of uranium in selected gold mining areas in South Africa. In: Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology (B.J. Merkel and A. Hasche-Berger, eds). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 141–150.

Wang, Q., Tobias, P.V., Roberts, D.L. and Jacobs, Z., 2008. A re-examination of a human femur found at the Blind River Site, East London, South Africa: its age, morphol-ogy, and breakage pattern. Anthropological Review, 71, pp. 43–61.

Zadorozhnaya, V.Y., 2008. Resistivity measured by direct and alternating current: why are they different? Advances in Geosciences, 19, pp. 45–59.

Conference Abstracts and Posters

Barnardo, D.J., 2008. Tswaing: a proposed first South African Geopark. Abstract, The 3rd International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks, Ostnabrück, Germany, 22–26 June 2008.

Barnardo, D.J., 2008. The role of the Geological Society of South Africa in promoting the establishment of Africa’s first Geopark at the Tswaing Meteorite Impact Crater. Abstract, Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution IV Conference, Vredefort Dome, South Africa, 17–21 August 2008.

Bosch, P.J.A., 2008. A holistic approach to geological infor-mation interpretation and representation to optimize and aid engineering geological zonation on dolomitic hazardous land. Proceedings, Problem Soils Seminar 2008, South African Institute for Engineering and Environmental Geologists/Geotechnical Division of the South African Institute of Civil Engineering, Midrand, 3–4 November 2008, pp. 189–201.

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Boulter, C., Bateman, M.D. and Roberts, D.L., 2008. OSL and TT-OSL dating of Late Tertiary and Quaternary sediments from the Western Cape, South Africa. 12th International Conference on Luminescence and Electron Spin Resonance Dating, Beijing, China, 18–22 September 2008.

Brandt, M.B.C., Grand, S.P., Nyblade, A. and Dirks, P., 2009. Upper mantle seismic structure beneath Southern Africa determined from SH body waveform inversion. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Chileza, G. and Robertson, S., 2008. Landslide incidence in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Proceedings, The First World Landslide Forum, Tokyo, Japan, 18–21 November 2008.

Cichowicz, A., 2008. Near-field pulse-type motion of small events in deep gold mines: Observation, Response Spectra and Drift Spectra. Abstract, 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 12–17 October 2008.

Cichowicz, A., 2009. Introduction to Mining Seismology. Lectures, Summer School, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 19–23 January 2009.

Cichowicz, A., 2009. Strong ground motion prediction for the Stilfontein earthquake, ML 5.3. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Cichowicz, A.E., Kgaswane, J. and Ramperthap, M., 2008. Characterization of ground motion in regions of South Africa at rock sites. Abstract, American Geophysical Union 2008 Fall Meeting, Special Session: Uncertainty in Geophysical Data Interpretation: Implications and Developments, San Francisco, California, USA, 15–19 December 2008.

Cichowicz, A.E., Kgaswane, J., Ramperthap, M. and Singh, M., 2009. Amplifications of ground motion in different regions of South Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Coetzee, H., 2008. Radiometric surveying in the vicinity of Witwatersrand gold mines. International Mine Closure

Conference 2008. Proceedings, Third International Seminar on Mine Closure (A. Fourie, M. Tibbett, I. Weiersbye and P. Dye, eds), Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Johannesburg, 14–17 October 2008, pp. 617–630.

Coetzee, H., Nengobela, N.R., Vorster, C., Sebake, D. and Mudau, S., 2008. South Africa’s strategy for the man-agement of derelict and ownerless mines. International Mine Closure Conference 2008. Proceedings, Third International Seminar on Mine Closure (A. Fourie, M. Tibbett, I. Weiersbye and P. Dye, eds), Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Johannesburg, 14–17 October 2008, pp. 113–124.

Cole, D.I., 2008. Important industrial mineral potentials in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Abstract, 3rd Industrial Minerals Conference, Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 31 July 2008, pp. 22–24.

Cole, D.I. and Smith, R.M.H., 2008. Fluvial architecture of the Late Permian Beaufort Group deposits, S.W. Karoo Basin: Point bars, crevasse splays, palaeosols, vertebrate fossils and uranium. Field Excursion Guidebook, AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Cape Town, 21–25 October 2008, FT02, pp. 1–110.

Croukamp, L., 2008. A proposed geotechnical GIS for lunar exploration. Lunar and Planetary Conference 2008, Houston, Texas, USA, 19–20 November 2008.

Croukamp, L., 2008. Proposed lunar geotechnical GIS. LEAG/ILWEG/SRR Workshop, Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA, 28–31 October 2008.

De Beer, C.H., 2009. On the possible origins of seismicity in the SW Cape Province, South Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

De Beer, C.H. and Roberts, D.L., 2009. Post-Neogene fault-ing along the West Coast of South Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

De Kock, G., 2008. Tectonic Map of Africa. Poster, 22nd Colloquium of African Geology/13th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa (Knowledge, Solidarity, Development), Hammamet, Tunisia, 4–6 November 2008.

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De Kock, G.S., Botha, P., Theveniaut, H. and Gyapong, W., 2008. Lithostratigraphy of the Birimian Complex in the Bolé-Navarongo Belt and Maluwe Basin of west-ern Ghana. Abstract, 22nd Colloquium of African Geology/13th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa (Knowledge, Solidarity, Development), Hammamet, Tunisia, 4–6 November 2008, pp. 358–359.

De Kock, G.S., Botha, P., Theveniaut, H. and Gyapong, W., 2008. Structural geology of the Birimian Complex in the Palaeoproterozoic Bolé-Navarongo Belt and Maluwe Basin, western Ghana. Abstract, 22nd Colloquium of African Geology/13th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa (Knowledge, Solidarity, Development), Hammamet, Tunisia, 4–6 November 2008, pp. 360–361.

De Kock, G.S., Frost-Killian, S., Wolmarans, L., Rajendran, N. and Ganguly, D., 2008. The India–South Africa Bilateral Research Project: Precambrian crustal and tectono-metallogenic map at 1:5 million scale. Abstract, 22nd Colloquium of African Geology/13th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa (Knowledge, Solidarity, Development), Hammamet, Tunisia, 4–6 November 2008, pp. 356–357.

Eberle, D.G., Cole, P., Truffert, C. and Zué Ella, F., 2008. Where others waver – Reflections on recent airborne geophysi-cal survey work in Gabon – West Central Africa. Extended Abstract, 14th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysicists (Near Surface 2008), Krakau, Poland, 15–17 September 2008, 4 pp.

Eberle, D.G., Cole, P., Walemba, A. and Mouity Itoumba, P-A., 2009. Illuminating crustal development using country-wide airborne geophysical surveys – the Central Gabon case. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Eberle, D.G., Stettler, E.H., Stettler, R.H. and Zadorozhnaya, V., 2009. Applications of time domain electromagnetic soundings under different geological settings in southern Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Engelbrecht, J. and Goedhart, M.L., 2009. Advanced dif-ferential interferometry for detection of crustal warp-ing and potential movement along the Baviaanskloof fault – towards earthquake hazard assessment. Abstract and poster, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and

Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Frost-Killian, S., 2008. An overview of the geology and mine-ralization of Africa. Abstract, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future. SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008, pp. 15–17.

Frost-Killian, S., 2008. A brief review of the Precambrian metallogeny of Peninsular India, Madagascar and east-ern/southern Africa. Abstract, 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, Norway, 6–14 August 2008.

Gastaldo, R.A., Neveling, J. and Pace, D., 2008. Evidence for aggradational and degradational landscapes in the Karoo Basin during the Early Triassic. Abstract, Biennial Meeting, Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa, Matjiesfontein, South Africa, 12–14 September 2008, pp. 99–100.

Gastaldo, R.A., Kamo, S.L., Neveling, J., Prevec, R., Prevec, S. and Reid, S.B., 2008. An assessment of terrestrial eco-system response to the end Permian crisis, Karoo Basin, South Africa. Abstract, Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Houston, Texas, 5–9 October 2008, p. 264.

Glass, J., Van Tonder, D., Wade, P., Croukamp, L. and Venter, J., 2008. Method refinement in assessing sediment contami-nation in wetlands around the historical Witwatersrand gold mining area, South Africa, using chironomid larvae in situ and laboratory bioassays. Poster, 5th SETAC World Congress, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Sydney, Australia, 3–7 August 2008.

Goedhart, M.L. and Saunders, I., 2009. Review of seismicity and fault reactivation in the southeastern Cape Fold Belt, South Africa, and proposals to improve the SANSN cata-logue for use by non-seismologists. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Grantham, G.H., Armstrong, R.A., Kruger, F.J. and Manhica, A.S.D.T., 2008. New SHRIMP data from central Mozambique: Implications for shearing along the eastern margin of the Zimbabwe Craton and the amalgamation of Gondwana. Abstract, Gondwana 13, Dali, China, 15–21 September 2008, p. 54.

Hartnady, C.J.H., Brundrit, G., Hunter, I., Luger, S.I., Saunders, I. and Wonnacott, R., 2009. The Cape West Coast tsu-nami of 20–21 August 2008. Abstract, IASPEI 2009

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General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Heath, G. and Oosthuizen, T., 2008. A preliminary overview of the sinkhole record of South Africa. Proceedings, Problem Soils Seminar 2008, South African Institute for Engineering and Environmental Geologists/Geotechnical Division of the South African Institute of Civil Engineering, Midrand, 3–4 November 2008, pp. 175–180.

Heath, G., Oosthuizen, T. and Kleywegt, R., 2008. Venterspost Town and Village: South Africa. A sinkhole farm or development land? Proceedings, 11th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst: Integrating Science and Engineering to Solve Karst Problems, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)/Geo Institute of ASCE, Tallahassee, Florida, USA, 22–26 September 2008, pp. 622–631.

Heath, G., Trollip, N. and Venter, I., 2008. Mandate and powers of the Council for Geoscience in respect of deve-lopment on dolomite having regard to applicable legis-lation. Proceedings, Problem Soils Seminar 2008, South African Institute for Engineering and Environmental Geologists/Geotechnical Division of the South African Institute of Civil Engineering, Midrand, 3–4 November 2008, pp. 163–166.

Jones, A.G., Muller, M.P., Miensopust, M.P., Hamilton, M.P., Evans, R.L., Cole, P., Ngwisanyi, T., Hutchins, D., Fourie, C.J.S., Doucoure, M., Aravanis, T., Pettit, W., Webb, S., Wasborg, J. and the SAMTEX Team, 2009. Geometry and structures of the southern African lithosphere revealed through deep-probing electromagnetics: The SAMTEX project. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Katemaunzanga, D., Love, D. and Shoko, D., 2008. Geology of the Ndepa Inlier and the surrounding Karoo Sequences – Implications on the tectono-evolution of the Mid-Zambezi Basin. Abstract and poster, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008, pp. 255–264.

Katemaunzanga, D., Madi, K., Maponga, O.J., Munyaradzi, J., Musanhu, R. and Mabvira, S.E., 2008. Coal quality predic-tion and market adaptability at Hwange Colliery Company Limited in Zimbabwe – Low Phosphorous Challenge. Abstract and poster, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of

Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008, pp. 265–270.

Kgaswane, E., Nyblade, A., Webb, S., Dirks, P. and Durrheim, R., 2009. Shear wave velocity structure of the Bushveld Complex. Abstract and poster, American Geophysical Union 2008 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, USA, 15–19 December 2008.

Kgaswane, E., Nyblade, A., Dirks, P., Pasyanos, M., Julia, J. and Durrheim, R., 2009. Crustal structure of southern Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Lindeque, A.S., Ryberg, T. and De Wit, M., 2008. Deep crustal profile across the southern Karoo Basin, Cape Fold Belt front and Beattie magnetic anomaly, South Africa. Proceedings, AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Cape Town, 26–29 October 2008.

Loots, L., Ryberg, T. and Durrheim, R.J., 2009. Investigation of the crust in the southern Karoo using the seismic reflec-tion technique. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Madi, K. and Katemaunzanga, D., 2008. Contribution to the mineralogical study of the mantle xenoliths and the kim-berlites of the Plateau of Kundelungu pipes, Kambeli and Msipashi (Katanga, DRC). Poster, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Student Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 5–6 July 2008.

Master, S. and Frost-Killian, S., 2008. An overview of the base metal deposits of Africa. Abstract, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008.

Master, S. and Frost-Killian, S., 2008. Gold deposits in Africa: an overview of their geological setting and distribu-tion in time and space. Workshop: Gold Deposits of the African Continent, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 5 July 2008.

Midzi, V. and Goedhart, M.L., 2009. Palaeoseismic investiga-tion along the Kango fault, South Africa: determination of

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associated uncertainty. Abstract and poster, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Midzi, V., Saunders, I., Brandt, M.B.C. and Molea, T., 2009. Determination of a velocity model for use by the SANSN in earthquake location. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Monahan, D., Schwer, K., Wigley, R., Uddin, J., Tinmouth, N., Jinadasa, P., Ito, K. and Gonçalves, D., 2008. GEBCO visual library, proof of concept. Poster, Third Annual GEBCO Bathymetric Science Day, GEBCO Technical Sub-Committee on Ocean Mapping, Tokyo, Japan, 28 May 2008.

Muller, M.R., Jones, A.G., Evans, R.L., Grütter, H.S., Hatton, C., Garcia, X., Hamilton, M.P., Miensopust, M.P., Cole, P., Ngwisanyi, T., Hutchins, D., Fourie, C.J., Doucouré, C.M., Aravanis, T., Pettit, W., Webb, S.J., Wasborg, J. and the SAMTEX Team, 2009. Lithospheric structure, evolution and diamond prospectivity of the Rehoboth Terrane and western Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa: constraints from broadband magnetotellurics. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Neveling, J., 2008. Assessing the impact of the end-Permian mass-extinction on the vertebrate faunas of the Karoo. Abstract (Keynote Address), Annual Meeting, Geological Society of America, Houston, Texas, 5–9 October 2008.

Ngcofe, L., McGregor, G. and Chevallier, L., 2008. The use of tasselled cap analysis and household interviews towards assessment and monitoring of land degrada-tion: A case study within the Wit-Kei catchment in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Abstract, 5th International Conference on Land Degradation, Valenzano, Bari, Italy, 18–22 September 2008, 2, pp. 203–206.

Nhleko, O.L., 2008. Groundwater flow modeling for the town of Beaufort West, South Africa. Abstract and Poster, 33rd International Geological Congress, Oslo, Norway, 6–14 August 2008.

Nhleko, O.L., 2009. Groundwater exploration; ensuring water for a poor rural settlement in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Poster, 5th World Water Forum, Istanbul, Turkey, 16–22 March 2009.

Nxumalo, V., Roberts, E. and Neveling, J., 2008. Tectonics and 3-dimensional modelling of the Kalahari-Karoo sub-basins in Southwest Botswana, Southeast Namibia and the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Abstract and poster, AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Cape Town, 26–29 October 2008, p. 24.

Pace, D., Gastaldo, R.A. and Neveling, J., 2008. Early Triassic landscape evolution (Karoo Basin, South Africa). Abstract, AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Cape Town, 26–29 October 2008, p. 36.

Roberts, D.L., 2008. Last Interglacial fossil trackways in coastal aeolianites at Still Bay. Abstract, 15th Biennial Meeting, Palaeontological Society of Southern Africa, Matjiesfontein, South Africa, 12–14 September 2008.

Roberts, D.L., 2008. Evolution of the Benguela cold upwell-ing tongue. Abstract, 22nd Colloquium of African Geology/13th Conference of the Geological Society of Africa (Knowledge, Solidarity, Development), Hammamet, Tunisia, 4–6 November 2008.

Roberts, D.L., 2009. Fifteen million years of palaeoen-vironmental evolution at the southern tip of Africa. Proceedings, 5th EGU Alexander von Humboldt International Conference, Iphakade: climate changes & African earth systems, past, present and future, University of Cape Town, 16–20 January 2009.

Roberts, D.L., 2009. Historical and palaeo-record of tsunami in southern Africa – A Review. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Roberts, D.L., Boulter, C. and Bateman, M.D., 2008. Aeolian deposition in Equatorial West Africa during the last three Glacial Periods: implications for global climate. Proceedings, 3rd Southern Deserts Conference – Kalahari 2008, Climate change and the peopling of the southern deserts, Molopo Lodge, Northern Cape, South Africa, 16–19 September 2008.

Roberts, D.L., Boulter, C. and Bateman, M.D., 2009. Aeolian deposition in equatorial West Africa during three glacial periods (OIS 2/3; 6; 10): implications for global climate. Poster, 5th EGU Alexander von Humboldt International Conference, Iphakade: climate changes & African earth systems, past, present and future, University of Cape Town, 16–20 January 2009.

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Roberts, D.L., Carr, A. and Boom, A., 2008. Evolution of the Benguela Cold Upwelling Tongue along the South African Coast: Evidence from Molluscan Isotopes and the Palaeoenvironment. Proceedings, International Symposium, Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems: Integrative and Comparative Approaches, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, 2–6 June 2008.

Shelembe, R.P. and Cawthorn, R.G., 2008. The mineralization process as deduced from Sr isotopic data from Lonplats’ Eastern Platinum Mine, Western Bushveld Complex and large-scale geometry of the floor to the Merensky Reef. Abstract and poster, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008, pp. 246–249.

Taylor, C.D., Cox, D.P., Frost-Killian, S., Gauert, C., Hansen, R.,

Mabidi, T., Master, S., Moore, J., Nyambe, I. and Walemba, A., 2008. Progress towards a global estimate of undiscov-ered sedimentary copper resources. The example of the Central African Copperbelt. Abstract, Africa Uncovered: Mineral Resources for the Future, SEG-GSSA 2008 Conference, Society of Economic Geologists/Geological Society of South Africa, Johannesburg, 7–10 July 2008.

Tessema, A., 2009. Interpretation of the gravity field of the northern portion of the East African Rift: Implication for Crustal Extension. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Ear28), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Van Tonder, D.M. and Venter, J., 2008. Assessment of lead exposure in South African cities. Poster, 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium, Madrid, Spain, 9–11 June 2008.

Van Tonder, D.M., Croukamp, L. and Maritz, H., 2008. Development of an on-site method for assessing lead exposure in South African urban areas, using dust wipes and a field portable X-Ray Fluorescence instru-ment. Abstract, 9th Highway and Urban Environment Symposium, Madrid, Spain, 9–11 June 2008.

Van Tonder, D.M., Coetzee, H., Esterhuyse, S., Msezane, N.,

Strachan, L., Wade, P., Mafanya, T. and Mudau, S., 2008. South Africa’s challenges pertaining to mine closure – The concept of a regional mine closure strategy. International Mine Closure Conference 2008. Proceedings, Third International Seminar on Mine Closure (A. Fourier, M. Tibbett, I. Weiersbye and P. Dye, eds), Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Johannesburg, 14–17 October 2008, pp. 87–98.

Wigley, R., 2008. Research tools in ocean mapping. Poster, Third Annual GEBCO Bathymetric Science Day, GEBCO Technical Sub-Committee on Ocean Mapping, Tokyo, Japan, 28 May 2008.

Wigley, R., Pe’eri, S. and Ward, L., 2008. Shallow Survey 2008. Poster, 5th International Conference on High-Resolution Surveys in Shallow Water, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, USA, 21–24 October 2008.

Zadorozhnaya, V.Yu., 2009. Looking inside pores: Polarization by constrictivity of pores. Short Abstract, 22nd Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 29 March–2 April 2009.

Zadorozhnaya, V.Yu and Hauger, M., 2008. Resistivity mea-sured by direct and alternating current: why are they different? Geophysical Research Abstracts, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2008, Vienna, Austria, 13–18 April 2008, 10, EGU2008-A-11729.

Zadorozhnaya, V.Yu. and Stettler, E.H., 2009. Time domain electromagnetic soundings to delineate hydrocar-bon contamination of ground water. Short Abstract, 22nd Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems (SAGEEP), Fort Worth, Texas, USA, 29 March–2 April 2009.

Zadorozhnaya, V.Yu, Eberle, D., Stettler, E.H. and Stettler, R.H., 2009. Applications of time domain electromagnetic soundings under different geological settings in southern Africa. Abstract, IASPEI 2009 General Assembly (Rhythm of the Earth), International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth’s Interior, Cape Town, 12–16 January 2009.

Publications in Popular Journals and Books

Frost-Killian, S., Botha, G.A., Forbes, C., Grobbelaar, M., Heath, G., Linzer, L., Mather, A., Oosthuizen, T., Roberts, D., Singh, R. and Zawada, P.K., 2008. Geohazards – the risks beneath our feet. Quest, Science for South Africa, 4(2), pp. 28–33.

Council for Geoscience, 2008. GEOClips Newsletter, 24, June 2008.

Council for Geoscience, 2008. GEOClips Newsletter, 25, September 2008.

Council for Geoscience, 2008. GEOClips Newsletter, 26, December 2008.

Council for Geoscience, 2009. GEOClips Newsletter, 27, March 2009.

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global geoscience footprint

The African Continent• Metallogenic Map of Africa, 1:5 000 000 scale• Tectonic Map of Africa, 1:5 000 000 scale• Seismotectonic Map of AfricaThese projects are conducted under the auspices of theCommission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW)

SADC Countries• Evaluation of resources of diamonds, heavy-mineral

sands, bauxite, gold, copper, cobalt, gemstones, dimen-sion stone and industrial minerals

• Investigation of carbonatites• Engineering-geological mapping of selected urban

growth centres• Study of distribution of Karoo deposits throughout the

SADC region

• 1:2 500 000-scale geological map• 1:2 500 000-scale geohydrological map

Algeria• Institutional reform

Angola• Published a metallogenic map• Cartographic production and publication of geological

maps

Benin• Published geological maps and explanations

Botswana• Geotechnical mapping of the Lobatse area• Airborne geophysical survey

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Central African Republic• Remote sensing interpretation• Geological mapping of greenstone beltsDemocratic Republic of Congo• Compiled and published a geological and a metallo-

genic map

Gabon• Compiled and published a geological and a metallo-

genic map• High-density geophysical surveys

Ghana• Geological and geochemical mapping• Regional geochemical sampling

Lesotho• Several projects related to the Lesotho Highlands Water

Scheme• Geochemical sampling (of indicator minerals for

diamonds)

Madagascar• Supervision of airborne geophysical surveys• Geological mapping• Extension of EEZ• Restructuring of Library and Information Centre• Supervision of World Bank Mapping project

Malawi• Installation of a seismological network

Mauritania• Supervision of a World Bank project to map the

country

Morocco• Several projects related to geological and geochemical

mapping• Quality control and supervision of airborne geophysical

survey

Mozambique• Published a metallogenic map• Installation and monitoring of a seismological network• Digitising and reprocessing of geophysical data• 1:250 000-scale geological mapping of selected areas• Supervision of a World Bank project to map the

country• Offshore geophysical surveys• Publication of a Mineral Resources Handbook• Geohydrological mapping and research

Namibia• Airborne geophysical survey

Nigeria• Publication of several geological maps• Compilation of a metallogenic map• Digitising and reprocessing of geophysical data

Rwanda• Risk analysis of volcanic range

Sierra Leone• Compilation of 1:250 000-scale geological maps

Sudan• Investigation of gold deposits

Tanzania• Published a map of the Dodoma depression

Togo• Investigation of gold deposits

Zambia• Airborne and ground geophysical surveys• Geophysical data recovery and interpretation

Zimbabwe• Airborne geophysical surveys• Geophysical data recovery and interpretation Funding for some of the listed development projects wasprovidedby:WorldBank;AfricanDevelopmentBank;NordicDevelopmentFund

Europe

Albania• Tectonic map, 1:200 000 scale

India• Bilateral cooperative research project on coal and

metallogeny

Pakistan• Seismic safety design for tunnels and dam walls

Middle East

Oman• Assistance with copper-mining operations

United Arab Emirates

Fujairah• Geological mapping, 1:50 000 scale

Yemen• Reprocessing of geophysical data

Papua New Guinea• Technical assistance • Geological mapping• Mineral potential assessment of highland area

South America

Argentina• Surveying of mining areas• Assessment of mineral resources

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social responsibility

Centre of ExcellenceTwo young scientists from the Engineering Geoscience Unit of the CGS presented the results of the Limpopo landslide hazard project at the First World Landslide Forum in Japan in November 2008. The CGS was certified as a Centre of Excellence contributing to risk reduction for landslides and related earth-system disasters. The CGS is now also a member of the International Consortium on Landslides.

Seismology Workshop 2008The second Seismology Workshop to be held at the CGS was entitled ‘Characterisation of Strong Ground Motion for Damage Potential’ and attracted 85 experts from industry and research organisations.

The workshop was aimed at seismologists and rock, civil and geotechnical engineers since they understand the devas-tating effects of strong ground motion on structures. All structures should be designed to resist the dynamic loads

of the council for geoscience during 2008/09of the council for geoscience during 2008/09of the council for geoscience during 2008/09of the council for geoscience during 2008/09

caused by ground motion. However, differences occur in the caused by ground motion. However, differences occur in the application of seismic design techniques in industry. Thus, the study of strong ground motion and earthquake hazard has to involve a larger number of experts.

The workshop provided a platform for the sharing of know-ledge, data and own experiences in order to enhance better and quicker developments within this field in the future.

Young Science ForumA Young Science Forum (YSF) was established at the CGS to create an environment that encourages young employees to participate in activities that will enhance their career prospects. This forum aims to facilitate communication amongst young employees, between young scientists/technicians and senior scientists, as well as between young employees and the CGS Management. The YSF has been structured in such a way that it is open to all employees of the age of 35 years or younger.

A committee, consisting of a chairperson, secretary, HR representative and unit representatives held monthly briefing sessions. During the year, the YSF

Young Science ForumA Young Science Forum (YSF) was established at the CGS to create an environment that encourages young employees to participate in activities that will enhance their career prospects. This forum aims to facilitate communication amongst young employees, between young scientists/technicians and senior scientists, as well as between young employees and the CGS Management. The YSF has been structured in such a way that it is open to all employees of the age of 35 years or younger.

A committee, consisting of a chairperson, secretary, HR representative and unit representatives held monthly briefing sessions. During the year, the YSF

Goodman Chiliza and Samantha Richardson received a ‘Centre of Excellence’ award on behalf of the CGS.

Members of the Young Science Forum on an outing to the Vredefort Dome.

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was involved in a number of programmes, including several talks on interesting topics, a field trip to the Vredefort Dome and a trip to the Walter Sisulu Botanical Gardens.

Visits to the CGSThe CGS hosted delegations from the following countries:

• Argentina – 17 September 2008• Swaziland – 4–6 November 2008 • Burkina Faso – 25–27 November 2008• Algeria – 10 December 2008• Uganda – 16 February 2009• Democratic Republic of Congo – 17 February 2009• Japan – 24 February 2009.

CGS ExhibitionsThe CGS was represented at numerous exhibitions and mining, geoscience and educational events, including the following:

• DME Learners Focus Week, Western Cape, 30 March–4 April 2008

• GIS Week, University of the Western Cape, 8–12 May 2008

• Soweto Careers Day, Dobsonville, 9–10 May 2008• Annual Science Week, Kimberley, 12–16 May 2008• Take a Child to Work, Western Cape, 28 May 2008• DME Exhibition, Cape Town, 9 June 2008• DME Learners Focus Week, Gauteng Province,

29 June–3 July 2008• 33rd International Geological Congress, Norway,

6–14 August 2008•• Sasol Techno, Secunda, 21 August 2008Sasol Techno, Secunda, 21 August 2008• DME Women’s March, Gallagher Estates,

28–30 August 2008• INSITE, Sandton Convention Centre,

15–16 September 2008• National Youth Agricultural Show, Williston,

29–30 September 2008• DME Youth Summit, Eskom Convention Centre,

22–23 October 2008• DME Mining Industry Expo, Braamfontein,

18 November 2008• IASPEI General Assembly, Cape Town,

10–16 January 2009• African Mining Partnership, Durban,

3–5 February 2009• Mining Indaba, Cape Town, 9–12 February 2009• OAGS Annual Meeting, Cape Town, 12 February 2009• Geo Manzi Launch and Exhibition, Cape Town,

13 February 2009 • PDAC Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada,

1–4 March 2009.

The delegation from Swaziland was one of several that visi ted the CGS.

Learners from the following schools visited the CGS:

• Lehlabile High School – 23 May 2008• Hoedspruit Secondary School – 23 May 2008• J Kekana Secondary School – 25 July 2008• Hoedspruit Secondary School – 25 July 2008• Sele Secondary School – 22 October 2008• Venda University Students – 21 November 2008• Sele Secondary School – 19 February 2009.

Learners from the Lehlabile Secondary School attending a presentation by CGS staff members.

CGS stand at the Mining Indaba held in Cape Town.

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CGS BursarsThe CGS has a group of 50 bursars, from first-year-degree level upwards, studying at various institutions towards their quali-fications in the various fields of the geosciences.

Surname Initial Gender Year of Study UniversityDube M G Female 1st North-West UniversityHlongoane G J Male 1st University of the WitwatersrandMpane T M Female 1st University of the WitwatersrandNtikang T J Male 1st University of the Western CapeBotsi D Male 2nd University of PretoriaButhelezi M C Female 2nd University of KwaZulu-NatalFish L G Male 2nd Vaal University of TechnologyLala A Male 2nd University of PretoriaLutsenge T B Female 2nd University of PretoriaMashale H Female 2nd University of Pretoria

Matlokotsi M B Male 2nd University of the Free State

Mkhize N E Female 2nd University of KwaZulu-NatalMphahlele C Female 2nd University of the WitwatersrandMulabisana F Female 2nd University of the WitwatersrandMutele L P Male 2nd Rhodes UniversityRikhatso C Male 2nd Tshwane University of TechnologySelepe M Male 2nd University of PretoriaSithole S T Male 2nd Stellenbosch UniversityXanga S Male 2nd University of Fort Hare Zama N Female 2nd University of KwaZulu-NatalBaker A Female 3rd Stellenbosch UniversityFaber C Female 3rd University of Cape TownGogotya B B Female 3rd University of Fort Hare Halenyane K Female 3rd University of Cape TownMhlongo P M Male 3rd University of KwaZulu-NatalMokoena N T Female 3rd Tshwane University of TechnologySelepe F P Male 3rd University of PretoriaSogayiso S L Female 3rd University of Fort Hare Zikalala M Male 3rd University of KwaZulu-NatalThenjekwayo T V Male National Diploma Tshwane University of TechnologyMasipa W Male BTech Tshwane University of TechnologySebidi M M Male BTech Tshwane University of TechnologyButhelezi T N Female Honours University of the Western CapeCloete M E Female Honours Stellenbosch UniversityFoley J J Female Honours University of PretoriaGaobakwe B J Male Honours University of the WitwatersrandGovender N Male Honours University of KwaZulu-NatalHadebe M Male Honours University of Cape TownKhanyile M M Male Honours University of the WitwatersrandMashishi K E Female Honours University of JohannesburgMolonyama L D Male Honours University of the Western CapeNyathi S V Male Honours University of KwaZulu-NatalOrford T C Female Honours University of PretoriaQutu B Male Honours Rhodes UniversityRobinson I Female Honours Stellenbosch UniversityVilakazi H Male Honours University of JohannesburgWiles E A Male Honours University of KwaZulu-NatalXaba M N Female Honours University of KwaZulu-NatalMathebula A Male MSc University of JohannesburgMatshivha M Female MSc Rhodes University

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future outlookof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscience

Historically, during the time when the CGS was known as the Historically, during the time when the CGS was known as the Geological Survey of South Africa, its business model was driven solely by the needs of the State. Upon the enactment of the Geoscience Act (Act No. 100 of 1993), the organisation became responsible for earning part of its funding. The need for increased commercial sources of income has increased with the growth and development of the organisation. Therefore, although the mandate of the CGS is clear, espe-cially with respect to the State, the current business model has, out of necessity, become more and more commercially driven. Under the current model, the CGS is responsible for earning as much as 50 per cent of its income commercially, with a targeted growth of at least 10 per cent per annum.

With this in mind, the two main challenges facing the CGS are:

• Challenges in respect of capacity building and retention of staff

• Challenges in revenue/funding.

These two fundamental challenges have a spiraling effect on the overall operation of the CGS. Achieving success in these two areas will ensure that the CGS meets its deliverables in the areas of innovation, research and development, mapping and recapitalisation. The needs of the country in respect of rapid urbanisation, sustainable social and economic devel-opment and economic growth are real, and the CGS needs to make progress in sustainable funding, as well as human resources, in order to meet these needs.

The balance between commercial and statutory pro-grammes is a growing concern for the organisation. The need to meet budgetary demands through commercial work constantly puts pressure on the local statutory focus of the CGS. It is not foreseen that the need for additional funding will change in the short term – it is likely in fact, to

intensify. The way forward in meeting these challenges is by intensify. The way forward in meeting these challenges is by becoming more relevant to the needs of the people of South Africa. Large geoscience programmes, which meet these criteria are being proposed to Government. Programmes of this type effectively replace commercial work, and bring the organisation back on track in terms of its statutory obliga-tions. Many of these programmes support a synergy with commercial work through the retention of rights to infor-mation such as mineral anomalies for use in the develop-ment of mining. The aforementioned programmes produce geoscience knowledge which directly affects areas such as mineral exploration (and thus small-scale mining), land use and environmental planning. There is also direct and indirect provision of employment opportunities and encouragement of social and community development through implementa-tion of the planned programmes. Agency and Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) funding are key to the suc-cess of these programmes.

No further projects were awarded to the CGS through the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework for the Mineral Target Generation Project in 2008/09. The CGS is submitting project proposals relating to further mineral-target genera-tion, the establishment of a National Exploration Data and Information Centre and the re-assessment of energy miner-als (coal, uranium and thorium) for the country. These pro-jects have been identified as having the largest impact on the geoscience needs of South Africa.

The issue of capacity building and human resources is cur-rently being dealt with in a two-pronged approach. From the top, senior scientists are identified and employed in the CGS with the objective of assisting in achieving its mandate, and retaining critical earth-science skills, while from the bottom, an aggressive bursary programme ensures a steady stream of talented young scientists entering the CGS. A mentorship programme ensures that the necessary link between the

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senior and junior scientists is established, and that skills are appropriately transferred to the junior scientists.

Increased revenue and funding will allow the CGS to achieve its targets in terms of recapitalisation. The upgrading and pur-chasing of new equipment is critical to achieving the mandate of the organisation, as well as to ensure that the organisation remains scientifically relevant in the global community. There are two aspects to the recapitalisation process:

• Firstly, aging equipment needs to be assessed and replaced. The assessment determines whether the fun-damental technique employed is still relevant; if not, newer techniques are identified and pursued.

• Secondly, new techniques which are gaining global popularity are investigated. An example of this is the instrument called ‘SHRIMP’ (Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe), of which six are operating in Australia, two in Japan, two in China, one in Canada, one in the United States of America, one in Russia, and one in São Paulo. Currently, there is no such instrument in Africa.

Strategic partnerships will have to be forged to address the problem of recapitalisation more comprehensively. Training and development of an adequate staff component will form an integral part of the process. This will also lead the way to high-level research activities. A noteworthy achievement is the recent approval of the CGS as a World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction for the period 2008 to 2011.

The CGS has large spatial and non-spatial geoscience data-bases which are continuously being updated. This informa-tion is invaluable in mining, environmental and engineering activities. A wealth of data also exists within the Department of Minerals and Energy which needs to be centralised and

organised. This will require additional resources, but is vital to future resource planning for South Africa. The CGS has already investigated the possibility of making such infor-mation available on the internet, and a web Geoportal has already been created for this purpose.

The CGS sees itself as a vital role player in the future energy needs of South Africa. Currently, it is involved in assisting Eskom in the process of performing geophysical, geo logical and seismological studies of possible sites for nuclear-power stations. Accurate and reliable geological informa-tion is vital to the safety of these areas, and the CGS, as the leading geoscience agency in South Africa, is well able to provide such information.

Carbon capture and storage is a global concern, and the CGS has undertaken preliminary investigations into meeting this need for southern Africa. The CGS is partnering with the Centre for Carbon Capture and Storage in ongoing work in this regard. The research performed by the CGS is essential to progress in this vital area. A project to create a net carbon storage for South Africa has been initiated with expected completion in 2010; agreements with relevant stakeholders are in place. Funding for these initiatives comes mainly from agency work and from sources such as the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework.

Progress in the upgrading of the office and laboratory envi-ronment of the organisation remains a focal point for the near future. Phase 1 of the project, which is the improve-ment of the Western Cape Regional Office, is already under-way. Work on the CGS Head Office, in particular, will have to be funded through an additional appropriation, how-ever, as this cannot be financed through the Medium-term Expenditure Framework.

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sustainability reportof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscience

EXECUTIVE REMUNERATION

Chief ExecutiveIn terms of Section 18(5) of the Geoscience Act (Act No. 100 of 1993), the ‘Executive Officer shall be appointed on such conditions, including conditions relating to payment of remuneration, allowances, subsidies and other benefits as the Management Board may determine in accordance with a system approved from time to time by the Minister of Minerals and Energy with the concurrence of the Minister of State Expenditure’.

Executive Management TeamThe remuneration of the Executive Management team is determined by the Management Board of the CGS and is reviewed from time to time.

TRANSFORMATION

The CGS adheres to equal opportunity and affirmative action principles as promulgated in the Employment Equity Act (Act No. 55 of 1998).

The Personnel, Remuneration and Transformation Com-mittee of the Management Board is responsible for moni-toring and evaluating progress on transformation and skills development.

The CGS operates in a labour market characterised by a scar-city of geoscience skills and a market that is highly competi-tive. Positive measures are in place to address attraction of potential scientific skills from designated groupings. A bur-sary scheme was put in place, and the programme is used as a feeder pipeline to attract potential and developing scien-tists from designated groups into the field of geoscience.

The CGS absorbed 100 per cent of the bursars who comThe CGS absorbed 100 per cent of the bursars who com--pleted their studies in 2008 as permanent staff members, of which 40 per cent are White and 60 per cent Black.

The following graphs illustrate the demographic composi-tion of the staff and bursars of the CGS.

Overall Staff Profile as at 31 March 2009

White 43%

African 51%Indian 2%

Coloured 4%

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ETHICAL MANAGEMENT

Adherence to code of ethicsThe CGS has developed and adopted a Code of Conduct for the CEO, Executive Managers and staff. The code of conduct links to the CGS values and requires all employees to main-tain the highest ethical standards, ensuring that business practices are conducted in a manner that, in all reasonable circumstances, is beyond reproach.

HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The CGS Business Continuity Committee (BCC) incorporates the Health and Safety Committee, which was established in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act No. 85 of 1993). This Committee meets on a quarterly basis to discuss work-related health and safety issues identified at the CGS. Expert advice is given to Unit Managers regarding health at work and safe working practices.

In accordance with the responsibilities of the BCC, floor mar-shals have been appointed to oversee the basic health and safety aspects of the CGS. These officials have received first-aid training to support their role. A Public Announcement (PA) system has been installed at the CGS Head Office and an emergency drill was successfully completed on 18 April 2008 as part of the organisation’s preparation for emer-gency situations.

Overall Staff Appointments as at 31 March 2009

White 19.67%

African 73.77%

Indian 4.92%

Coloured 1.64%

Overall Bursar Demographics as at 31 March 2009

White 14%African 82%

Indian 4%

Coloured 0%

Overall Bursar Status as at 31 March 2009

MSc 4%

Honours 32%

BSc 3rd year 18%

BSc 2nd year 32%

BSc 1st year 8%

BTech 4%

Nat. Dip. 2%

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Executive Manager Regional Geoscience and Mapping

- Peter Zawada

Central Regions - Abraham Thomas Western Cape - Luc Chevallier Northern Cape - Luc Chevallier Eastern Cape - Greg Botha KwaZulu-Natal - Greg Botha Limpopo - Nick Baglow Marine Geoscience - Katherine Smith

Chief Executive OfficerThibedi Ramontja

Board Administrator

Nangamso Mbeki

Executive ManagerApplied Geoscience - Fhatuwani Ramagwede

Mineral Resources Development - Stewart Foya Water Geoscience - Leslie Strachan Engineering Geoscience - René RouxEnvironmental Geoscience

- Danél van Tonder (acting)

Strategic Services(in the office of the CEO)Nico Keyser, Maleka Monyepao

• Strategy Planning Cycle• Technology and Innovation

Management• Commercial Project Tender

Management• Annual Technical Programme

Management

Corporate ServicesHuman Resources - Senior Manager

- Malefshane Kola

Marketing and Communications - Nthombi Mdluli Jacha

CFO ServicesFinances - Leonard Matsepe (CFO)

Information and Communication Technology - Peter Motaung

Procurement and Logistics - De Clerq Botha Technical Services - De Clerq Botha

Executive Manager Scientific Services - Gerhard Graham

Laboratory - Thinus Cloete Information and Collections Management

- Danie Barnardo Regional Geochemical Mapping - Thinus Cloete Geophysics - Patrick Cole Seismology - Michelle GrobbelaarSpatial Data Management - Ken Wilkinson

managementof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscienceof the council for geoscience

RP: 55/2009ISBN: 978-1-920226-21-3