sustainable use of animal genetic resources - examples from uganda & rwanda
TRANSCRIPT
Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources – Examples from Uganda & Rwanda
Donald R. Kugonza
1Makerere University, College of Agricultural & Env. Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
Livestock Resources for Food Security in the Light of Climate Change – International Seminar
March 11, 2016 Ulls Hus, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden
Where in The World??
�the use of components of biological diversity
�in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity,
�thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations (CBD, 1992, Article 2).
Sustainable Use? Which animal is that?
Which AnGR??
PRODUCTION
AnGR Production
Objective of production is for consumption per capita to move from 7.5 kg in 2011 to 16.2 kg in 2017 (Meat Industry Strategy & Inv. Plan).
Sweden: December 2015 was 1 428 398 - a decrease from 2014. Dairy cows decreased by 2.1 % ( )
Live stock 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 (Est) 2017 (Est) Growth rate (2011-2017)
Cattle 1 143 553 1 135 141 1 131 633 1 132 810 1 138 799 1 149 749 1 165 835 2% Sheep 630 860 635 860 642 860 649 860 656 860 663 860 671 418 6% Goat 2 532 277 2 732 277 3 032 277 3 432 277 3 932 277 4 132 277 5 119 760 102% Pigs 716 629 806 629 906 629 1 016 629 1 146 629 1 326 629 1 484 536 107% Rabbits 828 802 978 802 1 128 802 1 303 802 1 478 802 1 608 802 1 733 015 109% Poultry 3 890 274 4 790 274 5 790 274 6 890 274 7 990 274 9 090 274 10 677 269 174%
Meat consumption (Kg per capita)
Source: FAOSTAT Data
13.1 11.9 11.7 12 11.3 11.7
28
62 67
106
133 131
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2002 2010
Uganda
Kenya
Cyprus
USA
Year Ankole Crossbreeds Purebreds Ankole Crossbreeds Purebreds
2014 67% 24 8% 42% 37% 21%
2015 65% 25% 9% 40% 38% 22%
2016 63% 26% 9% 38% 39% 23%
2017 62% 28% 10% 36% 41% 23%
2018 60% 29% 10% 34% 42% 24%
2019 59% 31% 11% 33% 43% 25%
2020 58% 33% 12% 31% 44% 25%
Breed composition of the national herd
Contribution to annual milk production
Country Consumed milk per
capita kg/year
Deficit as per
FAO kg/year
Kenya 98.6 90
Tanzania 71.5 115
Rwanda 50 120
Uganda 50 120
Comparative per capita milk consumption levels in East Africa
Intervention Achievement(s) Impact of intervention
GIRINKA Increased milk production Poor households empowered
High
Vaccine distribution Improved animal health High Deworming, vaccination & spraying animals Decreased mortality and morbidity High Conducting the livestock census Livestock population known High Cultivation of feeds Better milk production High Facilitating farmers to purchase equipment Improved animal productivity Low Artificial Insemination (AI) Increased milk production
Decreased disease spread Increased number of improved animals
Medium
Distribution of Boer bucks Faster growth rate of goats Medium Distribution of fodder seeds Improved animal nutrition Medium Construction of Vet pharmacies Decreased animal diseases Medium Formation of farmer cooperatives Increased teamwork Medium Provision of small stock to poor hh Improvement in wealth ranking Medium Training farmers in proper animal feeding More skilled farmers Medium One cup of milk per child Improved child nutrition Medium Promotion of zero grazing Decreased disease incidences Medium
Stakeholder Perception on AnGR Productivity Enhancing Interventions
THE RESOURCES & THEIR UTILISATION
Purpose Male cattle
(%) Female cattle
(%) Exotic cattle
(%)
Meat 37.5 0.0 4.0
Income from sale of animals 41.7 33.4 20.0 Savings 4.2 8.3 0.0
Aesthetics/Beauty 8.3 4.2 0.0
Conservation 8.3 4.2 0.0
Milk 0.0 45.8 76.0 Dowry/cultural uses 0.0 4.2 0.0
Purpose of rearing Ankole cattle – Rwanda
Purpose of rearing Ankole cattle – Uganda Purpose (n=248)
Ranking Index – Females
Ranking Index – Males
Milk 0.44 - Income - cattle sales 0.26 0.42 Beauty 0.10 0.18 Meat 0.10 0.17 Heritage 0.03 0.09 Manure 0.01 0.04 Cultural ceremonies 0.02 0.04 Wealth and savings 0.01 0.02 Stud breeding - 0.02 Prestige 0.01 0.02 Hides 0.00 0.01 Butter 0.02 - Blood for food 0.00 -
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Figure 4.1 Main purpose of keeping male and female Ankole cattle
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Income from sales Meat for home use Cultural value Milk
Purpose of keeping Ankole cattle
Hou
seho
lds
FemaleMale
Purpose of keeping Ankole cattle
84
52
8
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Livestock Crops Salary Business
Perc
enta
ge o
f far
mer
s
Source of Household income
Source of household income among Rwandan farmers
Good Goat Genetics – Why abandon them?
Manzi et al. 2015
Good Genetics mean Good weights but more so -- offspring survival not 100% mortality
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Fish Genetics of Rwanda
Yield (kg) from 3 major lakes in Jan-Mar 2015
Kamondo et al. 2015
Pig Resources
Performance of different genotypes 27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 34
Cambrough Cambr. X L-White Local Black
Weight (kg)
Age (weeks)
28
29
4: Sensory scores as influenced by diet and breed Diet Breed S.E.M
MB WB WM CC CL BB
Panel scores
Tenderness 7.0a 7.1b 7.2c 7.0a 7.0b - 0.02
Juiciness 5.8a 5.7a 5.1b 5.0 5.0 - 0.10
Flavour 8.0 8.1 7.9 7.0 7.0 - 0.92
Acceptability 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.4 - 0.30
Tenderness 6.5a 6.3b 6.5c 6.6a 6.2b - 0.18
Juiciness 5.5a 5.7a 5.4b 5.7a 5.4b - 0.13
Flavour 5.7a 5.7a 5.5b 5.7a 5.6b - 0.02
Acceptability 6.47a 6.42 6.40c 6.4 6.4 - 0.01
CONSERVATION
WHY SHOULD WE CONSERVE INDIGENOUS BREEDS IN RW & UG • To sustain livelihoods. Indigenous livestock produce little but fulfil a wide range of economic, social & cultural uses for Rwandans.
• Preserve diversity for future breeding needs. The breeds not wanted now could be the breeds needed tomorrow!
• Production of crossbred animals which are desired by most farmers requires pure breeds, one of them MUST be a local breed.
• To ensure sustainable use of marginal areas for production, because locally adapted breeds utilise these areas maximally.
Species: INYAMBO cattle Characteristics: Weight (Cows):250 – 350 kg Weight (Bulls): 300 – 400 kg Conservation site: Karama Farm in Nyagatare District Goal: Selection for faster growth and Dark brown colour Herd Size: 310 cattle Desired traits: Sweet milk; Disease tolerance; Tasty and Low cholesterol meat
The Inyambo, associated with royalty and all
Species: INYARWANDA goats Characteristics: Weight (Does): 26–45 kg; Bucks: 34-51 kg Conservation site: Karama Centre in Bugesera District Goal: Selection for faster growth and High body weight Flock Size: 123 goats
Species: INYARWANDA Chickens Characteristics: Weight (Hens): 1.5 – 1.6 kg Weight (Cocks): 1.8 – 1.9 kg Conservation site: Songa Centre, Huye District; Goal: Determine Productivity Indices Flock Size: 117 chickens (all categories)
In-Vitro Conservation of Rwandan Animal Genetic Resources - The National Gene Bank
MANAGEMENT
IGIKUMBA – Communal Dairy Cattle Kraals
Milk Yield/day
Same farm a variety of genetics – the farmers knows better
AI, the bull (NI) or the embryo (ET) the farmer should choose
Sustainable utilisation means multiple uses
Successful utilisation of AnGR means having feeds and planning ahead
�
Sustainable utilisation Means feed availability
Selection of the “desirable” breed is sometimes a chance game - GIRINKA Program
Sustainable utilisation of AnGR also means integration of species - fish, rabbits, pigs & chickens
Helping the fish do their job of multiplying – NILE TILAPIA
Cage culture �Cost of Cage Construction (2x2x2m) : $513 �Fingerlings Stocking Rate/cage: 2000
�Fingerlings Cost/Cycle: $154 �Amount Feeds (FCR:1.2) : 2160 kg, Cost: $2215 �Labor Cost/yr: $462 �Mature fish at harvesting = 1,800/cage/cycle.
�With survival of 90%; BW of 500g/fish; & 2 cycles = 1800 kg of table fish.
�Value of fish: 1800 kg X $3.85 = $6923. �Total Investment: 3,040,000 Rwf
�First Year Benefit: $3,580/cage/year.
END OF THE ROAD - Sometimes in managing resources we are too fast with catastrophic results
When the Genetics are not okay……....or not enough………. Milk processing machines = white elephants
Sustainable management sometimes requires technology – cock exchange, vaccination, simple incubators
When the Genetics are somehow okay
Kayitesi et al. 2016
� New Poultry Room � Enhanced flooring and ceiling � Built nesting boxes for new hens � Created a fence to implement a run � Brooding Chicks � Prepared and maintained brooder � Collected Supplies � Provided daily care for chicks
� Poultry House Improvements � Repaired and expanded the fence � Maintained facilities � Reimplementation of the use foot
bath
Sustainable Use means training future farmers
Small Livestock still make the difference in livelihoods among many households
A $1m Dollar Question – The Fleckvieh in Rwanda??
You can choose to ride a tiger OR rather a lion, but there are easier options in AnGR mgt
Same lot number does not mean same liquid
Even on overcast days, we cannot loose hope on successful mgt of AnGR in Rw, Ug & indeed Africa
Gender issues Environmental issues Policy issues Market issues Farmers organisations Men are decision makers on livestock
Spray acaricides affect the environment
Manufacture of traditional vet drugs without chemicals
Presence of fake livestock inputs on market
Limited number of cooperatives
Feeding of livestock is left to women
No research on chemicals used in crops
Poultry investment strategy; platform formed is not working
Limited market for livestock products
strengthening management and establishment of farmers cooperatives
Large stock belong to men
Insecticides kill pollinator insects
Lack of markets for farmers produce
Need for platform of farmers and veterinarians
Men are the owners of animals
Chicken waste management
RPIA is not working properly with other organisation
No livestock farmers association
Cut and carry feeds belong to women
Climate Change markets for livestock products still low Animal market without regulations
Cross-cutting issues in animal genetic improvement
Gender issues Men are decision makers on livestock
Feeding of livestock is left to women
Large stock belong to men
Men are the owners of animals
Cut and carry feeds is a job for women
Cross-cutting issues in animal genetic improvement
What should start happening What must continue happening as usual
What should continue happening but differently
What should stop happening
Strict control on drug importation Girinka programme Research in livestock Importation of cows Assistance to private vets Provision of drugs and AI to Girinka
farmers Restrict animal movements Keeping mixed species
Start market-oriented farming Providing refresher courses Follow up livestock farmers Doing unrelated responsibilities Formation of farmer cooperatives Conduct trainings for farmers Synchronisation of cows Grazing in restricted areas Promotion of specialisation in livestock keeping
Deliver hormones and vaccines Training arrangements for farmers Use of bulls
Linking farmers to banks One cup of milk per child Girinka Disorganised milk selling Advocacy in cabinet for the livestock sector
Zero grazing practice Forage conservation techniques delivery
Eating uninspected meat
Operationalisation of para-vets Respecting the livestock policy Hygiene of farms Traditional treatment of animals Sensitize livestock farmers on livestock policies
AI and timely treatments Farmer visits and advisory services Keeping unproductive animals
Employ sector vets on permanent terms not contracts
Follow ups on livestock keepers Promotion of small stock rearing by farmers
Not carrying out vaccination
Start special programs for livestock Training on livestock feeding, management,forage conservation
Quick service delivery of vets and services
Untimely delivery of vaccines
Initiate insurance for farmers Disease surveillance Production of liquid nitrogen Not facilitating Vets Establish stakeholder platforms on livestock issues
Improving the capacity of Vets Rearing livestock without benefits
Follow up investment strategic plan for poultry
Increasing awareness on milk markets Disappearance of indigenous cattle
Promote poultry consumption in Rwanda
Prevention and control of diseases
Study tours on livestock production Follow ups on livestock movements
Change that is desired by animal productivity improvement actors
What should stop happening Importation of cows
Keeping mixed species
Grazing in restricted areas
Use of bulls
Disorganised milk selling
Eating uninspected meat
Traditional treatment of animals
Keeping unproductive animals Not carrying out vaccination
Change that is desired by animal productivity improvement actors
Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources –
Examples from Uganda & Rwanda
Donald R. Kugonza
1Makerere University, Uganda