YASHWANTRAO CHAVAN MAHARASHTRA OPEN UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS FOR B.Sc OPTOMETRY

SYLLABUS FOR FIRST YEAR

SEMESTER I

HSC131 GENERAL ANATOMY

1 INTRODUCTION- Anatomy and its subdivision, planes of the body, terms in

relationship of structures, regional anatomy and organ systems 2. TISSUES OF THE BODY: (Histology of body tissues) 2.1 Epithelium 2.2 Connective tissue 2.3 Bone and cartilage 2.4 Muscles: skeletal, plain, heart muscle 2.5 Blood vessels 2.6 Neuron, neuralgia 2.7 Glands, exocrine and endocrine 2.8 Skin and appendages 2.9 Lymphoid tissues 3. ORGAN SYSTEMS: 3.1 Locomotor system: bones, muscles, joint. 3.2 Cardiovascular system: Heart, regional blood vessels, -arteries, veins. 3.3 Lymphatic system including immune system 3.4 Digestive system 3.5 Respiratory system 3.6 Reproductory system 3.7 Endocrine. 3.8 Nervous system: Cerebrum, cerebellum *************************************

HSC131 GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

1. CELL 1.1Cell structure and organization 1.2Gene action 1.3Tissue organization: Epithelium. Connective tissue: - collagen fibers, elastic

fibers, areola fiber cartilage and bone. Contractile tissue: - striated skeletal cardiac, non- striated- plain- myoepithelial.

1.4 General principals of cell physiology

1.5Electro physiology of cells 1.6Physiology of skeletal muscle 2. BLOOD 2.1 Composition 2.2 Volume measurement and variations 2.3 Plasma proteins- classification and functions 2.4 Red blood cells- development, morphology and measurements- functions and

dysfunctions. 2.5 White blood cells- development, -classification, morphology and

measurements- functions and dysfunctions. 2.6 Platelets - development, morphology - functions and dysfunctions. 2.7 Clotting- factors, mechanism- anticoagulants- dysfunctions. 2.8 Blood grouping- classification- importance in transfusion, Rh factor and

incompatibility 2.9 Suspensions 2.10 Osmotic fragility 2.11 Reticulo-endothelial system: spleen, thymus, immune system, lymphatic

tissue, and bone marrow, cellular, humoral and autoimmune. 3. DIGESTION 3.1 General arrangement 3.2 Salivary digestion- functions and regulations 3.3 Gastric digestion- functions and regulations 3.4 Pancreatic digestion- functions and regulations 3.5 Intestinal digestion- functions and regulations 3.6 Liver and bile. 3.7 Absorption 3.8 Motility: Deglutition, Gastric, Intestinal, vomiting and defecation. 3.9 Functions of the large intestine 3.10 Neuro-humoral regulations of alimentary functions, summary. 4. EXCRETION 4.1 Body fluids- distribution, measurement and exchange. 4.2Kidney structure: Structure of nephron, mechanism of urine formations-

composition of the urine and abnormal constituents- urinary bladder and micturation

5. ENDOCRINES 5.1 Hormone mechanism- negative feed backs- tropic action 5.2 Permissive action –cellular action 5.3 Hypothalamic regulation 5.4 Hypophysis: hormones, actions, and regulations. 5.5 Thyroid: hormones, actions, and regulations. 5.6 Adrenal cortex: hormones, actions, and regulations. 5.7 Parathyroid: hormones, actions, and regulations. 5.8 Islets of pancreas: hormones, actions, and regulations. 5.9 Miscellaneous: hormones, actions, and regulations.

5.10 Common clinical disorders

6. REPRODUCTION 6.1 Male reproduction system – control and regulation –semen analysis. 6.2 Female reproduction system- uterus- ovaries – menstrual cycle – regulation

pregnancy and delivery –breast –family planning. 7. RESPIRATION 7.1 Mechanics of respiration- pulmonary function tests- transport of respiratory

gases- neural and chemical regulation of respiration –hypoxia, cyanosis, dyspnoea-asphyxia.

8. CIRCULATION 8.1 GENERAL PRINCIPALS 8.2 HEART: MYOCARDIUM- INNERVATIONS – TRANSMISSION OF CARDIAC

IMPULSE- EVENTS DURING CARDIAC CYCLE- CARDIAC OUTPUT. PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION: PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE- ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT FACTORS REGULATING VARIATIONS- CAPILLARY CIRCULATION- VENOUS CIRCULATION. SPECIAL circulation: coronary cerebral –miscellaneous.

9. ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY 9.1 Body temperature regulation (including skin physiology). Exposure to low

and high atmospheric pressures. 10. NERVOUS SYSTEM 10.1 Neuron – Conduction of impulse–synapse- receptor. Sensory organizations -

pathways and perception. Reflexes – cerebral cortex - functions. Thalamus – basal ganglia.

10.2 Cerebellum 10.3 Hypothalamus 10.4 Autonomic nervous system – motor control of movements, posture and

equilibrium- conditioned reflex, eye hand co-ordination. Sleep consciousness; behaviour, memory.

11. SPECIAL SENSES- (Elementary) 11.1 Olfaction- taste hearing vision.

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL 1. Respiratory system 1.1 Clinical examination of respiratory system 1.2 Spirometry 1.3 Breath holding test 1.4 Endurance test 2. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 2.1 Clinical examination of circulatory system

2.2 Measurement of blood pressure and pulse rate. 2.3 Effect of exercise on blood pressure and pulse rate. 3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 3.1 Sensory system 3.2 Motor system 3.3 Cranial system 3.4 Superficial and deep reflexes. 3.5 Test for hearing.

******************************** HSC132 PHYSICAL OPTICS AND LIGHTING 1. NATURE OF LIGHT 1.1Wave theory of light short comings of wave theory 1.2Quantum theory –dual nature of light. 1.3Mathematical representation of wave-S.H.M.-energy composition of S.H.M. in a

straight line and at right angles. 1.4Huygen’s principal- Laws of reflection and refraction at spherical surfaces and

lenses 1.5Fermat’s principal 1.6The paraxial region 1.7Ray and wave theory 2. INTERFERENCE

2.1 Description of phenomena-Young’s experiment, coherent sources, phase and path difference, intensity. Theory of interference fringes

2.2 Interference in thin films-interference due to reflected and transmitted light-Lloyd’s single mirror.

2.3 Colors of thin films-wedge shaped thin films testing of planeness of surface. 2.4 Newton’s rings experiment-refractive index of liquid 2.5 Non-reflecting films 2.6 Visibility of fringes. 3. DIFFRACTION 3.1 Diffraction 3.2 Single slit, qualitative and quantitative. 3.3 Circular aperture. 3.4 Double slit pattern and Kirchoff’s integral 3.5 Multiple slits grating 3.6 Reflection grating and the zone plate. 4. POLARISATION 4.1 Polarization 4.2 Polarization of transverse waves-light as transverse waves. 4.3 Double refraction, principal plane, nicol prism-plane polarization 4.4 Circular, elliptical polarization production, detection and behavior.

4.5 Polarization by selective absorption-dichorism. 4.6 Optical activity-Fresnel’s half shade polarimeter. 4.7 Basic principals of holography. 4.8 Brewster’s Law 5. SPECTRUM 5.1 Spectrum 5.2 Sources of spectrum, Bunsen- carbon, mercury, sodium. 5.3 Emission and absorption spectra- classification –visible- ultraviolet and infra red

spectra- electromagnetic spectrum 5.4 Radiometry and spectroscopic instruments. 6. SCATTERING 6.1 Scattering 6.2 Rayleigh’s scattering. 6.3 Raman scattering. 6.4 Elements of EM theory in vector rotation and propagation of a wave in anisometric Medium. 6.7 Surface tension. 6.8 Viscosity. 7. Interferometer – demonstration 8. Higher Order Aberration and Zernike Polymers.

************************************ HSC 133 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (I) 1. Photometry 1.1Basic concepts and definitions in photometry. 1.2Reflection co-efficient, transmission co-efficient, power- transmitted and

reflected- Lumen Brodhun photometer. 2. Refraction through spherical surfaces 2.1 Introduction:

Lens shapes, vergences and conversion factors, divergence and convergence

of wave fronts by spherical surfaces. How spherical lenses work? - Primary and

secondary focal points.

2.2 Spherical refracting interfaces- convex, concave, derivation of vergence

equation saggitas, dioptric power- focal points, nodal

points and planes. Symmetry points, imaging examples, lateral magnification.

2.3Thin lens equation- lenses in contact separated. Two-lens systems- reduced system-vergence effectivity equation.

2.4Application –calculation of image points dioptric powers in reduced systems using vergence techniques.

2.5Thick lenses- front and back vertex powers- reduced system –dioptric power of equivalent lenses cardinal points. Application to calculate to the equivalent dioptric powers, of thick meniscus lenses, Plano convex vertex systems. Matrix theory and lens matrices.

3 Aberrations 3.1 Chromatic aberrations – dispersion without deviation and deviation without dispersion 3.2 Dispersion by a prism: Angular dispersion – dispersive power - Dispersion without deviation and deviation without dispersion. Achromatic prisms and lenses- prism diopters. 3.3Monochromatic aberrations: first order and third order theory. 3.4Spherical aberrations, coma, astigmatism, curvature, distortion- cause and the

methods of minimising aberrations. 3.5Tangent condition for elimination of distortion.

4. Fibre optics 5. Colour theory- trichromatic colour measurement 6 Optical instruments- spectrometer- simple and compound microscope-

Telescope- Fresnel’s Biprism. Resolving power of optical instruments- dispersive power- magnifying power of simple and compound microscope, telescope.Application of vergence technique to calculate dioptric powers, separation distances in microscopes and telescopes.

7 Laser optics- Basic laser principles, - spontaneous and stimulated emission.

Coherence –spatial, temporal, laser pumping, population inversion optical feedback- laser resonator stability condition. Gas lasers, and solid lasers, Helium –neon laser Argon ion laser- ruby laser. Monocular laser- carbon dioxide, excimer lasers. Semi conductor lasers. Lasers in medicine

HSC 133PRINCIPLES OF LIGHTING 1. Visual tasks. Factors affecting visual tasks. 2. Modern theory on light and color: synthesis of light. 3. Additive and subtractive synthesis of colors. 4 Light sources: Modern sources of light, spectral energy distribution- luminous

efficiency- color temperature- color rendering. 5 Illumination: Luminous flux, candela, solid angle, illumination, utilization factor,

depreciation factor, and illumination laws. 6. Lighting installation: glare, luminaries, lighting fixtures, types of lighting. 7. Photometry: measurement of illumination, photometers and filters. 8. Eye care and lighting –special care with VDU. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (1) PRACTICAL

1. Refraction through a slab. 2. Caustic curve for a glass slab 3. Refraction at a curved surface. 4. I-d curve for a prism- pin method 5. Spectrometer – Minimum deviation 6. Single optic lever 7. Double optic lever 8. Spherical mirrors 9. Spherical lenses 10.Critical angle- glass and water 11.Magnifying power of a simple and compound microscope. 12.Magnifying power of a telescope. 13.Liquid Lens 14.Refractive index of lens

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HSC 134 BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY 1. CARBOHYDRATES Glucose; fructose; galactose; lactose; sucrose; starch and glycogen (properties and tests)

2. PROTEINS Amino acids, peptides, and proteins (general with a few important examples like glycine, tryptophan, glutathione, albumin) 3. LIPIDS General with important examples likes cholosterol, phospholipids, fatty acids, etc. 4. ENZYMES Properties, functions, and co-enzymes. Cofactor, apoenzymes, holo enzymes with example likes pepsin, trypsin, etc. 5. MINERALS Na, K, Ca, P, Fe, and Se. BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICALS 1. Reaction of monosaccharides, disaccharides and starch 1. Glucose 2. Fructose 3. Galactose 4. Maltose, lactose 5. Sucrose 6. Starch 2. Analysis of unknown sugars. 3. Estimation 1. Photometry 2. Biofluid of choice- blood, plasma, serum 3. Standard graphs 4. Glucose 5. Protein 6. Urea 7. Creatinine 8. Bilirubin

***************************** HSC 135 COMPUTER SCIENCE

Basics of Computer 1.1MS OFFICE: Microsoft word, Excel, PowerPoint. MS DOS, Internet.

***************************** HSC 135 FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH 1. Describing assorted objects & pictures. 2. Creating a plot for short story / poem essay with the given lines. 3. Pick out parts of speech, voice, simile, and metaphor from a given sample. 4. Arranging jumbled sentences in the right sequence. 5. Writing a sequel to an existing story. 6. Identifying the central idea or theme or problem. 7. Write a page based on a lead line E.g.: “Call me Ishmael…” “Last night I dreamt I went to Manderley.” 8. Reporting & Report writing (Reported writing). Listing Report writing. 9. Creative use of language. 10. Vocabulary Games. Cross words / what’s the good word / Dc 11. Ganging the emotional / mental state of author from the given samples. 12. Scripture writing. Gita / Upanishads /Bible / Quran / Talmud. 13. Exposure to Language Skills: I Writing Speaking. 14. Exposure to Language Skills: II Listening Reading 15. Exposure to nuances in literature, Poetry / Drama / Prose / Fiction

***************************** SEMESTER II

HSC136 OCULAR ANATOMY Central nervous system and ocular anatomy 1. Central nervous system: 1.1Spinal cord and brain stem 1.2Cerebellum 1.3Cerebrum. 1.4Orbit

2. Eye 2.1 Sclera 2.2 Cornea 2.3 Choroid 2.4 Ciliary body 2.5 Iris 2.6 Retina

3. Refractory media- 3.1 Aqueous humor 3.2 Anterior chamber 3.3 Posterior chamber 3.4 Lens 3.5 Vitreous body 4. Eyelids

5. Conjunctiva 6. Embroyology OCULAR ANATOMY PRACTICAL 1. Eye: Practical dissection of bull’s eye 2. Orbit: Practical demonstration of orbital structures.

HSC137 OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 1. Protective mechanisms of the eye: Eye lids and lacrimation, description of the globe. 2. Extrinsic eye muscles, their actions and control of their movements. 3. Coats of the eyeball 4. Cornea 6. Aqueous humor and vitreous

a. Intraocular tension. 6. Iris and pupil 7.Crystalline lens and accommodation – presbyopia. 8. Retina- structure & functions. 9. Vision- general aspects of sensation. 10.Pigments of the eye and photochemistry. 11. The visual stimulus, refractive errors. 12. Visual acuity, vernier acuity and the principals of measurement. 13. Visual perception- Binocular vision, stereoscopic vision, optical illusions. 14. Visual pathway, central and cerebral connections. 15. Color vision and color defects. Theories and diagnostic tests. 16. Introduction to Electro Physiology. 17. Scotopic and Photopic Vision 18. Color vision, Color mixing 19. Mechanism of accommodation 20. Retinal sensitivity and Visibility 21. Receptive stimulation and flicker 22. Ocular, movements and saccades 23.Visual perception and adaptation 24. Introduction to visual psychology (Psychophysics) OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICALS EYE AND VISION 1. Lid movements 2. Tests for lacrimation tests 3. BVT 4. Extra ocular movements

5. Pupillary reflexes 6. Digital tonometry 7. Schiotz tonometry. 8. Measurement of accommodation 9. Visual acuity measurement. 10.Direct ophthalmoscopy 11.Indirect ophthalmoscopy 12.Retinoscopy 13.Light and dark adaptation. 14.Binocular vision. 15.Color vision.

****************************** HSC 138 BASIC (OCULAR) BIOCHEMISTRY (II) 1. Hormones basic concepts in metabolic regulation with examples say insulin. 2. Metabolism

General whole body metabolism. (Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids.) 3. Ocular Biochemistry

Various aspects of the eye, viz., cornea, lens aqueous, vitreous, retina and pigment rhodopsin. (The important chemicals in each and their roles.) Immunology of anterior segment

4.Technique. Colloidal state, sol. Gel. Emulsion, dialysis, electrophoresis. pH buffers mode of action, molar and percentage solutions, photometer, colorimeter and spectrometry. Radio isotopes: application in medicine and basic research.

5. Clinical Biochemistry Blood sugar, urea, creatinine and bilirubin significance of their estimation.

BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICAL (II) 1. Quantitative analysis 2. Abnormal constituents in urine, sugar proteins, ketones, blood and bile salts. 3. Techniques of detection of abnormal constituents of urine: (a) Electrophoresis (b) Chromatography (c) Preparation of normal, molar and percentage solutions. (d) Preparation of buffers, pH determination 4. DEMONSTRATION (a) Estimation of blood cholesterol

(b) Estimation of alkaline phosphatase. (c) Salivary amylase (effect of ph, etc) (d) Milk analysis.

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HSC 138 BASIC PHARMACOLOGY 1. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1.1Mechanisms of drug action 1.2 Dose –response relationships. 1.3Tachyphylaxis and idiosyncrasy. 1.4Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption, distribution, Biotransformation, excretion

and toxicity. 1.5Factors influencing drug metabolism of drug action. 2. ACTION OF SPECIFIC AGENTS 2.1 CNS Drugs- Hypnotics, antidepressants, analgesics, anti-inflammatory, antiparknison etc. 2.2 Psychopharmacological drugs 2.3 General anaesthetics – GA, TA, LA 2.2 ANS Drugs- Sympathetics AND Parasympathetics 2.4CVS 2.5Anticoagulants 2.6Chemo therapeutics- Antibacterial, Antiviral, antifungal, Antimalarials 3. PRINCIPLES OF OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY 3.1 Current optometric drugs in use. 3.2 Ophthalmic Drug formulations- Eyedrops, eye ointments, ocuserts etc.. 3.3 General Principles of ocular pharmacology: Drug actions and effectiveness. Drug safety. Factors influencing the objectively demonstrated response, Ocular penetration and Routes of ocular penetration 3.4 Antiglaucoma Drugs

4. OPTOMETRIC DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS AND DYES 4.1 Optometric use in pharmaceuticals 4.2 Disinfection & Sterilization – Clinical instruments in particular

************************************ HSC135 HOSPITAL PROCEDURES 1. Administration 2. Bio- engineering department 3. Medical records department 4. Reception 5. Computer- section /accounts and appointment scheduling.

6. Laboratory 7.Fundus fluorescein Angiography and medical photography. 8. Correspondence department. 9. Stores.

************************************ HSC 139 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (II) 1. INTRODUCTION 1. Vergence and vergence techniques revised. 2. Gullstrand’s schematic eyes, visual acuity, Stile Crawford 3. Emmetropia and ametropia 4. Blur retinal Imaginary 5. Correction of spherical ammetropia, vertex distance and effective power, dioptric power of the spectacle, to calculate the dioptoric power, angular magnification of spectacles in aphakic, 6. Thin lens model of the eye – angular magnification – spectacle and relative

spectacle magnification. 7. Aperture stops- entrance and exit pupils. 8. Astigmatism. - To calculate the position of the line image in a sphero cylindrical

lens. 9. Accommodation – Accommodation formulae and calculations. 10. Presbyopia- Spectacle magnification, angular magnification of spectacle lens,

near point, calculation of add, depth of field. 11. Spatial distribution of optical information- modulation transfer functions- Spatial

filtering- applications. 12. Visual optics of aphakia and pseudophakia.

PHYSICS OPTICS PRACTICALS 1. Fresnel’s biprism experiment 2. Thickness of thin glass plate. 3. Newton’s Rings –radius of curvature. 4. Newton’s Rings – refractive index of liquid. 5. Air wedge 6. Grating-wave length determination. 7. Dispersive power of a grating 8. Grating with minimum deviation. 9. Reflection grating 10.Diffraction at a straight wire. 11.Resolving power of a telescope 12.Polarimeter. 13.Spherometer and Lens gauge

************************** HSC 140 PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

PATHOLOGY 1. Inflammation and repair 2. Infection in general 3. Specific infections 3.1 Tuberculosis 3.2 Leprosy 3.4 Syphilis 3.5 Fungal infection 3.6 Viral chlamydial infection 4. Neoplasia 5. Haematology 5.1 Anemia 5.2 Leukemia 5.3 Bleeding disorders 6. Circulatory disturbances 6.1 Thrombosis 6.2 Infarction 6.3 Embolism 7. Clinical pathology 7.1 Interpretation of urine report 7.2 Interpretation of blood smears. 8. Immune system 9. Shock, Anaphylaxis 10. Allergy MICROBIOLOGY 1. Morphology and principles of cultivating bacteria 2. Sterilization and disinfections used in laboratory and hospital practice 3. Common bacterial infections of the eye. 4. Common fungal infections of the eye 5. Common viral infections of the eye. 6. Common parasitic infections of the eye.

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SEMESTER III

HSC 141 OPTOMETRIC OPTICS I

1. SPECTACLE LENSES –PART I 1. Introduction to spectacle lenses 2. Forms of lenses. 3. Cylindrical lenses 4. Properties of crossed cylinders 5. Toric lenses 6. Toric transposition 7. Astigmatic lenses 8. Axis direction of astigmatic lenses 9. Obliquely crosses cylinders. 10.Sag formula 11.Miscellaneous spectacle lenses 12.Vertex distance and vertex power 13.Tilt induced power. 14.Lens material properties and Aberrations in ophthalmic lenses 2.OPHTHALMIC PRISMS 1. Definition of prisms; units of prism power. 2. Thickness difference and base –apex notation. 3. Dividing, compounding and resolving prisms. 4. Rotary prisms and effective prism power in near vision. 5. Prismatic effects, decentration, Prentice’s rule. 6. Prismatic effect of sphero-cylinders and plano-cylinders. 7. Differential prismatic effect 8. Prismatic effect at the near visual point in bifocals 9. Jump in Bifocal lenses HSC 150 VISUAL OPTICS I

Though part of this course ie Visual Optics I is to be stared in Semester III, the examination would be conducted in Semester IV along with Visual Optics II 1 REVIEW OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 1.1Vergence and power 1.2Conjugacy, object space and image space 1.3Sign convention 1.4Spherical refracting surface 1.5Spherical mirror; catoptric power 1.6Cardinal points 1.7Magnification 1.8Light and visual function

Clinical Relevance of: Fluorescence, Interference, Diffraction, Polarization, Bi-refringence, Dichroism

1.9 Aberration and application Spherical and Chromatic

2.OPTICS OF OCULAR STRUCTURE 2.1 Cornea and aqueous 2.2 Crystalline lens 2.3 Vitreous

2.3Schematic and reduced eye 3. MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF THE EYE 3.1 Corneal curvature and thickness 3.2 Keratometry 3.3 Curvature of the lens and ophthalmophakometry 3.4 Axial and axis of the eye 3.5 Basic Aspects of Monocular Vision.

- Light and Dark Adaptation - Color Vision - Spatial and Temporal Resolution - Science of Measuring visual performance - Application to Clinical Optometry.

4. REFRACTIVE ANOMALIES AND THEIR CAUSES 4.1 Etiology of refractive anomalies 4.2 Contributing variability and their ranges 4.3 Populating distributions of anomalies. 4.4 Optical component measurements 4.5 Growth of the eye in relation to refractive errors

************************************ VISUAL OPTICS I PRACTICAL 1. Study of Purkinje image II and I. 2. Study of Purkinje image III and IV. 3. Measurement of corneal curvature 4. Measurement of corneal thickness 5. Assessment with schematic eye 6. Conjugate points – demonstration- worked examples 7. Visual acuity charts 8. Vision through pinhole, slit, filters, etc.

**************************** HSC 142 OPTOMETRIC INSTRUMENTATION

1Basics of Binocular Vision 2 Simple and compound microscope- oil immersion eyepiece 3. REFRACTIVE INSTRUMENTS

3.1 Test charts standards. 3.2 Choice of test charts

3.3 Trial case lenses 3.4 Refractor (phoropter) head units 3.5 Optical considerations of refractor units 3.6 Trial frame design 3.7 Near vision difficulties with units and trial frames 3.8 Retinoscope – types available 3.9 Adjustment of retinoscopes- special features 3.10 Cylinder retinoscopy 3.11 Objective optometers. 3.12 Infrared optometer devices. 3.13. The interpretation of objective findings 3.14 Projection charts 3.15 Illumination of the consulting room.

SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS 3.18 Brightness acuity test 3.19 Vision analyzer 3.20 Pupilometer 3.21 Video acuity test 3.22 Potential Acuity Meter 3.23 Abberometer

4 OPHTHALMOSCOPES AND RELATED DEVICES 4.1 Design of ophthalmoscopes – illumination 4.2 Design of ophthalmoscopes- viewing 4.3 Ophthalmoscope disc 4.4 filters for ophthalmoscopy 4.5 Indirect ophthalmoscope 4.6 The use of ophthalmoscope in special cases. 5. Lensometer, Lens gauges or clock 6. SLIT LAMP 6.1 Slit lamp systems 6.2 Viewing microscope systems 6.3 Scanning laser devices 6.4 Slit lamp accessories 6.5 Mechanical design instruments 7. TONOMETER 7.1 Tonometer principles 7.2 Types of tonometers and standardization 7.3 Use and interpretation of tonometers 8. FUNDUS CAMERA 8.1 The fundus camera- principles 8.2 The fundus camera – techniques 8.3 External eye photography apparatus

9. Keratometer and corneal topography 10. Refractometer 11. ORTHOPTIC INSTRUMENTS 11.1 Orthoptic instruments – hapaloscopes 11.2 Orthoptic instruments- home devices 11.3 Orthoptic instruments –pleoptics 11.4 Historical instruments 12. COLOR VISION TESTING DEVICES 12.1 Color confusion 12.2 Hue discrimination 12.3 Colour matching 13. FIELDS OF VISION AND SCREENING DEVICES 13.1 Perimeter and visual field 13.2 Campimeters and fixation devices 13.3 Illumination of field-testing instruments. 13.4 Projection perimeters and campimeters 13.5 Screening devices for field defects 13.6 Results of field examination 13.7 Vision screeners – principles 13.8 Vision screeners- details 13.9 Analysis of screener results 13.10 Bowl perimeter 14. Optical devices and electronic (low vision) aids 2. OPHTHALMIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY 2.1Ultrasound 2.2“A” scan 2.3“B” scan 2.4 UBM 16 OCT 17 HRT 3. ELECTRODIAGNOSIS 3.1ERG 3.2VEP 3.3EOG 4. FFA . 5. Radiuscope 6. Newer Instruments.

HSC 143 CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM: 1. History of the ophthalmic subject. 1.1Ocular symptoms 1.2The past prescription and its influence 2. Visual acuity testing- distance and near, and color vision.

1. Examination of muscle balance& eye motility 2. Objective refraction 3. Slit lamp examination

a. Examination of eye lids, conjunctiva, sclera b. Examination of cornea c. Examination of iris, ciliary body, and pupil d. Examination of lens. e. Slit lamp photography.

4. Examination of intraocular pressure and examination of angle of anterior chamber. (Gonioscopy)

5. Ophthalmoscopy- indirect and direct. 6. Examination of fundus (vitreous and disc), (choroid and retina) 7. Examination of the lacrimal system & lacrimal function tests 8. Examination of the orbit

10.Macular function test 11.Visual field charting (central)&(peripheral) & Interpretation of Humphrey Visual field 12. Neuro-ophthalmological examination. 15.Color perception & color vision. 16.Diplopia charting 17.Electro diagnostic procedures. 18.Cases work – up 19.Radiology. 20.Removal of foreign body.

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HSC 144 DISPENSING OPTICS 1. INTRODUCTION TO LENS MANUFACTURE 1.1 SPECTACLE LENSES -Surfacing and polishing lenses. 1.2 Glazing 1.3 Manufacturing techniques of glass and plastic lenses 1.4 Principle of surface generation and glass cements

2. LENS QUALITY 2.1 Faults in lens materials 2.2 Faults in lens surface

2.3 Properties of lens material 2.3 Inspecting the quality of lenses 2.4 Special lenses- examination of specimens 3) BIFOCALS LENSES 4) SPECTACLE FRAMES 4.1 Frame types and parts and nose pads- Material and types 4.2 Classification of spectacle frames- material, weight, temple position, coloration 4.3 Frame construction 4.4 Frame Measurements and markings 4.5 Frame manipulation and repair. 4.6 Facial measurements and frame choice. 4.7 Power and measurements and frame choice. 4.8 Complete dispensing for subjects. 4.9 Size, shape and mounting of the ophthalmic lenses. HSC P31 DISPENSING OPTICS PRACTICALS 1. Hand Neutralization of Ophthalmic Lenses 2. Transposition – Simple and Toric prescription 3. Use of lensometer for spherical lenses – Power and center marking 4. Measurement of Inter Pupillary Distance 5. Solving problems on centration & decentration 6. Using Geneva Lens measure to find out surface power of lenses 7. Marking – center, axis by other methods 8. Lens faults inspection 9. Measurement of assorted faces for spectacles 10.Marking and edging bifocal lenses 11.Curvature and power measurements 12.Lens and Frame identification 13.Face and frame measurement and frame selection for dispensing spectacle. 14.Glazing cutting fitting for various type of lenses 15.Use of lensometer for finding out power of all type of lenses, marking – center,

axis , measuring power of prism. HSC 145 OCULAR DISEASES (I) 1.EYELIDS 1.1Eyelid anatomy. 1.2Congenital and developmental anomalies. 1.3Blepharospasm 1.4Ectropion 1.5Entropion 1.6Trichiasis and symblepharon. 1.7 Eyelids tumors 1.8Ptosis 1.9Eyelid retraction

1.10 Eyelid trauma. 2. LACRIMAL SYSTEM 2.1 Lacrimal anatomy 2.2 Lacrimal pump 2.3 Methods of lacrimal evaluation

2.4Congenital and development anomalies of the lacrimal system 2.5Lacrimal obstruction 2.6Lacrimal sac tumors. 2.7Lacrimal trauma. 3. SCLERA, EPISCLERA. 3.1 Ectasia and staphyloma 3.2 Scleritis and episcleritis 4. ORBIT 4.1 Orbital anatomy 4.2 Incidence of orbital abnormalities 4.3 Methods of orbital examination 4.4 Congenital and developmental anomalies of the orbit 4.5 Orbital tumors 4.6 Orbital inflammation 4.7 Sinus disorders affecting the orbit 4.8 Orbital trauma. 5. CONJUNCTIVA AND CORNEA 5.1 Inflammation 5.2 Therapeutic principles, 5.2.1 Specific inflammatory diseases 5.3 Tumors 5.3.1 Tumors of epithelial origin 5.3.2 Glandular and adenexal Tumors 5.3.3 Tumors of neuroectodermal origin 5.3.4 Vascular Tumors 5.3.5 Xanthomatous origins 5.3.6 Inflammatory tumors 5.3.7 Metastatic lesions 5.4 Degenerations and dystrophies 5.4.1 Definitions 5.4.2 Degeneration’s 5.4.3 Dystrophies 5.4.4 Corneal Dystrophies. 5.5 Miscellaneous conditions 5.5.1 Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS) 5.5.2 Tear function tests 5.5.3 Steven- Johnson’s syndrome 5.5.4 Ocular Rosacea 5.5.5 Atopic eye disorders 5.5.6 Benign mucosal pemphigoid (BMP) – ocular Pemphigoid. 5.5.7 Vitamin A deficiency 5.5.8 Metabolic diseases associated with corneal changes.

6. IRIS. CILIARY BODY AND PUPIL 6.1 Congenital anomalies 6.2 Primary and secondary disease of the iris and ciliary body 6.3 Tumors 6.4 Anomalies of pupillary reaction 7. CHOROID 7.1 Congenital anomalies of the choroid 7.2 Diseases of the choroid 7.3 Tumors

************************************ HSC 148 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1.Introduction to medical psychology: definitions-schools of thought; fields of

psychology. 2. Man in society Emotions and feelings

Motivation- human motivation Personality- what is it? Concept of body image. Normality and abnormality Why medical psychology The patient in his milieu- socio economic status. The patient therapist relationship Illness- its impact on the patient

3 Eye diseases- their impact on the patient. 4 The patient’s adaptation to variants of normalcy in vision – prejudices and biases 5 Rehabilitation of the blind.

SEMESTER IV HSC 146 OPTOMETRIC OPTICS (II)

1. Tinted and protective lenses 2. Characteristics of tinted lenses 3. Anti-reflection coating, 4. Surface Coated lenses (SRC, anti-fog, mirror-coating) 5. Absorptive glasses 6. Polarizing filters 7. Photo chromatic filters 8. Reflecting filters 9. Trifocal lenses 10.Progressive addition lenses 11.Lenticular lenses 12.Aspheric Lenses 13.Spectacle Magnifiers 14.Recumbent prisms and Fresnel prisms.

15.Reflections from spectacle lenses, ghost images reflections in bifocals at the dividing line.

16.Safety Lenses / Toughened Lenses. 17.Field of the view of the lenses.

HSC P41 OPTOMETRIC OPTICS PRACTICALS

1. Progressive Lenses - Measurement 2. Progressive Lenses – Fitting 3. Progressive Lenses – Verification 4. Progressive Lenses - Trouble Shooting 5. Posting in Optical Outlet- Summer vacation Dissertation for 2 weeks

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HSC 150 VISUAL OPTICS (II) Though part of this course ie Visual Optics I is to be stared in Semester III, the examination would be conducted in Semester IV along with Visual Optics II 1. Refractive conditions 1.1Emmetropia 1.2Myopia 1.3Hyperopia 1.4Astigmatism 1.5Accommodation 1.6Presbyopia 1.7Anisometropia and Aniseikonia 1.8Aphakia and Pseudophakia 1.9Correction and management of Amblyopia. 2. 2.1 Far and near points of accommodation 2.2 Correction of spherical ametropia 2.3 Axial versus refractive ametropia 2.4 Relationship between accommodation and convergence, AC / A ratio 3.Retinoscopy 3.1 Retinoscopy- principles and methods 3.2 Retinoscopy – speed of reflex and optimum condition 3.3 Retinoscopy –design consideration. Dynamic / Static 3.4 Review of objective refractive methods 3.5 Review of subjective refractive methods 3.6 Cross cylinder methods for astigmatism, Astigmatic Fan Test 3.7 Difficulties in subjective and objective tests and their avoidance 3.8 Transposition of lenses

3.9 Spherical equivalent 4.1 Effective power of spectacles: vertex distance effects 4.2 Ocular refraction versus spectacle refraction 4.3 Ocular accommodation versus spectacle accommodation 4.4 Spectacle magnification and relative spectacle magnification 4.5 Retinal image blur; depth of focus and depth of field 4.6 Prescribing Prisms / Binocular Refraction 5. Modulation Transfer Function 5.1 The concept of spatial frequency and modulation (contrast) 5.2 Modulation transfer function (MTF) of the eye. 5.3 Measuring the optical transfer function of lenses (OTF) and contrast sensitivity 5.4 Human MTF, use of MTF, its relation to the blur spread functions (using Fourier

theory) 5.5 Constraints on the use of MTF 6. Pupil Optical and sensory aspects VISUAL OPTICS PRACTICAL (II) 1. Virtual Refractor- ICEE CD 2. Visual acuity, stereo acuity in emmetropia 3. Myopia and pseudomyopia, myopia and visual acuity 4. Myopic correction- subjective verification and monocular and binocular 5. Hypermetropia – determination of manifest error subjectively. 6. Hypermetropic correction- subjective verification 7. Demonstration of astigmatism: Use of slit and keratometry to find the principal meridians 8. Astigmatism: Fan – subjective verification tests. 9. Astigmatism: Cross-cylinder. Subjective verification tests.

9. Measurement of accommodation: near and far points and range.(NRA , PRA) 10.Measurement of vergences 11.Presbyopic correction and methods: accommodative reserve, balancing the

relative accommodation and cross grid cylinder test. 12.Methods of differentiating axial and refractive ametropia 13.Practice of retinoscopy –Emmetropia 14.Practice of retinoscopy- spherical ametropia 15.Practice of retinoscopy-simple astigmatism. 16.Practice of retinoscopy- compound hyperopia 17.Practice of retinoscopy- compound myopia 18.Practice of retinoscopy- oblique astigmatism 19.Practice of retinoscopy –media opacities 20.Practice of retinoscopy- in irregular astigmatism 21.Practice of retinoscopy- in strabismus and eccentric fixation. 22.Practice of retinoscopy - Monocular estimation method 23.Axial and refractive hyperopia - worked examples 24.Axial and refractive myopia - worked examples

25.Interpretation of cycloplegic retinoscopic findings 26.Prescription writing 27.Binocular refraction. 28.Effect of lenses in front of the eye 29.Effect of prisms in front of the eye 30.Convergence methods and exercises

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HSC 147 OCULAR DISEASES (II) 1. VITREOUS 1.1Developmental abnormalities 1.2Hereditary hyaloidoretinopathies 1.3Juvenile retinoschisis 1.4Asteroid hyalosis 1.5Cholestrolosis 1.6Vitreous hemorrhage 1.7Blunt trauma and vitreous 1.8Inflammation and vitreous 1.9Parasitic infestations 1.10 Pigment granules in the vitreous. 1.11 Vitreous complications in cataract surgery. 2. RETINA 2.1 Retinal vascular anomalies 2.2 Diseases of the choroidal vasculature, Bruch’s membrane, retinal pigment

epithelium 2.3 Retinal tumors 2.4 Retinoblastoma 2.5 Phacomatoses 2.6 Retinal vascular abnormalities 2.7 Retinal and optic nerve head astrocytomas 2.8 Lymphoid tumors 2.9 Tumors of the retinal pigment epithelium 2.10 Other retinal disorders 2.11 Retinal inflammations 2.12 Metabolic diseases affecting the retina. 2.13 Miscellaneous disorders 2.14 Electromagnetic effects on the retina 2.15 Retinal physiology and psychophysics. 2.16 Hereditary macular disorders (including albinism) 2.17 Peripheral retinal degenerations 2.18 Retinal holes and detachments 2.19 Intraocular foreign bodies. 2.20 Photocoagulation.

3. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY 3.1 Neuro- ophthalmic examination

3.1.1 History 3.1.2 Visual function test 3.1.3 Technique of pupillary examination 3.1.4 Ocular motility 3.1.5 Checklist for testing

3.2 Visual sensory system 3.2.1 The retina 3.2.2 The optic disc 3.2.3 The optic nerve 3.2.4 The optic chiasm 3.2.5 The optic tracts 3.2.6 The lateral genticulate body 3.2.7 The optic radiations 3.2.8 The visual cortex 3.2.9 The visual field 3.2.10 The blood supply of the anterior and posterior visual systems. 3.2.11 disorders of visual system 3.2.12 OCT

3.3 Ocular motor system 3.3.1 Supranuclear control of eye movements 3.3.2 Saccadic system 3.3.3 Clinical disorders of the saccadic system 3.3.4 Gaze palsies

Progressive supranuclear palsies, Parkinson’s disease Ocular motor apraxia, ocular oscillation.

3.3 5 Smooth pursuit system and disorders 3.3.6 Vergence system 3.3.7 Cerebella system 3.3.8 Non- visual reflex system 3.3.9 Position maintenance system 3.3.10 Nystagmus 3.3.11 Ocular motor nerves, and medial longitudinal fasciculus

3.4 The facial nerve 3.5 Pain and sensation from the eye 3.6 Autonomic nervous system 3.7 Selected systemic disorders with neuro-ophthalmologic signs 4. LENS 4.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology 4.2 Normal anatomy and aging process 4.3 Developmental defects 4.4 Acquired lenticular defects 4.5 Management of lenticular defects.

5. TRAUMA 5.1 Anterior segment trauma 5.2 Posterior segment trauma 6. BLINDNESS 6.1 Blindness definitions 6.2 Causes 6.3 Social implications 6.4 Rationale therapy 6.5 Drug induced ocular disease. 7.LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN EYE CARE

********************************* HSC 148 NUTRITION

1. INTRODUCTION. 1 History of Nutrition 2 Nutrition as a science 3 Food groups, RDA 4 Balanced diet, diet planning. 5 Assessment of nutritional status 2. ENERGY 1. Units of energy. 2. Measurements of energy and value of food 3. Energy expenditure. 4. Total energy/calorie requirement for different age groups and diseases. 5. Satiety value 6. Energy imbalance- obesity, starvation. 7. Limitations of the daily food guide. 3. PROTEINS 1. Sources and functions 2. Essential and non- essential amino- acids. 3. Incomplete and complete proteins 4. Supplementary foods. 5. PEM and the eye 6. Nitrogen balance 7.Changes in protein requirement. 4. FATS 1. Sources and functions 2. Essential fatty acids 3. Excess and deficiency 4. Lipids and the eye. 5. Hyperlipidemia, heart diseases, atherosclerosis.

5.MINERALS 1 General functions and sources 2. Macro and micro minerals associated with the eye. 3. Deficiencies and excess – ophthalmic complications (e.g. iron, calcium, iodine etc.) 6. VITAMINS 1 General functions, and food sources 2. Vitamin deficiencies and associated eye disorders with particular emphasis to Vitamin A 3. Promoting sound habits in pregnancy, lactation and infancy. 4. Nutrient with antioxidant. 5. Properties 6. Digestion of Proteins, carbohydrates & lipids 7. Essential amino acids. 8. Miscellaneous 8.1Measles and associated eye disorders, low birth weight. HSC 148 MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY 1.Introduction to medical psychology: definitions-schools of thought; fields of

psychology. 2. Man in society 3. Emotions and feelings

Motivation- human motivation Personality- what is it? Concept of body image. Normality and abnormality Why medical psychology The patient in his milieu- socio economic status. The patient therapist relationship

Illness- its impact on the patient 6. EYE DISEASES- THEIR IMPACT ON THE PATIENT. 7. THE PATIENT’S ADAPTATION TO VARIANTS OF NORMALCY IN VISION –

PREJUDICES AND BIASES 8. REHABILITATION OF THE BLIND.

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HSC 149 VISION TRAINING AND SPORTS VISION: I. Principles of Vision Training II. Introduction to Sports Vision 2.1 History of Sports Vision 2.2 Definitions of Terms III. Vision and Sports 3.1 Vision Performance and Athletics

IV. Equipment List V. Sports Terminologies IV. Sports Vision Examinations 6.1 Visual Acuity High Contrast

6.2 Refraction 6.3 Color Vision 6.4 Stereopsis 6.5 Dominant Eye / Hand 6.6 Eye Health 6.7 Cover Test 6.8 Ocular Motility 6.9 Visual Field 6.10 Night Vision 6.11 Glare Sensitivity 6.12 Glare Recovery

VII. Visual Skills Description and Training Procedures 7.1 Accommodation – Vergence Facility 7.2 Distance Fixation Disparity 7.3 Dynamic Visual Acuity 7.4 Eye–Hand Co-ordination, Response Speed 7.5 Eye-Foot Co-ordination, Response Speed 7.6 Eye-Foot-Body Balance 7.7 Peripheral Awareness 7.8 Anticipation Timing 7.9 Visual Concentration 7.10 Speed of Recognition 7.11 Visual Concentration 7.12 Speed of Recognition 7.13 Visual Adjustability 7.14 Peripheral Reaction Time 7.15 Visualization 7.16 Speed of Focusing 7.17 Increased Fusional Reserve 7.18 Fixation Ability 7.19 Visual Memory 7.20 Spatial Localization

VIII. Visual Skills in Sports and Prescription in the form of vision correction IX. Designing Sports Vision Programs Sports-related Injuries and First Aid XI. Post trauma vision syndrome and Visual Midline Shift Syndrome XII. Special Concerns 1. Dyslexia 2. Down’s Syndrome

*************************** SYLLABUS FOR THIRD YEAR SEMESTER V HSC 151 BIOSTATISTICS

1 Introduction of Biostatistics 2 Measures of Mortality 3 Sampling 4 Statistical significance 5 Correlation and Regression 6 Sample size determination. 1. Statistics – Collection of Data - presentation including classification and diagrammatic representation – frequency distribution. Measures of central tendency(Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation) ; Measures of dispersion Probability Theoretical distributions. 1.1Binomial 1.2Normal 1.3Sampling – necessity of methods and techniques. 1.4Estimation 1.5Hypothesis Testing- difference between means, proportion 1.6.Chi. Square test 2. Hospital statistics: Collection of hospital statistical data – presentation – analysis of daily hospital service – monthly and annual reports. Computation of percentages in patient census, bed occupancy rate

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HSC 152 BINOCULAR VISION (I)

1. Spatial sense 2. Evolution of binocular vision 3. Binocular fusion, suppression, rivalry and summation 4. Visual direction, local sign and corresponding points 5. Visual distance, empirical cues. 6. Panum’s space 7. Stereopsis 8. Developmental binocular vision 9. Longitudinal horopter 10. Neural aspects of binocular vision 11. Visually guided behavior and aniseikonia. 12. ARC 13. Differential Intensity (Webner’s and Fechner’s Law) 14.Visual Acuity in relation to intensity and contrast. 15.Amblyopia and its treatment 16.Eccentric Fixation 17.Nystagmus

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HSC 153 Major eye diseases (GLAUCOMA)

1. GLAUCOMA 1.1An over view of glaucoma 1.2Aqueous humor dynamics 1.3Intraocular pressure 1.4Evaluation of the optic nerve head 1.5Visual fields 1.6Glaucoma screening 1.7Classification of glaucoma 1.8Primary open angle glaucoma 1.9Primary angle closure glaucoma 1.10.Primary congenital glaucoma 1.10 Secondary glaucoma 1.11 Principles of medical therapy 1.12 Other modalities of glaucoma treatment 1.13 HRT GLAUCOMA PRACTICAL 1. Intraocular tension 2. Gonioscopy 3. Indirect ophthalmoscopy 4. Use of vital dyes / Anesthetics 5. Evaluation of cornea 6. Visual field analysis 7. F.F.A

************************************ HSC 153 SYSTEMIC DISEASES AND THE EYE 1. ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION Pathophysiology, classification, clinical examination, diagnosis, complications and management Hypertension and the eye 2. DIABETIS MELLITUS Pathology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, complications and management Diabetes mellitus and the eye 3. ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE- EMBOLISM Rheumatic fever- pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, complications and management Embolism Sub acute bacterial endocarditis

4. CANCER- INTRODUCTION Definitions, nomenclature, characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasm Grading of staging of cancer, diagnosis principles of treatment. Neoplasia of the eye 5. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE Anatomy and pathophysiology: Arthritis Eye and connective tissue disease 9. THYROID DISEASE Anatomy and physiology of thyroid gland, Classification of thyroid disease. Diagnosis, complications, clinical features, management, thyroid disease and the eye. 7. TUBERCULOSIS Aetiology, pathology, clinical feature, pulmonary tuberculosis, diagnosis, complications, treatment. Tuberculosis and the eye. 8. HELIMTHIASIS Classification of helimenthic disease, schistosomiasis, principles of diagnosis and management. Helimenthic disease and the eye (Taenia, echinococcus, larvae migrans) 9. COMMON TROPICAL AILMENTS. (Malaria, leprosy, etc.) Introduction to tropical diseases; Malaria. Tropical diseases and the eye – leprosy, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, trachoma. 10. MALNUTRITION Aetiology, protein energy malnutrition, water electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, nutritional disorders and the eye. 11. INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY Introduction, components of the immune system, principle of immunity in health, Immunology in disease, Immunology and the eye. 12. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-STROKE/CVA -Disseminated sclerosis and subacute combined degeneration. -Anatomy and patho-physiology disseminated sclerosis, subacute combined degeneration. Eye and connective tissue disease. 13.GENERAL MEDICAL EMERGENCIES – FIRST AID Ocular and first aid 14.GENETICS Introduction to genetics

Organisation of the cell Chromosome structure and cell division Gene structure and basic principles of genetics Genetic disorders and their diagnosis Genes and the eye Genetic counseling and engineering

************************************ HSC 154 CONTACT LENSES (I)

All for RIGID GAS PERMEABLE LENSES

1. History of contact lenses 2. Corneal anatomy and physiology 3. Contact lens materials 4. Optics of contact lenses 5. Manufacturing of RGP cls 6. Indications and contraindications 7. Patient’s initial visit 8. Preliminary measurements and Slit Lamp 9. Keratometry 10.Fitting philosophies 11.Handling instructions 12.Follow-up, post fitting problems 13.Fitting in astigmatism 14..Fitting in keratoconus 15. Fitting of contact lenses in children. 16.Slit lamp examination of contact lens patients 17.RGP lenses- low DK and high DK. 18.Different wearing modalities 19.Contact lens –toric 20.Contact lens –bifocals 21.Prosthetics 22.Care and Maintenance- Solutions 23.RGP Complications 24.Contact lens modifications of finished lenses. 25.Instruments used in contact lens practice. 26.Checking the parameters.

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HSC 155 PUBLIC HEALTH AND COMMUNITY OPTOMETRY and Epidemilogy

1. PHILOSOPHY OF PUBLIC HEALTH 1.1History of public health 1.2History of public health optometry (including epidemiology, man power,

projections, community reimbursement mechanisms)

2. HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS 2.1Detriments of health care delivery system – stages of disease, levels of

prevention 2.2Natural history of diseases (Comm.) Transmission of disease, Causes of Disease,

Interaction of causative factors and different models. 2.3Organizations of health services (principles of primary, secondary and tertiary

care) 2.4 Health Care Delivery systems in India and determinants of health. 2.5Planning of health services (including relevant legislation and implications to

optometric practice). 2.6Basics in research methodology in populations – Risk, Chance, Bias, Screening,

sampling 2.7Analytical Studies – Prospective and retrospective studies, hypothesis testing 2.8Health economics 2.9Concepts of National Health Programs- Health ministry 2.10 Health manpower protection and in the practice of ophthalmology 2.11 Third party involvement in financing health care services (including both

governmental and non governmental programs) 3. MODES OF HEALTH AND VISION CARE DELIVERY 3.1 Solo and group practice modes 3.2 Multidisciplinary and institutional practice modes. 3.3 Optometry’s role as a care primary care profession. 4. National program for prevention of Blindness 4.1 Global medicine and evolution of Public Health in India 4.2 Public Health optometry: concepts and implementation 4.3 Levels of prevention – optometrist’s role in community 4.4General principles of Epidemiology and methods 4.5 Screening in populations 4.6 Epidemiology of blindness – cataract, Glaucoma deficiency disorders – Role of

Optometry in public health 4.7 Scope of geriatric ophthalmology in preventive and rehabilitation care 4.8 Ocular manifestation in systematic disorders . 4.9 Demography and vital statistics 4.10 National and International Agencies in Health Care – Vision 2020- Right To

Sight initiative of WHO 4.11 Eye camps

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HSC 155 OCCUPATIONAL OPTOMETRY

1. Introduction to occupational health, hygiene and safety. International Bodies like ILO, WHO, National bodies like Labor institutes, National institute of occupational health, National Safety Council, etc. 2.Acts and Rules Factories Act, and Rules Workmen’s compensation ESI Act, etc. 3.Occupational diseases/ occupational related diseases caused by – physical agents, chemical agents and biological agents. 4.Occupational hygiene, environmental monitoring. Recognition, evaluation, control of hazards. Illumination –definition, measurements, standards. 5. Occupational safety. Causes of accidents. Vision, Lighting, color and their role. Accident analysis. Accident prevention 6. Ocular and visual problems of occupation. Electromagnetic radiation. Ionising. 7.Non-ionising –infrared Ultra violet. Microwave laser. Injuries –mechanical, chemical. Toxicology – metals, chemicals 8. Personal protective equipment. - General. - Goggles, face shields etc. - Selection and use - Testing for standards. 9. Standards Visual standards for jobs. ANSI, OSHA standards 10. Problems of special occupational groups. Visits to: Regional Labour Institute selected industries. 11. Visual display units (terminals) VDU/VDT. 12. Contact lens and work. 13. Occupational dermatoses, heat stress.

14. Role of optometrist – promotion of general and visual health and safety of people at work. ****************************

SEMESTER VI HSC 156 LOW VISION AID

1.a. Low Vision - Legal Blindness – Impairment – Disability - Handicap b. Rehabilitation – Multidisciplinary Service – Volunteer activities –Agencies - Legislation c. Impact of vision loss and its psychological aspects d. Optics of low vision aids 2 .a. Effects of daily activities –Mobility – Vocational and leisure activities b. Abnormalities – Disease disorder related Pathologies responsible for low vision 3.Assesment of low vision in adults 4.Assesment of low vision in children – Multiple disabilities 5.Introduction 9.1Observation – Posture – Appearance – Mobility 9.2The Record Card 9.3Visual History – Diagnosis – Etiology – Onset – Management – Family History Vocation – Visual Demands – Leisure Activities. 5.4 Aids in use if any 6.Examination 6.1 Retinoscopy – Refraction – K – Slit lamp. 6.2 Subjective at distance and near 6.3 Binocular testing - Motor alignment – Fusion 6.4 Measurement of visual acuity 6.5 Different systems of measuring acuity 6.6 Optotypes in decimal steps – Logarithmic steps – Gratings 7. Charts for distance and near - Single letter – Continuous Text 8.1.Contrast Sensitivity a. Definition of Contrast – Spatial Frequency – Contrast sensitivity Curve b. Adaptation to different levels of illumination – Glare – Scattered light c. Measuring contrast sensitivity – Charts: Bailey, Pelli Robson, and Cambridge Lea Symbols. 8.2. Visual Fields: Confrontation – Amsler grid - Tangent Screen – Perimetry 8.3. Color Vision: Defects - Tests 8.4. Ophthalmoscopy 9. Magnification

a. Magnification by approach b. Angular Magnification 10. Telescope a. Telescope – Galilean - Keplerian b. Calculation of magnification c. Considerations of prescribing d. Types of telescopes – Hand held – Clip on – Spectacle mounted e. Use of telescope – handling - training f. Relative Distance Magnification 11. Hand and Stand Magnifiers: a. Optics – Range of magnification - Specifications b. Spectacle magnifiers – Magnifications – Advantages – Disadvantages – Trial sets 12. Telemicroscopes a. Projection Magnification – CCTV – Range of Magnifier – Advantage / Disadvantage b. Size Magnification – Large Print - Screen c. Cortical Magnification 13. Magnification needs – Working distance – Duration of activity a. Physical / Cognitive limitations Arthritis – Tremors – Memory issues b. Monocular / Binocular 14. Nystagmus - Restrictions in gaze – Null Point a. Visual field status – Eccentric Fixation – Position of scotoma 15. Field Loss Devices 16. Rehabilitation: I. Introduction to Optometric Rehabilitation

A. History of Rehabilitation Optometry

B. Definition and Principles of Rehabilitation C. Psychology in Optometric Rehabilitation

1. Pain and Suffering 2. Adaptation and Compensatory Adjustment 3. Human Motivation 4. Psychological Disturbance and Psychotherapy

II. Central Visual Field Defect III. Peripheral Visual Field Defects IV. Counseling and Recommendation V. Referral System and / or Co-Management---Physiatrist, physical therapist, occupational therapist, cognitive therapist, psychologist, neurologist, others

VI. Mobility training and Vocational training LOW VISION PRACTICAL 1. Simulating low vision 1.1 Making of simulating glasses 1.2 Experiments with simulating glasses 2. Visual acuity and refraction 2.1 Measurement of visual acuity 2.2 Experiments with normal distance 2.3 Determination of contrast sensitivity in subnormal vision 2.4 Determination of need of magnification 2.5 Refraction 3. Application of low vision devices 3.1 Magnifiers 3.2 Magnification by Approach 3.3 Shape magnification 3.4 Magnified photocopies 3.5 Large print books 3.6 Problems of magnification 3.7 Making a test to determine the need of magnification 3.8 Magnification with computers 3.9 Practical exercises with Galilean telemicroscope (incl. mounting) 3.10 Practical exercises with Keplerian telemicroscope (incl. mounting) 3.11 Daily living skills 3.12 Orientation and mobility 4. Visit in a vocational training center Braille, Orientation and Mobility can only receive a short talk just enough to be introductory. We need not be drawn into the details of Rehabilitation.

***************************** HSC 157 BINOCULAR VISION (II)

1. Qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of strabismus 2. Esodeviations 3. Exodeviations 4. A-V phenomenon 5. Cyclovertical squint 6. Pseudostrabismus 7. Special forms of strabismus 8. Review of orthoptic procedures and Vision therapy 9. Non-surgical management of strabismus 10. Paralytic squint

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HSC 158 PEDIATRIC OPTOMETRY

1. HISTORY 1.1Genetic factors 1.2Prenatal systems 1.3Prenatal factors 1.4 Postnatal factors 1.5 Normal prenatal development & Embryology 1.6 Tissue origin of the various structure of the eye 1.6Anomalies of prenatal & postnatal development Genetic origin a. Albinism b. Nystagmus c. Buphthalmos d. Macula disorders e. Color Deficiencies f. Retinitis pigmentosa g. Ectopia Lentis Acquired a. Micro cornea, Macro cornea b. Microphthalmos c. Ptosis d. Distichiasis e. Coloboma f. Cataract g. Aniridia h. Pupil displacement 1.8 Normal postnatal development 2. VISUAL ACUITY TESTING IN CHILDREN – OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE 3.Normal appearance, pathology and structural anomalies of: 3.1 Orbit 3.2 Eyelids 3.3 Lacrimal system 3.4 Conjunctiva 3.5 Cornea 3.6 Sclera 3.7 Anterior chamber, uveal tract, pupils 3.8 Lens, vitreous, fundus 3.9 Oculomotor system

4. Measurement of the refractive system 5. Determining binocular status, tests for Strabismus, Heterophoria, Amblyopia, Fixation Disorders 6. ARC & Fusional and accommodative anomalies 7. Determining sensory motor adaptability Part II –Post Examination process 8. Compensatory treatment and remedial therapy for: 8.1 Myopia 8.2 Pseudomyopia 8.3 Hyperopia 8.4 Astigmatism 8.5 Anisometropia 8.6 Amblyopia 3. Remedial and compensatory treatment for strabismus and nystagmus 4. Vergence and accommodation 5. Delayed development 6. Visual aids for children C/ L & LVA

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HSC 158 GERIATRIC OPTOMETRY

1. Structural changes of the eye. 2. Physiological changes of the eye 3. Optical and refractive changes of the eye. 4. Aphakia, pseudophakia –its correction 5. Ocular diseases common in the old eye, with special reference to cataract, glaucoma, macular disorders, vascular diseases of the eye. 6. Special considerations in the ophthalmic dispensing to the elderly. 7. Management of visual problems of aging. 8. How to carry on one ‘s visual task overcoming the problems of aging?

******************************* HSC 159 CONTACT LENSES II

ALL FOR SOFT CONTACT LENSES

1. History of contact lenses 2. Contact lens materials 3. Optics of contact lenses 4. Indications and contraindications 5. Patient’s initial visit 6. Preliminary measurements and Slit Lamp 7. Keratometry 8. Manufacturing of Soft cl 9. Fitting philosophies

10.Handling instructions 11.Follow-up, post fitting problems 12.Fitting in astigmatism 13.Fitting of contact lenses in children. 14.Slit lamp examination of contact lens patients 15.Cosmetic contact lenses 16.Different wearing modalities 17.Contact lens –toric 18.Contact lens –bifocals 19.Therapeutic lenses/ bandage contact lenses. 20.Special instructions regarding care of soft cls 21.Contact lens solutions 22.Soft CL Complications 23.Contact lens modifications of finished lenses. 24.Instruments used in contact lens practice. 25.Checking the parameters. 26.Recent development in contact lenses. 27.Contact lenses – special purposes –swimming, sports, occupational etc.

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HSC 160 LAW AND OPTOMETRY

1. Legal environment and techniques- history law and equity. 2. History and theory of licensure. 3. Licensure as a means of internal and external discipline –unprofessional conduct – incompetence – gross immorality. 4. International Optometry – important foreign optometry law. 5. The optometrist in court. 6. Malpractice – theory of liability – damages – minimizing malpractice claims. 7. Insurance 8. Negligence. 9. Ethics – professional ethics 10. Laws governing practice of medical profession and paramedical profession in India. 11. Registered medical practitioner – laws against practice of medicine of those unregistered. – Medical council of India –Dental council of India – Nursing council. 12. Present rules and regulations – Laws regarding optical products manufacturers – dispensing in India. 13. Opticians -Are they registered? Dispensing Opticians – Rules in U.K.

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HSC 160 bASIC ACCOUNTANCY AND PUBLIC speaking

1. ACCOUNTS:

1. 1.Introduction 2. Terms used in accounts

3. Principles of accountancy 4. Journals and journalizing. 5. Ledger and ledger posting 6. Trial balance, subsidiary books cash book, petty cash book, sales

register, and purchase register. 7. Bank reconciliation. 8. Depreciation and other adjustments. 9. Balance sheet and profit and loss account statements. 10. Income tax and sales tax. (General idea)

2.: Public Speaking and Communication skills 3. MANAGEMENT: 1. GENERAL THEORY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 1.1 Business management context 1.2 Organization of business 1.3 From the idea of opening a business to its final concept 1.4 Marketing / Efficiency of business 1.5 Financial concept 1.1 Opening of shop.

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CREDIT POINTS Subject Code CP Year 1: Semester I 18 HSC 131 General Anatomy & Physiology 4 HSC 132 Physical Optics 4 HSC 133 Geometrical Optics (1) + Principles of Lighting 4 HSC 134 Basic Biochemistry (1) 3 HSC 135 Functional English & Computers 3 Year 1: Semester 2 21 HSC 136 Ocular Anatomy 3 HSC 137 Ocular Physiology 4 HSC 138 Ocular Biochemistry + Basic Pharmacology 5 HSC 139 Geometrical Optics (II) 5 HSC 140 Pathology + Microbiology 4 Year 2: Semester 3 21 HSC 141 Optometric Optics (I) 3 HSC 142 Optometric Instrumentation 4 HSC 143 Clinical Examination of Visual Systems 5 HSC 144 Dispensing Optics (I) 5 HSC 145 Ocular diseases (I) 4 Year 2: Semester 4 21 HSC 146 Optometric Optics (II) 5 HSC 147 Visual Optics (I) Visual Optics (II) 4 HSC 148 Ocular diseases (II) 5 HSC 149 Medical Psychology + Nutrition 4 HSC 150 Sports vision & Vision Rehabilitation 3

Year 3: Semester 5

21 HSC 151 Biostatistics 3 HSC 152 Binocular Vision (I) 6 HSC 153 Major eye diseases +Systemic Diseases 3 HSC 154 Contact Lens (I) 6 HSC 155 Public Health & Community Optometry+Occupational Optometry 3 Year 3: Semester 6 21 HSC 156 Low vision Aid 3 HSC 157 Pediatric & Geriatric Optometry 3 HSC 158 Contact Lenses (II) 6 HSC 159 Binocular Vision (II) 6 HSC 160 Optometry & Law in India + Basic Accountancy & Public Relations 3 Year 4: Internship Internship I & II in Specialty 42 Clinics and optical establishments. 165

LIST OF PAPERS TO BE WRITTEN AND SHS YCMOU RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS

S

No Course Code

Subjects Books

BSc I Semester One:

1 HSC 131 General Anatomy & General

Physiology 1. Handbook of General Anatomy: Chaurasia 2. Textbook of Physiology: Tortora

2 HSC 132 Physical Optics 3. Textbook of Optics: Brij Lal and Subraminiam, S. Chand, New Delhi

4. as above 3 HSC 133 Geometrical Optics (1) & Principles

of Lighting 4 HSC 134 Basic Biochemistry 5. Basic Biochemistry by Chatterjee

5 HSC 135

Functional English + Computer 6. Functional English - YCMOU 7. Comdex Computer kit

BSc I Semester Two: 1 HSC 136 Ocular Anatomy 8. Textbook of Ocular Anatomy and Physiology

: A K Khurana 2 HSC 137 Ocular Physiology

3 HSC 137 Ocular Biochemistry & Basic

Pharmacology 9. Biochemistry of the eye: Whikehart 10. Basic Pharmacology : K D Tripathy

4 HSC 139 Geometrical Optics (II) As in Geometrical Optics (I)

5

HSC 140

Microbiology & Pathology

11. Basic Pathology: Robbins, Kumar and Cotran, Elsevier Publications.

12. Basis of Microbiology: Ananthnaraya, Orient Longman

BSc II Semester Three: 1 HSC 141 Optometric Optics (I) 13. Textbook of Optics: M Jalle

2 HSC 142 Optometric Instrumentation 14. Optometric Instrumentation: Santosh Kumar

3 HSC 143 Clinical Examination of Visual

Systems 15. Primary Care in Optometry: Grosvenor

4 HSC 144 Dispensing Optics 16. Systems of Ophthalmic Dispensing: Brooks

and Bousch

5 HSC 145

Ocular diseases (I) 17. Systemic Diseases Of The Eye: Kanski,

Mosby BSc II Semester Four: 1 HSC 146 Optometric Optics (II) As in Optometric Optics (I) 2 HSC 147 Ocular diseases (II) As in Ocular diseases (I)

3

HSC 148

Medical Psychology & Nutrition

18. Introductory Nutrition – Helen a. Guthirie 19. Psychology In Action, Karen Huffman, 6th

ed, John Wiley and Sons 2001

4 HSC 149

Sports vision & Vision Rehabilitation 20. Sports Vision Donald F C Loran Butterworth-

Heinemann

6

HSC 150 Visual Optics (I) & Visual Optics (II)

21. Clinical Optics: Bannet and Rabbets 22. Principles of Optics & Refractions: Duke

Elder BSc III Semester five:

1 HSC 151

Biostatistics 23. Principles And Practice Of Biostatistics, Dr J

V Dixit

2 HSC 152

Binocular Vision (I) 24. Foundations and applications of Binocular

vision by Scott

3 HSC 153 Major eye diseases & Systemic

Diseases 25. Systemic Diseases Of The Eye: Kanski,

Mosby 4 HSC 154 Contact Lens (I) 26. Contact Lens: V K Dada

5

HSC 155

Public Health & Community & Occupational Optometry

27. Work And The Eye: Rachel V. North, Butterworth-Heinemann

28. Epidemilogy in Medical Practice by T Bhaskar Rao

BSc III Semester Six:

1 HSC 156

Low Vision Aids 29. The Art And Practice Of Low Vision Freeman

and Jose, Butterworth-Heinemann 2 HSC 157 Binocular Vision (II) Same as in Binocular (I)

3

HSC 158

Pediatric & Geriatric Optometry

30. Pediatric Opthalmology 31. Vision And Aging, Rosenbloom And

Morgan 4 HSC 159 Contact Lenses (II) As in Contact Lens (I)

5 HSC 160 Optometry & Law in India & Basic

Accountancy & P.R 32. SIM