swbat 1. explain how plate tectonics accounts for the earth’s features. 1. describe the three...
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Plate Tectonics
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SWBAT 1. Explain how plate tectonics accounts for the
Earth’s features.
2. Describe the three types of plate boundaries and geographic features associated with them.
Today’s Objective
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What is Plate Tectonics?
Plate Tectonics is the theory that the lithosphere is made up of plates that float on the asthenosphere and are moved by convection currents.
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If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
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The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
Plate Tectonics
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World Plates
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Plates are made of rigid lithosphere.
What are tectonic plates made of?
The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
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Below the lithosphere (which makes up the tectonic plates) is the asthenosphere.
What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
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“Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection cells
Plate Movement
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What happens at tectonic plate boundaries?
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Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Three types of plate boundary
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Spreading ridges As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the
gap Divergent boundary on a continent result in a rift or
continental rift. Divergent boundary under ocean results in an ocean
ridge
Divergent Boundaries
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Age of Oceanic Crust
Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
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Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
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Convergent boundaries are where plates move toward each other.
3 types of convergent boundaries:Continent-continent collisionContinent-oceanic crust collisionOcean-ocean collision
Convergent Boundaries
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Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Continent-Continent Collision
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Himalayas
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Continental crust pushes against oceanic crust. Oceanic crust is thinner and more dense and sinks below
the continental crust.
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
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Subduction – Process in which oceanic crust collides with continental crust and goes underneath bc of density
The melt rises forming volcanism
E.g. The Andes
Subduction
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When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone.
The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench.
The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
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Where plates slide past each otherSan Andreas Fault in California
Transform Boundaries
Above: View of the San Andreas transform fault
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Writing ExerciseCompare and contrast the three different
types of plate boundaries and what kinds of geographic landforms occur at each. Write at least 3 paragraphs.