sustainable production of biomass - bioenergy course 2014edited

8/11/2019 Sustainable Production of Biomass - Bioenergy Course 2014edited

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Sustainable production of

biomass for bio-energyproduction

Bioenergy

production for

sustainable

development

Annie FA Chimphango (PhD)

Department of Process Engineering

Stellenbosch University

[email protected]


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Outline

Introduction

Biomass production

issues

Biomass productionsustainability

Biomass production bestpractices


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Introduction- Energy

Demand

The global demand for

bioenergy is increasing due

to:Oil price increases

Efforts in climate change

mitigation measuresDevelopment of strategies

for low-carbon economies


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Introduction: Role of Biomass

Energy

Case of Malawi


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Introduction: Biomass Types

Energy crops

Forest plantations/ residues

Industrial /Agricultural residues

Animal waste

Municipal solid waste


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Introduction: Energy crops

Sugar crops

Starchy crops

Cellulosic material

Oil crops


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Introduction: Energy crops

There is need to increase yields and optimise

agricultural production

Yields can be increased by improving cultivation

methods.

Choice of crops, noting that

different places have different agricultural

productivity potential.

Different plant feedstocks are also

responsive to different objectives

Different biomass provide different

combination of energy products and

intermediates.
http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/protabase/Photfile%20Images/Jatropha%20curcas%20seed.jpg


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Introduction: Biomass production

potential

Biomass production potential

Developing countries:

agricultural production is

below its potential.

Developed world: the

agricultural productivity ishigh but at the expense of

the environment.


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Biomass production issues

Case of Malawi: Consumption exceeds supply


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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Foodproduction(1961=10

0%) Asia

South America

AfricaWorld

North America

Europe

Biomass production issues

Food production trends

There is need to watch the

food production trends-

slowing down in developed

countries


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Biomass production issues: Arable land per

person is decreasing

There is need to

consider the land

allocation per capita,

which suggest that

although food

production isincreasing, the

amounts per capita

are getting smaller


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Biomass production issues: Different Plant

Feedstocks are Responsive to Different Objectives

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Feedstock

Large Scale

Production

Rural

Economic

Development

Petroleum

Displacement

(Security)

Fossil Fuel

Displacement/

GHG

Reductions

Soil

Fertility

& Ag.

Ecology

Low Cost Fuels

(feedstock &

conversion)

Per

unit

Total

Now

Future

Per unit

Total

Per unit

Total

Now

Future

Ratings:

excellent

very good

good

fair

poor

Oil crops

Sugar-rich

Starch-rich

Cellulosic

This is based on the U.S.


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Biomass production Issues

OPPORTUNITIES:

Increased agricultural productivity

Job creation

Additional sources of income-generating

activities

Enhanced rural development


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16

Poor Road

infrastructure

(SATCC, 2003).


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Sustainability in Biomass production

Increase in bioenergy production creates both new

opportunities and risks along the biomass value

chain.

Bioenergy can stimulate the agriculture sector, a critical

sector for development and poverty reduction Improving energy access,

Create new market for producers,

Create new employment opportunities,

Contribute to environmental objectives.

Viability of bioenergy production and the

environmental and socio-economic sustainability is

still questionable.


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Sustainability in biomass production:

Sustainability in biomass productionsuggests preservation of the natural capital(resource base).

Ensuring even distribution of economicbenefits

Enhancement of socio-economic growth.


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Sustainability in biomass production-

Biomass value

Biomass

Functionalproperties

Materials

Specialitychemicals

Chemicalcomposition Solid, gas,

liquid,Fuels

Energycontent

Heat &power


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Sustainability in Biomass production-

Biomass value chain

Assessment of the sustainability biomassproduction should be done throughout the

whole value chains.

Primary

Biomass

Production

Biomass

Transport

Biomass

Primary

Processing

Biomass

Conversion

to Biofuels

and By-

products


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Sustainability

Business

models

Benefits tothe poor

Sustainability in Biomass production:

PRO-POOR APPROACH

Sustainable

Productionmodels

Co-management is

important


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Business models that maximise benefits to the local

people

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Production

Semi-mechanised

Medium

potentialOut-growers

High potential

Harvesting

Medium to

Highpotential

Pre-processing

Highpotential

Transportation

Low potential

Storage

Low

potential

Conversion

Dependson scale ofoperation

Low toMediumpotential

Promotion of labour-based methods wherefeasible, is a key factor in creating productive

employment and reducing poverty (SATTC,

2006).

But requires innovation!

Value chain analysis: where can the poor benefit

the most?


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Land

Food

Water

Sustainability in biomass production: Land-Water-

Food- Energy - Nexus

Resource use

& management

Productivity

Access

Treatment

Distribution

use

Production

Postharvest

Harvesting

Residue/waste

mgt


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Best practices for biomass

production

Resource use efficiency :

water and agricultural inputs

sustainable land use

Positive impact on food security

Maintenance of biodiversity

Positive impact on rural livelihoods


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production

Good Environmental Practices in

Bioenergy Feedstock Production (FAO,

2012).

These practices are aimed atminimizing the risk of negativeenvironmental and socio-economicimpacts in biomass production forbioenergy.


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production

Conservation Agriculture enables

sustainable production intensification.

Strategies include:

No or minimal mechanical soil

disturbance

Permanent organic-matter soil cover

Diversified crop rotations


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production

Sustainable Crop Production Intensification, Agro-

Ecology and Eco-agriculture

This involves various Use of high yielding varieties; irrigation; Fertilizers

and Pesticides

Proper land management

Precision agriculture and conservation agriculture.

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production

Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI) or Save

and Grow Approach (A product of Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD) in 2000)

It is a strategy for the integrating management of land, water,

and living resources to promote conservation and

sustainable use in an equitable way

Considers: biological processes and their interactions, but

also the social and economic aspects involved.

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production

Ecosystem Approach and Sustainable Crop Production

Intensification, Agro-Ecology and Eco-agriculture

Issues to consider:

Having institutional support at national and local

levels.

Access to extension services.

Availability of strong social capital.

Gender participation in Agriculture

Need sustained investments in human, natural,

financial and social capital.

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production

Issues to consider: contd...

Investment costs (including cost of learning

the new practices)

Maintenance costs

Opportunity costs

Transaction costs, e.g. environmentalliabilities

Risk costs ( in the absence of insurance)

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production

Organic Agriculture (requires certification):

Biomass for bioenergy production might notneed to be certified as organic

However, the principles used in organic

farming can be applied in biomassproduction for bioenergy to make itsustainable


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Environmental Agricultural Management approaches

Conservation

Agriculture

The Ecosystem Approach

and Sustainable Crop

Production, Intensification,

Agro-ecology and Eco-

agriculture

Organic

Agriculture

Soil quality

Water availability

and quality

Biodiversity

Agrobiodiversity

Climate change

mitigation

Best practices Benefits

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Environmental Agricultural Management approaches

Conservati

on

Agriculture

The Ecosystem Approach and

Sustainable Crop Production,

Intensification, Agro-ecology and

Eco-agriculture

Organic

Agriculture

Socio-economic

Productivity/income

Availability of inputs

Access to energy

Best practices

Benefits


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Sustainable integrated

agricultural and forestry

management systems

Agroforestry

Integrated Food-

Energy Systems(IFES)

Multiple Cropping

Systems and Crop

Rotation.

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production

Agroforestry

agrisilvicultural systemssilvopastoral systems

agrosilvopastoral systems.

AgroforestryCrop

production

Pasture/animal

productionTree

production

Treeproduction

A variety of bioenergy and bioenergy feedstocks can be produced e.g. fuelwood,

first and second-generation liquid biofuels, and biogas (under silvopastoral and

agrosilvopastoral systems).

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production

Sustainable integrated agricultural and forestry

management systems (IFES)

Simultaneous production of food and energy.

Done in two ways:

Type 1 IFES: production of feedstock for food and for

energy on the same land, through multiple-cropping

patterns or agroforestry systems. Type 2 IFES: adoption of renewable energy

technologies that allow maximum utilization of all by-

products, and encourages recycling and economic

utilization of residues.

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production

Multiple Cropping Systems and Crop Rotation.

cultivation and management of two or more crops on

the same field in the same year.

crop intensification in the space and/or time

dimensions.

Two main types of multiple cropping systems:

Time-dependentor sequential cropping

Space-dependent or intercropping

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Best practices

Benefits

Environmental SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL

AND FORESTRY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Agroforestry Integrated Food-Energy

Systems

Multiple Cropping

Systems and Crop

Rotation

Soil quality

Water availability andquality

Biodiversity

Agrobiodiversity

Climate change

mitigation

Socio-economic

Productivity/income

Availability of inputs

Access to energy

BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY MONITORING


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SustainableBioenergy

system

Sociallyacceptable

InstitutionallyStrong

AppropriateTechnology

Economicallyviable

Financiallysound

Environmentallysustainable

Politicalsupport

BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY MONITORINGFRAMEWORK

sustainable production of biomass - bioenergy course 2014edited

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